Jun 23, 1997 - Roslyn Jettner and Blakely Paynter, Agriculture Western Australia. KEY MESSAGES. ⢠Unicorn barley must meet specifications for the malting ...
2000 Agribusiness Crop Updates, Perth, 16-17 Feb 2000
Unicorn barley must meet malting specifications to be a viable option Roslyn Jettner and Blakely Paynter, Agriculture Western Australia KEY MESSAGES • •
Unicorn barley must meet specifications for the malting grade for it to be considered a viable option for growers. Particular attention needs to be paid to management to achieve the required grain protein and timeliness of swathing operations.
BACKGROUND Unicorn is a quick-maturing, large-grained barley variety that was introduced into Western Australia from Japan through a joint project between Kirin Australia and the University of Western Australia. It has quality characteristics that are well suited to the brewing processes used by Kirin Japan. Following the success of domestic malting and overseas brewing trials conducted during 1998 and 1999, Unicorn will be received as a provisional malting barley for the 2000-2001 season by Kirin Australia and The Grain Pool of WA. Unicorn barley is covered by PBR. Unicorn barley has several advantages over Stirling barley. When sown at the same time, Unicorn begins flowering several weeks before Stirling and has completed grain fill when the grains of Stirling are only half-filled (Figure 1). Unicorn has also been shown to be more competitive with ryegrass than has Stirling (Ashley Bacon, pers. comm.). Due to these characteristics, Unicorn barley may be useful as a cropping tool in integrated weed management (IWM) systems, combining the use of late sowing with quick maturity, several presowing herbicides, crop competition and swathing. Unicorn is being adopted in areas where ryegrass has developed herbicide resistance, because of its quick maturity and suitability for swathing before ryegrass produces viable seed.
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Figure 1. Grain filling curves of Unicorn ( ) and Stirling ( ) barley sown on 23 June 1997 in the Avon Valley, WA. (Data of Blakely Paynter, AGWEST). 100 GDD were equivalent to approximately 8 days duration at the site in September 1997. Despite the promotion of Unicorn as a tool for IWM system, much of the information available is speculative as there is little hard data that shows Unicorn can make the malting grade whilst grown in such a system. The limited evidence available suggests that this is not a certainty. Economic analysis indicates that Unicorn must achieve malting specifications for it to be considered a viable option. For example, to recoup the costs of production, applying herbicides (including 2 knockdowns), swathing and grading the seed, grain yields above 1.4 t/ha of premium malting quality grain need to be achieved. The breakeven yield for feed quality Unicorn barley is 1.9 t/ha, a yield that is higher than the state average barley yield for WA.
2000 Agribusiness Crop Updates, Perth, 16-17 Feb 2000
Paddock management decisions should therefore be aimed at reducing the risk of Unicorn being downgrading to feed. Results from research trials and grower experience indicate particular attention needs to be paid to management to achieve the required grain protein and timeliness of the swathing operation.
CROP MANAGEMENT FOR MALTING GRADE The following suggestions for managing the Unicorn barley crop are based on trials conducted in weed free situations along with observations by farmers and agronomists. Little hard data is available on the ability of Unicorn to achieve the malting grade under high weed burdens. It is anticipated that high weed burdens will reduce yield, may increase protein, and involve an extra cost in grading the grain to reduce weed seed contamination.
Rainfall zones and sowing dates. Being a short season variety, Unicorn is best adapted to low and medium rainfall areas and, as such, has been promoted for late sowing opportunities. The suggested sowing date for Unicorn is late June, where grain yields of Unicorn are similar to Stirling and where there is a higher probability of Unicorn achieving the malting specifications relative to Stirling, particularly for grain size (Figure 2). But how late is too late before grain quality begins to be eroded? Growers are interested in sowing Unicorn as an opportunistic spring crop in high rainfall areas or as a salvage crop following waterlogging or crop failure. In these situations, sowing Unicorn in July is possible. However, this may be risky as there is no supportive evidence to indicate that malting specifications can be achieved. Late May and early June sowing of Unicorn is also possible, but there may be a yield penalty on some soil types. On the sandier soils of the eastern wheatbelt (Wongan Hills, Tammin and Merredin), the grain yield of Unicorn is significantly lower than Stirling (AGWEST data). On the loamy soils of the Avon Valley however, yields of Unicorn appear to be competitive with Stirling (AGWEST and UWA data). A disadvantage of late May sowing is that it puts Unicorn at a high risk from frost. In the Merredin area for example, there is greater than a 20% chance of 1 to 2 frosts in mid to late August, the time when a late May sown Unicorn crop will be flowering (Craig White, pers. comm.).
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Figure 2. Relationship between Stirling and Unicorn Barley in a weed-free situation in the M1, M2, M3, M4 and L3 cropping zones of WA for a) screenings (%
