Green Computing Model for Computer Users in Ghana

Green Computing Model for Computer Users in Ghana: An Approach to Sustainable Energy Use EMMANUEL FREEMAN, PATRICK BAA-ACQUAH Ghana Technology University College GHANA Email: [email protected]

Abstract This study intends to develop a sustainable green computing model for computer users in Ghana. What necessitated for this study includes issues of the human environment and conservations of energy in Ghana. To achieve this, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to capture data for the findings and analysis. A sample size of 200 computer users for both primary users (domestic users) and secondary users (manufacturers and commercial users) in various organizations in Ghana is used. The research integrated the Rogers Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Model and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework Model to develop a proposed model to capture all the dimensions and elements needed to adopt and practice Green Computing in Ghana. Analysis of the study has shed light on the levels of green computing knowledge and practice possessed by computer users. The scenario that emerged from the findings is less than desirable. Given the importance of green computing awareness, knowledge, practice and adoption. The general impression from the study is that, computer users in Ghana generally have either low levels of green computing habits and practices or none at all. This is especially true for the primary users than for the secondary users. The two differ significantly in their adherence to eco-friendly and energyefficient computing practices. To promote Green Computing adoption and practice in Ghana, a proposed model has been developed to guide the use of server virtualization, energy conservation, and proper way to dispose of e-waste. This model is intended to help improve the adoption and practice of Green Computing in Ghana. Keywords: Green computing, Innovation, Server Virtualization, Energy Conservation.

1. Introduction Green computing refers to the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. The sustainability of Informational Technology services demands the incorporation of green computing effective practices which includes power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Harmon, Auseklis (2009) affirmed that recent studies have shown that the costs of power utilized by IT department scan approached 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and enhance environment friendliness, there has been far less attention directed towards understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value.

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R. A. Sheikh and U. A. Lanjewar (2010) indicated in their study that the attainment of any organization successes depends on its Information Technology (ICT) adoption on its daily crucial activities. Accomplishing this organizational goal is also its effects on the growing demand of energy which is rapidly increasing nearly 12 times faster compared to global energy demand. P. Somavat, and V. Namboodiri (2011) also add that the ICT sector alone consumes 6% of the global electricity consumption which includes electricity consumption of different computing devices such as the computer and its peripheral devices, network devices, data centers etc. In effect, these computing device centers generates a huge amount of green-house gas like CO2 which emits in our environment. It was established that the use of ICT devices alone contributes 2% of the Global CO2 emissions P. Somavat, and V. Namboodiri (2011).

2. Research Objectives 1. To assess the energy and green computing usage in Ghana 2. To develop a model for a sustainable energy usage among computer users in Ghana

3. Statement of Problem The driving force for this study includes the issues of the environment and the degradation of the global environment with the use of IT resource. These includes the issues of energy consumptions and conservation, disposal of e-waste and a standard model to adopt the full implementation of green technology. This affirms the study of Deepanjan Sen and Dilip Roy Chowdhury (2016) on the 4G’s of Green Computing major issues showing four different streams towards the effective and efficient utilization of energy with minimal or no impact on the environment. This includes: energy usage, disposal of e-waste, designing of green computers, components, servers, cooling devices and manufacturing of different electronic components computers and associated sub systems. It is however noted that little efforts have been done on the adoption and practice of green computing practices in Ghana hence the need for this study.

4. Review of Green computing adoption Christian (2009) describes the ways to improve the environmental performances, tackling global warming and enhancing resource management that are high on the list of global challenges that must be addressed urgently. The information and communications technology (ICT) industry needs to further improve its environmental performance (it is responsible for around 2-3% of the global carbon footprint), and ICT applications have very large potential to enhance performance across the economy and society (the remaining 97-98%). Governments and business associations have introduced a range of programs and initiatives on ICT and the environment to address environmental challenges, particularly global warming and energy use. Some government programs also contribute to national targets set in the Kyoto Protocol (e.g. Denmark’s Action Plan for Green IT and Japan’s Green IT Initiative). Business associations have mainly developed initiatives to reduce energy costs and to demonstrate corporate social responsibility. According to Marguerite (2009), data centers consume a lot of energy, which costs operators like Google and Amazon millions of dollars to run each year and now as more digital information is "virtualized" and accessed in the cloud, centralized data centers are getting even bigger and are consuming even more energy. There is mounting pressure for big Internet companies to reduce their energy usage. Not only is it expensive, but these companies face pressure from governments and others concerned with the environment to reduce their carbon footprints. International Conference on Entrepreneurship, Business & Technology 2017

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The view of Marguerite (2009) was not different to that of Govindasamy and Joseph (2011). Govindasamy and Joseph (2011) explained the aspect of computing at its very heart, the operating system, how its capabilities can be nurtured for green benefit, and how it can be extended to fit green architecture model in an optimum way. As per a recent review, Linux was highlighted as an operating system that has been in line of operating under the green approach. Linux is considered an environmentally friendly operating system, relative to proprietary systems. Author has also pointed out some reasons like reduced e-waste, reduced toxins, efficient power consumption and reduced carbon emissions. To save environment today, the idea of Green Computing is altogether required, which will make a proficient approach towards saving power, reduce the discharge of carbon impression by the distinctive system gadgets, PC and its peripherals, server etc. to make a greener and manageable environment. The time has come to teach individuals about the utilization of Green Computing in ICT and in this manner spare the earth, Deepanjan Sen and Dilip Roy Chowdhury (2016). It is also noted by G. Jindal and M. Gupta (2012) that the era of computers, gadgets and electronic devices, energy issues and carbon emission issues will get a severe wreath in the few years to come. It is noted that the rate of energy consumption is increasingly by 20% a year and the world‘s energy consumption will almost double because of the ICT industry in the year 2030. This is an intriguing issue we need to address. The Though from the perspective of performance wise, efficient design wise, capacity wise and others, computer design has evolved remarkably well and astonishingly fast but considering it from a green perception the work has barely instigated. Basically, the efficient use of computers and computing is what green computing is all about.

Existing Green computing Model Rennie Naidoo (2014), demonstrated that attitude, social impact, media impact and perceived behavioral control are fused in the green computing model as premise of IT specialists' aim to practice green registering. The model starts with the TPB which hypothesizes that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control directly influence intention. Thus, attitude towards green computing and perceived behaviour towards green computing are incorporated. The augmentation of subjective standard to incorporate social impact and media impact was spurred by discoveries that media is a major source of impact in the foundation of subjective standard. Environmental concern is consolidated as antecedent of attitude towards green computing. This was motivated by research which found that increased environmental concern cause a more positive attitude towards a specific pro-environmental behavior (Fransson & Gärling, 1999). However, the study failed to shed light on how the external and internal organization also impact on the full implementation of green computing adoption in Ghana.

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Fig. 1. Green computing model, Rennie Naidoo (2014)

5. Methodology The paper is an exploratory research and therefore utilized a mixed-method design. Qualitative data was obtained through the use of both open-ended response questions on the survey instrument and through interviews conducted with both primary users and secondary users. Quantitative and qualitative data was captured for the findings and analysis. A sample size of 200 computer users for both primary users (domestic users) and secondary users (manufacturers and commercial users) in various organizations in Ghana was used. An open interview was also conducted from the Electricity of Ghana The research integrated the Rogers Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Model and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework Model to develop a proposed model to capture all the dimensions and elements needed to adopt and practice Green Computing in Ghana.

6. Results and Analysis 6.1 Analysis of Energy Usage in Ghana To ascertain the energy usage among computer users in Ghana, various computer devices have been analyzed. The central focus of green computing is to conserve energy and reduce emission of carbon footprint. Table 1 discussion the power consumption in wattage, cost and carbon emission of the different computing devices in relation to saving energy, increasing the life time of the product, and also for efficiency. The analysis is made based on the price of 1 unit of electricity in Ghana. Per the current tariffs effective 1st July, 2016 by the Electricity Company of Ghana, 1 unit of electricity = GHC 1.85 for residential or domestic usage while 1 unit of electricity = GHC 13.58 for nonresidential or commercial usage. Also, 1 unit of electricity = 1kWh electricity and total hours usage per day = 8 hours. The analysis is done on the basis of power consumption between computer users in Ghana. The analysis was based on the average power consumption of desktop computers, laptops, printers, 17” monitors of Cathode ray tube International Conference on Entrepreneurship, Business & Technology 2017

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(CRT), 17” Liquid Chrystal Display (LCD) and 17” Light Emitting Diode, (LED). From table 1, the daily, monthly and yearly power consumption of the indicated computing devices have been observed when used for 8 hours per day on Primary or domestic usage. Note: The following levies on domestic energy usage for 1 KWh in GHC includes: Energy Charge = 0.34, Street light =0.02, National Electricity levy = 0.02, Service charge = 2.13, total this month = 2.51, and the net charge after re-alignment = 1.85 Total hours used per day: 8 hrs – Primary / Domestic Users Avg. kWh kWh kWh per Cost Cost Cost Cost power per day per year per per per per Mode: Working Devices consumpt month kWh Day Month year ion GHC GHC GHC GHC (Watts) Desktop Computer (without monitor) Laptop Computer Printer 1 : All in one (wired) HP Officejet Pro 8610/8620/8630 Printer 2: HP Officejet 100 mobile printer Printer 3: HP Officejet Pro 251 dw Printer Printer 4: XEROX ColorQube 8570 Color Printer 17” CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

100

0.80

24.8

297.6

1.85

1.480

45.02

540.26

60

0.48

14.4

172.8

1.85

0.8880

27.01

324.16

35

0.28

8.4

100.8

1.85

0.28

15.76

189.09

15

0.12

3.6

43.83

1.85

0.12

6.75

81.04

35.58

0.28

8.4

103.964

1.85

0.5266

16.02

192.22

252

2.02

60.6

727.2

1.85

3.7296

113.45

1361.4 5

75

0.60

18.0

216.0

1.85

1.110

33.77

405.19

17” LCD (Liquid Chrystal Display)

20

0.16

4.8

57.6

1.85

0.2960

9.00

108.05

17” LED (Light Emitting Diode)

18

0.14

4.2

50.4

1.85

0.26

8.10

97.25

Table 1: Primary/ Domestic Usage of Computing Devices The impression from the findings of energy usage by primary or domestic users of computing devices have shed light on which of the computing devices is economical and consumes less power. It was noted that desktop computers with an average power consumption of 100 Watts will cost an amount of GHc540.26 per year. While a Laptop computer on the other hand will cost GHC324.16. It was also noted from the findings that HP Officejet 100 mobile printer has a low energy consumption with an annual cost of Ghc 81.04 as compared to the other printers. In effect, the energy consumption index in Printer 2 < Printer 1 < Printer 3 < Printer 4 respectively as indicated in table 1.

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It was also noted from the findings that the LED monitor is energy efficient than that of LCD and the CRT monitors. It was noted that the cost of energy usage of a CRT monitor per year alone is GHC 405.19 which is greater than the energy cost of a laptop and an HP Officejet 100 mobile printer. Also, same analysis of the indicated computing devices have been used to measure the energy usage by secondary or non-residential users in Ghana. As indicated in table 2. However, the following levies for non-residential energy usage on 1 KWh in GHC includes: Energy Charge = 0.97, Street light =0.05, National Electricity levy = 0.05, Service charge = 10.55, total this month = 13.63, and the net charge after re-alignment = 13.58.

Mode: Working Devices

Total hours used per day: 8 hrs – Secondary / Commercial /Non- residential usage Avg. kWh kWh kWh per Cost Cost Cost Cost per power per day per year per per per year consumpt month kWh Day Month GHC ion GHC GHC GHC (Watts)

Desktop Computer (without monitor) Laptop Computer Printer 1 : All in one (wired) HP Officejet Pro 8610/8620/8630 Printer 2: HP Officejet 100 mobile printer Printer 3: HP Officejet Pro 251 dw Printer Printer 4: XEROX ColorQube 8570 Color Printer 17” CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

100

0.80

24.8

297.6

13.58

10.864

330.48

3965.79

60

0.48

14.4

172.8

13.58

6.5184

198.29

2379.48

35

0.28

8.4

100.8

13.58

3.8024

115.67

1388.03

15

0.12

3.6

43.83

13.58

1.6296

49.57

594

35.58

0.28

8.4

103.964

13.58

3.8654

117.59

1411.03

252

2.02

60.6

727.2

13.58

27.377 3

832.82

9993.80

75

0.60

18.0

216.0

13.58

8.1480

247.86

2974.35

2.1728

66.10

793.16

1.9555

59.40

713.84

17” LCD (Liquid Chrystal 20 0.16 4.8 57.6 13.58 Display) 17” LED (Light Emitting 18 0.14 4.2 50.4 13.58 Diode) Table 2: Secondary / Commercial / Non-residential Usage of Computing Devices

The analysis from the findings for secondary users have shed light on the great cost imposed on the use of high consuming energy computer devices. As indicated from table 2, it is clear that commercial users pay relatively high amount on energy usage as compared to that of the primary users. Comparison between Secondary Users Understanding and Primary users Understanding of the of Green computing practice in Ghana.

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Statement

Primary Users Awareness 70%

Secondary Users Awareness 78%

73%

80%

78%

91%

55%

25%

As personal computer’s processor gets more powerful, they likewise increase their power demands. Using a screensaver conserves energy when your computer is idle

45%

52%

48%

7%

Constantly shutting down and restarting your computer during the day would consume more energy than leaving it running It is better to use your computing equipment as long as possible to keep it from becoming e-waste. Recycling printer cartridges is greener than refilling them

40%

5%

65%

14%

50%

50%

Green Computing deals with the use of computers and related technologies in a way that it Minimizes energy and resource consumption, e-waste and Reduces carbon footprint Many computers are produced from many hazardous materials like cadmium, mercury and other toxic substances The impact of the toxic wastes that are produced by us through throwing our old computers and peripherals lead to land pollution The average laptop uses 20% as much energy as a desktop PC

Do you think that IT community has contributed to put the 60% environment at significant risk by consuming energy and generating ewaste? Do you think that the large IT companies are doing enough to 45% integrate environment friendly policies and solutions? Do you think that the government agencies such as EPA, GSA etc. 85% should take the initiative in spreading green computing awareness and implement it as an inclusive practice? Do you think that implementing Green IT enabled services and 95% learning methods in educational institutes will help reduce carbon footprint Table 2: Comparison between Secondary Users and Primary users Understanding of GC

34%

83% 73%

95%

It can be deduced that out of 100% comparisons, 60% of Secondary Users of IT have a higher understanding of GC as against 40% of Primary User. From the analysis, it is very interesting that the primary users were very loud on the issue that the large IT community has contributed to put the environment at significant risk by consuming energy and generating e-waste, which is 60% as against 34% of the secondary users. Meanwhile, both Primary and secondary users claim it is necessary for government agencies such as EPA, GSA, Energy Commission etc, to take the initiatives for spreading green computing awareness and adoption in organizations and even embedding it in educational institutions to help reduce e-waste, conserve energy and prevent carbon footprint in Ghana

6.2 Proposed Model of a Sustainable Green Computing Adoption in Ghana The adoption of green technologies, although to some extent could be similar to the adoption of other technologies, it has a number of differences (Molla, 2008). Olson (2008) made a distinction between green initiatives and other innovation and technology adoption. He suggested that green practices take longer period to break-even and affected more by softer benefits such as employee morale and good corporate citizenship than by hard International Conference on Entrepreneurship, Business & Technology 2017

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investments. To implement these models in the context of Ghana, both the Roger’s DOI Model and TOE framework model as discussed detailed in the literature review of this study are integrated with other suggested implementation elements to successfully capture all the dimensions in the adoption of Green Computing in Ghana which their model did not unravel. Figure 2 below shows the model of Green Computing Adoption in Ghana. Green Computing Adoption in Ghana: Proposed Model Industrial Perspective

Effective Communication

Organization Operational Industry

External Organizational Influence

Adoption of Innovative Efforts

Green Computing Adoption Model

Technology Context Technology Competence & Skills

Internal Organizational Context Determining Optimum Size

Financial Allocation to Promote GC

Internal Org. Factors

Adoption of International Standards

Internal Environmental Context

Organizational Adoption & Practices

Competitive Pressure

Conservation

Virtualization

Regulatory Support

Attitude & Behavioral Perspective Increase Environmental Sustainability

Reduces E- Waste

E-waste and Recycling

Figure 2. Freeman, Baah-Acquah: Proposed Model for Green Computing Adoption, 2016

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Implementing this model is classified into three main categories: External Organization Influence, Internal Organization Factor, and Organizational and Behavioral Adoption and Practice.

A. External Organization Influence The extents to which the adoption of Green Computing can be accepted in Ghana strongly have a basis of good external organization environment, thus the industrial perspective of the organization. Among these key areas are the following major components affecting the external organization environment: 1. Effective Communication: Communication is a major tool for harnessing effective adoption of Green Computing in Ghana. Two types of communication channels have been influential in diffusing technology: mass media channels and interpersonal channels. Mass media defined by Rogers (1995) as: “All those means of transmitting messages that involve a mass medium, such as radio, television, newspapers, and so on, which enable a source of one or a few individuals to reach an audience of many”. Hence an effective communication is needed for the adoption of Green IT in Ghana. 2. Organizational Operational Industry: The social system is the industrial environment which includes organizations in the same industry within which an innovation is diffused (Pollar, 2003). This system includes opinion leaders in the industry, norms, and regulatory rules and standards etc. that aids individual organizations to adopt Green IT in Ghana. 3. Adoption of Innovative Efforts: The attitude of innovation and poised for change in an organization are central focuses for the practice of adopted technology. Hence, the industry should change obsolete computer devices and encourage individuals to embrace the use of technology in business operations to enhance Green IT strategies to mitigate the carbon footprint, e-waste etc. as a result of using computers.

B. Internal Organization Factors There are four major environmental factors examined in this research stream: Internal Organizational Structure, Competitive Pressure, Customer Pressure, Technology Competence I.

Internal Organizational Structure The internal organizational structure is a major element to ascertain the adoption and practice of Green Computing in Ghana. Hence the following are some key areas that directly affect the adoption. 1.

Organizational Size: this includes the total number of employees that works in the organization, thus, the greater employees, the higher a high level usage of the Green IT and vice versa. This will help know the type of servers, network architecture etc. to be implemented.

2.

Financial Scope: This determines the financial state of the readiness of the organization either to practice the adoption or not. In other words, the higher the financial standing, the greater the chance of accepting Green IT and vice versa.

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3.

II.

III.

IV.

International Scope: Meeting international standards is very important in organizations. Avoidance of it will reduce the organizational image and reliance. To ascertain this, a high level of international standards needs to be adopted, such of this adoption is the usage and practice of Green IT. That is using energy efficient systems that conforms to the standard of EPA, IEE, ISO etc. of producing IT products. Competitive Pressure Competitive pressure refers to the degree of pressure felt by the firm from competitors within the industry (Oliveira and Martins, 2010). Competitive pressure is a significant adoption facilitator with the potential to force organizations to invest more on Green practices. Customer Pressure Customer pressure is the behavior and demand of customers that force a firm to adopt a techno-relationship innovation in order to keep and satisfy customers (Sophonthummapharn, 2009; pp. 387). Customer pressure has different impact on technology adoptions in different industries. For example, Mehrtens et al. (2001) suggest that customer pressure is the most important factor to influence mobile services adoption. Technology Competence and Skills Staff skills refer to learning and creative skills of staff (Oliveira and Martins, 2010). Performing Green IT initiatives such as retire energy inefficient systems, enforce pc power management, server virtualization, print optimization, power down systems etc., depends extensively on staffs’ skills and knowledge.

C. Organizational Adoption & Practices The implementation of effective practice of green computing among individuals and organization depends on the users’ behavioral perception. C1: Attitude and Behavioral Perspective The adoption and practice of Green relies mainly on the broad spectrum of the individuals’ usage of the adopted practices in the organization and or where one uses the technology. This implies that individuals’ attitude and behavior affect positively or negative to the implementation of this innovation The following are the suggested and proven technologies to be adopted and practiced in reducing carbon footprints, e-waste and conservation of energy by individual computer users. 1. Server Virtualization: This is the technology used by allowing multiple user to connect to servers remotely. Fewer servers are needed to support the enterprise. Virtualization, therefore, has multiple "green" aspects that help make modern businesses environmentally sustainable. Although servers that host virtualized resources are not necessarily more energy efficient than a standalone server, the reduced number of servers required to support a business or data center reduces power demands by default. Some of the benefits of virtualization are incidental with implementation. Fewer physical servers means less space is needed to perform the same functions. This reduces the scope required for buildings, further reducing the footprint of a business on the environment. Virtualization typically reduces IT staffing requirements, taking more commuters and off the road. Virtualization obviously carries enormous potential as a key concept of green computing, making it possible for companies to enjoy enormous cost savings in addition to environmental sustainability. 2. Conservation: Practicing and adopting Server Virtualization enhances the overall Conservation effort. Conservation on the other hand is the use of power efficiently, reducing demand over non-green devices, and

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avoiding the use of obsolete system. This mandates power management technology that reduces electricity use while devices are idle. Also, enhancing the conservation adoption concepts involves technologies that facilitate online systems, e-banking, e-commerce, ebooks etc. which aid to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels by travelling workers and the associated pollution emanating from motor vehicles. 3. E-Waste and Recycling: E-Waste has contaminated ground and water in some of the poorest parts of the world which Ghana is no exception, resulting in untold human misery and potentially irreversible damage to the environment. Hence the adoption and practice of Green IT will increase the awareness of the impact of electronic waste which contains a number of hazardous substances such as Lead, Mercury, Bromine, Chromium etc. It is highly recommendable that all e-waste be recycled or better still returned to the manufactures for recycling rather than burning them, keeping them or thrown away as majority practice in the case of Ghana as against the advanced countries such as USA, UK, Japan etc.

7. Implications of the Study All of the above representation shows that, ICT which is now the driving force of the economy if properly used, can help resolve most of our power issues that the country is facing now with the adoption of the proposed model. Also, another practical implication of the study is for individuals and organizations to embrace this practice by avoiding obsolete computer devices and adopt the use of energy efficient machines. Also, the adverse effect of improper disposal of e-waste to the environment degrades it which has a long round effect on humanity and the economy as a result of the emission of toxic substances such as e-waste, burning of fossil fuel from vehicle to transact business, manual processes of application etc., enhances emission of carbon substance to the ozone layer.

8. Conclusion and Recommendations The study has shed light on the levels of green computing knowledge and practice possessed by computer users. The scenario that emerged from the findings is less than desirable in both primary and secondary users among the selected organizations from which data was gathered. It was clear from the analysis that computer devices such as the desktop computers, the cathode ray tube monitors, the XEROX ColorQube 8570 Color Printer have high energy usage. It is recommended that machines that computer devices that are currently not in use be put off. Given the importance of green computing awareness, knowledge, practice and adoption, it is recommended that corporations and government agencies should take the first step in educating the public, regarding the effective and efficient usage of computing devices. Also, raising the awareness levels in how to go green particularly should be an important agenda for companies and the government with the help of the implementation of the proposed adopted model to handle Green Computing issues in Ghana. Also, more studies of this nature that delve into awareness and knowledge levels of diverse computer user populations are much needed to provide baseline data for green initiatives in Ghana.

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