Brain responses and Self-Reported Indices of Interoception: Heartbeat Evoked .... anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity to isometric exercise, International ...
Mindaugas Baranauskas, Aida Grabauskaitė, Inga Griškova-Bulanova
Brain responses and Self-Reported Indices of Interoception: Heartbeat Evoked Potentials are inversely associated with Worrying about Body Sensations
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 2 Earlier studies suggested that autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity may be related to some aspects of interoception [1–7]. ANS activity can be evaluated by measuring Heart Rate Variability (HRV) [8]. In order to control for potential effects of the ANS, we calculated partial correlation between mean HEP amplitudes at Cz in 400–545 ms window after the EKG R peak and scores on the Not- Worrying scale while using HRV parameters as controlling variables.
METHODS AND STATISTICS For HRV analysis, 5 min of the EKG from the end of the recordings were selected. Nine HRV parameters were obtained using Kubios HRV 2.2 software [9]: ◦ mean heart rate (HR); ◦ standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN) indicates total variance in heart periods encompassing both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity of ANS, however in short (5 min) recordings high SDNN values usually are related with dominance of cardiac parasympathetic nerve (vagal) activity; ◦ square root of mean squared successive heart period differences (RMSSD) is more sensitive to parasympathetic activity and less sensitive to sympathetic activity compared to SDNN; ◦ total power (TP) is interpreted in same manner as SDNN; ◦ power in high frequency range (HF) (i. e. 0.15 Hz ≤ HF < 0.4 Hz) is believed to be affected by cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity only; ◦ power in low frequency range (LF) (i. e. 0.04 Hz ≤ LF < 0.15 Hz) has controversial interpretation, because LF is under both sympathetic and vagal influences; ◦ LF/HF ratio is often interpreted to reflect sympatho-vagal balance or to reflect the sympathetic modulations [8,10]; however this interpretation was challenged [11];
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◦ normalized LF (LFnorm = LF / (LF + HF)) is interpreted in a similar manner to LF/HF ratio [8]; ◦ approximate entropy (ApEn) – lower values of ApEn indicate more regular heart rhythm and higher values of ApEn – high irregularity [12,13]. For frequency domain parameters (TP, LF, HF, LFnorm, LF/HF), HRV spectrum was calculated using fast Fourier transform (FFT) based Welch’s periodogram method. As partial correlations should avoid multicollinearity among controlling variables (HRV parameters), stepwise regression analysis was accomplished with mean HEP amplitudes set as dependent variable and HRV parameters as independent variables. At each step, HRV parameter with the highest variance inflation factor (VIF) was identified and removed from the next step until all VIF values became below 5.
RESULTS HRV parameters were log-transformed if they were not normally distributed. Means and SDs of the HRV parameters are provided in Table 1. After stepwise regression analysis, four HRV parameters (HR, log-transformed LF, log-transformed LF/HF ratio, ApEn) were selected for partial correlation. Partial correlation indicated relationship between scores of the Not- Worrying scale and mean HEP amplitudes in 400-545 ms window at Cz (r = 0.5511, p = 0.0035). Note that this is similar to correlation without controlling for HRV (r = 0.583, p = 0.0007) and indicates that ANS did not influenced association between the late HEP and Not-Worrying. Table 1. Means and SDs of the HRV parameters. Mean HR, bmp
SD
67.52
6.27
SDNN, ln(ms)
3.78
0.36
RMSSD, ln(ms)
3.70
0.47
TP, ln(ms2)
7.50
0.75
LF, ln(ms2)
6.56
0.74
HF, ln(ms2)
6.47
0.94
LF/HF, ln(ratio)
0.09
0.90
51.94
19.63
1.09
0.09
LFnorm, % ApEn
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