Growth and impact of research output of Government Medical College ...

Annals of Library and Information Studies 86 Vol. 56, June 2009, pp.86-94

ANN. LIB. INF. STU., JUNE 2009

Growth and impact of research output of Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh: a case study Adarsh Bala and B.M.Gupta Assistant Librarian, Government Medical College and Hospital, Central Library, Sector 32, Chandigarh, E-mail: [email protected] Emeritus Scientist, National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies, New Delhi 110 012, E-mail: [email protected] Analyzes the research activities of the Government Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh, as reflected in its 16 years (1992-2007) of 754 publications output covered in Scopus international multidisciplinary bibliographical database. Focuses on publication growth characteristics, format and media of communication, research impact and quality, patterns of research collaboration, broad and narrow areas of research focus and characteristics of its high productive authors and cited papers. Finds that GMCH stands at 9th rank in research output, 13th in average citation per paper and 12th in h-index among the top 15 medical colleges of the country. GMCH has recorded an annual publication growth rate of 19.79% and impact as measured by average citation per paper as 0.89. Out of its 27 departments, only 7 departments scored higher average impact factor than the average impact factor of papers of total medical college. Although 55.97% of its total papers received one or more citations, but only 14 of its papers received 16 and above citations. Only 2.3% of its total papers involve international collaboration.

Introduction The Government Medical College & Hospital (GMCH) started during 1991 in Chandigarh and currently is being developed as a state of the art medical institution and hospital in the country. It is a 500-bedded hospital and a medical college. The college was started with the intake of 50 students in the MBBS course annually. The postgraduate courses, i.e., M.D. and M.S. with the intake of 16 seats have also started since 2001 in 10 departments of the medical college. Beside these courses, B.Sc. (Medical Lab Technology), B.Sc.(Ophthalmic Techniques) and M.Sc. (Physiology) courses are also offered at the medical college and hospital. There are in all 23 departments in the college, which may be classified as clinical, para-clinical and nonclinical. The staff of GMCH includes medical professionals, faculty, para-medical staff and administrative ministerial staff. The medical college and hospital has been equipped with latest state of the art equipment based on new and emerging technologies. The present study focuses on the analysis of the research output of this medical college and hospital based in Chandigarh. Similar studies have been undertaken on the evaluation of the research output of different institutions, both in

India (including of Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur1-2, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee3 and University of Mysore4) and abroad5. Studies had also been conducted at the broader level, which include evaluation of research at the group of institutes’ level6-7. Still broader studies are available which deals with evaluation of scientific activity, including institutional activities8. Objective of the study The main objective of the present study is to analyze the broad characteristic features of the publication output of GMCH during 1992-2007. In particular, the study focuses on the following aspects: •

growth, format and media of communication and impact of its research output;

•

research output and impact under broad and narrow broad subject areas, as well as by different subject departments;

•

patterns of national and international collaboration, and

•

characteristics of high cited papers and productive authors.

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BALA & GUPTA: GROWTH AND IMPACT OF RESEARCH OUTPUT

Table 1 –– Research output of top Indian medical colleges during 1996-2007 Sl. No.

Affilation

1

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh Christian Medical College, Vellore Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science & Technology, Trivandrum Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh Jawaharlal Institute of Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore King George’s Medical College, Lucknow Armed Forces Medical College, Pune

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Total

Total citations*

Average Hcitation index per paper

papers 7850

14534

1.85

49

4347

6519

1.50

35

1890 1271

3184 2384

1.68 1.88

31 27

1090 1048 1016 754

1287 1183 1030 1036

1.18 1.13 1.01 1.37

20 22 23 24

745

616

0.83

15

632

614

0.97

17

620 604 587 518 509

837 563 359 775 241

1.35 0.93 0.61 1.50 0.47

20 14 12 25 12

*Three years citation window has been used for computing total citations

Methodologies and data source The present study uses 16 years publications output data from 1992 to 2007 for understanding the broad characteristics and impact of research of GMCH. For this purpose, the study derives publications output of GMCH, Chandigarh from the publications covered in the Scopus international multidisciplinary bibliographical database. An advanced search query mentioning the institute name, city of its location and period of coverage required in this study was developed. Using this search query, publication data on GMCH was downloaded into a MS-Excel format from the Scopus database in the month of February 2009. Some of the analysis presented in this paper was carried on the Excel sheet, while some citation statistics were generated through direct online interaction with the database. For analyzing the subject scope, the total research output of GMCH was categorized under 23 already established subject departments in the medical college. These subject departments of the college are further classified as clinical, para-clinical and non-clinical. The research output of GMCH is also considered under different

subject areas as defined in Scopus database classification. In Scopus database classification, health sciences include five sub-disciplines as medicine, public health, veterinary science, nursing and dentistry. Similarly, life sciences, includes five sub-disciplines such as agricultural& biological sciences, biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics, immunology & microbiology and neurology. For assessing the impact and quality of publications output of GMCH, both the citations received during first three years (i.e. three year fixed citation window) as well as citations received from date of their publication till November 2008 (open citation window) was considered. Under the threeyear fixed citation window, for example citations of papers of the GHCH staff: (i) for the year 2000 is counted from 2001 to 2003 (three years window) and for the year 2001 counted from 2002 to 2004 and so on. Similarly under the open citation window, citations of papers of the GHCH staff: (i) for the year 2000 is counted from 2001 to November 2008 (8 years) and for the year 2001 counted from 2002 to November 2008 (7 years) and so on.

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Analysis Research Output & Quality of Top 15 Medical Colleges

This section assesses the research contribution and impact of top 15 medical colleges and place of GMCH among them. Those productive medical colleges are considered here, which have contributed more than 500 papers during 1996-2007. Although GMCH was established in 1992, its publication output actually starting growing from 1996 only. A list of these colleges is presented in Table 1 along with their research output, citations received and h-index values. For assessing the impact, a three-year citation profile is considered. The 15 medical colleges listed in Table 1 together have contributed 23481 papers during 1996-2007, with an average output of 1565 papers per college. These 15 institutions have received 35162 citations with an average of 1.48 citations per paper. Only three institutions, namely AIIMS, New Delhi, PGIMER, Chandigarh, and Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore have scored higher research output than the average output (1565) of the 15 colleges. Similarly, only 5 institutions, namely Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, AIIMS, New Delhi, Christian Medical College, Vellore, PGIMER, Chandigarh and King George’s Medical College, Lucknow has scored higher average citations per paper than the average impact (1.48) of all the 15 medical colleges. The average H-index of these 15 institutions is 23. Six institutions namely AIIMS, New Delhi, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science & Technology, Trivandrum and King George’s Medical College, Lucknow have scored higher h-index than this average h-index. The GMCH has scored 9th rank in research output, 13th rank in average citations per paper and 12th rank in h-index among these top 15 medical colleges of the country. Broad characteristics of GMCH

In all 754 cumulative publications have been published by staff of GMCH, Chandigarh during 1992 to 2007. Of these total papers, 521 papers (69.10%) have appeared as articles, 134 papers (17.77%) as letters, 74 papers (9.81%) as reviews and the rest as short surveys, conference papers, notes, editorials etc.

Table 2 –– Block years research output & citations, 1992-2007 Period

Total papers

1992-1995 1996-1999 2000-2003 2004-2007 Total

9 84 318 343 754

Total citations

9 19 261 383 672

Average citations per paper

Total citations*

1 0.23 0.82 1.12 0.89

97 197 977 504 1775

*Three years citation window has been used for computing TC. Citations computed from the date of publication till Nov. 2008. Table 3 –– Total citation profile of papers during 1992-2007 Citations range

51-60 31-50 21-30 11-20 1-10 0

Total papers

1 0 6 27 388 332

Total citations* 51 0 140 383 1156 0

*Citations for the publications is from the date of publication to Nov. 2008

A year-wise growth of research output and the citations received by the staff of GMCH (on three year citation window) is presented in Table 2. Of the total publications output of GMCH, only 93 papers (12.33%) have been published during the first eight years (1992-1999) and the majority research output (87.67%) was published in the current eight years (2000-2007). On considering the cumulative research output of GMCH in blocks of 4 years each from 1992 to 2007, the research output have shown significant growth, rising from 9 papers during 1992-1995 to 84 papers during 1996-1999 and to 310 papers during 2000-2003. In the subsequent block (2004-2007), there was a gradual increase to 343 publications. The annual average growth rate of publication output of GMCH is observed to be 19.79 during 1997-2007. The quality of publications of GMCH, was measured using citations received per paper, using a three year citation window during 1996-2007. The average citations

89


Table 4 –– List of top 10 highly productive Indian and foreign journals Sl. No.

Indian Journals

Total papers

Foreign Journals

Total papers

1. 2.

Indian Pediatrics Indian Journal of Pediatrics

37 36

15 13

3.

26

4.

Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology Indian Journal of Medical Sciences

Dermatology Clinical & Experimental Dermatology Medicine, Science &law

10

5. 6. 7.

Tropical Gastroenterology JAPI J of Internal Medicine of India

17 14 14

8. 9. 10.

Neurology India Indian Journal of Surgery J. of Postgraduate Medicine

13 12 11

Aust. & New Zealand J of Obstt. & Gynae Acta Cytologica Pediatric Dermatology J of Anesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology J of Dermatology J of Internal Medicine J of Forensic Medicine

per received by publications of GMCH had registered an improvement rising from 0.23 during 1996-99 to 0.82 during 2000-03, and to 1.12 during 2004-07. The average citation per paper of total publications during 1996-07 however was 0.89 (on the basis of fixed citation window) and 2.35 (on the basis of open citation window) (Table 2). On considering the total citation profile of papers of GMCH from 1992 to 2007, it was observed that 422 papers (55.97%) have scored one or more citations from the date of their publication till November 2008. Rest of the 332 papers (44.03 %) did not receive any citation (i.e. zero citation). Of the 422 papers of GMCH receiving one or more citations during 1992-07, 388 papers received citations in the range of 1-10, 27 papers in range of 2130, and 1 in range of 51-60. In all, these 422 papers have scored 1775 citations, with an average citation per paper of 4.21 during 1992-2007 (Table 3). The total research output (754 papers) of GMCH during 1992-2007 have been published in 160 Indian and foreign journals. A list of top 10 Indian and foreign journals where GMCH staff have published their papers is presented in Table 4 along with their individual outputs. The cumulative output of top 10 most productive Indian and foreign journals have accounted for 27.1% and 13.13% share in the total research output of GMCH during 1992-07. The dominant subject areas of the productive journals were general medicine, pediatrics and dermatology.

26

11

10 9 9 8 7 7

Research output & impact under various subject departments

There are 23 departments in the GMCH, of which 16 are classified as clinical, 4 as para-clinical and 3 as nonclinical. The publication output and impact of GMCH has been studied under various subject departments. If a publication has two authors from two departments, its output is considered under both the departments. Similarly, citations of papers considered here use the open citation window, measuring citations from the date of publications till November 2008. The distribution of papers from the different subject departments of GMCH, along with the number of citations received and their impact has been listed in Table 5. Under the 16 clinical departments, the maximum research output during 1992-07 comes from Department of Dermatology (with 110 papers), followed by Department of General Surgery (83 papers), Department of General Medicine (75 papers), Department of Pediatrics (72 papers), Department of Community Medicine (38 papers), etc. In terms of impact as reflected in average citation per paper, the maximum impact (4.3) of papers was registered again by Department of Dermatology during 1992-07, followed by Department of General Surgery (3.3), Department of Pulmonary Medicine (3), Department of ENT (2.7), Department of Pediatrics (2.0), etc. Similarly under four para-clinical departments, the maximum research output (145 papers) during 1992-07 comes from

90


Table 5 –– Department-wise distribution of papers and citations Sr. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Department subject

Clinical Departments Dermatology General Surgery General Medicine Pediatrics Community Medicine Obstt & Gynaecology ENT Ophthalmology Psychiatry Anaesthesia Radiology Immunohematology Orthopedics Pulmonary Medicine Dentistry Radiotherapy Para-Clinical Departments Pathology Forensic Medicine Microbiology Pharmacology Non-Clinical Departments Physiology Biochemistry Anatomy

Number of papers

Number of citations *


110 83 75 72 38 35 32 28 28 27 27 25 23 23 11 9

470 275 115 144 63 65 87 37 41 15 52 37 40 70 14 12

4.3 3.3 1.5 2 1.6 1.8 2.7 1.3 1.5 0.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 3 1.3 1.3

145 54 46 13

313 128 212 6

2.2 2.4 4.6 0.5

13 4 3

11 3 10

0.8 0.7 3.3

* Citations for the publications is from the date of publication to Nov. 2008.

Department of Pathology, followed by Department of Forensic Medicine (54 papers), Department of Microbiology (46 papers) and Department of Pharmacology (13 papers). In contrast to productivity, the maximum impact (4.60) in terms of average impact per paper was registered by Department of Microbiology, followed by Department of Forensic Medicine (2.4), Department of Pathology (2.2) and Department of Pharmacology (0.5). Under non-clinical departments, the ranking in terms of productivity and citation impact is the same (Table 5). The average citation per paper of total papers of GMCH is 2.35. Of the 23 departments of GMCH, only 7 departments have scored higher average citation per paper than the average citation per paper of the total output of the college (i.e.2.35). The highest average impact per paper (4.6) was scored by Department of

Microbiology, followed by Department of Dermatology (4.3), Department of General Surgery (3.3), Department of Anatomy (3.3), Department of Pulmonary Medicine (3.0), Department of ENT (2.7) and Department of Forensic Medicine (2.4). Research output & impact under broad subjects

Under this section, research output of GMCH has been studied during 1996-2007 under broad subjects as defined by Scopus classification and citation impact of research output is considered by measuring citations from the date of publication till November 08 (open citation window). Among the eights broad subjects, the major research output (88.73%) of GMCH comes from medicine, followed by biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (7.29%), pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics (4.77%), immunology (4.38%), neuroscience (2.39%),

91


Table 6 –– Research output & impact under broad subjects Subject

Total papers

Total citations*

Average Subject citations per paper

Total papers

Total citations*


Medicine Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Pharmacology,

669 55

1583 169

2.37 3.07

Neuroscience Dentistry

18 12

74 16

4.11 1.33

36

47

1.31

Health Professions

5

3

0.6

33

179

5.42

Nursing

4

1

0.25

Toxicology & Pharmaceutics Immunology & Microbiology

*Three years citation window has been used for computing TC Table 7 –– Research output under various subjects in different period blocks Number of papers

Subject

Medicine Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmaceutics Immunology & Microbiology Neuroscience Dentistry Health Professions Nursing

1992-95

1996-99

2000-03

2004-07

7 1 6 -

79 2 5 2 4 3 1 -

284 22 13 15 12 5 -

299 31 17 10 2 4 4 4

Table 8 –– List of highly productive authors of GMCH during 1992-2007 Sl. No.

Author name

Department/ Affiliation

Total papers

Total citations*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Harsh Mohan G.P. Thami A.J. Kanwar B.R.Sharma Atul Sachdev R.P.S. Punia V.R.Parmar Robin Kaushik H.M. Swami Uma Handa

Pathology Dermatology Dermatology Forensic Medicine General Medicine Pathology Pediatrics General Surgery Community Medicine Pathology

123 92 59 49 46 46 39 37 34 32

276 358 359 129 99 67 66 87 61 73

Average citations per paper 2.24 3.89 6.08 2.63 2.15 1.46 1.69 2.35 1.79 2.28

* Citations for the publications is from the date of publication till Nov. 2008

etc. According to Scopus database, there is some overlapping in the coverage under all the broad subjects and as a result the total output if added will become more than 100%.

The average citation per paper (as per open citation window) for all GMCH papers is only 2.35. The highest impact per paper (5.42) is scored by immunology & microbiology, followed by neuroscience 4.11),

92


Table 9 –– List of highly cited papers of GMCH 1992-2007 Sl. Author no.

Department affiliation

Title

Source title

Total citations*

1

Chander J., Sharma A.

Microbiology

Infection

51

2

Jha B.C., Dass A., Nagarkar N.M., Gupta R., Singhal S.

ENT

Postgraduate Medical Journal

28

3

Kaur S., Sarkar R., Thami G.P., Kanwar A.J.

Dermatology

Prevalence of fungal corneal ulcers in Northern India (Article) Cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy: Changing clinical pattern and concepts in management (Article) Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (Article)

Pediatric Dermatology

26

4

Sarkar R., Kaur C., Bhalla M., Kanwar A.J.

Dermatology

Dermatologic Surgery

23

5

Gupta P., Narang M., Banerjee B.D., Basu S.

Pediatrics

BMC Pediatrics

21

6

Kaur C., Sarkar R., Kanwar A.J.

Dermatology

Dermatology

21

7

Thami G.P., Jaswal R., Kanwar A.J., Radotra B.D., Singh I.P.

Dermatology

Dermatology

21

8

Chander J., Maini S., Subrahmanyan S., Handa A. Agnihotri N., Gupta V., Joshi R.M.

Microbiology

10

Sarkar R., Bhalla M., Kanwar A.J.

Dermatology

11

Chander J., Chakrabarti A., Sharma A., Saini J.S., Panigarhi D Thami G.P., Sarkar R.

Microbiology

The combination of glycolic acid peels with a topical regimen in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients: A comparative study (Article) Oxidative stress in term small for gestational age neonates born to undernourished mothers: A case control study (Article) Fixed drug eruption to rofecoxib with cross-reactivity to sulfonamides (Article) Overlap of reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura, acropigmentation of Dohi and Dowling-Degos disease in four generations (Article) Otomycosis - A clinico-mycological study and efficacy of mercurochrome in its treatment (Article) Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms - A five-year study (Article) A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid cream monotherapy versus a sequential therapy in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients (Article) Evaluation of calcofluor staining in the diagnosis of fungal corneal ulcer (Article)

Dermatology

Coal tar: Past, present and future (Review)

13

Gupta S., Jain V.K., Saraswat P.K., Gupta S

Dermatology

14

Sobti R.C., Sharma S., Joshi A., Jindal S.K., Janmeja A.

Pulmonary Medicine

Suction blister epidermal grafting versus punch skin grafting in recalcitrant and stable vitiligo (Article) Genetic polymorphism of the CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and lung cancer susceptibility in a north Indian population (Article)

9

12

Microbiology

*Citations for the publications is from the date of publication till Nov. 2008

Mycopatholog 20 ia Burns

19

Dermatology

19

Mycoses

19

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Dermatologic Surgery

18

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

16

18


biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (3.07), medicine (2.37), etc. (Table 6). In most of the subjects, there is a multifold rise in the research output up to 2003 and afterwards the rise is marginal as seen in cumulative output of GMCH in four block years (Table 7). National and international collaborative research output of GMCH.

Output of 754 papers published by GMCH staff during 1992-2007, 16.58% (125 papers) involve national collaboration and only 2.39% (18 papers) involve international collaboration. If the paper has two collaborative countries, the paper is considered under both countries. Among international collaborative countries, the highest collaboration of GMCH is with United States (6 papers), followed by United Kingdom (5 papers), Italy (3 papers), Australia (2 papers) and one paper each from Japan, China, Switzerland, Iran and Miami The major institutions collaborating with GMCH at the national level during 1992-2007 are given in Table 8. The maximum number of collaborating papers (63) of GMCH are with Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, followed by Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (16 papers), Panjab University, Chandigarh (13 papers), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (8 papers), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak (5 papers), Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi (4 papers), Government Medical College, Patiala (3 papers), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali (3 papers), etc. High productive authors

In terms of productivity of individual authors, it was found that only 10 authors from GMCH have contributed at least 30 and above papers during 1992-07. The impact of research output of these productive authors was also analyzed in terms of citations received (from the date of their publications till November 2008). Among 10 productive authors, 3 are from Department of Pathology, 2 from Department of Dermatology and one each from Department of General medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of General Surgery and Department of Community Medicine.

93

The cumulative research output of these 10 most productive authors of GMCH during 1992-07 varies from 32 to 123 papers, with an average of 55.7 papers per author. Similarly, the average citation per paper scored by these 10 most productive authors’ varies from 1.46 to 6.08, with an average impact of 2.83 per author. A list of the names of the top 10 productive authors along with their contributions and citations received is presented in Table 8. High cited papers

Out of 422 papers from GMCH staff that have received at least one or more citations, only 14 papers received 16 and above citations. For convenience, these 14 papers may be called as high cited, of these 12 have appeared as articles, and one each as a letter and a review. Seven papers (50% of the total) have departmental affiliation from dermatology, 4 from microbiology and one paper each from departments of ENT, pediatrics and pulmonary medicine. Among 14 high-cited papers, 13 appeared in foreign journals and one in Indian journal. These 14 papers have appeared in 11 journals. The most productive journals were Dermatology (with 3 papers) and Dermatologic Surgery (with 2 papers). Rest of the 9 high-cited papers appeared in 9 other journals. A list of most high-cited papers is presented in Table 9. Conclusion From the above it is concluded that in comparison with other top medical institutes of the country, quality of research in GMCH needs to be substantially improved, which may be possible by improving further the research environment, upgrading the infrastructural facilities, recruiting more qualified faculty and increasing the participation in international collaborative activities. More incentives, rewards and encouragement should be given to the faculty members for publishing in high impact journals. In addition, faculty should be encouraged to participate more frequently in national and international conferences so that their interaction with the outside world can be increased. Also, the existing library and information facilities in the college should also be further strengthened and a better provision of access to electronic resources should be further made. References 1.

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