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Pronuncia2on. In general, consonants sound like the first leTer of their name. For example, ו sounds like “v” as in village, vegetable, and vanity, and ל.
Lesson  1  

‫‪The  Hebrew  Alphabet  ‬‬

‫אבגדהוזחטי‬ ‫כלמנסעפצק‬ ‫ר שׂ שׁ ת ‬

Pronuncia7on   In  general,  consonants  sound  like  the  first  le>er   of  their  name.    For  example,  ‫ ו‬sounds  like  “v”   as  in  village,  vegetable,  and  vanity,  and  ‫ ל‬  sounds  like  “l”  as  in  lion,  leapfrog,  and  lounge.   The  two  excep7ons  are  ‫ א‬ and  ‫ע‬,  which  are   pronounced  as  glo>al  stops,  taking  on  the   sound  of  the  vowels  following  them:    

‫גָאַל בַעַל אֵם עָשָׂה‬

Look-­‐Alike  Le>ers   Be  careful  to  dis7nguish  between  the  following:  

‫ע צ‬

‫החת‬

‫ףק‬

‫וז‬

‫מס‬

‫דרו‬ ‫ןך‬

‫גנ‬

‫בכפ‬ ‫טמ‬

Final  Forms   5  le>ers  have  different  final  forms:  

‫ך – כ‬

‫ם – מ‬

‫ן – נ‬

‫ף – פ‬

‫ץ – צ‬

The  Dagesh  Lene   6  le>ers  have  an  alternate  pronuncia7on,  which   is  indicated  by  a  dot  placed  in  the  le>er,  like   this:  

ּ‫ד‬ These  le>ers  are:  

‫ב ג ד כ פ ת‬ They  are  referred  to  as  the  BeGaD  KePhaT   le>ers,  which  is  simply  a  mnemonic  device  for   remembering    which  le>ers  they  are.  

The  Dagesh  Lene   •  Only  appears  in  the  BeGaD  KePhaT  Le>ers   when  they  are  not  preceded  by  a  vowel.   •  Indicates  a  hard  pronuncia7on  for  the  given   le>er.    For  example,  without  the  dagesh,  ‫ ב‬ is   pronounced  “v”  instead  of  “b.”    Compare  ‫ בַּעַל‬  with  ‫אָב‬.  

The  Dagesh  Lene  in  Prac7ce   Although  technically  the  dagesh  lene  hardens   the  sound  of  all  the  BeGaD  KePhat  le>ers,  in   prac7ce  it  mainly  affects  only  two: ‫ ב‬ and  ‫פ‬.   With  the  dagesh,  ‫ ב‬ is  “b,”  without  it  ‫ ב‬ is  “v.”     Similarly,  With  the  dagesh  ‫ פ‬ is  “p,”  without  it   ‫ פ‬ is  “ph.”   Some  people  pronounce  ‫ כ‬ “kh,”  and  ‫ ת‬ “th”:  

‫מֶלֶך בַּת‬

The  Dagesh  Forte   Looks  just  like  the  dagesh  lene,  but…   •  Appears  in  all  the  consonants,  not  just  the   BeGaD  KePhaT  le>ers   •  Doubles  the  consonant  in  which  it  appears:      ‫וַיֹּאמֶר‬ vayyomer  

Dagesh  Lene  or  Dagesh  Forte??   •  The  dagesh  lene  appears  only  in  the  BeGaD   KePhat  le>ers  when  not  immediately  preceded   by  a  vowel.   •  If  a  dagesh  appears  in  a  BeGaD  KePhaT  le>er  that   is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  is  a  dagesh  forte,  but   note  that  a  dagesh  forte  in  one  of  these  le>ers   BOTH  doubles  and  hardens  the  le>er.   •  A  dagesh  which  appears  in  any  le>er  that  is  not  a   BeGaD  KePhaT  is  a  dagesh  forte.  

Full  Vowels   Vowel   Sound  

Name  

Sign  

Posi2on   with   Consonant  

Pronuncia-­‐ 2on  

Illustra2on  

Long  A  

Qames  

ָ  

 ָ‫א‬

car  

 ‫ אָב‬ 

Short  A  

Patah  

ַ  

 ַ‫א‬

car  

 ‫ּבַת‬

Long  E  

Sere  

ֵ  

 ֵ‫א‬

they  

 ‫אֵל‬

Long  E  

Sere-­‐yod  

 ‫ֵי‬

 ‫אֵי‬

they  

 ‫ּבֵית‬

Short  E  

Segol  

ֶ  

 ֶ‫א‬

met  

 ‫ׁשֶֶקל‬

Full  Vowels,  cont.   Vowel   Sound  

Name  

Long  I  

Hireq-­‐yod  

Short  I  

Hireq  

Long  O  

Sign  

‫ִי‬

Posi2on   with   Consonant  

Pronuncia-­‐ 2on  

Illustra2on  

‫אִי‬

marine  

‫הִיא‬

.  

ִ‫א‬

sit  

‫עִם‬

Holem  

ֹֺ  

ֹ‫א‬

row  

‫לֹא‬

Long  O  

Holem-­‐vav  

 ֺ‫ֹו‬

ֺ‫או‬

row  

‫אוֺר‬

Short  O  

Qames-­‐hatuf   ָ  

ָ‫א‬

cost  

‫כָּל‬

Long  U  

Sureq  

ּ‫ו‬

ּ‫או‬

rule  

‫הוּא‬

Short  U  

Qibbus  

ֻ  

ֻ‫א‬

pull  

‫שֻׁלְחָן‬

The  Matres  Lec7onis   •  Originally,  Hebrew  was  wri>en  with  no   vowels.    Later,  certain  consonants—‫ ה י ו‬  began  to  serve  as  vowel  markers.    Early   grammarians  called  these  the  matres  lec7onis,   or  “mothers  of  reading.”   •  Some  vowels  incorporate  these  “mothers  of   reading,”  and  these  vowels  are  considered   unchangeably  long.  

Qames  and  Qames-­‐Hatuf   The  signs  for  long  A  and  short  O  look  the  same!     How  do  you  tell  the  difference?   •  Short  vowels  appear  in  closed,  unaccented   syllables.   •  Long  vowels  appear  in  open,  unaccented   syllables  or  in  closed,  accented  syllables.   •  Knowing  the  word:  ‫ חָכְמָה‬ 

The  Shewa   The  Shewa  looks  like  this:  ְ

‫חָכְמָה‬ There  are  two  kinds  of  shewas:  vocal  and  silent.     They  look  the  same!   •  The  shewa  in  ‫ חָכְמָה‬ is  silent.   •  The  shewa  in  ‫ בְּרֵאשִׁית‬ is  vocal.  

The  Vocal  Shewa   •  Is  pronounced  as  a  very  short  E  sound   •  Stands  underneath  a  consonant  at  the   beginning  of  a  word,  or  at  the  beginning  of  a   syllable  within  a  word   •  Can  be  combined  with  other  vowels  to  make   “compound  shewas”  also  known  as  “half   vowels.    (See  Dobson  p.  11)  

The  Silent  Shewa   •  Is  silent!   •  Only  stands  under  a  consonant  that  ends  a   syllable—  “syllable  divider.”   •  Appears  in  final  ‫ ך‬ (see  the  word  ‫ מֶלֶך‬ in   Dobson  p.  3).  

The  Shewa:  Vocal  or  Silent?   A  vocal  shewa:   •  Appears  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable   •  Appears  acer  a  long  vowel:  “long  loud”   •  Appears  under  a  consonant  containing  a  doubling   dagesh   A  silent  shewa:   •  Appears  at  the  end  of  a  syllable   •  Appears  acer  a  short  vowel:  “short  silent”   Note:  if  you  see  two  shewas  in  a  row,  the  first  is   silent,  the  second  is  vocal.  ּ‫ יִמְשְׂלו‬ 

Syllables   There  are  two  basic  types  of  syllables:   •  An  open  syllable,  which  consists  of  a   consonant  and  a  vowel:  

ַ‫דּוּ פּוֺ רִי מָ לֵ ס‬ •  A  closed  syllable,  which  consists  of  a   consonant,  vowel,  and  consonant,  in  a  kind  of   sandwich:  

‫מַל בֻּשׁ יֵשׁ סֹד‬

Syllables,  cont.   •  All  Hebrew  syllables  begin  with  a  consonant  (The  only   excep7on  is  ּ‫ ו‬ which  can  be  a>ached  to  the  beginning   of  a  word,  with  the  meaning  “and.”)   •  Every  consonant  in  the  beginning  or  middle  of  a  word   is  followed  either  by  a  vowel  or  a  silent  shewa.    (The   one  excep7on  is  the  quiescent  ‫ א‬ as  in  ‫ )רֹאשׁ‬  •  Long  vowels  usually  appear  either  in  open  syllables  or   closed,  accented  syllables.   •  Short  vowels  usually  appear  in  closed,  unaccented   syllables.   •  Words  are  usually  accented  on  the  final  syllable.  

A  Trick  for  Dividing  Syllables   To  figure  out  where  the  syllable  divisions  are  within   a  word,  start  at  the  end  of  the  word  and  work   backwards,  keeping  in  mind  that  syllables  are   either  consonant-­‐vowel  or  consonant-­‐vowel-­‐ consonant  and  that  every  consonant  in  the  word   must  be  followed  by  a  vowel  except  the  last  one.       For  example,  take  the  word  ‫ שָׁמַיִם‬ and  start  at  the   end.    The  final  syllable  is  ‫ יִם‬ ;  the  middle  syllable   is  ַ‫ מ‬ ;  and  the  first  syllable  is  ָ‫שׁ‬.