HISBA IN EUROPE? - Center for Security Studies (CSS)

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Said Hawwa was one of the Syrian Muslim. Brotherhood's most important ideological leaders of the 1960s and 1970s. He argued that Muslims living in Muslim ...
HISBA IN

ASSESSING PHENOMENO HISBA IN EUROPE? ASSESSING A MURKY PHENOMENON Lorenzo Vidino, Ph.D. June 2013

About European Foundation for Democracy The European Foundation for Democracy

About the Author Lorenzo Vidino

-

HISBA IN EUROPE? ASSESSING A MURKY PHENOMENON Lorenzo Vidino, Ph.D. June 2013

DESIGN: VICTORIA-AGENCY.BE

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HISBA: IMPOSING ISLAMIC MORALITY IN EUROPE

9 9

MEASURING HISBA-RELATED INCIDENTS IN EUROPE

10

CATEGORISING HISBA IN EUROPE

10

INFORMING POLICYMAKERS ABOUT HISBA

11

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

11

INTRODUCTION

13

CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS HISBA?

20

THEOLOGY

20

THE DEBATE OVER WHO SHOULD PERFORM HISBA

22

HISBA IN MUSLIM-MAJORITY COUNTRIES TODAY

24

CHAPTER 2 HISBA IN EUROPE

32

WHAT IS HISBA IN EUROPE?

33

BORDERLINE HISBA

37

CHAPTER 3 A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

44

SALAFISM IN CATALONIA

45

HISBA IN CATALONIA

49

THE CASE OF LLEIDA

53

VIOLENT HISBA?

56

CONCLUSION

62

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sharia

sharia

a Sharia

Hisba: Imposing Islamic morality in Europe

sharia

hisba

hisba

Informing policymakers about hisba hisba hisba is an -

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

hisba and hisba hisba hisba hisba

Measuring hisba-related incidents in Europe hisba hisba hisba

hisba is a

Categorising hisba in Europe hisba Hisba through advice:

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Hisba by pressure

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Hisba by coercive force:

Coercive hisba hisba

sharia

cive hisba

Policy recommendations

hisba

INTRODUCTION Sharia 1

-

2

sharia 3

Sharia 4

5

Sharia

1

2

3

Sharia Sharia

4

5

Sharia

in the summer of 2011

INTRODUCTION

Sharia

6

-

Authorities in various European countries have witnessed scattered forms of religious policing from a small cluster of radicals

hisba, a doctrine Hisba is enforced with

-

-

sharia

6

sharia hisba sharia 7

Yet there is evidence -

hisba. -

hisba hisba their activities under the radar. hisba

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and, even from town to town. hisba

7

INTRODUCTION

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Hisba

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Hisba can severely damage the cohesion of Europe’s multicultural societies. It contributes to the perception that Muslims are unwilling to integrate.

hisba hisba

overview of cases of hisba

hisba in

hisba

hisba

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prima facie

hisba hisba whatof hisba

ER 1 IS HISB CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISBA?

CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISBA? Theology 8

It

9

-

The term hisba 10

8

The issue of hisba

9

hisba

hisba in

10 th

hisba al muhtasib

hisba is the hisba is done is al muhtasibalayhi,

and the matter over which hisba

.11

hisba. The hisba

-

al muhtasib. sharia

hadith 12

hadith

hisba

the use of coercive measures. The hadith hisba

But the hadith

hisba 13

hisba al muhtasib 11 12 13

The

CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISBA?

But the hadith hisba al muhtasib

hisba al muhtasib

hisba

Who should perform hisba? hisba

hisba hisba

hisba hisba. The term hisba

Hisba been interpreted in different ways according to the circumstances. hisba to

sharia sharia.

hisba hadith

hisba 14

sharia hisba sharia hisba

hisba hisba

a fortiori

15

hisba

hisba

“Whoever sees a wrong, and is able to put it right with his hand, let him do so.”

sharia?

who do not enforce the sharia

the sharia

hisba sharia

hisba?

hisba

16

14 15 16

-

CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISBA?

Some Islamist groups began enforcing hisba upon populations, more or less seizing swaths of territory within unstable or failed states.

17

-

sharia hisba.18

-

force.19

Hisba in Muslim-majority countries today hisba hisba 20

Later renamed the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue mutawwa -

21

the mutawwa 22 23

17

-

18 19 20

21 22

23

mutawwa in 2002, when it

sharia and have dehisba sharia

hisba

hisba

hisba

hisba

hisba

sharia 24

hisba and sharia was the

de facto hisba

sharia

25

hisba

hisba actions in the form 26

24 25

26

-

CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISBA?

27

those in attendance.28

29

It is

hisba hisba

Since its early days as a student group, the Gamaa argued that not only Muslims have a right to perform hisba when the ruler does not does act, but in these circumstances the duty becomes even more important, as it is necessary to maintain the Islamic identity of the community living under such an impious regime.

hisba

hisba 30

hisba jahiliyya hisba 31

hisba

27

28

29 30

31

hisba

-

-

jizya

ised as hisba.32 In the 1970s these activities were -

hisba

for the enforcement of

hisba bi-l-yad President Hosni

accordance with the Sharia 33

,

hisba

sharia

hisba -

32 33

CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISBA?

hisba. In some cases, hisba

ER 2 IN EUR CHAPTER 2

HISBA IN EUROPE

CHAPTER 2

HISBA IN EUROPE hisba hisba

hisba hisba a fortiori,

34

Hisba in Europe can manifest itself in three possible ways: through advice, pressure, or force.

-

and in accordance with the tenets of the sharia from sin.

34

hisba

What is hisba in Europe? Hisba

sharia. But hisba hisba

-

hisba

hisba

-

hisba sharia hisba

hisba hisba. Hisba

hisba hisba

hisba sharia hisba

Hisba termed coercive hisba

hisba

hisba hisba: -

cive hisba sharia tenets.

CHAPTER 2

HISBA IN EUROPE

hisba in

35

-

hisba

36

-

hisba to hisba

hisba sharia hisba hisba hisba

hisba

35

36

37

hisba:

Organised hisba in Europe is not even remotely comparable in terms of occurrence and severity to hisba in Muslim-majority countries.

38

39

40

, 37 38 39

40

CHAPTER 2

HISBA IN EUROPE

41

42

43

44

45

46

hisba 47

48

41 42 43

44

45 46 47 48

In

manifestations of hisba

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Occasional episodes of spontaneous hisba are relatively common in most European countries.

-

49

50

Borderline hisba hisba

-

hisba

51

49 50

51

CHAPTER 2

HISBA IN EUROPE

-

52

In some countries, like the United Kingdom, Islamic arbitration courts are recognised by the government. These courts are voluntarily available to those who want to resolve issues according to Islamic law.

hisba.

53

hisba

hisba

54

The same -

52

53

June 20, 2012. 54

55

-

into their hands.56

57

hisba

58

-

hisba

sharia

55 56

57 58

-

CHAPTER 2

HISBA IN EUROPE

59

hisba in the

hisba hisba

hisba

Incidents of hisba hisba hisba

The Daily

omertà

Mail

60

Certain incidents involving the Muslim community are erroneously categorised as instances of “religious policing” or “sharia enforcement. hisba sharia

59

60

Sharia

sharia-zoneri

ER 3 E STUD ONIA CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA Hisba

-

hisba

hisba

61

Over the last few years, authorities and media have

-

-

of religious policing within the local Muslim community.

61

-

-

62

-

home to some 40,000 63

64 65

66

62

63 64 65 66

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

-

67

68 69

70

-

71

67 68

69

70

71

-

From just a handful of mosques

72

-

-

today to an estimated 40 to 50 mosques.

73

74

Attendees re-

75

-

76

-

72 73 74 75 76

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CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

77

78

-

Thanks to their leaders’ activism and resources, mosques run powerful centres of community life.

-

-

77

78

79

80 81

Hisba in Catalonia

82

83

84 85

-

79

80

-

81

82

2012. 83 84

2004. 85

6, 2012.

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

86

87

88

A 2010 internal dossier from the National Centre for Intelligence reportedly stated that a handful

forms of coercive hisba

89

police” that impose their morality on Muslims and constitute a threat to social order. 90

sharia -

91

hisba

hisba

86 87 88

89 90 91

-

92

tions that hisba -

pizzo pizzo is

pizzo

hisba

-

93

hisba 94

hisba

92 93 94

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

Hisba

95

Rather than threats of violence, which are rarely reported, the power of small hisba groups often relies on the social pressure they manage to create.

-

-

96

-

97

hisba. It

98

99

95 96 97 98 99

-

in the

.

The case of Lleida 100

a fortiori -

-

101

102

100 101 102

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

-

103

She claimed that a small group of

ABC It

104

allow undesired people into the mosque and kept a sort of Islamic force around it. sharia

-

ABC -

105

106

107

hisba 103 104 105 106

107 108

108

The

hisba.109

-

mutawwa

-

110 111

112

hisba 113

-

114 115

Authorihisba

109

2012. 110 111

2012. 112 113 114 115

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

116

hisba hisba

Violent hisba? hisba

-

-

117

Increased monitoring of the neighborhood might have played a role in reducing hisba incidents in Lleida.”

118

hisba

hisba

hisba -

116 117 118

hisba

119

-

The case revolves around a young Moroccan woman’s claim of having been kidnapped and sentenced

her.120

-

the southern Catalan town of Valls.

121

-

-

119 120 121

CHAPTER 3

A CASE STUDY: CATALONIA

122

123

124

125

hisba 126

sharia

122 123 124 125 126

Sharia

127

-

128

hisba

127 128

-

USION CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION hisba

hisba hisba

Hisba

Hisba sharia. hisba

-

-

hisba hisba that, prima facie

hisba hisba

-

of coercive hisba direct victims of coercive hisba hisba -

hisba hisba

129

hisba

-

hisba

129

-

HISBA IN EUROPE? ASSESSING A MURKY PHENOMENON

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HISBA IN EUROPE? ASSESSING A MURKY PHENOMENON

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