IAU MDC Photographic Meteor Orbits Database

Earth, Moon, and Planets manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor)

IAU MDC Photographic Meteor Orbits Database Version 2013 L. Nesluˇ san · V. Porubˇ can · J. Svoreˇ n

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract A new 2013 version of the IAU MDC photographic meteor orbits database which is an upgrade of the current 2003 version (Lindblad et al., 2003, EMP, Vol. 93, pp. 249-260) is presented. To the 2003 version additional 292 orbits are added, thus the new version of the database consists of 4873 meteors with their geophysical and orbital parameters compiled in 41 catalogues. For storing the data, a new format enabling a more simple treatment with the parameters, including the errors of their determination is applied. The data can be downloaded from the IAU MDC web site: http://www.astro.sk/IAUMDC/Ph2013/ Keywords meteor orbits · photographic meteors · meteor databases

1 The IAU Meteor Data Center database of photographic orbits Databases of meteor orbits are, for meteor research, main source for getting basic information and knowledge about the structure and distribution of the whole meteoroid population in our surroundings. The IAU Meteor Data Center, which was thanks to efforts of Dr. B. A. Lindblad established at the General Assembly in 1982, became a platform for official realization of the photographic meteor database summarizing the most precise information on L. Nesluˇsan, J. Svoreˇ n Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatransk´ a Lomnica, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] V. Porubˇ can Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatransk´ a Lomnica, Slovakia & Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected]

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meteoroid orbits (Lindblad, 1987; 1991; 1995; 1999; 2001; Lindblad & Steel, 1994). The last version of the photographic database containing basic orbital and geophysical parameters of 4581 meteors was issued in 2003 (Lindblad et al., 2003). Still since that time new additional photographic orbits have been published, or some meteors published earlier have not been included in the catalogue yet, an upgraded version 2013 have been prepared. To the new version of the IAU MDC database of photographic orbits an additional 292 orbits from 4 sources (compiled to 6 catalogues) have been added, thus the new 2013 version of the database summarizes the orbital and geophysical parameters of 4873 meteors compiled in 41 catalogues from 18 sources altogether. The orbits are referred to the equinox 2000.0. The list of all catalogues is given in Table 1. The newly added catalogues are marked with a bullet in front of their identification code. The first set of new orbits was announced in our earlier paper (Nesluˇsan et al., 2012). As B2 was labelled the catalogue of 75 orbits gained within an observational campaign of the Leonids in 1998 by the Dutch Meteor Society (Betlem et al., 1999). The European Network (EN) managed by the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Ondˇrejov provided 98 orbits which are in the catalogue labelled as E3 (Ceplecha & Spurn´ y, 1990; Boroviˇcka & Spurn´ y, 1992; Spurn´ y, 1994; 1995; 2003a; 2003b; 2004; 2010; Spurn´ y & Boroviˇcka, 1997a; 1997b; 1998; Spurn´ y & Ceplecha, 1992; Spurn´ y et al., 1991; 2004). The first upgrade also contains 32 orbits determined from the observations conducted by the Spanish Meteor and Cometary Society (SOMYCE) (Trigo & Art´ez, 1996; Trigo, 1997) and the Spanish Photographic Meteor Network (SPMN) (Trigo-Rodr´ıguez & Castellano-Roig, 2000; Trigo-Rodr´ıguez et al., 2000a; 2000b; 2004; 2005), which were published in the period 1996−2005. The collected partial catalogue of the Spanish data is labelled as R1. Finally, the first set also includes 6 orbits obtained by the Tokyo Meteor Network (Shiba et al., 1989; Shiba & Ohtsuka, 1992; Ohtsuka & Tomioka, 1993; Shimoda et al., 1994; 1995; Tomita et al., 1998). This partial catalogue is labelled as T3 in the IAU MDC. Meanwhile, we have compiled another two catalogues, which are labelled as B3 and E4. The first are 47 published orbits of the 1999 Leonid meteor storm (Betlem et al., 2000) and the second are 34 orbits of Leonid fireballs (Shrben´ y & Spurn´ y, 2009).

2 Comment on a checking of data consistency Before being included to the IAU MDC database, the consistency of the mutually depending quantities was checked. Specifically, the date of meteor detection has to agree with the solar longitude and longitude of the ascending node, orbital elements can be calculated from the geophysical parameters and vice versa, and additional orbital elements as well as geophysical parameters

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Table 1 The statistics on the catalogues included in the new, version 2013, IAU MDC Database of photographic meteor orbits. Abbreviations: IC − the identification code of the catalogue, N − the number of orbits in the catalogue. The bullets mark the newly added catalogues. IC B1 • B2 • B3 C1 D1

N 359 75 47 103 73

D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 • E3

181 72 77 15 44 20 154 189 48 98

• E4 F1 G1

34 334 25

H1

313

I1 I2 J1 K1 K2 K3 N1 N2 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 P1 • R1

136 123 413 100 70 36 95 164 133 22 70 122 50 62 353 32

S1 T1 T2 • T3 U1 W1

314 31 48 6 66 166

Investigator/Station Betlem, Dutch Meteor Society Betlem et al., Dutch Meteor Society –”– Ceplecha (small camera) Babadzhanov et al., Dushanbe (small camera) –”– –”– –”– –”– –”– –”– –”– Ceplecha and Spurn´ y, European Network –”– Ceplecha, Spurn´ y et al., European Network Spurn´ y et al., European Network McCrosky, Prairie Network Gale Harvey, New Mexico State University Hawkins and Southworth (Super-Schmidt) Halliday et al., MORP Network –”– Jacchia (Super-Schmidt) Kiev (small camera) –”– –”– Koseki, Nippon Meteor Society –”– Shestaka et al., Odessa (small camera) –”– –”– –”– –”– –”– Posen and McCrosky (Super-Schmidt) Trigo-Rodr´ıguez et al., Spanish Meteor Society McCrosky and Shao (Super-Schmidt) Ohtsuka, Tokyo Meteor Network Ohtsuka et al., Tokyo Meteor Network –”– Ochai et al., Nippon Meteor Society Whipple (small camera)

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can be calculated from the appropriate basic set (e.g. the aphelion distance, semi-major axis and reciprocal semi-major axis can be calculated from the perihelion distance and eccentricity). The re-calculation of the orbital elements from the radiant coordinates and geocentric velocity in the time of detection was done in a standard way. Namely, the heliocentric radius-vector of the meteor in the detection time can be identified with the well-known radius-vector of the Earth in this time. The radiant coordinates and geocentric velocity define the geocentric velocity vector of meteor. Subtracting the Earth’s velocity vector from the latter, we obtain the heliocentric velocity vector of meteor. Using the well-known relations for the Keplerian orbit, we can use the radius and velocity vectors of meteor in the time of its fall to calculate its orbital elements. The actual position and velocity vectors of the Earth were taken from the JPL ephemeris (DE406). (In analogous calculations concerning the former, 2003 version, these data were calculated by using the formulas published by Bretagnon (1982).) The corrections made in the catalogues already published in the 2003 version of the database were described by Lindblad et al. (2003, Sects. 2 and 3). We note, we regarded the meteors as possibly having erroneous data if the original-author and recalculated values of the perihelion distance, eccentricity, right ascension, declination, angular orbital elements, geocentric and heliocentric velocities, and date of fall was larger than 0.01 AU, 0.05, 2o , 2o , 2o , 1.5 km s−1 , and 0.01 day, respectively. In this investigation, we did not make a more sofisticated checking as, e.g., that suggested by Jopek et al. (2003). This checking is useful, especially, if one intends to improve the original values. However, we intended only to correct the obvious errors. In the newly added catalogues, the data occurred to be more perfect. We checked if the re-calculated value of given parameter considerably exceeds the published uncertainty interval (for parameters published with their determination error) or if the difference between the original and re-calculated values exceeds 1% (for parameters published without the determination error). It is worth noting that a lot of very small differences between the corresponding values calculated by the original authors and recalculated values occurred in the new catalogues. Many of these differences lie slightly outside the interval delineated by the published errors. The differences could appear due to rounding of the input values, using a different method of calculation of the Earth’s position and velocity, as well as, maybe, making some approximations by the authors in the processing. The original values published by the authors were retained in these cases.

3 Data Formats of the 2013 Database Version In the last decades, many of the parameters characterizing meteors are published together with their determination errors. Due to this fact and circumstance that various authors publish their data with a different precision, the fixed-structure format, which was used in the 2003 version, has become obso-

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Table 2 The list of parameters included in the new 2013 version of the IAU MDC database. No.P. is the serial number of the parameter in the list and C.P. is the code of the parameter. Equinox 2000.0 is supposed. The asterisks mark the parameters which are regarded as ,,basic”. No.P. ∗1 2

C.P. #IC: ANo:

∗3 ∗4 ∗5

Yr : Mn : Day:

6

LS :

7

mv :

8

HB :

9 10 ∗ 11

HM : HE : RA :

∗ 12 13 ∗ 14 ∗ 15 16

DEC: Vi : Vg : Vh : cZ :

17 ∗ 18 ∗ 19 20 21 22 ∗ 23 ∗ 24 ∗ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Qm : q : e : 1/a: a : Q : i : arg: nod: pi : Sh : Mas: lgM: cor: crh:

explanation IAU MDC identification code number/code assigned to the meteor by the author year of the detection month of the detection day and fraction of day of the detection (UTC) solar longitude corresponding to the date of the detection [deg] magnitude of the maximum photographic brightness of meteor height of the beginning of meteor trail [km] height of the maximum brightness [km] height of the end of meteor trail [km] right ascension of the geocentric radiant [deg] declination of the geocentric radiant [deg] extra-atmospheric velocity [km s−1 ] geocentric velocity [km s−1 ] heliocentric velocity [km s−1 ] cosine of the angular distance of geocentric radiant from the zenith quality code perihelion distance [AU] numerical eccentricity of the orbit reciprocal semi-major axis [AU−1 ] semi-major axis [AU] aphelion distance [AU] inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic [deg] argument of perihelion [deg] longitude of ascending node [deg] longitude of perihelion [deg] shower number pre-atmospheric photometric mass [g] decadic logarithm of the mass remark on correction (if appears) remark on extreme hyperbolicity

lete. In version 2013, for storing the data we introduce a new format, which is independent on computer language, accepts any precision, as well as data with or without determination errors. The record of a meteor must begin with its identification code, while other parameters are optional in sense that not the entire set of parameters established by the IAU MDC (currently including 31 parameters with a possibility of extension of the list in the future; Table 2) must be presented for each meteor. The record is terminated by the line containing three spaces and character

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,,&”. Individual parameters are introduced by their 3-character codes (listed in the second column of Table 2). The proper value of a parameter together with the determination error (if given) is presented in the next line. Hence, the record of each parameter occupies two successive lines of the entire record of meteor. The code alone, in the first line, is followed by two binary values. If the first value is 1, the value of the parameter is given. Otherwise the next line is empty. (This can either be a way of omitting a parameter or the value of that parameter does not exist.) If also the second binary value is 1, then the determination error is known and follows the proper value of the parameter, in the second line. Since the record in the new format is not very transparent and thus appropriate for a visual work with the data, basic parameters of each meteor are simultaneously given also in the so-called ,,single-line” format. In this format, the basic parameters of a meteor are written in single line with a fixed precision, without the determination errors. The basic parameters are marked by asterisks in Table 2. The IAU MDC will attempt to publish the complete set of basic parameters of every meteor also in the future and would welcome if the original authors also publish these parameters or those alternative parameters, from which the basic parameters can be calculated. It is assumed that some users have programs that read the data in the old format and so the data is also given in the old format of the version 2003. Detailed description of the formats can be found in the documentation to the database. An example of the new full format of the current version as well as the single-line format is given in Appendix.

4 Access to the data The new 2013 version of the database can be freely downloaded from the IAU MDC web site: http://www.astro.sk/IAUMDC/Ph2013/ The data on the web site are listed in the newly established format for the version 2013 as well as in the single-line format providing the reduced and unified set of parameters on each meteor in a single line of the datafile. The data in each format can be downloaded as a single compressed ZIP file or each catalogue can be downloaded separately as a plain file. The data in the original format of the 2003 version are also available, but only as the single, compressed, ZIP file. We remind that a more detailed description of the data sources, listed parameters, formats, and made corrections are in the documentation which is also included in the ZIP archives or can be downloaded separately as the PDF file.

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We will appreciate all users of the IAU MDC Photographic Meteor Orbits Database if they refer the database by citeing Porubˇcan et al. (2011) and this paper. Acknowledgements This work has been supported, in part, by the VEGA - the Slovak Grant Agency for Science (grants Nos. 0011 and 0022) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency, project APVV-0516-10.

References 1. Betlem H.C., Jenniskens P., van’t Leven J., Ter Kuile R., Johannink C., Zhao H., Lei C., Li G., Zhu J., Evans S., Spurn´ y P.: Very precise orbits of 1998 Leonid meteors, Meteoritics and Planet. Sci., 34, 979-986 (1999) 2. Betlem H., Jenniskens P., Spurn´ y P., van Leeuwen G.D., Miskotte K., ter Kuile C.R., Zarubin P., Angelos C.: Precise trajectories and orbits of meteoroids from the 1999 Leonid meteor storm, Earth, Moon, Planets, 82-83, 277-284 (2000) 3. Boroviˇ cka J., Spurn´ y P.: Daylight Fireball, Czechoslovakia, September 22, 1991, 16h 48m UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 20:1, 27 (1992) 4. Bretagnon P.: Th´ eorie du mouvement de l’ensemble des plan´ etes. Solution VSOP82, Astron. Astrophys., 114, 278-288 (1982) 5. Ceplecha Z., Spurn´ y P.: Fireball Data. Czechoslovakia, Germany, September 14, 1990, 20h 45m 07s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 18:6, 211 (1990) 6. Jopek T.J., Valsecchi G.B., Froeschl´ e Cl.: Meteor Stream Identification: a new approach - III. The limitations of statistics, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 344, 665-672. 7. Lindblad B.A.: The IAU Meteor Data Center in Lund, in: Interplanetary Matter, proc. 10th ERAM, eds. Z. Ceplecha and P. Pecina, Astron. Inst. Czechosl. Acad. Sci., Ondˇrejov, pp. 201-204 (1987) 8. Lindblad B.A.: The IAU Meteor Data Center in Lund, in: Origin and evolution of interplanetary dust, eds. A. C. Levasseur-Regourd and H. Hasegawa, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 311-314 (1991) 9. Lindblad B.A.: The IAU Meteor Data Center in Lund, Earth, Moon, Planets, 68, 405-408 (1995) 10. Lindblad B.A.: A survey of meteoroid orbits obtained by two-station video-observations, in: Proc. Meteoroids 1998 Conf., eds. W. J. Baggaley V. Porubˇ can, Astron. Inst., Slovak Acad. Sci., Bratislava, pp. 274-282 (1999) 11. Linbdlad B.A.: IAU Meteor Data Center, in: Proc. Meteoroids 2001 Conf., ESA SP-495, ed. B. Warmbein, ESA Publ. Div., ESTEC, Noordwijk, pp. 71-72 (2001) 12. Lindblad B.A., Steel D.I.: Meteoroid orbits available from the IAU Meteor Data Center, in: Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993, eds. A. Milani, M. Di Martino, and A. Cellino, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 497-501 (1994) 13. Lindblad B.A., Nesluˇsan L., Porubˇ can V., Svoreˇ n J.: IAU Meteor Database of photographic orbits version 2003, Earth, Moon, Planets, 93, 249-260 (2003) 14. Nesluˇsan L., Porubˇ can V., Svoreˇ n J., Schunov´ a E.: New 211 photographic meteor orbits in the IAU MDC, Contrib. Astron. Obs. Skalnat´ e Pleso, 42, 85-94 (2012) 15. Ohtsuka K., Tomioka H.: Orionid Fireball over Japan, October 21, 1992, 16h 31m 05s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 21:4, 208 (1993) 16. Porubˇ can V., Svoreˇ n J., Nesluˇsan L., Schunov´ a E.: The Updated IAU MDC Catalogue of Photographic Meteor Orbits, in: Proceedings of the Meteroids Conference held in Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, May 24-28, 2010, eds. W. J. Cooke, D. E. Moser, B. F. Hardin, and D. Janches, NASA/CP-2011-216469, p. 338 (2011) 17. Shiba Y., Nishioka S., Ohtsuka K.: A χ-Orionid Fireball over Japan, WGN, Journal of IMO, 17:4, 138-139 (1989) 18. Shiba Y., Ohtsuka K.: A Southern Taurid Fireball over Japan, WGN, Journal of IMO, 20:3, 150 (1992)

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19. Shimoda C., Nagao M., Suzuki S., Ohtsuka K., Shiba Y.: Fireball over Japan, May 8, 1994, 17h 46m 50s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 23:6, 245-246 (1995) 20. Shimoda C., Ohtsuka K., Nakagawa T., Shiba Y.: σ-Hydrid Fireball over Japan, December 11, 1993, 14h 16m 05s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 22:6, 227-228 (1994) 21. Shrben´ y L., Spurn´ y P.: Precise data on Leonid fireballs from all-sky photographic records, Astron. Astrophys., 506, 1445-1454 (2009) 22. Spurn´ y P.: Recent fireballs photographed in central Europe, Planet, Space Sci., 42, 157-162 (1994) 23. Spurn´ y P.: EN Photographic Perseids, Earth, Moon, Planets, 68, 529-537 (1995) 24. Spurn´ y P.: Bright fireball recorded from the EN photographic network, WGN, Journal of IMO, 31:2, 53-54 (2003a) 25. Spurn´ y P.: Recent fireballs. Atmospheric trajectory and heliocentric orbit of the EN290903 O´swi¸ecim fireball from photographic records, WGN, Journal of IMO, 31:6, 171-173 (2003b) 26. Spurn´ y P.: Fireballs. Photographic observations of the EN291103A and B fireballs over the Czech Republic, WGN, Journal of IMO, 32:2, 44-47 (2004) 27. Spurn´ y P.: private comm. (2010) 28. Spurn´ y P., Boroviˇ cka J.: Six Fireballs over Central Europe, WGN, Journal of IMO, 25:2, 94-101(1997a) 29. Spurn´ y P., Boroviˇ cka J.: Fireballs over Central Europe in February-March 1997, WGN, Journal of IMO, 25:4, 182-186 (1997b) 30. Spurn´ y P., Boroviˇ cka, J.: Photographic Observation of a June Bootid Fireball, Czech Republic, June 27, 1998, 21h 23m 04s ±2s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 26:4, 177-179 (1998) 31. Spurn´ y P., Ceplecha Z.: Fireball, Austria, January 17, 1992, 21h 21m 20s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 20:3, 147 (1992) 32. Spurn´ y P., Ceplecha Z., Boroviˇ cka J.: Earth-Grazing Fireball, Czechoslovakia, Poland, October 13, 1990, 03h 27m 16s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 19:1, 13 (1991) 33. Spurn´ y P., Olech A., Kedzi¸erski P.: Trajectory and orbit of the EN200204 Laskarzew fireball, WGN, Journal of IMO, 32:2, 48-49 (2004) 34. Tomita M., Ohtsuka K., Maruyama T., Shiba Y.: A Pons-Winneckid Fireball? Japan, June 24, 1995, 13h 04m 39s UT, WGN, Journal of IMO, 26:4, 180-182 (1998) 35. Trigo J.M.: Impressive Perseid Fireball over Spain, WGN, Journal of IMO, 25:4, 187-189 (1997) 36. Trigo J.M., Art´ ez J.: Orbital Elements of Three Photographic 1991 Perseids, WGN, Journal of IMO, 24:1-2, 32-34 (1996) 37. Trigo-Rodriguez J.M., Castellano-Roig J.: A Northern Taurid Fireball over Spain, WGN, Journal of IMO, 28:1, 31 (2000) 38. Trigo-Rodriguez J.M., Castellano-Roig J., de Ugarte A., Ruiz-Garrido J., Fabregat J., Llorca J.: Two 1999 Perseid Orbits from Spain, WGN, Journal of IMO, 28:4, 120-125 (2000a) 39. Trigo-Rodr´ıguez J.M., Castro-Tirado A., Jel´ınek M., de Ugarte Postigo A., Llorca J., ´ Mateo Sanguino T.J., S´ anchez Caso A., Oca˜ na F., Pineda C., Torrell S., del Castillo A., Bull´ on Lahuerta J.M., Bernal Gonz´ alez A., Lahuerta L., Lahuerta S., Pati˜ no J., Villares F., Pastor Erades J., G´ omez C., Garc´ıa Mar´ın F., Mill´ an L´ opez J.C.: Perseids. The 2004 Perseid fireball night over Spain, WGN, Journal of IMO, 33:1, 5-8 (2005) ´ de 40. Trigo-Rodriguez J.M., Fabregat J., Llorca J., Castro-Tirado A., del Castillo A., Ugarte A., L´ opez A.E., Villares F., Ruiz-Garrido J.: Spanish Fireball Network: Current Status and Recent Orbit Data, WGN, Journal of IMO, 29:4, 139-144 (2000b) 41. Trigo-Rodriguez J.M., Llorca J., Lyytinen E., Ortiz J.L., Caso A.S., Pineda C., Torrell S.: 2002 Leonid storm fluxes and related orbital elements, Icarus, 171, 219-228 (2004)

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APPENDIX − THE FORMATS OF DATA

I. Full format of the 2013 version An example of the data format in 2013 version for 2 meteors: #IC: 1 0 001B2 ANo: 1 0 98001 Yr : 1 0 1998 Mn : 1 0 11 Day: 1 0 16.68186 mv : 1 0 0. HB : 1 0 116.6 HM : 0 0 HE : 1 0 103.9 RA : 1 1 153.32 0.28 DEC: 1 1 22.23 0.26 Vi : 1 1 71.2 0.9 Vg : 1 0 70.0 Vh : 1 0 40.8 cZ : 1 0 0.20 Qm : 1 0 46.2 q:11 0.9817 0.0015 1/a: 1 1 0.1451 0.0830 i:11 161.59 0.48 arg: 1 1

9

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169.79 1.18 nod: 1 1 234.12721 0.00000 Sh : 0 0 & #IC: 1 0 002B2 ANo: 1 0 98002 Yr : 1 0 1998 Mn : 1 0 11 Day: 1 0 16.69212 mv : 1 0 -3. HB : 1 0 128.9 HM : 1 0 104.8 HE : 1 0 102.8 RA : 1 1 152.98 0.03 DEC: 1 1 22.33 0.02 Vi : 1 1 71.8 0.0 Vg : 1 0 70.6 Vh : 1 0 41.4 cZ : 1 0 0.22 Qm : 1 0 31.0 q:11 0.9834 0.0001 1/a: 1 1 0.0933 0.0033 i:11 161.92 0.04 arg: 1 1 171.25 0.11

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nod: 1 1 234.13763 &

11

0.00001

The codes of individual parameters are listed in Table 2. The set of parameters for a given meteor is separated from the set of parameters of the next meteor by the line containing only character &.

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II. Single-line format An example of the single-line data format for 2 meteors (the same as in the part I): IC 001B2 002B2

yr mn day 1998 11 16.68186 1998 11 16.69212

q e i arg nod 0.982 0.858 161.6 169.8 234.1 0.983 0.908 161.9 171.3 234.1

RA DEC Vg Vh 153.3 22.2 70.00 40.80 153.0 22.3 70.60 41.40