Handbook of Sensor Networks: Compact Wireless ...

1968title 6/18/04 12:34 PM Page 1

Handbook of Sensor Networks: Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems

Edited by

MOHAMMAD ILYAS AND IMAD MAHGOUB

CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of sensor networks : compact wireless and wired sensing systems / edited by Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1968-4 (alk. paper) 1. Sensor networks. 2. Wireless LANs. I. Ilyas, Mohammad, 1953- II. Mahgoub, Imad. TK7872.D48.H36 2004 004.6′8—dc22

2004043852

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microÞlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of speciÞc clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1968-4/05/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. SpeciÞc permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiÞcation and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1968-4 Library of Congress Card Number 2004043852 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper

Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC

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Preface

As the field of communications networks continues to evolve, a very interesting and challenging area — wireless sensor networks — is rapidly coming of age. A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes that may be randomly and densely deployed. Sensor nodes are small electronic components capable of sensing many types of information from the environment, including temperature; light; humidity; radiation; the presence or nature of biological organisms; geological features; seismic vibrations; specific types of computer data; and more. Recent advancements have made it possible to make these components small, powerful, and energy efficient and they can now be manufactured cost-effectively in quantity for specialized telecommunications applications. Very small in size, the sensor nodes are capable of gathering, processing, and communicating information to other nodes and to the outside world. Based on the information handling capabilities and compact size of the sensor nodes, sensor networks are often referred to as “smart dust.” Sensor networks have numerous applications, including health; agriculture; geology; retail; military; home; and emergency management. Sensor network research and development derive many concepts and protocols from distributed computer networks such as the Internet; however, several technical challenges in sensor networks need to be addressed due to the specialized nature of the sensors and the fact that many sensor network applications may involve remote mobile sensors with limited power sources that must dynamically adapt to their environment. This handbook proposes to capture the current state of sensor networks and to serve as a source of comprehensive reference material on them. The handbook has a total of 40 chapters written by experts from around the world and is divided into the following nine sections: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Introduction Applications Architecture Protocols Tracking technologies Data gathering and processing Energy management Security, reliability, and fault tolerance Performance and design aspects

The targeted audience for this handbook includes professionals who are designers and/or planners for emerging telecommunication networks; researchers (faculty members and graduate students); and those who would like to learn about this field. This handbook provides technical information about various aspects of sensor networks, networks comprising multiple compact, intercommunicating electronic sensors. The areas covered range from


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basic concepts to research-grade material, including future directions. This handbook should serve as a complete reference material for sensor networks. The Handbook of Sensor Networks has the following specific salient features: • It serves as a single comprehensive source of information and as reference material on wireless sensor networks. • It deals with an important and timely topic of emerging communication technology of tomorrow. • It presents accurate, up-to-date information on a broad range of topics related to wireless sensor networks. • It presents material authored by experts in the field. • It presents the information in an organized and well-structured manner. • Although it is not precisely a textbook, it can certainly be used as one for graduate courses and research-oriented courses that deal with wireless sensor networks. Any comments from the readers will be highly appreciated. Many people have contributed to this handbook in their unique ways. The first and the foremost group that deserves immense gratitude is the highly talented and skilled researchers who have contributed 40 chapters to this handbook. All of them have been extremely cooperative and professional. It has also been a pleasure to work with Nora Konopka and Helena Redshaw of CRC Press; we are extremely grateful for their support and professionalism. We also thank Sophie Kirkwood and Gail Renard in the CRC production department. Our families have extended their unconditional love and strong support throughout this project and they all deserve very special thanks.

Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub Boca Raton, Florida


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Editors

Mohammad Ilyas, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1976. From March 1977 to September 1978, he worked for the Water and Power Development Authority in Pakistan. In 1978, he was awarded a scholarship for his graduate studies and he completed his M.S. degree in electrical and electronic engineering in June 1980 at Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. In September 1980, he joined the doctoral program at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada; he completed his Ph.D. degree in 1983. Dr. Ilyas’ doctoral research was about switching and flow control techniques in computer communication networks. Since September 1983, he has been with the College of Engineering at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, where he is currently associate dean for graduate studies and research. From 1994 to 2000, he was chair of the department. During the 1993–1994 academic year, he was on his sabbatical leave with the Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Ilyas has conducted successful research in various areas, including traffic management and congestion control in broadband/high-speed communication networks; traffic characterization; wireless communication networks; performance modeling; and simulation. He has published one book, three handbooks, and over 140 research articles. He has supervised 10 Ph.D. dissertations and more than 35 M.S. theses to completion. Dr. Ilyas has been a consultant to several national and international organizations; a senior member of IEEE, he is an active participant in several IEEE technical committees and activities. Imad Mahgoub, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan, in 1978. From 1978 to 1981, he worked for the Sudan Shipping Line Company, Port Sudan, Sudan, as an electrical and electronics engineer. He received his M.S. in applied mathematics in 1983 and his M.S. in electrical and computer engineering in 1986, both from North Carolina State University. In 1989, he received his Ph.D. in computer engineering from The Pennsylvania State University. Since August 1989, Dr. Mahgoub has been with the College of Engineering at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, where he is currently professor of computer science and engineering. He is the director of the Computer Science and Engineering Department Mobile Computing Laboratory at Florida Atlantic University. Dr. Mahgoub has conducted successful research in various areas, including mobile computing; interconnection networks; performance evaluation of computer systems; and advanced computer architecture. He has published over 70 research articles and supervised three Ph.D. dissertations and 18 M.S. theses to completion. He has served as a consultant to industry. Dr. Mahgoub served as a member of the executive committee/program committee of the 1998, 1999, and 2000 IEEE International Performance, Computing and Communications Conferences. He has served on the program committees of several international conferences and symposia. He is currently the vice chair of the 2004 International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems. Dr. Mahgoub is a senior member of IEEE and a member of ACM. Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC

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Contributors

T. Abdelzaher

Athanassios Boulis

Kurt Fristrup

University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia

University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California

Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Ithaca, New York

Richard R. Brooks

Vincente González–Millán

Özgür B. Akan Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia

The Pennsylvania State University State College, Pennsylvania

Jamal N. Al-Karaki Iowa State University Ames, Iowa

Mihaela Cardei Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida

Erdal Cayirci

Zygmunt J. Haas

Brno University of Technology Brno, Czech Republic

Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey

Jan Beutel

Krishnendu Chakrabarty

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland

Duke University Durham, North Carolina

Anantha Chandrakasan University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia

Cristian Borcea Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey

Engim, Inc. Acton, Massachusetts


Cornell University Ithaca, New York

Martin Haenggi University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana

Hossam Hassanein Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada

T. He

Duminda Dewasurendra


Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia

Chi-Fu Huang

Jacir L. Bordim ATR — Adaptive Communications Research Laboratories Kyoto, Japan

Joel I. Goodman MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, Massachusetts

Petr Benes

B. Blum

University of Valencia Valencia, Spain

National Chiao-Tung University Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

Jessica Feng University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California

Liviu Iftode Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey

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S. Sitharama Iyengar

Alvin S. Lim

Lee Ling (Sharon) Ong

Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

The University of Sydney New South Wales, Australia

Symeon Papavassiliou

Chaiporn Jaikaeo

Malin Lindquist

University of Delaware Newark, Delaware

Örebro University Örebro, Sweden

Ram Kalidindi

Antonio A.F. Loureiro


Ahmed E. Kamal Iowa State University Ames, Iowa

Porlin Kang Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey

Rajgopal Kannan Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Zdravko Karakehayov Technical University of Sofia Sofia, Bulgaria

Farinaz Koushanfar University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California

Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Amy Loutfi Örebro University Örebro, Sweden

Chenyang Lu University of Washington at St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri

David R. Martinez MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, Massachusetts

Amitabh Mishra Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia

Koji Nakano Sheng-Po Kuo National Chiao-Tung University Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Eric Nettleton Baohua Li Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China


José Marcos Nogueira Xiang-Yang Li Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC

Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil

New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, New Jersey

Dragan Petrovic University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California

Miodrag Potkonjak University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California

Alejandro Purgue Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Ithaca, New York

Gang Qu University of Maryland College Park, Maryland

Jan M. Rabaey University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California

Nageswara S.V. Rao Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Lydia Ray Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Albert I. Reuther MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, Massachusetts

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Matthew Ridley

Sasha Slijepcevic

Radimir Vrba



Brno University of Technology Czech Republic

Linnyer Beatrys Ruiz Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná Curitiba, Brazil and Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Ayad Salhieh Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan

Enrique Sanchis-Peris University of Valencia Valencia, Spain

Tara Small

Quanhong Wang

Cornell University Ithaca, New York

Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada

S. Son

Yu Wang


Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois

Chavalit Srisathapornphat

Brett Warneke

University of Delaware Newark, Delaware

Dust Networks Berkeley, California

John Stankovic

Peter Wide


Örebro University Örebro, Sweden

Alberto SangiovanniVincentelli

Weilian Su

Jennifer L. Wong

University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California

Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia


Loren Schwiebert

Saleh Sukkarieh

Anthony D. Wood

Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan



Rahul C. Shah

Miroslav Sveda

Jie Wu


Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida

University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California

Chien-Chung Shen University of Delaware Newark, Delaware

Amit Sinha Engim, Inc. Acton, Massachusetts


Qishi Wu Vishnu Swaminathan Duke University Durham, North Carolina

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Yu-Chee Tseng

Kenan Xu

National Chiao-Tung University Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Mark Yarvis

Frantisek Zezulka

Yunmin Zhu

Intel Corporation Hillsboro, Oregon


Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Wei Ye

Jin Zhu

Yi Zou

University of Southern California Los Angeles, California

New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, New Jersey

Duke University Durham, North Carolina

Lin Yuan

Mengxia Zhu

University of Maryland College Park, Maryland



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Contents

SECTION I

1

Opportunities and Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks Martin Haenggi 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

2

Albert I. Reuther, David R. Martinez Introduction Goals for Real-Time Distributed Network Computing for Sensor Data Fusion The Convergence of Networking and Real-Time Computing Middleware Network Resource Management Experimental Results

Sensor Network Management Linnyer Beatrys Ruiz, José Marcos Nogueira, 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

4

Introduction Opportunities Technical Challenges Concluding Remarks

Next-Generation Technologies to Enable Sensor Networks Joel I. Goodman, 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

3

Introduction

Antonio A. F. Loureiro Introduction Management Challenges Management Dimensions MANNA as an Integrating Architecture Putting It All Together Conclusion

Models for Programmability in Sensor Networks Athanassios Boulis 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Introduction Differences between Sensor Networks and Traditional Data Networks Aspects of Efficient Sensor Network Applications Need for Sensor Network Programmability Major Models for System-Level Programmability


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4.6 4.7

5

Miniaturizing Sensor Networks with MEMS Brett Warneke 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

6

Introduction MEMS Basics Sensors Communication Micropower Sources Packaging Systems Conclusion

A Taxonomy of Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

7

Frameworks for System-Level Programmability Conclusions

Jamal N. Al-Karaki, Ahmed E. Kamal Introduction Routing Protocols in WSNs Routing in WSNs: Future Directions Conclusions

Artificial Perceptual Systems Amy Loutfi, Malin Lindquist, Peter Wide 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Introduction Background Modeling of Perceptual Systems Perceptual Systems in Practice Research Issues and Summary

SECTION II

8

Sensor Network Architecture and Applications Chien-Chung Shen, Chaiporn Jaikaeo, 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

9

Applications

Chavalit Srisathapornphat Introduction Sensor Network Applications Functional Architecture for Sensor Networks Sample Implementation Architectures Summary

A Practical Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks Quanhong Wang, 9.1

Hossam Hassanein, Kenan Xu Introduction


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9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

10

Introduction to Industrial Sensor Networking Miroslav Sveda, Petr Benes, 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7

11

WSN Applications Classification of WSNs Characteristics, Technical Challenges, and Design Directions Technical Approaches Conclusions and Considerations for Future Research

Radimir Vrba, Frantisek Zezulka Introduction Industrial Sensor Fitting Communication Protocols IEEE 1451 Family of Smart Transducer Interface Standards Internet-Based Sensor Networking Industrial Network Interconnections Wireless Sensor Networks in Industry Conclusions

A Sensor Network for Biological Data Acquisition Tara Small, Zygmunt J. Haas, 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8

Alejandro Purgue, Kurt Fristrup Introduction Tagging Whales The Tag Sensors The SWIM Networks The Information Propagation Model Simulating the Delay Calculating Storage Requirements Conclusions

SECTION III

12

Sensor Network Architecture Jessica Feng, Farinaz Koushanfar, Miodrag Potkonjak 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7

13

Architecture

Overview Motivation and Objectives SNs — Global View and Requirements Individual Components of SN Nodes Sensor Network Node Wireless SNs as Embedded Systems Summary

Tiered Architectures in Sensor Networks Mark Yarvis, Wei Ye 13.1

Introduction


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13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8

14

Power-Efficient Topologies for Wireless Sensor Networks Ayad Salhieh, 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8

15

Why Build Tiered Architectures? Spectrum of Sensor Network Hardware Task Decomposition and Allocation Forming Tiered Architectures Routing and Addressing in a Tiered Architecture Drawbacks of Tiered Architectures Conclusions

Loren Schwiebert Motivation Background Issues for Topology Design Assumptions Analysis of Power Usage Directional Source-Aware Routing Protocol (DSAP) DSAP Analysis Summary

Architecture and Modeling of Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5

Symeon Papavassiliou, Jin Zhu Introduction Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture of Sensor Networks Modeling of Dynamic Sensor Networks Concluding Remarks

SECTION IV

16

Protocols

Overview of Communication Protocols for Sensor Networks Weilian Su, 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8

Erdal Cayirci, Özgür B. Akan Introduction Applications/Application Layer Protocols Localization Protocols Time Synchronization Protocols Transport Layer Protocols Network Layer Protocols Data Link Layer Protocols Conclusion


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17

Communication Architecture and Programming Abstractions for Real-Time Embedded Sensor Networks T. Abdelzaher, J. Stankovic, S. Son, B. Blum, T. He, 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5

18

A. Wood, Chenyang Lu Introduction A Protocol Suite for Sensor Networks A Sensor-Network Programming Model Related Work Conclusions

A Comparative Study of Energy-Efficient (E2) Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Quanhong Wang, Hossam Hassanein 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6

Introduction Motivations and Directions Cross-Layer Communication Protocol Stack for WSNs Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols Energy-Efficient Network Layer Protocols Concluding Remarks

SECTION V

19

Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks Mihaela Cardei, Jie Wu 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5

20

Introduction Area Coverage Point Coverage Barrier Coverage Conclusion

Location Management in Wireless Sensor Networks Jan Beutel 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4

21

Tracking Technologies

Introduction Location in Wireless Communication Systems Location in Wireless Sensor Networks Summary

Positioning and Location Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks Yu-Chee Tseng, 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5

Chi-Fu Huang, Sheng-Po Kuo Introduction Fundamentals Positioning and Location Tracking Algorithms Experimental Location Systems Conclusions


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22

Tracking Techniques in Air Vehicle-Based Decentralized Sensor Networks 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7

Matthew Ridley, Lee Ling (Sharon) Ong, Eric Nettleton, Salah Sukkarieh Introduction The ANSER System and Experiment The Decentralized Tracking Problem Algorithmic System Design Sensor Design Hardware and Software Infrastructure Conclusion

SECTION VI

23

Fundamental Protocols to Gather Information in Wireless Sensor Networks 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5

24

Vicente González-Millán, Enrique Sanchis-Peris Sensor Networks: Organization and Processing Architectures for Sensor Integration Example of Architecture Evaluation in High-Energy Physics

Computational and Networking Problems in Distributed Sensor Networks 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5

26

Jacir L. Bordim, Koji Nakano Introduction Model Definition Gathering Information in Wireless Sensor Networks Identifying Faulty Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks Conclusions

Comparison of Data Processing Techniques in Sensor Networks 24.1 24.2 24.3

25

Data Gathering and Processing

Qishi Wu, Nageswara S.V. Rao, Richard R. Brooks, S. Sitharama Iyengar, Mengxia Zhu Introduction Foundational Aspects of DSNs Sensor Deployment Routing Paradigms for DSNs Conclusions and Future Work

Cooperative Computing in Sensor Networks Liviu Iftode, Cristian Borcea, 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4

Porlin Kang Introduction The Cooperative Computing Model Node Architecture Smart Messages


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26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.10

Programming Interface Prototype Implementation and Evaluation Applications Simulation Results Related Work Conclusions

SECTION VII

27

Dynamic Power Management in Sensor Networks Amit Sinha, 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5

28

Introduction Unique Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks MAC Protocols for Wireless ad hoc Networks Design Challenges for Wireless Sensor Networks Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Open Issues Conclusions

Techniques to Reduce Communication and Computation Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks Vishnu Swaminathan, Yi Zou, Krishnendu Chakrabarty 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7

30

Anantha Chandrakasan Introduction Idle Power Management Active Power Management System Implementation Results

Design Challenges in Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor Networks Duminda Dewasurendra, Amitabh Mishra 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7

29

Energy Management

Introduction Overview of Node-Level Energy Management Overview of Energy-Efficient Communication Node-Level Processor-Oriented Energy Management Node-Level I/O-Device-Oriented Energy Management Energy-Aware Communication Conclusions

Energy-Aware Routing and Data Funneling in Sensor Networks Rahul C. Shah, 30.1 30.2

Dragan Petrovic, Jan M. Rabaey Introduction Protocol Stack Design


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30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8

Routing Protocol Characteristics and Related Work Routing for Maximizing Lifetime: A Linear Programming Formulation Energy-Aware Routing Simulations Data Funneling Conclusion

SECTION VIII

31

Security and Privacy Protection in Wireless Sensor Networks Sasha Slijepcevic, 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5

32

Anthony D. Wood, John A. Stankovic Introduction Attack Taxonomy Vulnerabilities and Defenses Related Work Conclusion

Reliability Support in Sensor Networks Alvin S. Lim 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 33.10

34

Jennifer L. Wong, Miodrag Potkonjak Introduction Unique Security Challenges in Sensor Networks and Enabling Mechanisms Security Architectures Privacy Protection Conclusion

A Taxonomy for Denial-of-Service Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5

33

Security, Reliability, and Fault Tolerance

Introduction Reliability Problems in Sensor Networks Existing Work on Reliability Support Supporting Reliability with Distributed Services Architecture of a Distributed Sensor System Directed Diffusion Network Distributed Services Mechanisms and Tools Dynamic Adaptation of Distributed Sensor Applications Conclusions

Reliable Energy-Constrained Routing in Sensor Networks Rajgopal Kannan, 34.1

Lydia Ray, S. Sitharama Iyengar, Ram Kalidindi Introduction


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34.2 34.3 34.4

35

Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation in Sensor Networks Yunmin Zhu, Baohua Li 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8

36

Game-Theoretic Models of Reliable and Length Energy-Constrained Routing Distributed Length Energy-Constrained (LEC) Routing Protocol Performance Evaluation

Introduction Sensor Network Formulation Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation without Knowledge of Confidence Degrees Combination Rule and Optimal Fusion for Sensor Output Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation with Knowledge of Confidence Degrees Extension to Sensor Estimate with Multiple Output Intervals Robust Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation Conclusion

Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks Farinaz Koushanfar, Miodrag Potkonjak, 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8

Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli Introduction Preliminaries Example of Fault Tolerance in a Sensor Network System Classical Fault Tolerance Fault Tolerance at Different Sensor Network Levels Case Studies Future Research Directions Conclusion

SECTION IX

37

Low-Power Design for Smart Dust Networks Zdravko Karakehayov 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8

38

Performance and Design Aspects

Introduction Location Sensing Computation Hardware–Software Interaction Communication Orientation Conclusion

Energy-Efficient Design of Distributed Sensor Networks Lin Yuan, Gang Qu 38.1 38.2

Introduction Background


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38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6

39

Wireless Sensor Networks and Computational Geometry Xiang-Yang Li, Yu Wang 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6

40

Preliminaries DVS with Message Header Simulation Conclusions

Introduction Preliminaries Topology Control Localized Routing Broadcasting Summary and Open Questions

Localized Algorithms for Sensor Networks Jessica Feng, Farinaz Koushanfar, 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7

Miodrag Potkonjak Introduction Models and Abstractions Centralized Algorithm Case Studies Analysis Protocols and Distributed Localized Algorithms Pending Challenges
