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activities by identifying visual restric- is feasible 2, and since the 1950s, many
Human performance under simulated lunar lighting conditions: is it possible to walk on the moon?
Received: 2015/03/01; Accepted: 2016/04/13; Posted online: 2016/05/09
have been studied and suggested. For
lunar environment we measured walking
instance, in 1959 the “Project Horizon”
time of our participants who completed
intended to establish a fort on the Moon
three walking tasks under lunar simulated
by 19673 . Recently, Japan announced
continuous light, lunar simulated strobe
that they plan to send astronauts to the base, which will be completed by 2030 4.
walking time with all lighting conditions. Similarly, Russia plans to create a Moon Illustration by Eloïse Kremer
within our capabilities since the Apollo era. Even though technology maturation
© 2016 Petros C. Dinas et al. This is an Open Access article distributed by Hypothesis under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
to the lunar surface. Within an artificial
We found mean differences between
ABSTRACT Moon colonization has been *Correspondence:
[email protected]
concepts for colonization architectures
light and normal electricity Earth light. Moon by 2020 to start construction of a
Petros C. Dinas1,2*, Sreerekha Suresh1, Subbananthan Thangamani1, and Alan Zide1 Please cite this article as: Petros C. Dinas et al. Human performance under simulated lunar lighting conditions: is it possible to walk on the moon? Hypothesis 2016, 14(1): e2, doi:10.5779/hypothesis.v14i1.472
tions that can affect body mobility due
We conclude that astronauts may have
decreased body mobility during extrave- there is evidence that a Moon colony can hicular activities under simulated Moon
be built in advance using a glass-like
lighting conditions.
solid structure coated with metal 6,7 to be
and
INTRODUCTION For thousands of years,
decreased the cost for private firms to
humans have gazed upon the stars
potentially colonize the Moon, this has not
wondering what relationship they have to
been developed to date. During the Apollo
Earth. This fascination has driven human-
has
increased
this
capability
base by 2032 5. Among other suggestions
program, lunar surface operational activ- kind to study scientific phenomena, to
protected by radiation 8,9 in order to extend the colonization period. Also, during a Moon colonization we can test the ability of humans to survive with low gravity and to use the Moon as a facility for space observation10.
Department of Human Performance in Space, Space Studies Program 2014, International Space University, Montreal, Canada and Strasbourg France.
ities were limited due to luminescence
discover our origin, and to determine
and reflectance lighting issues, which
whether we are the only intelligent species The goal of Moon colonization is nearly
indicate that human body mobility on the
in the Universe 1. For many centuries, within our reach. While we have the tech-
Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, UK
Moon may be restricted during extrave- discussions have raged about whether nology for the trip to the Moon, building
1
2
hicular activities. We aimed to examine
we can live outside of Earth’s atmo- up the colony habitats and operating in a
human performance on a simulated
sphere either in the space environment or safe and efficient manner creates a whole
Moon environment during extravehicular on another planet. As far back as 1638, new set of challenges to be mastered. it was predicted that lunar colonization
During the Apollo program, lunar surface Vol.14, No.1 | 2016 | hypothesis journal.com
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Dinas et al.
operational activities were limited due
by astronauts, which may affect their body We anticipate that in order to create a
AIM OF THE STUDY We planned a research
to luminescence and reflectance lighting
mobility during exploration missions12. Moon colony, human body mobility and
study to test the effects of lunar lighting
issues . Some of the astronaut concerns Therefore, during extravehicular activi- vision on the Moon’s surface should be
conditions and impeded depth perception
during this program were the lunar day
ties (EVA) human body mobility and
examined in advance. Humanity aims
on human body mobility in a simulated
washout, lunar night earthshine, sun
vision on the Moon may be affected by
to improve and keep humans’ health in
lunar environment. Individuals’ body
angle reflectance, large shadows and the
the lunar surface and the lighting condi- high standards. Spin-off technology has
mobility was examined by measuring
11
dark sky horizon11. For instance, the astro- tions of the lunar environment as well as
helped to develop devices that are essen- walking time through an obstacle course
nauts reported that the transition across
tial for diagnosis and treatment. As such, under “lunar-like” conditions. We hypoth-
the terminator from the sunlit portion to the Earth lit portion was rapid, and there was no time for the eye to adjust to the Earthshine in order to observe details on the Moon surface 11. However, sometimes it was possible to observe details within the shadows of the Earthshine light11. Furthermore, the transition from the Earth lit portion of the Moon into the unlit lunar far side was extremely difficult and the astronauts could not observe the gradual decrease of the Earthshine illumination as the terminator was approached11. This is probably because the area beyond the terminator was extremely dark and the astronauts could not see beyond this point11. Likewise, previous evidence suggests that the depth perception of objects in microgravity is underestimated
the depth perception conditions. Research about human performance during EVAs on the Moon is very difficult given that the environmental conditions
given a possible colonization of the Moon
esized that the lunar simulated lighting
we may take advantage of technology that
conditions and different depth percep-
would be developed for this purpose.
tion will reduce individuals’ body mobility
of the lunar surface cannot be fully simu- RESULTS
as compared to Earth lighting and depth perception conditions.
lated on Earth . The lunar day is ~644
RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY Human body
hours. Lunar night still has reflected
mobility and vision are key elements for EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We created an
light from Earth called Earthshine. It is
human life. This paper aims to address
obstacle course emulating lunar surface
~76 times brighter than the reflected light
the aspect of human body mobility on a
shadows and depth perception consider-
from a full Moon onto Earth11. Also, the
simulated Moon environment by identi- ations within a 50 m2 basement. Due to
transition from the Earthshine portion of
fying the combination of visual and body
the Moon to the unlighted lunar surface
mobility restrictions due to the lunar not tested. We included seven obsta-
11
safety concerns, extreme inclines were
makes surface features difficult to distin- surface (rocks and craters). This may
cles no more than 30 cm in height, two
guish, as reported by astronauts from
pallets (height 20 cm) and one small
direct future research in the area that
Apollo missions11. Furthermore, the lunar could develop spin-off technology that surface consists of rocks and craters that
may benefit human health on Earth and/
are difficult to observe during the lunar or predict health problems during a colodaytime 11.
nization of the Moon.
circle (FIGURE 1).
Picture 1 | Positioning of flashlight and seeing glasses on the head of each participant.
conditions in a completely dark room. Both continuous and strobe light of the Fenix TK15 flashlight was adjusted to 400 lumens per square meter for each participant. The room’s electric light was used to simulate the Earth’s lighting conditions as a control situation. The “continuous light” condition represented the luminescence and reflectance lighting issues
A Fenix TK15 flashlight was used and
that Apollo astronauts came across on
adjusted on each participant’s head
the lunar surface11 while the “strobe light”
(PICTURE 1) to simulate the “continuous
represented the backscatter conditions
light” and the “strobe light” lunar of the lunar surface 13 . Finally, we used
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as an “Earth light” condition a normal
bulbs simulating Earth’s lighting condi- to familiarize them. An investigator was
lighting room given that our aim was to
tion. During the “normal light” condi- following each participant in every task
compare Earth’s conditions with simu- tion walking task, the participants wore
to prevent any accident. As a precaution
lated Moon conditions. Each participant
neither the flashlight nor the seeing
before and after each task, we checked
wore a pair of seeing glasses (PICTURE 1)
glasses. The weight of the flashlight was
the status of the participants against
that underestimated depth perception
207.2 g including headgear and batteries. dizziness, tiredness and discomfort. The
simulating the space environment only The participants were asked if the head- participants did not display any problem during the “continuous light” and “strobe
gear and flashlight caused any discom- during the experiment.
light” conditions. In the initial phase, one
fort that would prevent them to walk
investigator measured the distance differ- normally independently of the lighting ence, by using a tape measure, between
conditions. No discomfort or navigation
seeing an object with and without wearing
problems were reported from the partici-
the seeing glasses to determine the depth
pants. We measured walking time from a
perception that the seeing glasses caused
sitting (start) to a sitting (stop) position
(approximately one meter). Additionally, during each task. There was a 5-minute the participants reported that they were
break between each walking task to
free from visual, vestibular and body
ensure the eye adaptation from darkness
disabilities; however, their eyesight was
to light14. Additionally, we first examined
not assessed. All participants used the
the “continuous light” and “strobe light”
same pair of seeing glasses.
conditions that were in the dark room
Each participant had to complete three walking tasks on the artificial surface Figure 1 | Diagram of the obstacle course The dimensions of the room are 5 m X 10 m. The participant starts from a sitting position, steps over obstacles A, B, C and D, steps onto pallet A and steps into the circle. Then, the participant steps over obstacles E, F, and G, turns 180° and again steps over obstacles G, F, and E, steps into the circle, steps onto pallet B and takes a sitting position to complete the course. The walking distance is approximately 42-45 m and is the same for each condition.
in three different lighting conditions – “continuous light” and “strobe light” simulating lunar lighting conditions within a dark room as well as “normal Earth light” under the room’s 60 watt
and thereafter we examined the “normal Earth light” condition. Before the experimental runs we instructed every participant to walk normally according to his/ her abilities and not to run or jump over the obstacles. We briefly showed them the route under full room electric lighting
REPORTING OF OUTCOMES The baseline
characteristics of the participants can be found in Table 1. We identified significant mean differences between performance during
simulated
“continuous
light”
lunar condition and performance during simulated “strobe light” lunar condition as well as between performance during simulated “continuous light” lunar condition and performance during “normal Earth light” condition (FIGURE 2). Also, we identified a significant mean difference between performance during simulated “strobe light” lunar condition and “normal Earth light” condition (FIGURE 2). Finally, the analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in performance between men and women.
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We detected a significant positive asso- well as VO2max and BMI (FIGURE 4B). to Earth’s conditions. It was observed ciation between age and performance during
simulated
“continuous
Furthermore, we found a negative associ- from the first space missions that astro-
light” ation between VO2max and performance
TABLE 1: BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS (Values are displayed as mean ± standard deviation)
nauts were not likely to observe objects
lunar condition (FIGURE 3A), as well as a
during simulated “continuous light” lunar on the Moon that are not exposed to
significant positive association between
condition (FIGURE 4C), as well as perfor- direct sunlight15. Also, the reflectance
age and performance during simulated
mance during simulated “strobe light” of the lunar surface is characterized by
“strobe light” lunar condition (FIGURE 3B). lunar condition (FIGURE 4D). No relation- a peaked backscatter in the direction of
MALES (N=17)
FEMALES (N=15)
Age
36.59±11.36
36.13±14.37
was
ship between VO2max and performance
the source15. Backscattering is a reflec-
Height (cm)
176±8
167±10
detected between age and performance
during “normal Earth light” condition
tion of waves, particles, or signals back
Weight (kg)
75±9
57±8
Predicted VO2max (ml kg-1 min-1)
40.47±5.40
45.81±9.80
Body mass index
24.10±2.15
20.57±2.33
Nevertheless,
no
correlation
under “normal Earth light” condition. was detected. The linear regression anal- to the direction from which these waves, Linear regression analysis revealed that
ysis detected an association between
particles, or signals came. On Earth the
the correlation between age and perfor- VO2max and performance during simu- materials are diffuse reflectors while mance during simulated “continuous light” lated “continuous light” lunar condition
there are some scattering components15.
Continuous light time (sec)
50.92±22.71
49.99±15.30
lunar condition as well as performance
as well as performance during simulated
Also, in Earth’s atmosphere isotropic illu-
Strobe light time (sec)
44.68±15.07
47.26±23.53
during simulated “strobe light” lunar “strobe light” lunar condition while no
minance can be observed even in shad-
Normal light time (sec)
31.10±4.23
32.69±5.60
condition persists. The linear regression
association between VO2max and perfor- owed areas15. This is completely absent
analysis, however, detected no correla- mance during “normal Earth light” condi- on the Moon, which is why the Apollo tion between age and performance under tion was detected. “normal Earth light” condition. Finally, no correlation was detected between body mass index (BMI) and performance either during simulated “continuous light” lunar condition or during simulated “strobe light” lunar condition.
DISCUSSION The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of simulated lunar lighting conditions and impeded
astronauts were not likely to observe
may have reduced the reaction time of
astronauts came across on the lunar
objects that were not exposed to direct
our participants, decreasing their body
surface11. Indeed, on the lunar surface
sunlight15.
mobility. Correspondingly, the simu- there is no time for the eye to adjust to
Strobe lights can simulate backscatter,
depth perception on human body mobility which significantly increases the reaction in a simulated Moon environment during
time to visual stimuli13 . This is because
EVAs. We detected that “continuous light” strobe lights flash up to hundreds of
We also identified a negative associa- and “strobe light” simulated lunar condi- times per second and stop the appeartion between maximum oxygen uptake
tions may reduce human body mobility
ance of motion. Therefore, the simulated
(VO2max) and age (FIGURE 4A), as
on an artificial Moon surface compared “strobe light” lunar condition in our study
lated “continuous light” lunar condition
the Earthshine in order to observe details
in our experiment in a fully dark room
on the Moon surface given that the transi-
may have caused difficulties similar to
tion across the terminator from the sunlit
those of the “strobe light” condition. The
portion to the Earth lit portion is rapid11.
“continuous light” simulation in our study In both “strobe light” and “continuous may represent the luminescence and
light” simulated lunar conditions we also
reflectance lighting issues that Apollo
used seeing glasses that underestimated
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depth perception to simulate the impeded
Indeed, previous research has shown that
walking test of patients suffering from
estimation of distance in microgravity. walking at different speeds was used to
chronic airway obstruction reported a
We found that the simulated lunar lighting
avoid a learning effect phenomenon even
learning effect after four identical tests
conditions along with the simulated depth
though the participants walked the same
that improved the performance of the
perception (approximately one meter) path on a treadmill17. In our experiment
participants by 96%19. While in our study
reduced the body mobility of our partici- the lighting and vision conditions were
the participants performed three non-
pants in comparison to the normal Earth
different for each task that was performed
identical tasks, with an improvement
lighting conditions and depth perception. by the participants while we have used
between the first (continuous light) and
Regarding depth perception, our findings
a familiarization phase for them before
second (strobe light) conditions of 9.1%
are in accordance with previous evidence
the experimental process. In this regard, and between the second and third (Earth
that showed that astronauts underesti- our participants undertook the obstacle mate distances in microgravity . 12
In our study we did not use a random order of the different lighting conditions to assess the walking time of the particiFigure 2 | Mean recorded walking time in three different lighting conditions.
pants and therefore, a learning effect
Continuous and strobe lights represent lunar simulated conditions. Normal light represents
might have occurred. A previous task
Earth conditions.
force report of the European Respiratory
* Significant differences between continuous light performance and strobe light performance (p=0.002) ≠ Significant differences between continuous light performance and normal light performance
Society and the American Thoracic Society regarding the 6-minute walking test in patients and healthy individuals
(p=0.001)
reported that more studies are needed to
¥ Significant differences between strobe light performance and normal light performance
confirm a learning effect during repeated
(p=0.001)
measurements of this test16. Generally speaking, a learning effect in walking time of repeated measures in humans requires identical tasks to be performed in a row16.
light) conditions of 30.5%. Furthermore,
course once before the actual measure- the fact that we did not detect either a ments were taken in order to familiarize
significant correlation or a significant
them with the obstacle course and to
regression between VO2max and “normal
minimize the learning effect in their Earth light” while we detected a signifiwalking performance. Also, a previous
cant correlation and regression between
study suggested that three walks are VO2max and both “continuous light” needed in the 6-minute walking test in
and “strobe light” conditions strongly
patients and healthy individuals in order indicates that the performance of the to achieve the best performance due to a
participants was affected by the Moon
learning effect in walking18 . Nevertheless, simulated lighting and depth perception in our study each lighting condition was
conditions and not by their ability to walk
performed only once, which suggests that
effectively.
it is unlikely for a learning effect to have affected performance in every lighting condition. Furthermore, a previous study examining the performance in a shuttle
We also found that aging may reduce human body mobility on a simulated Moon surface. Previous research on Earth showed a natural decline in body Vol.14, No.1 | 2016 | hypothesis journal.com
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mobility in older adults 20 while older as previously indicated, older adults adults during physical actions display
judged distances as farther than younger
different perception of the environment 21. adults 20. This may also have caused Additionally, people with poor physical
further difficulties in our older partici-
fitness may have lower perceptual judg- pants to complete the simulated Moon ments 22. This evidence may well explain our finding that aging may reduce body mobility in a simulated Moon environment during EVAs. Our participants showed no balance problems during the tasks. Nevertheless, previous evidence on Earth showed that older adults may have lower performance due to decline of muscle mass 23 , their mobility24 and temporary loss of balance 25. This may Figure 3 | Correlations between age and continuous light performance (Figure 2A) as well as between age and strobe light performance
also explain the negative correlation we found between age and body mobility in both simulated Moon environments,
(Figure 2B). Continuous and strobe light repre-
given that the Moon’s gravity has not
sent simulated lunar conditions.
been addressed in our experiment. Gravity is a key element of human performance, especially for the function of the musculoskeletal system26. Lack of gravity or low gravity may cause a decrease of fat free mass, including cardiac muscle, that may reduce the ability to move and therefore, body mobility26. Furthermore,
tasks in our experiment. We detected an inverse association between VO2max and age as well as between VO2max and BMI, which is in accordance with previous studies 27,28 . Currently, the minimum requirement of VO2max given by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for participating in a space mission is 32.9 ml kg-1 min-1 29, which needs further investigation 29. The average VO2max for untrained healthy individuals is approximately 35–40 ml kg-1 min-1 for male and 27–31 ml kg-1 min-1 for female 30,31. Our participants display an average of VO2max 40.47±5.40 ml kg-1 min-1 for men and 45.81±9.80 ml kg-1 min-1 for women. These values meet both the VO2max requirements of NASA 29 and the general population VO2max limits for untrained healthy individuals 30,31. Given that our results indicate a negative correlation Vol.14, No.1 | 2016 | hypothesis journal.com
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between VO2max and human body
programs on Earth have shown that the
mobility in a simulated Moon environ- cognitive ability of adults can be signifiment we reinforce NASA’s suggestion
cantly improved within six weeks 33 . Also,
for further development of the standards
specific exercise programs can be used
for assessing body mobility of astro- to improve the body mobility of potential nauts 29. Our study refers only to human
Moon inhabitants. These two elements,
performance during EVAs on the Moon. cognitive and physical training, may help Given that EVAs require space suits
future Moon inhabitants to improve their
against the harmful conditions of space, adaptation in order to be able to overcome body mobility would also depend on the
visual and performance problems. Given
mobility and functionality of space suits 32. the existing evidence regarding physical Therefore, space suits would further and cognitive performance 33-36 we anticireduce body mobility during EVAs. Given our findings and also that the future Moon inhabitants would be exposed to Figure 4 | Correlations between maximal oxygen
this Moon environment for extended
uptake (VO2max) and age (Figure 4A); VO2max
periods of time during EVAs, their perfor-
and body mass index (BMI) (Figure 4B); VO2max
mance problems may be even worse than
and continuous light performance (Figure 4C); VO2max and strobe light performance (Figure 4D). Continuous and strobe light represent simulated lunar conditions.
the acute effects we examined in the current study. However, Moon inhabitants may improve their body mobility through adaptations that may occur during their stay on the Moon surface. The problem of restricted body mobility can be addressed by using training
pate that this training period would be no more than 10 weeks, but would depend on age and physical fitness. This estimate is based on previous evidence 33-36 of human physical and cognitive training under Earth conditions. However, the length of this training period focuses only on physical and cognitive performance and does not take into consideration other aspects such as psychological preparation and technical knowledge that the potential Moon inhabitants should obtain before moving to the Moon.
programs before potential Moon inhabitVO2
ants move to the Moon. Indeed, learning Vol.14, No.1 | 2016 | hypothesis journal.com
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Dinas et al.
While the artificial Moon environment
from the general population, 90.7% of
Sun’s glare at certain angles, and the
challenges exist to performing their [Age (mean: 36.4, standard deviation:
cannot completely represent the actual
our participants were normal weight and
materials on the surface of the Moon. daily surface routines, construction and 12.6), BMI (mean: 22.4, standard devia-
Moon environment, many other factors
therefore, we could not test the effects
Furthermore, the Moon’s gravitational
mining activities. Whether an individual
could not be addressed in our experi- of BMI on body mobility and visual reac- pressure effects on the eye and its corre- is a highly trained astronaut or a civilian ment. For instance, the shadowed parts
tion times as previously described40. The
lation to operational human body mobility
lunar tourist, Moon surface operations
of the Moon are very black because of
participants performed each task with
as well as the rapid change adaptation of
require a great deal more study to maxi-
the lack of atmosphere 37,38 and therefore, a 5-minute break to ensure eye adapta- humans to extreme lighting conditions
mize performance under these unfamiliar
this environment could not be perfectly
tion from darkness to light. However, this
conditions. Based on our findings we
simulated. Moreover, the experiment was
transition was not tested but based on
confined to Earth lit conditions and the
previous knowledge 14 and therefore, it
combined Earthshine and Sunshine inter- may have affected the performance of section
38,39
has not been fully simulated. the participants.
In this regard, we should report that the depth perception of the seeing glasses we used to simulate the space environment was estimated by using a tape measure and it was found to be underestimated by approximately one meter. In the initial phase, one investigator measured the distance difference between seeing an object with and without wearing the seeing glasses. However, this was not tested for each participant and should be reported as a limitation. The gravitational differences between Earth and Moon could not be simulated. Additionally, even though we recruited participants
should also be addressed. Given that our participants were recruited from the general population, we may need to explore the physiological differences between well-trained astronauts
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
and individuals from the general popu-
Human colonization of the Moon will
lation during space missions. Therefore,
likely include a wide range of individ- our findings should be considered during uals. Therefore, future research should
planning space missions for commercial
examine the lunar lighting and surface
reasons and/or entertainment. Finally,
conditions on a wider age and BMI range. we suggest that future studies should Depth perception attenuation due to
examine the chronic effects of lunar
minimal or no atmosphere as well as a
lighting and depth perception conditions
dark horizon should be included in future
conclude that astronauts may decrease their body mobility under simulated Moon lighting conditions during EVAs. However, the latter could be mitigated if the future Moon habitants have an opportunity for training before they move to the Moon. We also conclude that aging may negatively affect body mobility under simulated Moon lighting conditions, while this performance may depend on the fitness level of each individual.
METHOD The study conformed to the
tion: 2.8)]. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We calculated the
VO2max of each participant based on previous prediction equations 41 using height in cm and age as the predictive variables. Non-parametric tests were used throughout. We used Wilcoxon signedrank tests to assess mean differences between “continuous light” performance, “strobe light” performance and “normal Earth light” performance. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess mean differences between men and women. We examined the associations between age, VO2max, BMI, “continuous light” performance, “strobe light” performance and “normal Earth light” performance using Kendall’s tau-b
on astronauts. This will test the ability of
standards set by the Declaration of
correlation coefficient. Linear regression
studies. Additionally, several other condi- individuals to improve their body mobility
Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics
was used to identify whether the associa-
tions on the Moon should be examined— under moon-like illumination.
Board of the Human Performance in
tions detected by the correlation analysis
for instance, the different Sun/Earth/
Space Department within the Space
persist. All analyses were conducted with
Studies Program 2014, International
PASW Statistics (version 18; SPSS Inc.,
Space University. We obtained written
Chicago, IL, USA) and a p≤0.05 level of
consent from 17 males and 15 females
significance.
Moon phase angles, the terrain slope angle lighting, the minimum surface illumination, the extreme magnitude of the
CONCLUSIONS As humankind continues to reach for the stars and eventually inhabit other celestial bodies, many
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
procedures for the safe conduct of activ- 75959612.html
Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society
MoonTelescope/
The authors declare no conflicts of
ities at the launch complex and test 6 Monitor TS. Lunar Dirt Factories? A look at 11 Eppler DB, Johnson LB. Lighting Constraints technical standard: field walking tests in
interest.
facilities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mr. Alan Zide is a Senior Technologist
The authors would like to thank Ms. Tricia
at National Aeronautics and Space
Larose, the Chair of Human Performance
Administration
in Space Department during the “Space
300 E St SW, 9Q76 Washington D.C.
how regolith could be the key to permanent out-
on Lunar Surface Operations. Space Center
chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014
posts on the moon 18-6-2007. Available from:
Houston, Texas: National Aeronautics and
Dec;44(6):1428-46.
http://spacemonitor.blogspot.co.uk/2007/06/
Space Administration 1991. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00150314
lunar-dirt-factories-look-at-how.html
www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/strategies/human_
17 Jensen L, Prokop T, Dietz V. Adaptational
7 Blacic JD. Mechanical Properties of Lunar
ex/lighting_constraints.pdf
effects during human split-belt walking: in-
Materials Under Anhydrous, Hard Vacuum
12 Clement G, Skinner A, Lathan C. Distance
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