He is the author of Handbook of Laboratory Experiments in. Electrical and Electronics ... the wealth of knowledge especially in physics, Electrical and Electronics.
H a n d b o o k
o f
Laboratory Experiments in
Elect ro n i cs En g i n eer i n g Vol. 1
H a n d b o o k
o f
Laboratory Experiments in
Elect ro n i cs En g i n eer i n g Vol . 1
A.M. ZUNGERU, J.M. CHUMA, H.U. EZEA AND M. MANGWALA
Notion Press Old No. 38, New No. 6 McNichols Road, Chetpet Chennai - 600 031 First Published by Notion Press 2016 Copyright © A.M. Zungeru, J.M. Chuma, H.U. Ezea and M. Mangwala 2016 All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-946204-18-9 This book has been published with all efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. However, the author and the publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. No part of this book may be used, reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the authors, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
About the Authors
vii
Preface
ix
Introduction
xi
General Laboratory Safety General Engineering Laboratory Records and Reports
xiii xv
1. Components Identification and Measurement
1
2. Ohm’s Law-Resistance
7
3. Resistors in Series
13
4. Resistors in Parallel
17
5. Voltage and Current-Divider Rule
23
6. Nodal Voltage Circuit Analysis
29
7. Mesh Current Circuit Analysis
35
8. Thevenin’s and Norton Equivalent
39
9. Load Match and Maximum Power Transfer
45
10. RC Time Constant
51
11. Voltage and Current in AC Circuits-RMS
55
12. Impedance of Series AC Circuits
63
13. Admittance of Parallel AC Circuits
73
14. Series AC Impedance – Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
85
15. Loading Effects of DC Instruments
95
16. PN Junction
101
17. Forward and Reversed Characteristics of Signal and Power Diodes
107
18. Forward and Reverse Characteristics of Zener Diodes
113
19. Voltage Regulation
117
20. Field–Effect Transistors (FETs) Characteristics
121
21. Field–Effect Transistor (FET) Amplifier
125
22. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Characteristics
129
23. Common Emitter BJT Amplifier
133
24. Frequency Response of A BJT Amplifier
137
25. Class A Power Amplifiers
141
26. Class B Power Amplifiers
149
27. Class C Power Amplifiers
157
28. Inverting and Non Inverting Op-Amp Circuits
167
29. Op-Amp Comparators
173
30. Logic Circuits
179
31. Adder Circuit
185
32. Magnitude Comparator Circuit
189
33. Multiplexer & Demultiplexer
193
34. Encoder and Decoder
199
35. Flip-Flops
205
36. Astable Multivibrator (Clock)
211
37. Digital Counter
215
38. Shift Registers
219
39. Individual Projects
225
Murtala Adamu Zungeru, PhD, is a senior lecturer of Electronics Engineering at the Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST). He was a Research Fellow in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA in 2014. Before joining BIUST in 2015, he was a Senior Lecturer and Head of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at the Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria. He is the author of Handbook of Laboratory Experiments in Electrical and Electronics Vol.3, published by Create-Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. Joseph M. Chuma, PhD, is an associate professor of Telecommunication and Wireless Communications at the Botswana International University of Science and Technology. He has served as the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at University of Botswana. He is also serving as a Board Member in a number of Parastatals Organization in Botswana. He has also served as a postgraduate and undergraduate external examiner in a number of Universities. Hilary Ugo Ezea is a lecturer in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria and has been involved in teaching Analogue Electronic Circuits, Digital Electronic Circuits, Physical Electronics, and Industrial Electronics Design among others. Mmoloki Mangwala, PhD, is a lecturer of Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering at Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST). He has been involved in teaching Computer Systems Programming, Computer Organization and Architecture, Analogue Electronics, Operating Systems, Digital Electronics among others. Prior to joining BIUST, he was a Computer Systems Engineering lecturer at Botswana Accountancy College.
The Oxford dictionary defines “Handbook” as: a book that contains information and instructions about the operation of a machine or how to do something. “Laboratory (informally, Lab)” as: a facility that provides controlled condition in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. “Experiment” is defined as: 1. Scientific test: a test, especially a scientific one, carried out in order to discover whether a theory is correct or what a result of a particular course of action would be. 2. Doing something new: an attempt to do something new or to see what will happen. So, what we have here is a Handbook of Laboratory Experiment. To know, understand, apply and control a phenomenon, which is the main focus of engineering, you have to measure it, assess the quantities involved and do a proper recording of observations in facts and figures, so that others can study the observations and apply the results, without having to repeat the experiment. This Handbook is prepared after extensive simulations of the circuit with some electronic and engineering software such as Multisim, PSPICE, Circuit Logic and Matlab. This Handbook is designed basically to assist both tutors and students in the conduct of laboratory experiments. It has been proven over time that students tend to remember experiments they conducted much more than lectures they received. This Handbook was written in a simple technical language and the mathematics behind the experiments clearly derived and explained. This book has added to the wealth of knowledge especially in physics, Electrical and Electronics and Communications engineering for students in Tertiary institutions such as Polytechnics, Monotechnics and Universities. This Handbook contains 38 experiments which can be categorized into Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering experiments, Analogue
Electronics experiments, and Digital Electronics experiments. Each experiment contains details of objectives, materials, theoretical background and procedures. The procedure involves steps and questions in understanding of the experiment being conducted. We wish to seize this opportunity to express our profound gratitude to all those that made the preparation, conduct of the experiment and publication of this handbook a reality. Palapye, Botswana 2016
The importance of laboratory work in Electrical and Electronic Engineering cannot be over-emphasized. Laboratory course work enables students to do experiments on the fundamental laws and principles encountered in the theoretical work. In these formative years the student is made to identify a wide range of electrical components, measure their values thereby learning to handle instruments and equipment and to appreciate their limitations. Students are also made to learn how to bread board, connect simple circuits and verify the simple laws of Ohm’s, Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and others who have contributed immensely on the formulation of laws and theories. Other aspects of Electrical and Electronic practical were all substantially considered. It may also be observed that the background information to every experiment is the ‘theory’ aspect and it is quite lengthy in many cases. It is aimed at ensuring that the students become sufficiently familiar with the theoretical aspect of the experiments and consequently sharpen their focus on the results expected. The laboratory exercises in this manual are designed to provide a working knowledge of some of the more fundamental principles of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering. All the experiments on this handbook were simulated to get the response of each circuit, and were all found to be working properly as expected. While working through the manual, the student will become more familiar with the manual and the basic theories in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. In order to fully understand the principle being investigated, the student is advised to read extensively, the related topics before entering the laboratory. At the end of each laboratory, questions and exercises should be completed and returned to the examiner for proper grading as scheduled.
