Human impact on shaping the Mediterranean ...

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Human impact in the last 4000 years. Cultural Landscapes of the Past. PALICLAS ... Ex Cinema Capitol. Ex Cinema Splendor. Ex Manifatt. Tabacchi. Largo S.
Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica www.palinopaleobot.unimore.it Dipartimento Scienze della Vita - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Member of:

Anna Maria Mercuri Giovanna Bosi Marta Mazzanti Paola Torri

PALICLAS

SBI - Società Botanica Italiana

EU Framework 3 Climate and Environment Programme

Cultural Landscapes of the Past

GRUPPO GP - SBI

GPSBI- Gruppo Palinologia SBI

Research Day 2013 – 22 Marzo 2013

International Federation of Palynological Societies

Human impact on shaping the Mediterranean landscape and adaptive strategies to Holocene environmental changes

European Pollen Database European Modern Pollen Database

Human impact in the last 4000 years

Mediterranean culture and climatic change: past patterns and future trends.

Five case studies are reported as examples of how archaeobotanical records can be tools to analyse cultural responses to environmental changes.

Anna Maria Mercuri, Laura Sadori Dorthecht –Springer ISBN 978-94-007-6703-4.30 Date June 2013

Around the Mediterranean ‘Lake’, the history of cultural–environmental relations under changing climate was so complex that there are serious difficulties in distinguishing climate change from human impact in many proxy-data records.

The Mediterranean basin has always featured, and still has, extremely rich and intermingled environmental and cultural biodiversity. The mosaic of habitats distributed around the Mediterranean basin was primarily transformed by climatic changes occurring at a global scale. In the meantime, the environment has been continuously exploited and the landscape shaped. Mediterranean is in fact a key region that is world-wide as the house for many of the most ancient civilizations.

Left: the five case study: a, a1. Uan Afuda cave; a2. planimetry; b. Benzú; c. La Vaquera cave; c1. environmental set; c2. planimetry; d. Terramara di Montale; e. Arslantepe. Right: Mediterranean sites discussed in the paper.

Pollen and archaeobotany are links among plants, habitats and cultural changes, while climate changes are at the basis on the overall environmental and landscape transformations.

The development of cultural landscapes is the most evident effect in the history of the nature-culture relationship under Holocene climate changes. The botanical information useful for understanding human-related environmental changes is sealed both in archaeological layers and in sediment cores which were for- med at times of human activities in the sediment source areas. An increasing dryness is by the decrease of Fagus after 5700 cal BP and continuing gradually in the millennia. Then, the reduction in the natural woodland vegetation, both deciduous and evergreen trees, is visible.

Ferrara Gardolo

By definition, human activities contributed to reduce natural woodland by substituting it either with crops and pastures, or by protected plants and managed woods such as chestnut woods, olive groves, orchards or pine woods. People could also take advantage of open spaces produced by natural changes, and settled in areas where there were both enough natural resources, especially water and wood, and a setting not too difficult to open up to establish settlements and fields. Humans acted as dispersal agents and seeds of useful plants were even involuntarily carried nearer houses.

Ospedale Maggiore - Milano

Grotta Tanella

Milano

Parma

Piazza Municipale

Canàr Nogara Cerea

Boccarone

The Middle Bronze Age people knew woodland management by coppicing, and shaped the environment into a patchwork of pastures and fields near the site, while woods were left at the margins of the area of influence. The evolution of the modern cultural landscape in the Po plain became evident at around 3600 cal BP. Then, the ‘chestnut landscape’, which still remains characteristic of the Apennine hill vegetation belts, became widely established around 700 cal BP, only declining in modern times.

Giardino delle Duchesse

Volta Mantovana Casale di Rivalta

Ferrara Montegibbio Baggiovara Montale Argenta S 17 Cittanova Rubiera Monte Castellaccio Modena Sant’Agata Monte Bibele Imola Lugo Ravenna Sarzana Faenza Russi Forlì Domagnano Poggio Castellano Cà di Rigo Casinalbo

Toscana

Porta Reno

Monastero S. Antonio

Piazza Castello

Modena Cassa di Risparmio Chiesa San Paolo Corso Duomo Ex Cinema Capitol Ex Cinema Splendor Ex Manifatt. Tabacchi Largo S. Francesco Via Castellaro Via C. Menotti Via Emilia Est Via P. Ferrari V.le Amendola Palazzo Boschetti Palazzo Vaccari

Grotte Frasassi Grotta Vacche

Podere Marzuolo Poggio dell’Amore

Isabella Massamba N’siala Linda Olmi Assunta Florenzano Rossella Rinaldi Maria Chiara Montecchi Eleonora Rattighieri Fabrizio Buldrini Delia Fanetti

Podere Terrato

Case Nuove

Poggio dell’Amore Podere Terrato San Martino Case Nuove

PAL8 PAL11

SA 03/01

PAL 9

SA 03/11 Isola Montecristo

Colle Massari

Ex Cinema Capitol

V.le Amendola

Via C. Menotti

Parco Novi Ark

RF95-13 RF93-30 Piano Locce

Colle Massari

San Martino

Vegetation history of VIA CAMPI: pollen sampling from the exposed section under the new building of Chemistry and Geology

Podere Marzuolo L. Albano L. Nemi

Sassari

Parco Novi Ark

Largo S. Francesco

Minturno

Piano Locce

Castellammare di Stabia

Vescovado

Palazzo Vaccari Torre Satriano Altojanni

Cassa di Risparmio

Miglionico Fattoria Fabrizio

Basilicata

Difesa S.Biagio S. Angelo Pizzica

Pantanello

Grotta Scario CHORA OF METAPONTUM

Fattoria Fabrizio Ville S.Marco e Arianna

Altojanni

Miglionico

Jure Vetere Sassari Sant’Angelo Vecchio Grotta Scario Difesa San Biagio Stromboli

Torre di Satriano

Pantanello

Anthropogenic pollen indicators

Palynological analysis of Basilicata region's sites shows the intense land use due to pasture / livestock practices; pollen data indicate that the economy of the ancient Lucan Peoples was largely based on farming, an activity that has strongly influenced the cultures and the development of the landscape in the region until today.

Taormina Isola di Mozia

Jure Vetere

Villa Armerina Philosophiana

Percentage pollen diagram of 83 samples from the 8 Lucanian sites: cluster analysis based on selected taxa

Sicilia

Microscopical remains from archaeological sites: a way to read and understand the environmental trasformations and development of cultural landscape (vegetation and human impact) in the last c. 11,500 years (Holocene) 20 μm

Philosophiana

Villa del Casale Quercus cf. cerris

Prunus

Pinus Parasite eggs from Medieval Parma: 1) Trichuris (cf. trichiura) Vitis

Olea

Avena/Triticum group San Vincenzo - Stromboli

Taormina

2) Trichuris (cf. suis) 3) Ascaris 4) Capillaria

Isola di Mozia

5) Dicrocoelium Nymphaea

Cichorieae

Chenopodiaceae

6) Diphyllobothrium