groundwater potential zoning and development plan ...

3 downloads 0 Views 7MB Size Report
express their sincere thanks to Dr. Partha Sarathi Chakraborty,. Principle Scientist, Department of Science ... Dehradun.24p. Sikdar, P. K. and Bhattacharya, P., ...
Indian Journal of Geology Vol.79, Nos. l-4, (2007) p.35-46 (publishedAugust 2009)

GROUNDWATERPOTENTIAL ZONING AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF THE WESTERN PART OF DWARKESWAR WATERSHED,PURULIYA DISTRICT' WEST BENGAL. A GIS AND REMOTE SENSING APPROACH P. K. Srxoln, S. Cnarnanonry Am B.lNDAlrA, Roy Department of Environment Mana pement Indian Institute of sociar werfare and BusinessMana"gemrrt, Kotkata 700073 E-mail : p [email protected]

Abstract The westem part of Dwarkeswar watershed in Puruliya district is a part of chhotonagpur Plateauand is underlain by Precambrianmetamorphics.Although the annual rainfall is moderately high (varies from 1100 to 1500 mm), widespr.eaddrought prevaits almost every year during April to early June with most of the wells and taiks "oidition orvirg rp'"ring to long and hot dry season,high runoff and poor aquifer characteristics. In the presJnt'study, land use /land cover conversions in the study area from 1974 to 2000 and groundwater potential zoning for future groundwater development has been delineated.using reirote sensingiechniqr" *a'c"ogrupti. Information System (GIS). The study indicates that lind use/land covJr conversion has taken place over a span of 26 yeats from 1974 to 2000 in 87 sq km, which account for about 29vo of the total area' Some of the major changes that have taken place are (i) reduction in the area under kharif cu\tivation, plantatron stonf waste, (ii) inqease in the area under sett\ement and water bodres and (iii) degradationof-and the forests' Multi-criteria analysis such as drainagetexture, geomorphologv, lithology, current land use and steepnessof slope and frequency of lineiments has been utitized to understandthe future groundwater potential. The analysis indicates that the groundwater potential in the westem part of Dwarkeswar watershed is generally medium with scatteredlow potential zones; however, high potential zones occur as tiny pocketi. A groundwater development plan for these three zones has also been chalked out. Keywords : Dwarkeswar watershed,GIS, Groundwater potential, Overlay analysis. puruliva- Remote sensing,West Bengal.

1. Introduction

less fan-shaped in nature and extends from 23"18'15" N to 23"30'41" N and from The study areais locatedin the western 86o30'00"E to 86'45'00" (Fig. E 1). The area part of Dwarkeswar River in the northeastern is characterized by rolling/undulating part of Puruliya district, WestBengal.It covers topography with enclosuresof erosional parts of Kashipur, Hura, para and remnantsof resistant rocks in the form of rockv Raghunathpur blocks and falls under the knobs and residual hills. Surveyoflndia toposheet73VlI coveringan The areais characterizedby hot sufilmer area of 299.5 sq km. The area in the eastern and cool winter. May is the hottestmonth with fringe of the Chhotanagpurplateau is more or a mean daily maximum temperatureof 37.9"

36

Fig. 1

Groundwater Potential Zoning, Puruliya

Location of the study area in western part of Dwarkeswar watershed.

C and minimum temperature of 25.0' C. Januaryis the coolest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 24.7" C and minimum temperatureof 10.8"C. The average annualrainfall rangesfrom 1100 to 1500 mm, 70Vo of which is generally recorded during June to September. Although the annual rainfall is moderately high, widespread drought condition prevails almost every year during April to early June with most of the wells and tanks drying up owing to (1) long and hot d4r season,(2) high runoff and (3) poor aquifer characteristics (Sikdar and Bhattacharya,2000). Keeping theseproblems in view the objectives of the presentwork are to (1) understandthe geologic and geomorphic set up of the area,(2) understandthe changes in land use/land cover over a period of 26 years,and (3) delineategroundwaterpotential

zonesthrough integration and analysis of the various thematic maps prepared with the help of remote sensingand GIS. 2. Data Source and Methodology Indian satellite imagery IRS-ID LISS m (Linear Imagd Self Scanner) geocodedFCC (False Color Composite) of 2000, IRS-IB LISS I geocodedFCC of 1992 andlandsat-5 TM (Thematic Mapper) geocoded FCC of 1995 on 1:50000 scale, the corresponding Survey of India toposheet (73Ill1) and geological map of the Geological Survey of India were used for the study. The methodology used consists of visual interpretation of satellite imagery to delineate geology, the drainage, geomorphologic units, lineament and land use/

P. K. Sikdar, S. Chakrabo ny andBandanaRoy

-4y'

the NE-SW direction. The lineament densiqv of the watershed indicates that the values ae mainly less than 1 (Fig.2). Hence the density is less except towards the southernpart of the watershedwhere the lineament density value exceeds1. Th" lineament densiWtends to be 1 also in the westernpart of the watershed. c.7

4. Drainage

9.4 oa E *. k

Fig.2

i@

Geology and lineament density map of westem pan of Dwarkeswar watershed.

land cover, field verification of interpreted units, preparation of various thematic maps using ILWIS 3.0 Academic version. preparation of slope map using Digital Elevation Model (DEM), preparation of land use/landcover changemap over the period of 26 yearc, and preparation of groundwater potential zone map using overlay analysis. 3. Geological Setup The study area is a pafi of the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) (SikdarandBhattacharya,2000). Geologically the area consists of granite gneiss with enclavesof mica sillimanite schist.In the westcentral part the granite gneiss is porphyroblastic in nature (Fig. 2). Major lineaments in the study were identified from the sateliite imagery. These are surface manifestationsof some structural features in the bedrocks such as joints, fractures and faults, developed due to tectonic stress and strain. About 50Vo of the lineaments are concentrated in the southern part of the watershed(Fig. 2) and majority of them are in

The overall drainagepattern ofthe study area is dendritic with deflection to paralleV subparallel pattern at places (Fig. 3). The Dwarkeswar River originates from the dissected uplands of Bagalia (224m) and Tilabani (4}7m)hills, in the north-eastempart of Puruliya district and flows in accordance with the south-easterlyto easterlyslopeof the area. The only left bank tributary of the main river in the study area is the Beko Nala (channel). The two right bank tributaries found in the study area are the Futuari Nala and the DarubhangaNala. Drainage density is one of the important parameters to understand the

Fig. 3

Drainage and drainage texture map of *,estem pail of Dwarkeswar watershed.

38

Groundwarer Potential Zoning,puruliya

groundwaterpotential of a watershed.Lower the drainage density higher the groundwater potential.In the presentstudy areathe drainage densityis in general> 1.2km/sq km exceptin a small pocket in the western part where it varies between I and I.2 km/sq km. Thus, drainage texture of the study area can be classified as very fine to extremely fine (Fig. 3). 5. Geomorphology The geomorphologyof the areaishighly influenced by the lithology and structure of the underlying formations. Based on visual interpretationof IRS - ID LISS III,2000 three geomorphologicalunits havebeendelineated. They are residual hill, pediment complex (shallow and medium) and valley fill/infilled valley (Fig. a). Detailed descriptionof the geomorphologic units is presentedin Table 1 Table 1. Geomorphology of the study area Geomorphic unit

Sub-unit

Residual hill

Pedimentcomplex

Buried Pediment) Shallow GPS)

Buried Pediment Medium GPM) Valley filV infilled valley

Fig.4

Geomorphology of western part of Dwarkeswar watershed.

(Dr. P Chakraborty,personalcommunication). The area is characterized by rolling/ undulating topography with enclosures of erosional remnants of resistant rocks in the

Description Denuded hills of Chhotanagpur Plateau; comprises mainly of granitic gneiss, moderately to severely dissected. Gently sloping topography with very shallow to shallow; dark brown to yellowish brown sandloam with stonesand gravels; rill and gully erosion are found. Wastelandwith orwithout scrubis present. Kharif crop is cultivated. Plantation is presentat few places. Gently sloping dissectedtopography with shallow to deep soil profile. Kharif crop is mainly cultivated. Accumulation zone of colluvial material with moderate to deep soil profile. Crop cultivated is mainly kharif. Double crop is t in patches.

P. K. Sikdar, S. Chakrabo ny andBandanaRoy

_r9

and.rasterisedusing ILWIS 3.0 Academic version softwareto generatethe DEII. On rhe generatedDEM, DfDx and DfDy filters r.rere applied to generatethe slope p"...nrug" _up. A slope map in degreeswas then conJtruced Irom the DEM. In the present areathe slope varies between0o to 150.i.e. very ;"nrl.'ro moderate(Fig. 5). 6. Groundwater Condition

Fig. 5

Slope map of westem pan of D*.arkeswar watershed.

In the Dwarkeswar watershed occurre_nceof groundwater is mainly controlled by lithology and structural characteristics.Groundwater occurs under water table condition mainly in three aquifer systemsviz. (i) wearheredmande(ii) saprotitic zonesand (iii) fractured zones of tt rock (Goswami, 1977; Ghosh " "ourrtry anO fatutOar,

form of rocky knobs and residual hills like the Tilabanihill (407 m).A dierral.t"uution moi"t (DEM) has beencreatedusing thern"rfroOof Vtoulick,1996;BasuMaltiU,l'SgA, interpolationofcontours. The contours at20 1?9Ot Sikdar and Bhattacharya, m interval and the spot heights ZOOOj.ffr" *"." ,r*"0 weathered zone (saprolite) is out from the Survey of India toport""t.-ili, of particular rmportanceas groundwaterstorage map was then geo-referenced,digitized, ione. The editeC yield of individuat well is OepeiOea hrgety Table 2. Depth to water table of the area(dug on the thickness and permeabitity of the wells) saprolite. For deeper rock wells, yield is oependent upon intensity.areal extent Total depth Oepth to and lnter-connection of joints Village of the well and fractures. water level Fractures in the graniiic ,o"t, t"nJio""tor" with depth of about 110m while in metasedimentfractures are limited Tilabani down to 50m below ground level (bgl). i;" ;;r" productive wells in thesecrystalline Dhanera 15 rocks are D.2 generally limited to jointed Kashipur and fractured 15 bed D2 rocks. In less productive wetts Adra sap.otit" ls generallyunderlainby massive or with meas"r m bed Kashipur Jolnts rocks. Limited water table d"ata 15.5 12.5 collected from the study area Bagalia l4.I Ourlne ;. 11.0 premonsoonperiod revealsthat Khairipihra the 14.5 *ut"it bl. 1i.; is usually very deepranging between Phuphundi t3 II.2-m 12.3 Del ow ground level (bgl) and l3m bel

Karabani

rTs

iil

Karajhor

i1

i?g

40

Groundwater Potential Zoning, Puruliya

Double $Dp ForeBt Hhtrif Lstd rilh srub Ltrtd wilhod s.ub Plantatim Prdected fored Sdtlercnl Slony ffisle Water bqlis Risr

Fig. 6

Landuse/landcover map of westem part of Dwarkeswar watershed (1974).

(Table 2). 7. Land Use A land use map of 1974 has been preparedusing the Survey of India toposheet no. 73 I/11 (Fig. 6). The land use pattern comprises agricultural land, stony waste, plantation (bamboo and cashew plantations) forests, protected forest, water bodies in the form of artificial ponds, reservoirs, rivers, natural ponds, etc., settlementsin the form of villages. The land use classes,area occupied by each class and percentageof each class of the total area are given in Table 3. A second land use map (Fig. 7) was prepared from satellite imagery IRS ID LISS m 2000. The various land use classes,areasand Vooftotal areasare given in Table 4.

Fig. 7

Landuse/landcover mapof westernpartof Dwarkeswar watershed(2000).

of ILWIS 3.0 Academic version. The 'cross operation' performs a overlay of two raster maps i.e. land use map of 1974 andland use map of 2000 by comparing pixels at the same positions in both maps and keeping track of all the combinations that occur between the values of classesin both maps. During the 'crossoperation',combinationsof classnames, Table 3. Land use pattem of the study area duing 1974 No cover classes

(sq.km) total area

2. Plantation

3. Agricultureland

13.64 221.09

4.55 73.81

(Khari0 River Settlement Stony waste Water bodies

3.76 14.68 33.19 3.70

1.26 4.90 11.08 r.24

299.52

100.00

8. Land Use/Land Cover Change

4. 5. 6. 7.

Land use/landcover maps of 1974 and 2000 were overlaid using the'cross operation'

Source:TbposheetNo.73 I/11

Total

P. K. Sikdar,S.Chakraborn-r1d g,xadrn:ftov

4n

Table 4. Land use pattern of the study area during 2000. source: IRS - 1D, LISS - III,2000,IRS - 18, LISS - r,1992 and LA]\-DSAT - 5 T\[- 1995 sl. Land use/land Area %of No cover classes (sq.km) total area L DegradedForest 2.73 0.91 2. Plantation 9.82 3.28 3. Double crop 0.70 0.23 4. Forest 6.8 3 2.28 5. Settlement 19.41 6.48 6. Stony waste 19.44 6.49 7. Land with scrub 19.14 6.39 8. Cultivation land (Kharif) 198.r4 66.r5 9. Land without scrub 11. 1 6 3.73 1 0 . ProtectedForest 0.r4 0.05 1 1 . River 3.66 1.22 1 2 . Water Bodies 8.35 2.79 Total identifiers or values of pixels in both maps is listed, the number of pixels occurring as this combination is counted, and the areasof the combinations are calculated. The results are storedin an output crossmap and a crosstable. Fig. 8 and Table 5 show the change in areal extent of different land use/land cover classes of the western part of Dwarkeswar watershed during 1974 - 2000. Some of the major changesthat have taken place during this 26 years are as follows: tr Reduction in the area under kharif cultivation by 22.95 sq km. tr Reduction in the areacoveredby stony wasteby 13.75sq km. tr Reduction in the area under plantation by 3.82 sq km. tr ' Increasein the areal extent of settlement by 4.73 sq km. tr Water bodies have been increased by 4.65 sq km. tr Forest area that has been degraded covers2.73 sq km.

299.52

100.00

Land use/land cover conversion has taken place in about 87 sq km, which account for 29.05 Vo of the total area. over 26-vear period. 9. Groundwater Potential Zoning The choice among a set of zones for future development of groundwater is based on multiple criteria such as drainage texture. geomorphology, lithology, current land use. and steepnessof slope and frequency of lineaments. This process is most commonlv known as Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) (Voogd, 1983). Of severalmethods available for determining interclass/intermap dependency,a probability-weighted approach has been adopted that allows a linear combination of probability weights of each thematic map (W) with the individual impact value (IV) (Sarkar and Deota, 2000; Sikdar et al., 2004). The thematic layers and the categoriesin eachlayer have been ranked in a

,44

Groundwater Potential Zoning, Puruliya

N /l\ j+

Y t *tr)

FSoW .ea ^rt

@ -

o=

tfE "{

e

-e'

5km

Index Tll Kharif* Settlement lSSl (f1arjf* Qiysr trill Khanl- Stonvwaste Iffiq Kharif'' Landwith scrub b- Khailt- Protectedtorest nill Kharif" Forest W Kharif* Waterbodies ffi Kharif* Decradedforest ffi Kharif* Lafrdvrithoutscrub ffi Kharif* Doublecrop ' ffi Kharif* Plantaticn ffi Sstlsrns6t " Kharif ffi Setilement* Landwith scrub

Fig. 8

w E

r:t:r:'l

ffi ffi ffi ffi ffiFC ffi

Settlement * Ston.vwaste ry Plantatian" Landwithoutscrub H*E Plantation* Stonvwaste Settlement" Forest * K Plantatior.i Settlement $"raterbodies " Watdr bodies ffil Plantationo Landwiih scrubr Settlement* Plantation * Settlement Lanciwithoutscrub ffi Forest" Deoradedforest ffil Forest" Settlement Stcnvwast€" Kharif * Stcnyv..,aste -* Settlement @ Forest Plantation Stonyvraste Lanclwith scrub EFfl Forest" Landwithoutscrubr * Plantation @ Forest"Water bodies Stcn'y"'vaste I Ston! lvaste* Water bcclies Forest" Kharif Stonvwaste" Landwithoutsslu[ffi Water bodiest Kharif * Plantation Kharif W Vt/aterllodies* Settlement ffi Water bodies" Landvrithoutscn.ib Plantation. Settlement

Landuse/landcover change of western part of Dwarkeswar watershed (1914-2000).

43

P. K. Sikdar, S. Chakrabony and BandanaRoy Table 5. Land use/Land cover changein western parl of Dwarkeswar Watershed(1974'20ffi1

From(1974)

To (2000)

Kharif Kharif Kharif Khadf Kharif Kharif Kharif Kharif Kharif Kharif Kharif Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement River Stony waste Stony waste Stony waste Stony waste Stony waste Stony waste Forest Forest Forest Forest Forest Forest Plantation Plantation llantation Plantation Plantation Plantation Water bodies Water bodies Water bodies

Settlement River Stony waste Forest Protectedforest Plantation Degraded forest Land with scrub Land without scrub Water bodies Double crop Kharif Stony waste Forest Plantation Land with scrub Land without scrub Water bodies Kharif Kharif Settlement Plantation Land with scrub Land without scrub Water bodies Kharif Settlement Plantation Degradedforest Land without scrub Water bodies Kharif Settlement Stony waste Land with scrub Land without scrub Water bodies Kharif Settlement Land without scrub Total

(sq.km)

8.2 0.5 5.1 1.5 0.1 2.2 0,9 14.8 6.9 5.1 0.7 3.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.2 10.1 1.5 2.4 3.2 2.0 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.5 1.9 0.4 0.1 4.1 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.9 0.1 1.5 0.2 0.1 87

44

Groundwater Potential Zoning, Pudiya

Table 6. Thematic map weights and capability values Thematic Layer

Rank

Map Weight (Wi)

4/23 = 0.175

Drainage Texture