GUIDEBOOK

GUIDEBOOK FOR THE DESIGN OF ASME SECTION VIII PRESSURE VESSELS Third Edition

by

James R. Farr Wadsworth, Ohio

Maan H. Jawad Camas, Washington

Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 09/11/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

© 2006 by ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org) All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS ARE SUPPLYING INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSISTANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT. ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Farr, James R. Guidebook for the design of ASME Section VIII pressure vessels/by James R. Farr, Maan H. Jawad.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7918-0172-1 1. Pressure vessels—Design and construction. 2. Structural engineering. I. Jawad, Maan H. II. Title. TA660. T34 F36 2001 681’.76041—dc21 2001046096 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Woodhead Publishing ISBN-13: 978-1-84569-119-6 Woodhead Publishing ISBN-10: 1-84569-119-9


Dedicated to the memory of Barbara R. Farr and dedicated to her friend and pal, Dixie Jawad.



PREFACE

TO

THIRD EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, is a continuously changing document. It contains the latest, safe, and economical rules for the design and construction of pressure vessels and pressure vessel components. The contents of many chapters have been updated to incorporate improvements made in design methods since the book was originally issued. Some of the changes are extensive while others are minor. The brittle fracture rules have been extensively updated and expanded to reflect the latest technology. The heat exchanger chapter has been completely re-written to reflect extensive changes made recently in VIII-1. A new Quick Reference Guide is included in Appendix A to help the reader locate various sections of the latest edition of the VIII-1 code. Metric units were added to some of the figures to reflect recent metrication of the ASME code. James R. Farr Wadsworth, Ohio Maan H. Jawad Camas, Washington December 2005

v



PREFACE

TO

SECOND EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, is a live and progressive document. It strives to contain the latest, safe and economical rules for the design and construction of pressure vessels, pressure vessel components, and heat exchangers. A major improvement was made within the last year by changing the design margin on tensile strength from 4.0 to 3.5. This reduction in the margin permits an increase in the allowable stress for many materials with a resulting decrease in minimum required thickness. This was the first reduction in this design margin in 50 years and was based upon the many improvements in material properties, design methods, and inspection procedures during that time. Chapters and parts of chapters have been updated to incorporate the new allowable stresses and improvements which have been made in design methods since this book was originally issued. Some of these changes are extensive and some are minor. Some of the examples in this book have changed completely and some remain unchanged. This book continues to be an easy reference for the latest methods of problem solving in Section VIII. James R. Farr Wadsworth, Ohio Maan H. Jawad St. Louis, Missouri July 2001

vii



PREFACE

TO

FIRST EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, gives rules that pertain to the design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels and their components. With few exceptions, the rules that cover the design of components tend to be complicated to implement. This book was written to demonstrate the application of the design rules to various components. Other rules, such as those pertaining to fabrication, inspection, testing, and materials are not covered here. This book is intended as a reference for designers of pressure vessels and heat exchangers. The theoretical background of the equations used here was kept to a minimum, since such background can be obtained from other references. Note also that while the design requirements of such components as shells and heads are interspersed throughout the ASME Code, design requirements pertaining to some specific components are given here in one chapter for easy reference. The emphasis in this book is on solved examples, which illustrate the application of the various equations given in the ASME Section VIII Code. Chapter 1 of this book covers background information and general topics—such as allowable stresses and joint efficiencies—applicable to all components. Chapter 2 is for the design of cylindrical shells under internal and external loads. Chapter 3 covers the design of dished heads and transition sections that are under internal and external loads. Chapter 4 considers flat plates, covers, and flanges. Openings are reviewed in Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 covers special components of VIII-1, such as stayed construction, jacketed components, half-pipe jackets, and noncircular vessels. Chapter 7 covers heat exchangers, and Chapter 8 covers stress categories, fatigue, and other special analysis of components. James R. Farr Wadsworth, Ohio Maan H. Jawad St. Louis, Missouri January 1998

ix



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to many people and organizations for their help in preparing this book and revisions and for permitting us to use material supplied by them. Thanks is given to our former co-workers, fellow ASME Committee Members, and many other persons who have given us suggestions and corrections. Special thanks is given to Mr. Mike Bytnar of the Nooter Corporation for providing us with the front cover photograph, to Mr. Thomas P. Pastor of HSB Global Standards for permitting us to use their new Quick Reference Guide for VIII-1, and to our editors Mary Grace Stefanchik and Tara Smith at ASME Press for their continued guidance.

xi



TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Preface to Third Edition ......................................................................................................................................v Preface to Second Edition .................................................................................................................................vii Preface to First Edition .......................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................................xi List of Figures..................................................................................................................................................xvii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 Background Information...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1 Allowable Stresses.....................................................................................................................................2 Joint Efficiency Factors .............................................................................................................................4 Brittle Fracture Considerations..................................................................................................................9 Fatigue Requirements ..............................................................................................................................19 Pressure Testing of Vessels and Components..........................................................................................23 1.6.1 ASME Code Requirements .......................................................................................................23 1.6.2 What Does a Hydrostatic or Pneumatic Pressure Test Do?......................................................23 1.6.3 Pressure Test Requirements for VIII-1......................................................................................23 1.6.4 Pressure Test Requirements for VIII-2......................................................................................25

Chapter 2 Cylindrical Shells .............................................................................................................................................27 2.1 2.2

2.3 2.4

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................27 Tensile Forces, VIII-1 ..............................................................................................................................27 2.2.1 Thin Cylindrical Shells .............................................................................................................27 2.2.2 Thick Cylindrical Shells............................................................................................................33 Axial Compression ..................................................................................................................................35 External Pressure .....................................................................................................................................41 2.4.1 External Pressure for Cylinders with DO/t ≥ 10 .......................................................................41 2.4.2

External Pressure for Cylinders with DO/t < 10 .......................................................................44

2.4.3

Empirical Equations ..................................................................................................................45

xiii


xiv

2.5 2.6

Table of Contents

2.4.4 Stiffening Rings.........................................................................................................................46 2.4.5 Attachment of Stiffening Rings ................................................................................................49 Cylindrical Shell Equations, VIII-2.........................................................................................................51 Miscellaneous Shells ...............................................................................................................................52 2.6.1 Mitered Cylinders......................................................................................................................52 2.6.2 Elliptical Shells .........................................................................................................................53

Chapter 3 Spherical Shells, Heads, and Transition Sections .........................................................................................55 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................55 3.2 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads, VIII-1.................................................................................55 3.2.1 Internal Pressure in Spherical Shells and Pressure on Concave Side of Hemispherical Heads ................................................................................................................55 3.2.2 External Pressure in Spherical Shells and Pressure on Convex Side of Hemispherical Heads ................................................................................................................59 3.3 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads, VIII-2.................................................................................61 3.4 Ellipsoidal Heads, VIII-1.........................................................................................................................62 3.4.1 Pressure on the Concave Side ...................................................................................................62 3.4.2 Pressure on the Convex Side.....................................................................................................63 3.5 Torispherical Heads, VIII-1 .....................................................................................................................65 3.5.1 Pressure on the Concave Side ...................................................................................................65 3.5.2 Pressure on the Convex Side.....................................................................................................67 3.6 Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads, VIII-2............................................................................................68 3.7 Conical Sections, VIII-1 ..........................................................................................................................70 3.7.1 Internal Pressure........................................................................................................................71 3.7.2 External Pressure.......................................................................................................................80 3.8 Conical Sections, VIII-2 ..........................................................................................................................89 3.9 Miscellaneous Transition Sections ..........................................................................................................93 Chapter 4 Flat Plates, Covers, and Flanges.....................................................................................................................97 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................97 4.2 Integral Flat Plates and Covers................................................................................................................97

4.3 4.4

4.5

4.6

4.2.1 Circular Flat Plates and Covers.................................................................................................97 4.2.2 Noncircular Flat Plates and Covers...........................................................................................99 Bolted Flat Plates, Covers, and Flanges................................................................................................101 4.3.1 Gasket Requirements, Bolt Sizing, and Bolt Loadings ..........................................................101 Flat Plates and Covers With Bolting .....................................................................................................102 4.4.1 Blind Flanges & Circular Flat Plates and Covers...................................................................102 4.4.2 Noncircular Flat Plates and Covers.........................................................................................102 Openings in Flat Plates and Covers.......................................................................................................102 4.5.1 Opening Diameter Does Not Exceed Half the Plate Diameter...............................................103 4.5.2 Opening Diameter Exceeds Half the Plate Diameter .............................................................104 Bolted Flange Connections With Ring Type Gaskets ...........................................................................104 4.6.1 Standard Flanges .....................................................................................................................105 4.6.2 Special Flanges........................................................................................................................113


Table of Contents

4.7

xv

Spherically Dished Covers ....................................................................................................................118 4.7.1 Definitions and Terminology...................................................................................................118 4.7.2 Types of Dished Covers ..........................................................................................................119

Chapter 5 Openings .........................................................................................................................................................125 5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................125 5.2 Code Bases for Acceptability of Opening.............................................................................................125 5.3 Terms and Definitions............................................................................................................................126 5.4 Reinforced Openings—General Requirements .....................................................................................126 5.4.1 Replacement Area ...................................................................................................................126 5.4.2 Reinforcement Limits..............................................................................................................126 5.5

Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-1 ........................................................................................................128 5.5.1 Openings With Inherent Compensation ..................................................................................128 5.5.2 Shape and Size of Openings ...................................................................................................128 5.5.3 Area of Reinforcement Required ............................................................................................129 5.5.4 Limits of Reinforcement .........................................................................................................131 5.5.5 Area of Reinforcement Available............................................................................................132 5.5.6 Openings Exceeding Size Limits of Section 5.5.2.2 ..............................................................142

5.6

Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-2 ........................................................................................................144 5.6.1 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................144 5.6.2 Openings Not Requiring Reinforcement Calculations ...........................................................144 5.6.3 Shape and Size of Openings ...................................................................................................146 5.6.4 Area of Reinforcement Required ............................................................................................146 5.6.5 Limits of Reinforcement .........................................................................................................146 5.6.6 Available Reinforcement.........................................................................................................147 5.6.7 Strength of Reinforcement Metal............................................................................................148 5.6.8 Alternative Rules for Nozzle Design ......................................................................................148 Ligament Efficiency Rules, VIII-1 ........................................................................................................154

5.7

Chapter 6 Special Components, VIII-1..........................................................................................................................159 6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................159 6.2 Braced and Stayed Construction .............................................................................................159 6.2.1 Braced and Stayed Surfaces....................................................................................................159 6.2.2 Stays and Staybolts .................................................................................................................162 6.3 Jacketed Vessels.....................................................................................................................................163 6.3.1 Types of Jacketed Vessels .......................................................................................................163 6.3.2 Design of Closure Member for Jacket to Vessel.....................................................................164 6.3.3 Design of Openings in Jacketed Vessels .................................................................................165 6.4 Half-Pipe Jackets ...................................................................................................................................168 6.4.1 Maximum Allowable Internal Pressure in Half-Pipe Jacket...................................................169 6.4.2 Minimum Thickness of Half-Pipe Jacket................................................................................171 6.5 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section....................................................................................................175 6.5.1 Types of Vessels ......................................................................................................................175 6.5.2 Basis for Allowable Stresses ...................................................................................................176


xvi

Table of Contents

6.5.3 6.5.4

Openings in Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section.................................................................180 Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section .....................................................................................185

Chapter 7 Design of Heat Exchangers ...........................................................................................................................189 7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................189 7.2 Design of Tubesheets in U-Tube Exchangers .......................................................................................189 7.2.1 Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................................189 7.2.2 Preliminary Calculations .........................................................................................................194 7.2.3 Design Equations ....................................................................................................................195 7.3 Fixed Tubesheets ...................................................................................................................................208 7.3.1 Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................................208 7.3.2 Preliminary Calculations .........................................................................................................209 7.3.3 Design Equations ....................................................................................................................212 7.4 Additional Rules ....................................................................................................................................223 7.5 Methods of Attaching Tubes-to-Tubesheet............................................................................................223 7.5.1 Push Out Tests.........................................................................................................................227 7.5.2 Tube-to-Tubesheet Locking Mechanism.................................................................................228 7.6 Expansion Joints ....................................................................................................................................229 Chapter 8 Analysis of Components in VIII-2................................................................................................................233 8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................233 8.2 Stress Categories....................................................................................................................................233 8.3 Stress Concentration ..............................................................................................................................239 8.4 Combinations of Stresses ......................................................................................................................239 8.5 Fatigue Evaluation .................................................................................................................................244 References .......................................................................................................................................................249 Appendices......................................................................................................................................................251 Appendix A—Guide to VIII-1 Requirements..................................................................................................251 Appendix B—Material Designation ................................................................................................................255 Appendix C—Joint Efficiency Factors ............................................................................................................257 Appendix D—Flange Calculation Sheets........................................................................................................279 Appendix E—Conversion Factors ...................................................................................................................285 Index ...............................................................................................................................................................287


LIST

OF

FIGURES

Figure Number 1.1 1.2 E1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 E2.8 2.6 2.7 E2.13 2.8 2.9 2.10 3.1 E3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 E3.11 E3.12 E3.13 3.8 3.9

Welded Joint Categories (ASME VII-1) ...............................................................................................5 Category C Weld ...................................................................................................................................9 ...............................................................................................................................................................9 Some Governing Thickness Details Used for Toughness (ASME VIII-1) .........................................12 Impact-Test Exemption Curves (ASME VIII-1) .................................................................................15 Charpy Impact-Test Requirements for Full Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels With Tensile Strength of Less Than 95 ksi (ASME VIII-1) ...............................................................16 Reduction of MDMT Without Impact Testing (ASME VIII-1)..........................................................17 Fatigue Curves for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, and High Tensile Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700∞F (ASME VIII-2)........................................................18 .............................................................................................................................................................28 Comparison of Equations for Hoop Stress in Cylindrical Shells .......................................................29 .............................................................................................................................................................30 Chart for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels With Yield Stress of 30 ksi and Over, and Types 405 & 410 Stainless Steels ................................................................................................37 C Factor as a Function of R/T (Jawad, 2004).....................................................................................38 .............................................................................................................................................................39 Geomatic Chart for Cylindrical Vessels Under Extrenal Pressure (Jawad and Farr, 1989) ...............42 Some Lines of Support of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure (ASME VIII-1)...................43 .............................................................................................................................................................48 Some Details for Attaching Stiffener Rings (ASME VIII-1)..............................................................50 MiteredBend........................................................................................................................................53 Elliptical Cylinder ...............................................................................................................................54 .............................................................................................................................................................57 .............................................................................................................................................................59 .............................................................................................................................................................63 .............................................................................................................................................................66 .............................................................................................................................................................67 .............................................................................................................................................................69 .............................................................................................................................................................71 .............................................................................................................................................................74 .............................................................................................................................................................75 .............................................................................................................................................................78 .............................................................................................................................................................86 .............................................................................................................................................................89 Inherent Reinforcement for Large End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2).....................90 xvii


xviii List of Figures

3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 4.1 4.2 E4.5 E4.6 E4.7 4.3 E4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 E5.1 E5.2 E5.3.1 E5.3.2 E5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 5.6 E5.5 E5.6 E5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 E6.8 7.1 7.2a 7.2b 7.2c 7.2d 7.2e 7.2f

Values of Q for Large End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2)........................................91 Inherent Reinforcement for Small End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2).....................92 Values of Q for Small End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2)........................................93 .............................................................................................................................................................94 Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers (ASME VIII-1) ..................................99 Multiple Openings in the Rim of a Flat Head or Cover With a Large Central Opening (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................104 Ring Flange Sample Calculation Sheet.............................................................................................106 Welding Neck Flange Sample Calculation Sheet .............................................................................109 Reverse Welding Neck Flange Sample Calculation Sheet................................................................114 Spherically Dished Covers With Bolting Flanges (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................119 Example Problem of Spherically Dished Cover, Div. 1 ...................................................................122 Reinforcement Limits Parallel to Shell Surface................................................................................127 Chart for Determining Value of F for Angle q (ASME VIII-1 and VIII-2) .....................................130 Determination of Special Limits for Setting t,r for Use in Reinforcement Calculations .................131 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement in Ellipsoidal Head, Div. 1 ........................................132 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of 12 in. ¥ 16 in. Manway Opening, Div. 1 ..............135 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of Hillside Nozzle, Div. 1..........................................137 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of Hillside Nozzle, Div. 1..........................................138 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement With Corrosion Allowance, Div. 1 ............................140 (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................143 (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................143 Nozzle Nomenclature and Dimensions (Depicts General Configurations Only) (ASME VIII-2) ...145 Limits of Reinforcing Zone for Alternative Nozzle Design (ASME VIII-2) ...................................149 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement in Ellipsoidal Head, Div. 2 ........................................149 Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of 12 in. ¥ 16 in. Manway Opening, Div. 2 ..............152 Example Problem of Nozzle Reiforcerment of Series of Openings Div. 1 ......................................156 Typical Forms of Welded Staybolts (ASME VIII-1) ........................................................................161 Typical Welded Stay for Jacketed Vessel (ASME VIII-1) ................................................................161 Some Acceptable Types of Jacketed Vessels (ASME VIII-1)...........................................................164 Some Acceptable Types of Closure Details (ASME VIII-1) ............................................................166 Some Acceptable Types of Penetration Details (ASME VIII-1) ......................................................170 Spiral Jackets, Half-Pipe and Other Shapes......................................................................................171 Factor K for NFS 2 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................172 Factor K for NFS 3 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................173 Factor K for NFS 4 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................174 Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section ...............................................................................................176 Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section With Stay Plates ...................................................................178 Vessels of Obround Cross Section With and Without Stay Plates and Vessels of Circular Cross Section With a Stay Plate..................................................................................................................179 Plate With Constant-Diameter Openings of Same or Different Diameters ......................................180 Plate With Multidiameter Openings..................................................................................................181 Example Problem of Noncircular Vessels (ASME VIII-1)...............................................................186 Various Heat-Exchanger Configurations (TEMA, 1999)..................................................................190 Tubesheet Integral with Shell and channel (ASME. VIII-1) ............................................................191 Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with channel, Extended as Flange (ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................192 Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, not Extended as a Flange (ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................193 Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1).........................................................194 Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Integral with Channel, Extended as a Flange (ASME. VII-1) ..................................................................................................................................195 Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Integral with channel, not Extended as a Flange (ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................196


List of Figures xix

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6a 7.6b

Tubesheet Geometry (ASME. VIII-1)...............................................................................................197 Typical Untubed Lane Configurations (ASME VIII-1) ....................................................................198 Curves for the Determination of E*/E and v* (ASME. VIII-1) .......................................................199 Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1) ...........................................................210 Tubesheet integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, Extended as a Flange (ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................211 7.6c Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, not Extended as a Flange (ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................212 7.6d Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1).........................................................213 7.7 Xa vs.Zd, Zv, or Zm(ASME.VIII-1) ...................................................................................................214 7.8 Xa vs. Fm with negative Q3 (ASME. VIII-1) ....................................................................................215 7.9 Xa vs.Fm with positive Q3 (ASME. VIII-1) ......................................................................................222 7.10 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Attachments (ASME VIII-1)..................................225 7.11 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Strength Welds (ASME VIII-1) .............................226 7.12 Schematic Detail of a Hydraulic Tube Expander .............................................................................000 7.13 Typical Detail of Grooves in a Clad Tubesheet ................................................................................227 7.14 Some Bellows-Type Expansion Joints ( ASME VIII-1) ...................................................................230 7.15 Some Flanged and Flued Expansion Joints ( ASME VIII-l) ............................................................231 E8.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................238 8.1 Linearizing Stress Distribution .........................................................................................................240 E8.4 Model of a Finite Element Layout in a Flat Head-to-Shell Junction ...............................................243 8.2 Fatigue Curves for Carbon, Low Alloy, 4XX High Alloy, and High Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700∞F (ASME VIII-2) ................................................................245 8.3 Cyclic Curves ....................................................................................................................................246 A.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................000 C.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................257 C.2 ...........................................................................................................................................................258 C.3 ...........................................................................................................................................................259 C.4 ...........................................................................................................................................................260 C.5 ...........................................................................................................................................................261 C.6 ...........................................................................................................................................................262 C.7 ...........................................................................................................................................................263 C.8 ...........................................................................................................................................................264 C.9 ...........................................................................................................................................................265 C.10 ...........................................................................................................................................................266 C.11 ...........................................................................................................................................................267 C.12 ...........................................................................................................................................................268 C.13 ...........................................................................................................................................................269 C.14 ...........................................................................................................................................................270 C.15 ...........................................................................................................................................................271 C.16 ...........................................................................................................................................................272 C.17 ...........................................................................................................................................................273 C.18 ...........................................................................................................................................................274 C.19 ...........................................................................................................................................................275 C.20.E ...........................................................................................................................................................276 D.1 Fig. D.1—Ring Flange With Ring-Type Gasket...............................................................................279 D.2 Fig. D.2—Slip-On or Lap-joint Flange With Ring-Type Gasket .....................................................280 D.3 Fig. D.3—Welding Neck Flange With Ring-Type Gasket ...............................................................281 D.4 Fig. D.4—Reverse Welding Neck Flange With Ring-Type Gasket..................................................282 D.5 Fig. D.5—Slip-On Flange With Full-Face Gasket............................................................................283 D.6 Fig. D.6—Welding Neck Flange With Full-Face Gasket .................................................................284



LIST

OF

TABLES

Table Number 1.1.1

Criteria for Establishing allowable Stress Values for VIII-1 Except for UCI, UCD, and ULT Material and for Bolting (ASME II-D)...................................................................................2 1.1.2 Criteria for Establishing allowable Stress Values for VIE-1 for UCI, UCD, and ULT Material (ASME II-D)...........................................................................................................................................3 1.2 Criteria for Establishing Design Stress Intensity Values for VIII-2 Except for bolting (ASME II-D)...........................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Stress Values for SA-515 and SA-516 Materials ...................................................................................4 1.4 Allowable Stress Values for Welded Connections..................................................................................5 1.5 Maximum Allowable Efficiencies for Arc- and Gas-Welded Joints (ASME VIII-1) ............................6 El.1 Stress Categories.....................................................................................................................................8 1.6 Assignment of Materials to Curves (ASME VIII-1) ............................................................................10 1.7 Minimum Design Metal Temperatures in High Alloy Steels Without Impact Testing ........................18 2.1 Tabular Values for Fig. 2.4 ...................................................................................................................36 3.1 Factor KOfor an Ellipsoidal Head With Pressure on the Convex Side.................................................64 3.2 Values of D for Junctions at the Large Cylinder Due to Internal Pressure..........................................72 3.3 Values of D for Junctions at the Small Cylinder Due to Internal Pressure..........................................73 3.4 Values of D for Junctions at the Large Cylinder Due to External Pressure.........................................80 E3.14 Allowable Stress and Pressure Data .....................................................................................................90 6.1 Example of Pressure Used for Design of Components......................................................................163 6.2 Closure Detail Requirements for Various Types of Jacket Closures..................................................169 6.3 Penetration Detail Requirements ........................................................................................................171 7.1 Joint Efficiencies fr for various tube-to-tubesheet attachments (ASME VIII-1)................................228 8.1 Primary Stress Category .....................................................................................................................234 8.2 Structural Discontinuity......................................................................................................................235 8.3 Thermal Stress ....................................................................................................................................235 8.4 Stress Categories and Their Limits (ASME VIII-2)...........................................................................236 8.5 Classification of Stresses (ASME VIII-2) ..........................................................................................237 8.6 Some Stress Concentration Factors Used in Fatigue .........................................................................239 E8.4 Summary of Finite Element Output ...................................................................................................244 B.1 Carbon Steel Plate ..............................................................................................................................235 B.2 Chrome-Moly Steel Plate Specifications, SA-387 .............................................................................235 B.3 Chrome-Moly Steel Forging Specifications, SA-182.........................................................................235 B.4 Chrome-Moly Steel Forging Specifications, SA-336.........................................................................256 B.5 Quench & Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings, SA-508 ......................................................256

xxi



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