Ashton Williams and Leilani B. Goodmon, Ph.D., Florida Southern College. Based on research showing that âactivatingâ music increases stride length. (Leman et ...
Who’s Watching Me? Music, Anxiety, and Exercise Perceptions and Outcomes
Ashton Williams and Leilani B. Goodmon, Ph.D., Florida Southern College
Results
Introduction
50
100
46
F < 1
Average Mood
42
40
Baseline
Post-Test
38
36
70
60
50
40
30
34
20
32
10
30
0
None
Activating
Music Type
Relaxing
50
F (2, 52) = 1.24,
p = .297
F < 1
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.05
Activating
Music Type
Relaxing
None
Activating
Music Type
Relaxing
Materials: In the study, two MP3 players were used play the following music selections: Activating Music: “The Ballade of El Efe” by Falik “Barbie Girl” by AQUA
Figure 8. Average walking distance as a function of social exerice anxiety
Figure 5. Average enjoyment as a function of prior social exercise anxiety
F (2, 52) = 2.57, p = .09
F (2, 52) = 2.40, p = .10
F < 1
Design: The study formed a 2 x 3 mixed design with type of music while exercising ("activating," "relaxing") as the within-subject factor and prior levels of social exercise anxiety (low, medium, high) as the grouping variable. Three Dependent Variables: 1. Baseline mood and mood during each music condition (four levels). 2. Exercise enjoyment during each music conditions (three levels). 3. Walking distance during each music condition (three levels).
0.15
80
p = .03
0.3
Average Walking Distance (miles)
48
75
44
42
None
Activating
Relaxing
38
70
65
60
34
55
32
30
Low
50
Medium
High
Social Exercise Anxiety
Low
Figure 3. Mood difference scores (post treatment - baseline) as a function of music type and prior social excerice anxiety
F (2, 52) = 1.53, p = .27
100
F < 1
Average Mood
Low
Medium
-1
High
F < 1
F < 1
0.05
None
Activating
Relaxing
50
40
10
F < 1
F < 1
Activating
Relaxing
0.15
0.1
30
-3
1.27, p = .30
0.2
60
20
Medium
High
Social Exercise Anxiety
0.25
70
0.05
0
0
Low
Social Exercise Anxiety
Medium
High
Low
Medium
High
Social Exercise Anxiety
Social Exercise Anxiety
Sample Question
Measures
Figure 9. Distance walked as a funtion of music type and prior levels of social exercise anxiety
None
F (4, 104) =
0.3
80
-2
-4
0.1
Low
90
None
Activating
Relaxing
0
1.14, p = .34
Timing devices were used to gage how long each participant took to walk the track. A treadmill owned by the sports department of Florida Southern College was also used.
0.15
0
Medium
High
Social Exercise Anxiety
F < 1
1
0.2
Figure 6. Average enjoyment as a funtion of music type and prior levels of social F (2, 104) =
exercise anxiety
4
Relaxing Music: “Don’t Mean a Thing” by Django Reinhardt “Courante” by de Saite-Colombe
0.25
Average Walking Distance (miles)
40
Average Enjoyment
46
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale
Reliability: internal consistency (r = 0.93);
Validity: PACES &goal orientation (r = .65)
7 pt Likert Scale:
1= one extreme to 7= the opposite extreme
POMS
Reliability: Cronbach’s alpha = .75-.96; Validity: r = -.68 with Well-Being Scale
5 pt Likert Scale:
1= “Not at all” to 5 = “Extremely”
Social Physique Anxiety Scale
Reliability: r's ranged from .56 to .74;
Validity: S-SPAS scores were
positively associated with scores on the trait SPAS, Self-Classified Weight, Physical Appearance State Anxiety Scale
5 pt Likert Scale:
1= “Least” to 5 = “Most”
“I enjoy it…. I hate it,” and “I am very frustrated… I am not at all frustrated by it.”
“Right now I feel (lively).”
“I feel uptight about my physique/figure.”
Procedure
5 minute walk with activating music
5 minute walk without music
p = .03
0
None
Figure 2. Mood as a function of music type & prior levels of social exercise anxiety
2
The results did not support the hypothesis that activating music would increase mood. However, music had an impact on enjoyment ratings. There was a significant positive increase in enjoyment when listening to relaxing music but not when listening to activating music. Also, activating music was associated with an increase in walking distance compared to the relaxing
music and no music conditions. This hypothesis was derived from research on the effects of music and exercise on physical and psychological wellbeing that provided evidence on a positive relationship between the exercise and music on an individual. Because music has been shown to enhance the exercise experience and, furthermore, activating music would increase exercising behavior, it was hypothesized that activating music would influence the participants to exercise faster, enjoy it better, and be more motivated and in a better mood compared to those who listened to relaxing music. The data indicates that music can influence distance walked and enjoyment.
p = .07
80
44
3
Conclusion
0.3
p = .000
Average Walking Distance (miles)
F (1, 54) = 1.87,
p = .18
F < 1
F (2, 104) = 2.62, p = .08
90
Average Enjoyment
48
p = .000
Participants: A total of 55 undergraduates participated in exchange for research participation credit. The sample ranged in age from 18 to 25 (M = 19.85, SD = 1.6). The sample had an average exercise rate per week of days 4.7, with an average of minutes 97.64 per day. The sample indicated that they exercised with music an average rate of 4.9 on a scale of 0 to 7, where 0 = not at all, and 7 = every time. The sample was composed of 47.3% females and 52.7% males. Majority of the sample was freshmen (47.3%) and Caucasian (85.5%). The students were primarily biology majors (23.6%), followed by business majors (20.0%), and preforming arts majors (9.1%).
Figure 7. Average walking distance as a funtion of music type
F (2, 104) = 131.40, p = .000
36
Based on research showing that “activating” music increases stride length (Leman et al, 2013) and showing that music played during exercise enhances the exercise experience (Halalawa et al., 2005; Metzger, 2004; Macone et al., 2006), we hypothesized that participants who exercise while listening to “activating” music will exercise faster, enjoy it better, and be more motivated and in a better mood compared to those who listen to “relaxing” music. Also, it is hypothesized that those with low social anxiety scores will enjoy the exercise better and exposure to activating music with increase enjoyment for those with higher scores of social anxiety.
Informed Consent, Demographic, Social Exercise Anxiety Scale, Pretest for POMS (mood)
Figure 4. Average enjoyment as a function of music type
Average Enjoyment
Hypothesis
Figure 1. Average mood as a function of music type and treatment phase (baseline, post treatment)
Average mood
There is a documented correlation between exercise and well-being in areas of both psychological and physiological health (Ekeland, Heian, & Hagen, 2004; Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000; Moljord, Moksnes, Eriksen, & Espnes, 2011). For example, there is a reported positive relationship between physical exercise and self-esteem and (Ekeland et al., 2004; Elavsky, 2010) a significant negative relationship between exercise and stress levels (Moljord et al., 2011). One factor that may play a significant role in encouraging or increasing exercise behavior is music (Macone, Baldari, Zelli, & Guidetti, 2006). It has been shown that music positively influences exercise behavior, exercise perception, and the exerciser's mood (Macone et al., 2006; Plante, Gustafson, Brecht, Imberi, &Sanchez, 2011; Leman Moelants Varewyck, Styns, van Noorden, & Martens, 2013). Based on research showing that “activating” music increases stride length (Leman et al., 2013) and showing that music played during exercise enhances the exercise experience (Halalawa et al., 2005; Metzger, 2004; Macone et al., 2006), we conducted a previous pilot on the effect of activating versus relaxing music on exercise enjoyment, stress perception, motivation, speed, and mood and found that the only significant influence was a positive effect of activating music on mood during exercise. Although we failed to find that activating music had an effect on overall exercise quality, there were several flaws that may have contributed to our failure. For example, interference on the track used and weather conditions may have influenced enjoyment and mood of the participants. In addition, we did not take into account the role of prior levels of social exercise anxiety. Hart, Leary, and Rejeski (1989) formed the social physique anxiety scale in order to measure the effect of response to others’ evaluation of personal physique finding higher scores correlated with stress in physical evaluations. Therefore, we replicated and extended the pilot study by implementing a within subjects design and tested for social exercise anxiety along with enjoyment, mood, and distance when exposed to varying condition of music.
Methods
Post-test for POMS, Enjoyment scale
5 minute walk with relaxing music Post-test for POMS, Enjoyment scale
5 minute with relaxing music
Post-test for POMS, Enjoyment scale 5 minute walk with activating music
Debrefing form
