High Power Laser Beam Welding of Thick-walled ... - ScienceDirect

2 downloads 21 Views 3MB Size Report
Keywords: laser beam welding; thicNYwalled steel; ferromagnetic steel; weld pool support. 1. ... challenge of full penetration laser beam welding in singleYpass ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 362 – 372

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3KRWRQLF7HFKQRORJLHV/$1(

+LJKSRZHUODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJRIWKLFNZDOOHGIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOV ZLWKHOHFWURPDJQHWLFZHOGSRROVXSSRUW $QGUp)ULW]VFKHD 9MDFHVODY$YLORYE$QGUH\*XPHQ\XND.DL+LOJHQEHUJDE 0LFKDHO5HWKPHLHUDE b

a BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany Technical University Berlin, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management, Pascalstraße 8-9. 10587 Berlin, Germany

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© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license &RS\ULJKWOLQHZLOODSSHDUKHUH (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH%D\HULVFKHV/DVHU]HQWUXP*PE+ Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH

Keywords:ODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJWKLFNZDOOHGVWHHOIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOZHOGSRROVXSSRUW

,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH GHPDQG IRU SRZHUIXO V\VWHPV OHDGV WR WKLFNHUZDOOHG GLPHQVLRQV GXH WR WKH FRQVWUXFWLYH UHTXLUHPHQWV (VSHFLDOO\WKHVDIHW\RIMRLQHGFRPSRQHQWVKDVSULRULW\LQZHOGLQJRIWKLFNZDOOHGFRPSRQHQWVLQKLJKULVNVHFWRUV 7KHUHLVDJURZLQJDSSOLFDWLRQRIGXSOH[VWHHOVKDYLQJJRRGSURSHUWLHVLQWHUPVRIVWUHQJWKDQGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFH 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:DQGUHIULW]VFKH#EDPGH

1875-3892 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.038

363

André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 362 – 372

LQ WKH SLSHOLQH DQG UHDFWRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ LQ WKH FKHPLFDO DSSDUDWXV HQJLQHHULQJ DQG RIIVKRUH ZLQG SRZHU SODQWV >Bargel and Schulze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

 )LJ5HIHUHQFHIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQZHOGLQ3$SRVLWLRQRIPPPLOGVWHHO6-5ZLWK,3*ILEHUODVHUXVLQJN:ODVHUEHDPSRZHUDWD ZHOGLQJYHORFLW\RIPPLQ D &URVVVHFWLRQ E /RQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQ

7KHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHDWWKHURRWVLGHRIWKHZHOGSRROLVFDOFXODWHGE\

ph

U g  h ,



  

ZKHUHȡg PVDQGhDUHWKHPHOWGHQVLW\WKHJUDYLW\DFFHOHUDWLRQDQGWKHSODWHWKLFNQHVV([FHHGLQJWKH VXUIDFHWHQVLRQJUDYLW\GURSRXWRFFXUV7KHUHVXOWLQJ/DSODFHSUHVVXUHGXHWRWKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQRQWKHURRWVLGHRI WKHZHOGSRROLVIRUDUELWUDULO\FXUYHGVXUIDFHVDFFRUGLQJWRThamsen  

pJ

§   · ¸¸   © R R ¹

J ¨¨



  

8QGHUWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIDVLJQLILFDQWO\ODUJHUUDGLXVR R RXQGRĺ’ LQZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQWKHHTXDWLRQLV VLPSOLILHGDV>DFFRUGLQJWRAvilov et al.  @

pJ

J R

,



  

ZKHUHȖ DQG R DUHWKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQFRHIILFLHQWDQGWKHFXUYDWXUHUDGLXVRIWKHOLTXLGPHWDOGURSVRGHSHQGVRQWKH FRQWDFWDQJOHĮ$WĮ ƒWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHRIWKH/DSODFHSUHVVXUHLVUHDFKHG7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHFXUYDWXUH UDGLXVLVLGHQWLFDOZLWKWKHKDOIZLGWKRIWKHZHOGSRRO b VHH)LJ OHIW *UDYLW\GURSRXWRIWKHOLTXLGPHOWFDQ EHSUHYHQWHGE\WKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQDVORQJDVWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQLVIXOILOOHG>Avilov et al.  @

hb   l cap , 



  

364

André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 362 – 372

ZLWK

l cap

J U g

,



  

DVWKHFDSLOODU\OHQJWKAvilov et al.  FDOFXODWHDFDSLOODU\OHQJWKRIPPIRUOLTXLGVWHHO2QO\GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKHVXUIDFH WHQVLRQ LW OHDGV WR D SHUPLWWHG VWDELOW\ WKUHVKROG EHWZHHQ WKHZLGWKRI WKH ZHOGSRRODQG WKHSODWH WKLFNQHVV VHH )LJ  ULJKW  ,W KDV WR EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKH ZLGWK RI WKH ZHOG SRRO PXVW QRW EH WRR VPDOO 7KH NH\KROH QHHGV D FHUWDLQ PLQLPXP VL]H WR HQDEOH WKH WUDQVSRUW RI HQHUJ\ LQ YHUWLFDO GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH ZHOG SRRO >Weberpals et al.  @,QSUDFWLFHVLQJOHSDVVZHOGLQJLQ3$SRVLWLRQZLWKRXWJUDYLW\GURSRXWRIWKHPHOWKDV EHHQ VKRZQ IRU XS WR  PP WKLFN VWHHO SODWHV DQG EH\RQG >Farson and Duhamel   Gook et al.   Rethmeier et al.  and Vollertsen et al.  @+RZHYHUWKHFRUUHFWLRQRIZHOGLQJLUUHJXODULWLHVOLNHVDJJLQJ UHTXLUHVDQDGGLWLRQDOHIIRUWVXFKDVWLPHFRQVXPLQJJULQGLQJRUWKHXVDJHRIDPHFKDQLFDOPHOWVXSSRUWZKLFKPXVW EHUHPRYHGDIWHUZHOGLQJ

 )LJ0HOWVDJJLQJDQGGURSRXWWDNHQIURPAvilov et al.   D 'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH/DSODFHSUHVVXUHDQGLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFIDFWRUVRQWKHURRW VLGHRIWKHZHOGSRRO E 6WDELOLW\FULWHULRQWRSUHYHQWJUDYLW\GURSRXWGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQ

$QLQQRYDWLYHDSSURDFKLVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQHOHFWURPDJQHWLFDQGFRQWDFWOHVVZHOGSRROVXSSRUW,WLVEDVHG RQJHQHUDWLQJ/RUHQW]IRUFHVZLWKLQWKHZHOGSRRO7KHVHDUHSURGXFHGE\DQRVFLOODWLQJPDJQHWLFILHOGRULHQWDWHG SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKHZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQ DQGFRXQWHUDFW WKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHRI WKH PROWHQ VWHHO VHH )LJ 7KH H[WHUQDOO\DSSOLHGPDJQHWLFILHOGBLQGXFHVHGG\FXUUHQWVjSDUDOOHOWRWKHZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQ%RWKWRJHWKHUPDJQHWLF ILHOGDQGHGG\FXUUHQWVFDXVHDWLPHDYHUDJHG/RUHQW]IRUFHFRPSRQHQWPDLQO\GLUHFWHGLQYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQ

FL

juB 



  

7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSUHVVXUHUHVXOWLQJIURPWKH/RUHQW]IRUFHVFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV

p EM

B ,  μ



  

ZKHUH μ LV WKH PDJQHWLF ILHOG FRQVWDQW ʌ Â + P  )RU D IXOO FRPSHQVDWLRQ WKH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF p(0  DQG K\GURVWDWLF pK  SUHVVXUH RQ WKH URRW VLGH RI WKH ZHOG SRRO KDYH WR EH HTXDO VHH )LJ  ULJKW  )XUWKHUPRUH WKH SHQHWUDWLRQGHSWKRIWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGFDOOHGVNLQGHSWKįKDVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW$VWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH PHOWDQG]RQHVRIWKH+$=H[FHHGVWKH&XULHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\μUHTXDOVGXHWKHIDFWWKDWWKH PDWHULDOLVQRQIHUURPDJQHWLF7KHUHIRUHWKHVWDQGDUGVNLQHIIHFWWKHRU\FDQEHDSSOLHGIRUDTXDOLWDWLYHHVWLPDWHRI WKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSURFHVVHVLQWKHZHOGSRROVHHHJLandau and Lifshitz  7KHVNLQGHSWKLV

365

André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 362 – 372

G



S f R P  P r   ,



  

ZKHUHfDQGıDUHWKHIUHTXHQF\DQGWKHHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\7KHODVHUZKLFKLVSRVLWLRQHGDERYHWKHVSHFLPHQ JHQHUDWHVDZHOGSRRO7ZRPDJQHWSROHVEHORZWKHZRUNSLHFHORFDWHGOHIWDQGULJKWDVLGHWKHZHOGSRROVXSSO\WKH RVFLOODWLQJ PDJQHW ILHOG 7KLV PHWKRG ZDV XVHG IRU ZHOGLQJ RI QRQIHUURPDJQHWLF PHWDOV DQG KDV VKRZQ WKDW D JHQHUDWHGHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSUHVVXUHFDQFRPSHQVDWHWKHK\GURVWDWLFSUHVVXUHVXFFHVVIXOO\DWZHOGLQJLQ3$SRVLWLRQ RIXSWRPPWKLFNDOXPLQXP DOOR\V DVZHOODVXSWRPPWKLFNVDPSOHVPDGHRIDXVWHQLWLFVWHHO>Avilov et al.  DQGBachmann et al.  @ 

 )LJ'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHZHOGSRROVXSSRUWWDNHQIURPAvilov et al.  

7KH FKDOOHQJH LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LV WR WUDQVIHU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI ODVHU EHDP ZHOGLQJ ZLWK DQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ZHOG SRRO VXSSRUW WR WKLFNZDOOHG IHUURPDJQHWLF PHWDOV =RQHV QH[W WR WKH +$= UHPDLQ IHUURPDJQHWLFZKLFKLVZK\WKHPDJQHWLFILHOGSUHIHUVIORZLQJWKURXJKUHJLRQVZLWKDKLJKHUYDOXHRIWKHUHODWLYH SHUPHDELOLW\ μUª VHH)LJD7KHVNLQGHSWKIRUVROLGIHUURPDJQHWLFVWHHOHVWLPDWHGE\Popovic and Popovic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

366

André Fritzsche et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 362 – 372

D

E



)LJ6FKHPDWLFGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFVXSSRUWHGODVHUEHDPZHOGLQJZLWKIHUURPDJQHWLFPHWDOV D 6FKHPDWLFLOOXVWUDWLRQRIWKH GLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGLQVWHHOZLWKIHUULWLFPLFURVWUXFWXUHFRQVLGHULQJWKH&XULHWHPSHUDWXUHWDNHQIURPBachmann et al.   E 'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHUHODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\μULQGHSHQGHQFHRQWKHPDJQHWLFILHOGVWUHQJWKHWDNHQIURPAue et al.  

([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS 7KHVHWXSIRUWKHZHOGLQJH[SHULPHQWVRIXSWRPPWKLFNSODWHVRIGXSOH[VWHHO$,6,  DQGPLOG VWHHO6-5FDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ7KHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGE\XVHRIDN:7UXPSI7UX'LVNDV ZHOO DV D  N: ,3*

Suggest Documents