Heat Pumps Integration Trends in District Heating Networks of the ...

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ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 835 – 842

The 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Information Technology (SEIT 2015)

Heat Pumps Integration Trends in District Heating Networks of the Baltic States Dace Laukaa*, Julija Guscaa, Dagnija Blumbergaa a

Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga LV 1048, Latvia

Abstract Climate change considerations stimulate to switch to wider use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation. However in case of solar and wind energy, the use is burdened with non-regular generation trends. Electricity storage technologies, for example heat pumps, are observed as a potential technology to solve the non-regularity issue of the renewable electricity generation, reduction of fossil fuel generated greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the share of renewables in energy production sector. The process of heat pumps integration in district heating system can differ for each heating and electricity production and distribution system. Energy system’s behaviour types plays significant role while performing an integration efficiency analysis. The present paper analyses the possibilities of integration of heat pumps in district heating systems of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania as a tool for accumulation of renewable resources generated electricity. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs Keywords: heat pumps; COP; renewable energy; district heating system; electricity storage

1. Introduction The role of renewable energy technologies is increasing due to the climate change and in some cases due to national energy security issues. European Union (EU) directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources1 also stimulates countries to perform national actions towards electricity generated from renewables. Besides positive environmental aspects of renewable energy technologies, the issues of non-regularity of the renewable energy (specifically PVs and wind energy) production and its correspondence to energy demand stimulate development of new energy accumulation approaches2. In addition to grid balancing activities, use of * Dace Lauka Tel.: +371 67089908; fax: +371 67089908 E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.140

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compressed air energy storage, combined hydrogen storage technologies are often analysed to ensure effective solutions for wind and solar generated electricity2,3. Integration of heat pumps into district heating (DH) systems is also considered as one of the methods to increase consumption of renewables based electricity. Pensini et al.4 emphasizes that use of thermal energy storage systems are crucial to reduce the need of fossils fuels in heating and heat pump storage systems in DH systems might reach comparable cost-efficiency levels with natural gas heating systems. This was also proved by Budischak et al.5 analysing the electricity production system – 99.9 % of hours of load can be reached by renewables with necessity to storage only 9–72 h. Haiwen et al.6 declared that in case of electric-driven heat pump in DH system, use of renewables cannot guarantee the energy saving. At the same time integration of electricity-to heat-to heat storage- to heat load gives additional flexibility comparing with traditional heating systems4. Marx et al.7 researched integration of heat pumps into solar district heating systems (SDHS) considering also seasonal fluctuations of thermal energy storage. They concluded that heat pumps might improve energy efficiency of the SDHS. Besides that, substitution of energy sources with high primary energy effort (as electricity) to a source with lower effort (like natural gas), the integrated hybrid heat pumps systems with lower solar fraction can show higher primary energy savings. Nyamdash & Denny8 however found that introduction of a storage system reduces the fuel cost but increases the average electricity price through its effect on the power system operation. At wider perspective, introduction of massive heat pumps in electricity generation systems of Belgium, France, Germany and Netherlands and its role to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction is analysed by Luickx et al.9 It shows country specific differences in efficiency of integration of heat pumps, as also were stated in other studies10,11. The present paper analyses the possibilities of integration of heat pumps in DH system of the Baltic countries (Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania). Wind and solar PVs generated electricity is used for district heating needs through heat pumps. Heat required for the DH needs is used directly, the surplus energy is accumulated. Thus the research is focused on analysis of changes in heat demand and accumulation trends, proposing three system behaviour scenarios. The importance of the study is founded by the following: x to reach the EU 2020 climate and energy package goals12, in addition to the traditional concepts of the renewable energy use in the DH (transition from fossils to biomass, combined heat plant (CHP), etc.), the importance of new combined solutions for integration of solar and wind energy in the DH needs to be evaluated at national and regional levels. x the interest of heat pumps use in the DH systems are increasing in the Baltic states; however the advantages of such actions to the national priorities in the renewable energy field needs to be analysed deeper. 2. Methodology A hypothesis of the research is that integration of heat pumps into the DH system can cause the increase of demand on the electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES). To prove this hypothesis we need to define the share of renewable energy in DH system; determine the potential for the use of heat pumps in the Baltic States and the influence of the coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pumps to the RES based heat production trends. Time period covered by the model is 2014–2030 (17 years). COP is used as a variable – COP=3, COP=4, COP=5. Any energy system growth or decline is characterized with non-linear nature13. Thus system behaviour concept is proposed for the study and described in three scenarios: x Scenario A (pessimistic) – slow integration of heat pumps into the DH systems of the Baltic States (the annual increase will not exceed 4 %) occurs during the whole modelling period 2015–2030. Such development scenario accords to exponential growth system behaviour type and can appear in the case if no or minimal actions are taken to promote the proposed technological concept. x Scenario B (moderate) – during the initial phase (2015–2020) the integration will increase slowly (up to 3 % annually), from 2020 to 2028 the increase will accelerate (up to 9 % annually) and slow down (2 % annually) having tendency to equilibrium from 2028 to 2030. The scenario corresponds to S-shaped growth (a combination of exponential growth and goal-seeking behaviour) and arises from implementation of few supporting instruments for promotion of heat pumps in DH systems.


x

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Scenario C (optimistic) – described with rapid integration of the concept already at the initial phase (2015– 2018) stimulated with a variety of supporting policy instruments. In this case, the development is based on a goal-seeking behaviour and is ranked as the most progressive in reaching the goal.

Within the present paper, simulation of Latvia’s case is given. Within the framework of the paper it is assumed the heat pumps are integrated into existing DH systems of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, in order to replace some of the fossil fuel used as an energy resource. The proposed methodology is suitable for use in analysis of energy systems of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. The DH system model consists of energy source, heat networks and end user. If the energy source of the DH system includes combined heat and energy production, then one of the most important issues of sustainable development is the energy resource that is used in the CHP. The use of fossil fuels contributes to climate change, because every single MWh that is produced from fossil fuels is linked to GHG emissions into the environment, which varies from 0.4 to 1.0 tCO2/MWhe. One of the technological solutions that would allow eliminating or significantly reducing the effect on climate changes is substitution of fossil fuels with renewable electricity generation resources as wind and solar, installation of heat pumps and thermal storage tanks in the energy source. Figure 1 shows a scheme of an existing DH system and proposed integrated system.

Fig.1. Scheme of integration of heat pumps in DH system

Selection of proper capacity for the heat pumps is based on several conditions. Heat load varies depending on outdoor temperature, therefore, it is necessary to construct outdoor temperature duration curve in order to determine the capacity of heat pumps. Outdoor temperature duration curve illustrates the changes in outdoor air temperature over the year. Heat duration curve can be created based on compiled outdoor temperature duration curve. Latvia’s heat load duration curve, given in Figure 2, is used for the model (approximated heat load is given for better incorporation and visualisation of system behaviour types). The time duration for heat pumps operation with maximal capacity and with capacity different from maximal can be determined from the heat duration curve.


Heat load, MW

838

25 20

approximation of the relative heat load

15 the relative heat load

10 5 0 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Hours 10000

Fig. 2. Heat load duration curve for Latvia and approximated relative heat load

Selection of heat pump electrical capacity depends on maximal capacity of district heating and the coefficient of performance. It can be calculated as shown in Equation 114: ܰ௘ ൌ ‫ ܱܲܥ‬ή ݇ ή ܳ௧௛ , MWe where Ne COP k Qth

-

(1)

installed power capacity, MWe; coefficient of performance of heat pump; coefficient of DH system load; installed thermal capacity, MWth.

Heat pumps coefficient of performance depends on technological solution, energy source, temperature levels and other parameters. It is usually between 3 and 5. If the average annual COP is 3, then the technological solution has low energy efficiency. If the average annual COP = 5, then it can be assumed that the heat pump is innovative and sustainable. Heat pump capacity is most often selected from range 50–70% of max heat load demand (k= 0.5–0.7) and it depends on the characteristics. of the district heating system. Heat pumps covered heat load is calculated for each energy source by integrating their area in heat duration curve that corresponds to the selected yearly thermal energy production of heat pump (see Equation 214). ܳ௛௣௧௛ ൌ ‫ܳ ׬‬௧௛ ݀ఛ , MWh/year

(2)

where Qhpth- thermal energy produced by heat pumps in the energy source of DH, MWh/year; ߬- hours per year, h/year. The solution is optimal if the heat pumps cover about 70–90 % of yearly thermal energy demand of the heating system. Existing DH energy production rates in the Baltic States and within the study assumed heat pumps potential is summarized in Table 1.

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Dace Lauka et al. / Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 835 – 842 Table 1. DH energy production in the Baltic States15

Country Latvia Estonia Lithuania

DH energy production (TWh) 7.4 8.1 9.8

Heat pump (TWh) 5.2 5.7 6.9

3. Results and discussion Heat pump utilization in order to increase electricity consumption and, subsequently, increase the share of renewable resources in national energy sector, is illustrated by simulation of capacity changes. It is assumed that the maximum possible objective will be achieved by 2030. Heat pump integration into district heating system can be simulated according to three development scenarios – the pessimistic scenario, the moderate scenario and the optimistic scenario. In the graphical illustrations of the results (Fig.3–5), in addition to the installed thermal capacity covered with heat pumps trends and electrical capacity of specific heat pumps, targeted linear approximation is also drawn for better illustration of the behaviour trend. Analysis of the effects of the heat pumps performance efficiency (expressed through 3 different COP values – COP=3, COP=4, COP=5) is equal for all the scenarios and shows that 5200 MW of thermal energy covered with heat pumps (maximal targeted output) might be reached with 1733 MW of electrical energy if COP=3, 1300 MWe if COP=4 and 1040 MWe if COP=5. As it was mentioned COP is usually in range from 3 to 5 and, as can be seen in all three scenarios, heat pumps with higher COP are more effective, because they consume less electricity.

Installed capacity, MW

6000 5000 4000 3000

Installed capacity covered with heat pumps, MWth Targeted linear approximation

2000 1000 0 2014

2016

2018

COP = 5, MWe

2020

2022 COP = 4, MWe

2024

2026

2028

2030

COP = 3, MWe

Fig.3. Installed capacity covered with heat pumps in Latvia for Scenario A (pessimistic development)

Scenario A, which is depicted in Fig.3, shows exponential development trend. The pessimistic scenario assumes that the integration of heat pumps into district heating system and electricity consumption reduction targets will approach the aim very slowly: the full saturation will be reached only by the end of the modelling period. Scenario B is the moderate scenario performing an S-type development. The moderate scenario assumes initially slow development of heat pump integration in district heating system that will, eventually, accelerate. This scenario occurs when certain policy instruments interferes with the development of heat pump integration process –

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according to the model results the acceleration starts in 2020 and already by 2023 it will reach the targeted level of the installed thermal capacity covered with heat pumps. 6000

5000

Installed capacity covered with heat pumps, MWth

4000

3000 Targeted linear approximation 2000

1000

0 2014

2016

2018

COP = 5, MWe

2020

2022 COP = 4, MWe

2024

2026

2028

2030

COP = 3, MWe

Fig. 4. Installed capacity covered with heat pumps in Latvia for Scenario B (moderate development)

Moderate scenario is characterized by the fact that the national policy does not support the development of heat pumps, so it hinders development. However, if the policy is changed towards reduction of the use of fossil resources and transition to renewable resources, we can await faster development. Scenario C is the optimistic scenario (confirms to the goal-seeking trend growth) and it anticipates relatively fast heat pump development, which takes place due to the implementation of many different policy tools that promotes the development of heat pump integration (see Fig. 5). Introduction of the goal-seeking growth model is the shortest way to reach the targeted installed capacity of heat pumps in DH systems. But as far the behaviour is driven by developed new policy instruments, therefore a specific policy platform in the field of heat pump integration in DH systems needed to be applied already before 2015.

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6000 Installed capacity covered with heat pumps, MWth

5000 4000 3000

Targeted linear approximation

2000 1000 0 2014

2016

2018

COP = 5, MWe

2020

2022 COP = 4, MWe

2024

2026

2028

2030

COP = 3, MWe

Fig. 5. Installed capacity covered with heat pumps in Latvia for Scenario C (optimistic development)

Results of the study show that there is a good technical perspective for introduction of renewable energy generated electricity accumulation through integration of heat pumps into the DH system of Latvia. It may be concluded that hypothesis of the paper is approved: integration of heat pumps into the DH would raise the demand on electricity generated from renewables. Further work needs to be performed towards extension of the model: x to formulate a list policy instruments suitable for promotion heat pumps use in the Baltic States district heating networks at the target level defined in the present paper. x to integrate the proposed policy instruments and existing evaluation model into the system dynamics model and to evaluate at which extent the targeted installed capacity covered with heat pumps can be reached with the proposed policy instruments, what are the system’s limitations and impact factors. x to conclude if and with which specific policy instruments the proposed scenarios can implemented in the district heating systems of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the European Social Fund project “Involvement of Human Resources for Development of Integrated Renewable Energy Resources Energy Production System” (project No. 2013/0014/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/13/APIA/ VIAA/026). References 1. 2.

Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Zoss T, Rosa M, Romagnoli F, Gusca J, Blumberga D. Modelling of Electricity Accumulation from Irregular Renewable Energy Resources. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, Finland, Turku, 15-19 June, 2014. Turku: 2014, pp.1-15.

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.


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