ICM

The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust

PROCEEDINGS The Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management (ICM) Marketing & Product Development Workshop

Olives, Dates, Almonds, Solanaceae & Grapes

Under the aegis of the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

26th-30th November 2006 JW Marriott Hotel Cairo, Egypt With assistance of the Center for International Cooperation (MASHAV), MFA, Israel

Table of contents General Work Plan Concept and Identification ...................................................................................4 The Peres Center for Peace – General Information..............................................................................6 The Fred J. Hansen Institute – General Information ............................................................................8 Workshop Agenda..............................................................................................................................10 Workshop Summary and Conclusions ...............................................................................................13 Minutes...............................................................................................................................................16 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................16 Agricultural Cooperation with Egypt: A Prototype of Post-Conflict Resolution: Professor Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace........................................................................16 Hansen Foundation and the Hansen Institute for World Peace: Mr. Anton Dimitroff, Trustee, Hansen Foundation ....................................................................................................................22 Lessons Learned from 27 Years of Agricultural Cooperation with Egypt, Israel, and Morocco: Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Executive Director, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA .......26 SESSION ONE: The Principles of ICM for the Middle East and Mediterranean .........................33 The Role of the Peres Center for Peace in Promoting the Concept of ICM : Prof. Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace ......................................................................................33 Egyptian Statement of Preferences for ICM: Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt ...................................................................................39 Environmentally Friendly ICM: Prof. Dan Gerling, The Peres Center for Peace- ICM Project Coordinator ................................................................................................................................41 The Israeli Perspective on ICM: Mr. Zvi Herman, Director, Cinadco (Center for International Agricultural Development Cooperation), Israel ........................................................................48 Jordanian Preferences for ICM: Eng. Fida’a Rawabdeh, Jordan Ministry of Agriculture ......50 Palestinian Preferences for ICM: Dr. Thameen Hijawi Director, Arab Agronomist Association, Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees, (PARC) ...........................................58 ICM from European Perspective: Mr. Axel Loehken, Former Coordinator of Novartis Red Palm Weevil Program, Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment, Switzerland59 SESSION TWO: Specific ICM Strategies .....................................................................................64 Prospects in Food Security in the Region: Mr. Peter Kurz, Counselor, USDA-FAS, In Charge of Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen and Lebanon, Egypt ..............................64 Olive Growing, Irrigation and Processing: Dr. Abd El-Hadi Fathi, Netafim, Israel................64 The Strategy of PHRC in the Promotion of Olive Production: Prof. Mohamed Jacob, Post Harvest Research Center (PHRC), Ein Shams University.........................................................75 Plant Biotechnology in Date Palms of Morocco: Prof. Mohamed Aaouine, IAV Hassan IICHA, Morocco............................................................................................................................83 Date Palm Morphology and Architecture: Dr. Mohammed Aziz El-Houmaizi .........................84 The lessons of RPW program with Reference to Tissue culture and Irrigation: Dr. Mofeed AlBanna, Al-Ahlyia Society for the Development of Palms and Dates, PNA ................................84 Biological Constrains and Solutions for Solanaceae Integrated Production: Prof. Yigal Elad, ARO, Israel.................................................................................................................................90 Technical and Socio-Economical Constrains and Solutions in the Implementation of ICM: from Theory to Practice: Dr. Ilaria Pertot, SafeCrop Centre, IASMA, Italy.............................98 2

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Greenhouses of Tomatoes: Mr. Omar Zeidan, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel ................................................................................................................104 Biological Control of Fusarium (Wilt Disease) in Tomatoes by Bacillus subtilis: Dr. El-Sayed Fathi Abdallah, PPRI, ARC, Egypt ..........................................................................................118 SESSION THREE: Market challenges and Export Standards.....................................................127 Market Entry Opportunities for Value Added Products: Mr. Marvin A. Spira, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA ................................................................................................127 Genetic Improvements for Taste Quality, Long Shelf Life, Nutrition and Product Presentation: Mr. Itzhak Abt, Senior Consultant, the Peres Center for Peace ..............................................131 Collaborative Market Research Projects toward Product Commercialization: Dr. Sanford Ehrlich, Executive Director of Entrepreneurship, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA...........................................................................................................................................139 Biodynamic Agriculture in the Oases of Hazoua/Tunisia: Mr. Karl Keller, Vita Terra, Switzerland ...............................................................................................................................143 ICM in Marketing High Quality Crops: Prof. Shlomo Navarro, ARO, Israel .........................150 Observations on Marketing Problems: Dr. Mohammed Qutob, Leading Palestinian Farmer161 Agricultural Modernization in Jordan: Mr. Suleiman Ghezawi, Chairman, Jordan Valley Farmers Association.................................................................................................................164 ICM Conference Team Building Exercise .......................................................................................168 Workshop Participants by Delegation..............................................................................................169 Workshop Participants by Last Name ..............................................................................................171

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The Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management (ICM) Program For Olives, Dates, Almonds, Grapes, Tomatoes and Potatoes Multi-Year Development Program of Agriculture and Peacebuilding 2007-2010

General Work Plan Concept and Identification The ICM program, initiated by the Peres Center for Peace and the F.J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, is conceived as a major cross-border peacebuilding program spanning the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Safe and nutritional produce is essential in efforts to enhance human health. Indeed, efforts to improve health must begin with appropriate soil cultivation, water use and plant protection, demonstrating that environmental and health aspects cannot be separated. Accordingly, one of the objectives of the ICM Program is to guarantee the supply of fresh and processed products that meet the ever stringent standards for safe crops, thereby ensuring market sustainability. Selected Crops The ICM program has initially been designed for six crops dominant in the Middle East and Mediterranean ecosystem. These crops have been selected and prioritized by the participating countries. The crops and participating countries are as follows: o Olives – Palestinian Authority, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Israel; o Palm Dates – Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia (bio-dynamic agriculture), Greece, Spain, and Turkey; o Solanacea (Tomatoes and Potatoes) – Egypt, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Morocco, Turkey, Italy and Macedonia; o Almonds – Israel, Palestinian Authority, Jordan and Turkey; o Table Grapes – Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Italy and Israel. It is anticipated that the second stage of the program will include additional crops such as Spineless Cactus, medicinal oil crops, and essential oil crops. Participating Stakeholders To date, the participating major stakeholders are: o o o o o o o o o o

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Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and private agribusiness entities, such as PICO; Palestine Agricultural Relief Committees (PARC) and other agribusiness entities; The Palestinian Olive Board; Jordanian Ministry of Agriculture (Plant Protection), and agribusiness entity (Suleiman Ghizawi); Safe Crop Institute – Triente, Italy, attached to the IASMA University; Vita Terra, Switzerland (Karel Keller); Israel Date Growers Association; The Israeli Olive Board; The Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Israeli Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural and Economic Counselors of France, Turkey, Spain, Greece, Italy, Egypt, accredited to their embassies in Israel;

o University Mohamed 1st, Faculty of Sciences, Dr. Mohamed El-Houmaizi, Morocco; o University IAV Hassan II-CHA, Prof. Mohamed Aaouine, Morocco; o Centre d'Economie Regional l'Emploi et des Firmes International, AIX Marseille France (Prof Gilbert Benhayoun). We anticipate additional participatory institutions as the project develops, especially in terms of agribusiness interests. Organizing Mechanism At the apex of the proposed cooperative structure will be a Steering Committee consisting of the two principle sponsors - The Peres Center for Peace and the F.J. Hansen Institute for World Peace. This Steering Committee will be empowered to appoint additional members. The Steering Committee will select members for a Technical Committee that will consist of experts from both the private and public sectors of the participating countries. The task of the Technical Committee will be to design and monitor ICM research and development programs for each of the six crops chosen, using pre-existing facilities and support systems in the participating countries as much as possible. For each crop, a research and development program will be designed to meet the ICM objectives. The intention is to involve pre-existing crop research organizations, such as the ARO Volcani Center in Israel, the Agricultural Research Center in Egypt, the Safe Crop Institute in Italy, the San Diego State University, and additional pre-existing agricultural marketing research entities. The six crops chosen for the ICM Program have been selected on the basis of marketing experience and research mainly related to the European market, and they will be monitored for necessary adjustments related to quality, timeliness, marketing standards, post harvest innovations, packaging, and promotional strategies. The challenge is to maintain pre-existing markets and improve crop quality in order to secure new markets. The agricultural market research centers in Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Italy, Morocco, Greece, Turkey, the Palestinian Authority and the USDA will all be involved. The dissemination of knowledge and research results will be based on interaction between professionals in the participating countries. All means of communication including internet, emails, and video conferences, will be used in order to make full use of the know-how that each stakeholder contributes. Some of the crops will require special attention to processing methods in order to attain a product of higher value added. Another aspect related to all six commodities will be the promotion of a rational and economic use of water to intensify production.

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The Peres Center for Peace – General Information

The Peres Center for Peace is an independent, non profit, non governmental organization founded in 1996 by Nobel Peace Laureate and former Prime Minister Shimon Peres, with the aim of furthering his vision in which people of the Middle East region work together to build peace through socio-economic cooperation and development, and people-to-people interaction. The peacebuilding activities of the Peres Center focus on common Arab and Israeli economic and social interests, with particular emphasis on Palestinian-Israeli relations. Peacebuilding projects are developed to address these interests, through partnerships with regional and international partners. The Peres Center’s areas of activity include; Agriculture, Community Development, Civil Society Dialogue and Cooperation, Peace Education and Culture, Economics and Business Development, IT, Medicine and Healthcare, Sports, Youth Activities and more.

Pictures: (First line, left to right): Fellowships for Palestinian doctors at Israeli hospitals, Palestinian and Israeli architecture students discussing issues of common interest at a workshop, Palestinian and Israeli children playing in mixed Palestinian-Israeli teams. (Second line, left to right): Palestinian businesspeople visiting Ashdod Port to meet with Israeli counterparts and port management, a mixed Palestinian-Israeli cast performing to high school pupils, Israeli students participating in parallel experiments and online discussions with Palestinian students.

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The Agriculture Department of the Peres Center for Peace – The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust

Considering the shared nature of agricultural conditions and as pests and pollution know no boundaries, and geographic conditions demand the use of common aquifers and water resources. In this regard, the Peres Center has made great efforts to share the knowledge and information accumulated through its various Arab-Israeli cooperative initiatives, thereby bringing mutual benefit to the agricultural sectors of the broader region. The projects aim to enhance the integration of basic infrastructure, irrigation facilities, post-harvest installations, extension delivery systems, rural services, and nonagricultural rural enterprises on a multi-sectoral regional basis, with a view to creating job opportunities, food and water security, a favorable environmental impact, and advancing peacebuilding throughout the region. The impact is felt from the level of individual farmers, to agricultural cooperatives, to regional organizations, and ultimately, by the populations of the region. Importantly, such programs treat critical pollution problems, while promoting environmentally friendly practices that prevent further ecological deterioration.

Pictures: Palestinian school children from Til (near Nablus) learning within the Peres Center's "Educational Greenhouses" program; Strawberry fields in Gaza, which export their produce to the European market, within the "Export Initiatives for Gaza" program; Shimon Peres inspecting experimental crops at Ramat Hanegev R&D station, within the "Culture of Water" program; Local and international participants viewing date palms at the Peres Center's 2day workshop on Date Palm ICM, May 2006; An Israeli expert examining dates at the Arar Farm, Jordan, within the "Integrated Crop Management" program.

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The Fred J. Hansen Institute – General Information

F R E D J. H A N S E N I NSTITUTE FOR WO R L D P E A C E

The Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace was established by San Diego State University Foundation because of the generosity and foresight of Fred J. Hansen. Mr. Hansen came to the United States from Denmark at the age of ten. Eventually he settled in the San Diego area and was among those who developed the first major avocado orchards in the region. Foreign travel convinced Mr. Hansen that if adversary nations could be encouraged to work together on projects of mutual benefit, this activity could help heal their differences. Mr. Hansen designated a portion of his estate to support this conviction.

If adversary nations can be encouraged to work together on projects of mutual benefit, this can help heal their differences. – Fred J. Hansen

San Diego State University Foundation received the first grant from the Fred J. Hansen Foundation in 1979 and formed the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace. Since then, the Hansen Institute has received annual grants, including a one-time grant in 1997 to establish the Fred J. Hansen Chair for Peace Studies at San Diego State University.

www.hanseninstitute.sdsu.edu/ FRED J. HANSEN INSTITUTE FOR WORLD PEACE

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MISSION The mission of the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace is to promote peaceful relations among adversary nations through cooperation on programs of mutual benefit and interest. In particular, the programs have focused on economic and peace issues.

PROJECTS Over the years the money provided to the Hansen Institute has been used as “seed money” to develop important programs which have resulted in more than $52 million dollars in Agency for International Development (AID) and other sponsor funds to further the goals and objectives of the Hansen Institute. International conferences and workshops sponsored by the Hansen Institute bring together scientists and technical experts from countries in conflict. Collaborative work is identified during these meetings, implementation funding is identified and proposals are prepared. These conferences serve as launching pads for larger scale programs. Seven Middle East programs were born out of such conferences involving hundreds of scientists who had not previously worked together. The largest programs have involved Egypt, Israel, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, and Jordan. However, many other countries in the Middle East and South Asia have participated in Hansen Institute funded conferences, workshops and research studies.

www.hanseninstitute.sdsu.edu/ FRED J. HANSEN INSTITUTE FOR WORLD PEACE

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Workshop Agenda November 27, 2006 08:30 09:00-09:30

Gathering Chair: Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt Opening Address Eng. Fuad Abou Hadb, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt H.E. Shalom Cohen, Ambassador of Israel Dr. Fawzi Taher, Regional Crop Production Officer Near East-AGPC, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Egypt

09:30-10:00

Introduction Agricultural Cooperation with Egypt: A Prototype of Post-Conflict Resolution Professor Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace

Hansen Foundation and the Hansen Institute for World Peace Mr. Anton Dimitroff, Trustee, Hansen Foundation Lessons Learned from 27 Years of Agricultural Cooperation with Egypt, Israel, and Morocco Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Executive Director, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA

Break

10:30-12:00

Objectives of the Workshop 1) Share knowledge 4) Form economic partnerships 2) Build capacity 5) Plan project specific activities 3) Build teams and cross country collaborations COFFEE BREAK SESSION ONE: The Principles of ICM for the Middle East and Mediterranean Chair: Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA Co-Chair: Mr. Zvi Herman, Director, Cinadco, Israel Goals: ICM overview of current knowledge and cultural practices for the region, constraints and regional problems that need to be addressed by production experts, growers, processors and post harvest technologists. The Role of the Peres Center for Peace in Promoting the Concept of ICM Prof. Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace

Egyptian Statement of Preferences for ICM Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt Environmentally Friendly ICM Prof. Dan Gerling, The Peres Center for Peace- ICM Project Coordinator The Israeli Perspective for ICM Mr. Zvi Herman, Director, Cinadco, Israel Jordanian Preferences for ICM Eng. Fida’a Rawabdeh, Jordan Ministry of Agriculture ICM from European Perspective Mr. Axel Loehken, Former Coordinator of Novartis Red Palm Weevil Program, Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment, Switzerland

SESSION TWO: Specific ICM Strategies Chair: Mr. Khaled Yasin, Palestinian Olive Board 12:00-13:30

Goals: Identification of ICM practices for selected crops (olives, tomatoes, potatoes) and specific problems that need to be addressed by production experts, growers, processors and post harvest technologists. Olives: Olive Growing, Irrigation and Processing Dr. Abd El-Hadi Fathi, Netafim, Israel The Strategy of PHRC in the Promotion of Olive Production Prof. Mohamed Jacob, Post Harvest Research Center (PHRC), Ein Shams University Date Palms: The lessons of RPW program with Reference to Tissue culture and Irrigation Dr. Mofeed Al-Banna, Al-Ahlyia Society for the Development of Palms and Dates, PNA Solanaceae:

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Biological Constrains and Solutions for Solanaceae Integrated Production Prof. Yigal Elad, ARO, Israel Technical and Socio-Economical Constrains and Solutions in the implementation of ICM: From Theory to Practice Dr. Ilaria Pertot, SafeCrop Centre, IASMA, Italy Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Greenhouses of Tomatoes Mr. Omar Zeidan, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel Biological Control of Fusarium (Wilt Disease) in Tomatoes by Bacillus subtilis Dr. El-Sayed Fathi Abdallah, PPRI, ARC, Egypt 13:30

LUNCH SESSION THREE: Market challenges and Export Standards Chair: Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt

Co-Chair: Dr. Sanford Ehrlich, Executive Director of Entrepreneurship, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA 15:00-17:00 Goals: Overview of current marketing and product development strategies for olives, dates, almonds, tomatoes and potatoes in the Middle East region and identification of the major constraints to market development and entry for selected products. Market Entry Opportunities for Value Added Products Mr. Marvin A. Spira, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA Genetic Improvements for Taste Quality, Long Shelf Life, Nutrition and Product Presentation Mr. Itzhak Abt, Senior Consultant, the Peres Center for Peace Collaborative Market Research Projects toward Product Commercialization Dr. Sanford Ehrlich, Executive Director of Entrepreneurship, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA

17:30

Biodynamic Agriculture in the Oases of Hazoua/Tunisia Mr. Karl Keller, Vita Terra, Switzerland ICM in Marketing High Quality Crops Prof. Shlomo Navarro, ARO, Israel Observations on Marketing Problems Dr. Mohammed Qutob, Leading Palestinian Farmer Agricultural Modernization in Jordan Mr. Suleiman Ghezawi, Chairman, Jordan Valley Farmers Association A Nile Dinner Cruise hosted by The Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. (Dinner will start at 19:30)

November 28, 2006 SESSION FOUR: Parameters for a Work Plan Chair: Prof. Dan Gerling, The Peres Center for Peace- ICM Project Coordinator 08:30 – 09:30 Conclusions of Day One Goals: Summarize the key issues that need to be addressed for ICM and Marketing /food innovation for olives, dates, almonds tomatoes and potatoes in the Middle East region and in specific countries. The facilitators are to present 3 projects in ICM and 3 projects in marketing/product development that will be addressed in the working groups that follow this session. Facilitators: Mr. Zvi Herman, Director, Cinadco, Israel Dr. Ahmed El-Henedy, Chief Researcher, ARC, MALR, Egypt Dr. Mohammed Qutob, Leading Palestinian Farmer Mr. Uri Landau, Consultant, the Peres Center for Peace Mr. Axel Loehken, Former Coordinator of Novartis Red Palm Weevil Program, Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment, Switzerland

09:30-10:00 10:00-13:00

Middle East Marketing Stake Holders COFFEE BREAK Middle East and Mediterranean ICM, Marketing and Product Development: Next steps Team Building Exercise in Product/Market Development Facilitators: Mr. Marvin A. Spira, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA Dr. Sanford Ehrlich, Executive Director of Entrepreneurship, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA

Goal:

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Build teams of cross country and cross discipline participants. The objective is to develop a

13:00-14:00

product marketing and development plan for a product. Teams will cover all ends of the value chain and come up with a plan to launch a new almond-date- or other product. The exercise will demonstrate what needs to occur for a cross – country collaboration – who does what, when, why and how in creating a new product. Working Group Goals: 1. Identify the work plans for accomplishing the six short term projects identified by the (who participates, what resources are needed, which organizations, organizing mechanisms and follow-up research are needed). 2. Identify the market research that needs to be accomplished and the information that needs to be collected, identify the individuals who will collect the data and how it will be disseminated. OUTCOMES: 1. Select one pilot project from the six to develop – focus on one crop 2. Develop a plan of pilot project activities for 2007
ICM – ME regional site visits for best practices and problem solving
Market/Product entry/Product development – focus on European Markets – site visits, market research 3. Identify 10-15 participants from collaborating countries 4. Identify sources of funding for expanding program activities 5. Discuss evaluation measures 6. Administer post-workshop survey Closing Session: Chair: Dr. Fawzi Taher, Regional Crop Production Officer Near East-AGPC, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Egypt Mr. Anton Dimitroff, Trustee, Hansen Foundation Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Executive Director, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt Prof. Yigal Elad, ARO, Israel Prof. Dan Gerling, The Peres Center for Peace- ICM Project Coordinator Eng. Sadeq Odeh, ICM expert and Projects Manager in Qalqilya and Tulkarem Regions, Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committee, (PARC) Prof. Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace

14:00 17:00 21:00

LUNCH Departure to Giza for "Sound and Light" Show in the Pyramids (A Tale about the history of the Pharos)- The Show starts at 18:30 Free Time for Shopping at "City Stars" Mall (Not Obligatory). A Bus will take the shoppers back to the hotel at 23:00.

November 29, 2006 07:30 13:00 14:00 18:00 21:00

Field Day Leave for Nubareya area – visit to agricultural sites in desert areas Early LUNCH at village level- Typical Farmers Meal given by the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Leave for Cairo Reception in the Israeli Ambassador's residence Free Time for Shopping at "City Stars" Mall (Not Obligatory). A Bus will take the shoppers back to the hotel at 23:00.

November 30, 2006 07:30 08:30-10:30 11:00-13:00 14:00-15:00 15:00-16:30 17:30

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Site Visits Leave the hotel Visit to the Pyramids and the Sphinx Visit the Citadel Free Time Visit in Khan El-Khalily LUNCH in "Naguib Mahfouz" Restaurant in Khan El-Khalily District Return to Hotel

Workshop Summary and Conclusions Prof. Samuel Pohoryles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. General This ICM Workshop indicates the common interest of all participants. I note with satisfaction that the conference members agreed on six contact persons for the general ICM Program. In the near future, we will also jointly appoint contact persons for products. We have to be flexible in our product preferences. I would now suggest adding at least two products to our list of six, such as melons for export in the Aswan region. We have to be open to future evaluation and verification of products. We are very interested in enhancing Mediterranean-European ICM cooperation and including additional countries (such as Macedonia, a new partner in our framework). The problems related to the marketing of Palestinian products are undoubtedly serious and cannot be solved until the critical security issues are resolved or at least alleviated. We favor strong cooperation in order to enhance profitable marketing, including collaboration with Palestinian agricultural professionals, but the check-points and restrictions present great difficulties in cooperative endeavors. Such barriers will only be eliminated once a lasting peace is attained between the Palestinian Authority and Israel.

2. Principles In the concluding discussion held on 29.11.06, the following principles were decided upon: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

•

•

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The main objective of the workshop is bringing together experts who can provide an overview of current knowledge and cultural practices, constraints, and market and food innovation for converting fresh produce into higher value products. Scientific and operational cooperation should be achieved through working together with common objectives and also by actively creating awareness of the project's peace mission. The best practices in terms of production, irrigation, plant protection, post harvest care and marketing of the selected crops, as well as harmonization of actions in the Middle East and Mediterranean region should be achieved during the coming two years of the project. The workshop participants will assess pre-existing projects and national programs in order to coordinate work with them. Joint approaches are ideal whenever cross-border cooperation is feasible, particularly in relation to pest management and market promotion. The workshop participants will encourage researchers and practitioners to look for and develop new techniques and share such practices with the countries of the region. Extension staff and growers in all participating countries are to be trained for recognizing best ICM practices. Study tours, workshops and extension tools are to be included in the expected outcome of the project. Findings, results, and recommendations should be distributed broadly, to all potential interested parties and not only to countries/persons that directly participate in the project. 3. Best ICM Practices Identified issues in date palms, olives, grapes, tomatoes, potatoes and almonds were in the fields of land and soil conservation, water use, crop nutrition, crop protection, post harvest technologies, marketing, environmental protection, and reduction of health hazards. Goals to address as a group are twofold: 1. Obtaining the economic benefits of scale such as cross-frontier water and effluent recycling, area-wide IPM, tissue culture, environmental protection, and marketing. 2. Achieving the academic benefits of joint research and shared knowledge, in addition to information dissemination to trainers and farmers.

• • •

Plans to cope with the problems include identifying and jointly pursuing the critical path to market-quality products. Marketing key issues relate to safe products, shelf presentation, and standards. Additional Crops and R&D Activities: Research in these and other economically important crops, such as figs and pomegranates, should be included in the ICM program. A constant monitoring of new findings should be conducted. Any new promising technologies could be included within our ICM programs.

4. Plans for 2007-2008 Working group Meetings and Field Visits: In order to promote best ICM practices, it was proposed that the 2007 program include working group meetings in the fields of olives, solanaceae, date palms, grapes and almonds. The specific nature of these meetings will be to share experiences and prepare bankable proposals. Market Research in the Middle East: 1. Objective: assess markets and compile information 2. Participants: this activity will involve the collaboration of multidisciplinary groups of university students and faculty in Israel and the Arab universities in the fields of marketing, agriculture and industry. 3. Plan: The students will be formed into interdisciplinary teams for the purpose of characterizing the markets for the selected crops in their respective countries as well as in Europe and the United States. 4. Research topics and questions: a. What are the existing market opportunities for the selected crops? (need to survey distributors (food brokers), producers, buyers, marketers and R& D for products). b. What are the new product requirements, including medicinal and nutritional aspects? (need to survey people in the industry – same as above). c. Post harvest technologies – need to survey commercial, scientific and European requirements and environmental health issues. d. Standards and quality control issues need to be identified. 5. Results: The results of these investigations will be synthesized at the follow-up meeting in the U.S. or in the region. Final presentations will be held at this meeting involving key stakeholders in the value chain such as producers, distributors, buyers, marketers, and researchers. Possible Future Meetings in the U.S or in the Region 1. Objectives of the meeting and site visits a. Review the best management practices in the U.S. – production, processing, post harvest, food innovation. b. Compare the best management practices in the Middle East and the U.S. c. Identify key issues for further examination and follow-up. d. Site visits in the Middle East and Europe. 2. Site visits a. Exposure to production and best practices (Arizona- Maricopa for table grapes; California – Davis for olives, almonds, water) b. Market research and food innovation (Imperial Valley/ EMC –SDSU) c. Water resource issues (Water Education Foundation tour) 5. Funding The program is scalable in scope and end results, depending on funding. The base funding came from the Peres Center and the Hansen Institute. The money is modest but can accomplish 14

significant results in terms of team building, information on best production practices, development of market plans, and establishing the basis for further economic collaboration. There was a consensus that the parties would cooperate in the preparation and submission of an overall ICM proposal or identified segments of it to public and private international financing entities, such as MERC, the EU and food chains. 6. Thanks I wish to express my deep thanks and appreciation to our host, the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, to my colleague, Eng. Fuad Abou Hadb, and to Dr. Suzanne Kamel, who played a major role in obtaining the very successful results of this conference. I also thank Mrs. Magda Bakr for coordinating and handling all aspects of organization, and always doing so with a smile. I again thank our co-sponsor, the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, and specifically Mr. Anton Dimitroff and Dr. Bonnie Stewart, for their collegiality in arranging this conference. I thank Mrs. Adi Shiffman and Oren Blonder for their substantial organizational assistance. I would like to send wishes for a rapid recovery to our friend, Mr. Amin Hasan, Director General of the Israeli Olive Oil Board. Finally, I would like to thank you all for your contribution and cooperation. THANK YOU.

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Minutes Compiled and edited by Inbar Grinstein and Rachel Gordon, The Peres Center for Peace

INTRODUCTION Agricultural Cooperation with Egypt: A Prototype of Post-Conflict Resolution: Professor Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace ABSTRACT Agriculture can serve as a unique peacebuilding activity, bringing together people, expertise and knowledge from different nations, cultures and religions. Indeed, the nature of agriculture calls for cooperation in order to overcome the natural constraints of land and water, encouraging communication and interaction across borders. Recognizing that pests and pollution know no boundaries, the Peres Center for Peace has initiated a number of projects which advance regional cooperation in crop management. The very successful 6-year "Middle East Red Palm Weevil" program – between Egypt, Jordan, the Palestinian Authority and Israel – is an important example of such cooperation. Egypt played a central role in this cooperative program, with important contributions from the laboratory in Qassasin. The new "Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management" program (and its deliberation here in Cairo) furthers the regional cooperation launched in the "Red Palm Weevil" program, and serves as the 14th joint agricultural project initiated and developed by the Peres Center. The program has been enhanced by the joint venture forged with the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace of the San Diego State University Foundation, and in this regard, I express my appreciation to Mr. Anton Dimitroff and Dr. Bonnie Stewart for their partnership. Indeed, both this workshop and the partnership with the Hansen Institute have come about through past cooperative agricultural initiatives held in Egypt and Morocco some years ago.

Egypt-Israel Agricultural Relations First Prototype of Post-Conflict Resolution Prof. Samuel Pohoryles The Peres Center for Peace

The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust

Good morning Ladies and Gentlemen, Excellencies, Shalom Cohen, Ambassador of Israel; Eng. Fuad Abou Hadb. General Superviser of the Egypt Ministry of Agriculture; Anton Dimitroff, Trustee and Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Executive Director of the Hansen Foundation; Dr. Fawzi Taher, representative of the FAO; Mr. Zvi Herman, 16

Director of Cinadco, Israel; Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Head of the World Food Program; Bat-Eden Kite, Director of Training of Mashav; Prof. Dan Gerling, Heads of the various delegations, partners. Egypt is a very important chapter in my professional activity, started in 1979, and later, in the 1980s, we initiated cooperation with the Hansen Institute for World Peace that has lasted 25 years. Dr. Bonnie Stewart will present its outputs later. I wish to thank H.E. Minister Abaza for the opportunity to hold this important meeting under his esteemed aegis. Such meeting of minds benefits us all, and the Egypt-Israel relations have always constituted a good model for mutual advantage. I have the honor and privilege of welcoming this distinguished forum of scholars, experts, scientists, farmers, businessmen, members of diplomatic corps and politicians that will share their ideas, doubts, dilemmas, concepts and programs. This session is organized by the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, the agricultural entity of the Peres Center for Peace together with the F.J. Hansen Institute for World Peace of the San Diego State University Foundation. Our intention is to create with your assistance a regional network of experts, a "brain trust" to produce agricultural development cooperation in the region. We call on you to be involved in this challenge.

Unique Peace-Promoting Sector •

Agriculture served as a prototype of cooperation between Israel and Jordan, the Palestinian Authority, Morocco and other countries as well as between former enemies in other regions mainly due to the following:

•

It is a peace-producing activity because it provides food and habitability;

•

It is transferable within similar ecosystems;

Agriculture is a unique peacebuilding activity, which results in integration between people and societies. Its cross-border nature expresses technological, bio-genetic and ecological integration. Our Middle East arid and semi-arid ecosystem intrinsically calls for cooperation in order to overcome natural constraints and benefit from its relative advantages. This is a conditio sine-quanon in the 21st century agriculture, which represents a significant progress in human emancipation, reducing the absolute dependence on nature and increasing independence by protected environment, genetic research, water development, etc. One example is the greenhouses built by university graduates in Egypt, which produce four times the yield per water and land unit than traditional agriculture.

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Recent Joint Projects • During the last decade the leading joint projects were facilitated by the Peres Center for Peace, including Wheat in the Service of Peace and the Middle East Red Palm Weevil Program in which Egypt and the laboratory in Qassasin played a central role. • Interest in the program was high in Saudi Arabia, The Emirates, Yemen and Oman. • 6 years later the program was expanded to regional ICM.

Therefore, the idea of regional cooperation is a built-in condition for exchange of know-how, experience, disease prevention, and environmental sustainability. The very successful 6-year Middle East Red Palm Weevil program of cooperation between Egypt, Jordan, the Palestinian Authority and Israel, in which Egypt and in particular the laboratory in Qassasin played a central role, is an important example of such cooperation. The new Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management Program and its deliberation here in Cairo is an additional step toward regional cooperation initiated and developed by the Peres Center for Peace and is its 14th joint agricultural project.

Past 25 Years Investments CALAR (Arid Lands program): Maryut projects: TAHRP (Animal Health project): TATEC (Technology Exchange): Parasitic weeds research: Nubaseed development: Cotton IPM (ICAC):

$16 million $ 7 million $11 million $ 5 million $ 3 million $ 3 million $ 1 million (continued..)

We are glad that this program is now a joint venture of the Peres Center for Peace and the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace at the San Diego State University, and I am grateful to Mr. Anton Dimitroff and Dr. Bonnie Stewart for all their help and hard work. Both this workshop and the involvement of the Hansen Institute are based on Egyptian and Moroccan roots that initiated our long-term cooperation. The past 25 years of investments in joint Egypt-Israel agricultural projects total $100 million., out of which $35 million were mobilized by the Hansen Institute.

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Past 25 Years Investments (continued)

MASHAV extension: DANIDA projects: Private entrepreneurs: Government Self financed

$ 8 million $ 3 million $25 million (estimated) $18 million (estimated)

Total investment in cooperative agricultural projects: $100 million (out of which $35 million were mobilized by SDSU’s Hansen Institute for World Peace)

How it Started “Right nearby, over the fence, we have a neighbor who has developed one of the most advanced agricultural technologies and R&D in the world. We need not look far, nearer is better, cheaper and more efficient.” -- H.E. Prof. Youssef Wally, 1978

In 1980, an MOU between the Egyptian and Israeli Ministries of Agriculture was signed, signifying a turning point in the relations. Agriculture was the pioneer sector that led cooperation in other sectors and this, in turn, served as a model of cooperation in post-conflict resolution, which has now become a universal model, having already been applied to various post-conflict areas, such as Cyprus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Ethiopia-Eritrea. In 1979, the first visit of an Israeli agricultural delegation was held in Egypt, headed by Minister of Agriculture Ariel Sharon. A statutory Joint Agricultural Committee was formed, headed at first by H.E. Prof. Youssef Wally and myself. The Committee is active to this day, co-chaired by my good friends Eng. Fuad Abu-Hadb and Prof. Dan Levanon.

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New Directions • At President Sadat’s home in Mit Abu al-Kum in 1982 with Prof. Dawood and Vice-President Mubarak, the late President suggested to focus our efforts on new areas and not in the overcrowded Delta. • Following the nomination of Prof. Wally as Minister of Agriculture, whole new regions were developed, accompanied by extensive university research.

In 1982 we were invited to President Sadat’s home in Mit Abu al-Kum to discuss our joint activities. President Sadat suggested that we focus our efforts on new areas, rather than on the overcrowded Delta. The 1980s saw a most rapid development, including the development in Nubaria, the settlement of university graduates between Alexandria and El-Alamein, needs assessment in Marsa Matruh and Al-Faiyum, Maryut, and Kasr AI-Farafra.

Ten Years of Regional Cooperation • The Peres Center for Peace cooperates since 1996 on the regional sphere of the Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Egypt and Israel based on the experience gathered during the years of bilateral cooperation and the understanding that crops, pests, diseases, water, and environment know no borders. • Regional cooperation can compensate the natural constraints inherent to our ecosystem.

This served as the basis for bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the Middle East and elsewhere. Crops, pests, diseases, water, and environment know no borders and regional cooperation can compensate the natural constraints inherent in our ecosystem.

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Middle East Regional Cooperation •

Some regional Peres Center projects include:

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Wheat in the Service of Peace in Egypt, Israel and the Palestinian Authority

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Strawberry Fields for Peace in Israel and the Palestinian Authority

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Culture of Water in Israel and Jordan

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Water Nanotechnologies, Olives the Symbol of Peace, Marketing of High Value Crops, Aquaculture, Training.

Some Peres Center regional projects include: Nanotechnology, Wheat in the Service of Peace, Strawberry Fields for Peace, Culture of Water, Advanced Water Technologies, Olives: the Symbol of Peace, Marketing of High Value Crops, Aquaculture and Training, and of course, the Red Palm Weevil and now Middle East and Mediterranean ICM. The Peres Center has signed several MOUs with many Egyptian, Palestinian, Jordanian, Israeli and international universities, institutions, NGOs, and companies to create a network of excellence for the benefit of the Middle East. This project is a major step forward in this direction and I thank you all for being a part of it. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to Adi Shiffman, Oren Blonder and the staff of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust and to Dr. Suzanne Kamel and her staff for organizing this event.



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Hansen Foundation and the Hansen Institute for World Peace: Mr. Anton Dimitroff, Trustee, Hansen Foundation

The Fred J. Hansen Foundation and the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace Mr. Anton Dimitroff Trustee Fred J. Hansen Foundation 2006

Mr. Fred J. Hansen 1

1974 The Fred J. Hansen Foundation was created on the death of Mr. Hansen

Background Facts 1879 Mr. Hansen was born in Denmark

1889 Mr. Hansen came to America and settled on a farm in Illinois 2

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1900s Executive of Cyclone Fence Company

1920s Mr. Hansen left the Midwest and moved to San Diego County

3

Mr. Hansen became a leading producer of avocados in America.

Avocados can be grown only in Southern California and Florida Mr. Hansen was involved in the development of avocados from non-edible fruit to a delicious and healthy fruit 4

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Together with other avocado growers in Southern California, Mr. Hansen formed a successful marketing cooperative

Avocado Production Increased Dramatically 1924 – 179,000 avocados 1935 – 13,226,161 Avocados

5

With money from his investment in Cyclone Fence, Mr. Hansen bought large areas of land and divided it into lots for houses. He also built a beautiful house for his family.

Fred J. Hansen Family Home

6

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• The lots were planted with avocados and the buyer of a lot received two years of free care and watering for the trees. • The sale of lots was promoted to buyers by the beauty of the avocado landscape and the profits that the buyers could earn from the sale of their avocados to the cooperative. Mr. Hansen was successful, as an avocado grower and real estate developer, because of his skills and efforts as a promoter. 7

In his later years, Mr. Hansen traveled extensively throughout the world. From his travels he came to believe that world peace could be achieved in part by better understanding among individuals living in areas in conflict. More specifically, Mr. Hansen believed that if these individuals could be brought together to work on projects of mutual concern and benefit, international understanding would be fostered.

8

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The Fred J. Hansen Foundation implements Mr. Hansen’s goals through the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace at San Diego State University Research Foundation.

The Hansen Institute is one of the sponsors of this conference because of Mr. Hansen’s believe that this conference could, in a significant way, create greater mutual understanding among its participants and all those others who have a connection to it. Mr. Anton Dimitroff, Trustee Fred J. Hansen Foundation 9

 Lessons Learned from 27 Years of Agricultural Cooperation with Egypt, Israel, and Morocco: Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Executive Director, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA ABSTRACT In 1979, the Hansen Institute for World Peace was established in San Diego out of the generosity of its benefactor, Fred J. Hansen. Mr. Hansen left a portion of his estate to be used for furthering world peace. Over the past 27 years, the Hansen Institute has worked with its partners in Egypt, Israel and Morocco on cooperative agriculture programs. These programs were unique in that they placed equal emphasis on science and peace. The programs produced outstanding results in agriculture, but more importantly, they showed that by working on projects of high national priority countries could transcend political differences and enmity. Indeed, as the collaborative programs progressed, scientists began to transition from suspicion toward one another, to professionals working together, to friends. This presentation will summarize some of the important lessons learned from 27 years of cooperation in agriculture in Egypt, Israel and Morocco.

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Lessons Learned from 27 Years of Agricultural Cooperation Egypt, Israel & Morocco

Dr. Bonnie A. Stewart Executive Director Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace San Diego State University Research Foundation

2006

The Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace In 1979, Fred Hansen, a businessman and avocado farmer in San Diego, passed away. Mr. Hansen left an estate and designated in his will that a portion of this estate was to be used to “further world peace.” Proceeds from the estate went to the San Diego State University Research Foundation, which then established the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace. Timing was everything. President Jimmy Carter, President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin had recently concluded the Camp David Accords, which were viewed as a breakthrough in the peace stalemate in the Middle East. As such, members of the Hansen Institute then decided that the Middle East would be the area where they would focus their efforts. The Hansen Institute and Agricultural Cooperation in the Middle East In 1980, representatives of the Hansen Institute traveled to Israel and Egypt on a fact finding trip to see if the Institute could play any role in furthering the peace effort in the region. It was during this fact finding mission that the Hansen representatives met with Professor Samuel Pohoryles, who was in direct contact with His Excellency, Yousef Wally, the Minister of Agriculture, in Egypt. As a result of these meetings the Hansen Institute decided to focus on agriculture and desert development in the Middle East – a high priority of both countries. Cooperative Programs with Egypt, Israel and the U.S. The Institute sponsored two conferences in 1981 in San Diego that brought together scientists from Egypt, Israel and the U.S. to explore a cooperative arid lands agriculture research program. The conference was so successful that the participants agreed to write a proposal and submit it to the US Agency for International Development. The proposal was funded by USAID and this marked the beginning of a long cooperative venture between the three countries. The Cooperative Arid Lands Agriculture Research Program (CALAR) was launched. One of the unique aspects of the program was that it placed equal emphasis on science and peace. A steering committee was formed with the purpose of discussing cooperation. The scientific aspect was handled by a technical committee. 27

As the program progressed, the Hansen Institute saw scientists transition from suspicion toward one another, to professionals working together, to friends. The CALAR program produced outstanding results in agriculture, but showed more importantly that working on a project of high national priority for both countries could transcend political differences and enmity. Ways to utilize saline water were developed in order to grow crops in the Negev and in Egypt, goat herds were improved and forage crops established. Significant numbers of scientists visited the other country and kept in regular contact with their new-found colleagues. The programs addressed topics of critical importance to scientists, farmers and agri-businesses in both countries while building professional friendships in the process. The CALAR program was so successful that the Hansen Institute was asked by the government of Egypt to establish another cooperative program with Israel for an experimental farm at Maryut, outside Alexandria. The USAID funded the program and the result was a prototype farm in desert agriculture developed by the Israelis, Egyptians and U.S. scientists. The model farm was used by university graduates in Egypt who settled on the land and established farms in Egypt’s western desert. In Israel, research programs that directly impacted Maryut were pursued and Israeli scientists worked with their Egyptian counterparts to field test the research results in Egypt. The projects benefited many people in both countries. Cooperative Programs with Morocco, Israel and the U.S. In 1992, the Egyptian/Israeli cooperative program model was expanded to include Morocco. The Morocco project was more difficult to develop because Morocco wanted the program to apply to its private sector and there were no diplomatic relations with Israel at the time. Finally, a program to establish a seedling industry in Morocco was agreed upon, and USAID once again saw merit in the program and funded it. Israeli scientists worked with their Moroccan counterparts to make this effort a success. Partnerships were built based on shared research and shared economic opportunities. By the end of the project, diplomatic relations were established between Morocco and Israel. Moroccans and Israelis were sharing hybrid vegetable cultivars, green house equipment and irrigation materials. Researchers were cooperating on adaptive research and local farmers were building their own seedling nurseries that previously did not exist in Morocco. All of the cooperative projects were major successes in their research accomplishments, economic contributions to the participating countries, and the newfound personal relationships that were established. Indeed, through science and economics a path to peace can be found. Lessons Learned We have learned many important lessons from the past 27 years of regional agricultural cooperation in the Middle East:







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Programs must be of top priority to governments of participating countries; Programs must address topics of critical importance to the scientists, farmers, and business communities in participating countries; Programs should be designed to benefit the largest possible number of people; SCIENCE and ECONOMIC dividends can lead to PEACE dividends; Programs must be flexible to constantly changing needs and problems; and PEACE can be achieved only through the dedication and hard work of individuals who are committed to the on-going and continuous peace process.

The Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management, Marketing & Product Development Workshop (Olives, Dates, Almonds, Tomatoes & Potatoes) The Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, the Peres Center for Peace and our Egyptian partners have worked together for many years. We hope to bring our knowledge of the lessons learned in the past to strengthen our program today. Through our meetings we hope to:






Share knowledge; Build capacity; Initiate team building & cross-country collaborations; Establish the links for forming economic partnerships; Plan project-specific activities.

Our goal remains to promote peace in the region by establishing collaborations in ICM for improving the production, marketing, and product development of olives, dates, almonds, tomatoes and potatoes. We have a packed agenda so welcome again and thank you all for your participation and for your dedication to science and to peace.

Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace

Fred J. Hansen

1980

Professor Samuel Pohoryles

His Excellency, Minister Waly

Lesson One: Top priority of governments & supported by leading government officials

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Dr. Shimon Peres & Professor Samuel Pohoryles

Lesson Two: Topics of Importance to Scientists, Farmers and Business Community

Scientists focus on new resistant cultivars

Farmers are anxious to find new varieties adapted to their growing conditions

New growing techniques

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Daniela tomatoes for export - using transplant methods for production

Lesson Two: Topics of Importance to Scientists, Farmers & Agribusinesses

Agri-businesses are anxious to find higher quality products and new export opportunities

Galia melons for epxort

Melaleuca for export

Lesson Three: Multiple Beneficiaries Farmers and Agribusiness owners

Growers and Distributors

Business owner and Scientist

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Lesson Four: Dedicated Participants

Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace Lessons Learned

1. Programs must be top priority to all participants

2. Topics must be important to all participants - farmers, scientists and business

3. Large number of beneficiaries

4. Peace relations can be achieved only through the dedication and hard work of individuals – the process is on-going

5. Science & Economic dividends can lead to peace dividends



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SESSION ONE: The Principles of ICM for the Middle East and Mediterranean Chair: Dr. Bonnie Stewart, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA Co-Chair: Mr. Zvi Herman, Director, Cinadco, Israel Goals: ICM overview of current knowledge and cultural practices of the region, as well as constraints and problems that need to be addressed by production experts, growers, processors, and post harvest technologists.

 The Role of the Peres Center for Peace in Promoting the Concept of ICM : Prof. Samuel Pohoryles, Director of the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, and Deputy Director General of the Peres Center for Peace ABSTRACT In 1998, Mr. Shimon Peres met Dr. Daniel Vasella, President of Novartis, in Davos. The two visionaries decided to join forces to encourage peaceful cooperation in the Middle East, and they discussed opportunities for communication and interaction in the field of agriculture. They selected a target – a harmful pest called the Red Palm Weevil – and began coordinating efforts on a regional scale. Considering that the Weevil was discovered in Egypt in 1993, Egypt played a central role in the project. Furthermore, upon commencement of the project in 1999, it was discovered that the Weevil was present in Palestinian, Israeli and Jordanian orchards. After six years of successful Egyptian-Palestinian-Jordanian-Israeli cooperation, the Peres Center and the Fred J. Hansen Institute decided to adopt a wider approach of Integrated Crop Management (ICM). This modular program, which addresses a wide range of hosts, pests and countries, will yield an economic dividend in the form of identification and promotion of best practices and higher value food products, as well as a peace dividend through the collaborative efforts. The ICM program is officially approved by the Ministers of Agriculture of Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Spain and Italy, and by Palestinian, Greek and Moroccan entities. The next stage of the program will also include Cyprus, Tunisia, Malta, Turkey, France and Macedonia. The crops selected by each country have been specifically chosen as a result of their economic importance, and the production standards created will meet the requirements of the state authorities and the European Union. Further information can be found on www.RegionalICM.org.

The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust

The Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management Program A Regional Peacebuilding Initiative

November 2006

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How it All Started? • In 1998, Mr. Shimon Peres met Dr. Daniel Vasella in Davos. • They decided to work together to establish peaceful cooperation in the Middle East. • The target selected was the Red Palm Weevil. • Egypt was the central focus of activities. • When trapping started in 1999, we discovered that the weevil already existed in the Palestinian, Israeli and Jordanian orchards.

Excellencies, Heads of the Delegations, Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish to remind us how it started. In 1998, Mr. Shimon Peres met Dr. Daniel Vasella, President of Novartis, in Davos. They decided to work together to establish peaceful cooperation in the Middle East. The target selected was the Red Palm Weevil and Egypt was the central focus of activities. The Weevil was discovered in Egypt in 1993, and when the project started in 1999, we discovered that the Weevil already existed in the Palestinian, Israeli and Jordanian orchards. This means we started the project just in time to stop the Weevil from infesting our trees.

Letters of Appreciation …“I truly believe that agricultural development constitutes a promising approach and integrated pest management is and important part of it.” (Dr. Daniel Vasella, Novartis)

…”I would like to congratulate the Peres Centre for Peace in taking this initiative to put together an Integrated Management Program to control the Red Palm Weevil.“ (Dr. Abdelouahhab Zaid, UAE)

During its six years, the program gained considerable interest and appreciation all over the world.

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Letters of Appreciation ”Spain strongly supports a greater economic integration between the 15 participating countries, not only as a mechanism for regional cooperation, but also as a means to strengthen the Euro-Mediterranean Process…The conclusions of the Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Agriculture Ministers, celebrated in Venice in November 27, 2003, acknowledged the importance of issues like the improvement in the quality of agricultural products, particularly through the promotion of local products and the development of organic crops, the transfer of know-how, the protection of origin denominations or actions in the field of marketing.” --H.E Miguel Angel Moratinos, Minister of Foreign Affairs

We have the significant support of Mr. Miguel Moratinos, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain, and a key person in the EU.

The Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management • We all share a common ecosystem. • This simple fact dictates the continuation of cooperation. • ICM is a wider approach, in all aspects: – Addresses more crops – Addresses More pests – Addresses More areas

After six years of successful cooperation, it was decided by the Peres Center for Peace and the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace to take a wider approach of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) in all aspects, and to expand in terms of crops, pests, and area. According to the World Bank, 50% of the world’s crops are lost to harmful organisms, and pesticide expenditures are about 20% of total input costs. ICM integrates technologies of crop husbandry, plant protection, soil and water, extension and marketing to minimize these losses and costs. ICM is also very suitable for enhancing regional dialogue, as pests know no boundaries and pose a common problem for a region, and environmental damage cannot be confined to one country.

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History of Collaboration • The Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace and the Peres Center for Peace have worked together for more than a decade to facilitate cooperation on agriculture and water projects. • Fred J. Hansen believed that the best way to promoting international understanding and world peace is for individuals to become familiar with each others' economies and social systems. • The Peres Center for Peace is striving to enhance the peace in the Middle East through confidence building between Israel and its neighbors based on the vision of the Mr. Shimon Peres.

The Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace and the Peres Center for Peace have worked together for more than a decade to facilitate cooperation on agriculture and water projects. Both entities share a common philosophy and a joint approach concerning peace-building.

Project Partners of the Peres Center for Peace and the Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace • Officially approved by the Ministers of Agriculture of Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Spain and Italy. • Officially approved by the largest agricultural Palestinian NGO: PARC, the Greece Benaki Phytopathological Institute, and the commercial laboratory of "Domaine Agricole el Bassatine“, Morocco. • Next stage will also include Cyprus, Tunisia, Malta, Turkey, France and Macedonia.

The ICM program was officially approved by the Ministers of Agriculture of Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Spain and Italy, and by Palestinian, Greek and Moroccan entities. The next stage will also include Cyprus, Tunisia, Malta, Turkey, France and Macedonia.

Regional Considerations • Pests know no boundaries and pose a common problem for a region. • Environmental damage cannot be confined to one country. • Our experience has shown that by combating shared enemies, by jointly pulling towards a common goal, a good cooperation is formed between former enemies. • The modular program addresses a wide range of hosts (edible crops), pests and countries.

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Our experience has shown that by combating shared enemies, and by working together toward a common goal, good cooperation is formed between former enemies. This modular program, which addresses a wide range of hosts, pests and countries, will yield both an economic dividend in terms of the identification and promotion of best practices and higher value food products, and a peace dividend as a result of the collaborative efforts.

Why Is This Program Important? • Economic dividend: the identification and promotion of best practices for planting, production, pest control, water use efficiency, post harvest handling, packaging and quality control. Collaborations will be fostered to create higher value food products. Potential economic gains will help trigger further business partnerships. • Peace dividend: friendships formed among the individuals participating in this project and business partnerships formed as a result of the collaborative efforts to improve production and marketing.

The economic dividend will result from the collaboration of interdisciplinary teams in defining all aspects of the product development process including the identification and promotion of best practices for planting, production, pest control, water use efficiency, post harvest handling and packaging, marketing, and the promotion of export regulations for quality control. Collaborative efforts will be fostered among producers, distributors, and marketers in order to create higher value food products with particular emphasis on safe foods. The peace dividend will result from ties formed between the individuals participating in this project and the business partnerships formed as a result of the collaborative efforts to improve agriculture production and marketing of the important regional crops.

The Crop Matrix • Egypt: canola, tomatoes, dates • Jordan: squash, grapes, stone fruits, apples, dates • Palestinian Authority: dates, grapes, olives, strawberries • Israel: potatoes, tomatoes, dates • Italy: grapes, apples, strawberries

Crops selected by each country are economically important and the standards will meet the requirements of the State Authorities as well as of the European Union. An “ICM Matrix” will be jointly designed, depicting the current status of various crops, constraints limiting the development, diffusion and adoption of ICM, and suggested ways for the promotion and implementation of ICM, including a regional pest monitoring program and a network of plant clinics.

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Pilot Project • The program will begin with a pilot project involving Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Palestinian Authority, Italy, Cyprus and the U.S. and will focus on table grapes, olives and almonds. • The program is scalable in scope and end results– pending funding. Base modest funding will come from the Peres Center and the Hansen Institute for team building, information on best production practices, development of market plans and establishing the basis for further collaboration. • With additional funding other countries and crops can be added and specialized topics addressed.

The program will begin with a pilot project involving Israel, Jordan, Egypt, the Palestinian Authority, Italy, Cyprus and the U.S. and will focus on table grapes, olives and almonds. The scope of the project and the results are dependant on the amount of funding. Base modest funding will come from the Peres Center and the Hansen Institute for team building, information on best production practices, development of market plans, and establishment of a base for further collaboration.

First Year • A workshop to be held in the Middle East region. • A four-month food product marketing research in each country. • A two-day meeting in the U.S. to evaluate the results of the market survey and to identify subjects needing further work. • Site visits in the U.S. with the purpose of exposing the participants to production and management practices, marketing and water resources issues related to production. • Crops and topics for further investigation will be identified for the next year’s program.

We expect the workshop to result in a collaboration of teams that will develop market and operation plans, ICM information, and an economic basis for cooperation. Moreover, these teams will be responsible for identifying site visits in the region and in the United States.

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www.RegionalICM.org

Please visit and contribute to our website. Thank you.

 Egyptian Statement of Preferences for ICM: Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt ABSTRACT There is a common interest of all Middle Eastern countries to produce crops that can meet the strict standards of the EU and USDA. The challenge of ICM for Egypt is to increase high value farm production. The development of protected agriculture under plastic cover, particularly in the western desert sub-regions, calls for the application of advanced technologies. We expect, through sharing of knowledge, to enrich our production systems for maximum yield, quality and sustainable practices. The cooperation facilitated by the Peres Center for Peace eight years ago has shown the benefits of regional cooperation. We were happy to play a central role in this effort. Let us now enter into this new phase of Mediterranean-Middle East cooperation to promote ICM, which could even include joint market promotion, selective input supply, and human capacity training. We have prioritized tomatoes and potatoes for ICM inclusion. In the case of tomatoes, about 7.6 million tons are produced in Egypt, of which 9 million tons are exported. In the case of potatoes, about 2.5 million tons are produced, of which 375,000 tons are exported in fresh and processed forms. Our expectation for 2007 is a close exchange of know-how through a continuous scientific and operational exchange of know-how. This will include R&D activities in the areas of production. Such expectations will require earmarked financial support, part of which will hopefully come from international institutions, as well as from the private sector. The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation is currently finalizing a strategy for agricultural development through 2016/17. A new concept of corporate production adhering to conservation and environmental protection will safeguard natural resources from deteriorating. The actions necessary to obtain positive results of integrated crop management policy are: adjustments to various developmental policies in accordance with the overall national target for agricultural development; restructuring of the institutional functioning mechanism beginning with research and ending with corporate agricultural associations; strengthening and broadening human resources expertise; improving data, information, and decision support systems; promoting pilot activities at the village level linked with integrated crop management, farming system management, and land and water protection; phasing out subsidies for chemical fertilizers; developing a pricing structure for water that reflects its scarcity in the future; and setting national food security as a long-term goal. 39

The Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation is honored to host here, in Cairo, the third conference of the Mediterranean and Middle East Integrated Crop Management (ICM) Program of the Peres Center for Peace. This very important conference is initiated by two reputable NGOs. For some years, the ICM approach was discussed at the joint Egypt-Israel Committee as a way to enhance product quality for export and safe food. There is a common interest of all Middle Eastern countries to produce crops that can meet the strict standards of the EU and USDA for entry into their markets. Egypt is on the threshold of a revolution for yields, particularly in horticulture, the proceeds of which are making an ever-growing economic return to contribute to Egyptian food security. The challenge of ICM for Egypt is to increase high value farm production both on larger farm estates and on small farm holdings. The development of protected agriculture under plastic cover, particularly in the western desert sub-regions, calls for the application of advanced technologies related to adapted cultivars, agro-technology, water, fertilizers, pest control, post harvest treatment and marketing. All six of the first products chosen for ICM cooperation are very relevant to Egyptian agriculture and we expect, through sharing of knowledge, to enrich our production systems for maximum yield, quality and sustainable practices. The idea of linking ICM with some 15 countries, each with their own crop priority is an innovative way to disseminate technologies and share know-how to meet the challenges of placing attractive safe products on the export shelves. This challenge can be achieved only by private/public initiatives for selected products. We welcome the participation of private entities in this conference and will take special note of their observations and suggestions. The Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture notes with appreciation the efforts of the Peres Center for Peace and the Hansen Institute for World Peace in San Diego for taking the initiative to organize this conference and sponsor the project. The revolution of yields, quality standards and higher-tech agriculture can be attained by linking arms with us and the European partners, which hopefully will warrant EU support. The cooperation facilitated by the Peres Center for Peace in the date palm sector, which was initiated eight years ago, involving Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, and Egypt, has shown the benefits of regional cooperation in plant protection, cultivation methods, irrigation practices and post-harvest care. We in Egypt were happy to play a central role in this effort, based on our experience and the findings of the central research laboratory established in Qassassin. Let us now enter into this new phase of Mediterranean-Middle East cooperation to promote ICM in the six products chosen, which could even include joint market promotion, selective input supply and human capacity training. We envisage a dynamic exchange of scientists and practitioners between one country and another, as well as the steady use of modern communications, such as internet, video conferencing and faceto-face professional workshops. We have prioritized tomatoes and potatoes for ICM inclusion. In the case of tomatoes, about 7.6 million tons are produced in Egypt, of which 9 million tons are exported. In the case of potatoes, about 2.5 million tons are produced, of which 375,000 tons are exported in fresh and processed forms. In both cases, the challenge is to raise marketable yields for house consumption whilst simultaneously gradually increasing export to quality markets. Our expectations for 2007 are a close exchange of know-how in all aspects of tomato and potato production through a continuous scientific and operational exchange of know-how. This will 40

include R&D activities in the areas of production. Such expectations will require earmarked financial support, part of which hopefully would come from international institutions as well as the private sector. In the context of national strategy for socio-economic development in Egypt up to 2017, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation is currently finalizing a strategy for agricultural development up to 2016/17. Today most of Egypt's agricultural policies have strongly emphasized food production goals and targets that require intensive use of bio-organic fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water management and machinery. A new concept of corporate production that adheres to conservation and environmental protection will safeguard natural resources from deterioration. Sustainable agricultural development is achieved through management and conservation of the natural resource base, as well as proper utilization of technology, thereby ensuring that human needs are and continue to be addressed for generations to come. The Integrated Crop Management approach guarantees sustainable agricultural development in various ways. The following are the key issues that must be carefully examined in order to obtain positive results from Integrated Crop Management policy: • • • • • • • •

Adjusting to various development policies to cope with the overall national target for agricultural development; Restructuring of institutional functioning mechanisms beginning with research and ending with corporate agricultural associations; Strengthening and broadening human resource expertise; Improving data, information and decision support systems. Promoting pilot activities linked with Integrated Crop Management, farming system management and land and water protection at the village level; Phasing out subsidies for chemical fertilizers (if relevant); Developing a pricing structure for water that reflects its future scarcity; Setting national food security as a long-term goal.

 Environmentally Friendly ICM: Prof. Dan Gerling, The Peres Center for Peace- ICM Project Coordinator ABSTRACT The term Integrated Crop Management, or ICM, denotes the use of a group of measures, all pertaining to land use and farm practices which, when applied jointly, bring about improved sustainable crop production. Additionally, ICM focuses on conserving the environment and utilizing environmentally occurring natural processes to attain better crop production jointly with improved environmental biodiversity. Accordingly, ICM deals with all crop production phases from soil preparation through plant nutrition and health, to harvesting and marketing. One of the main objectives of ICM is the reduction or replacement of external farm inputs, such as inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and fuel, by means of farm produced substitutes and better 41

management of inputs. Total replacement is not possible without significant loss of yields, but partial substitution of inputs can be achieved by the use of natural resources, the avoidance of waste, and efficient management of external inputs. This would then lead to reduced production cost and less environmental degradation. The practices of employing ICM technology include: Crop rotations: Increasing the diversity of crop species to prevent disease and pest-carry-over from crop to crop; ensuring effective nutrient uptake by scheduling crops with different nitrogen demands in the correct sequences; preserving soil fertility and structure and minimizing erosion by ensuring adequate crop cover, good rooting depth, and reduction of compaction; and using disease resistant cultivars to minimize the need for agro-chemical inputs. Soil protection: Practicing minimal cultivations to reduce energy usage (i.e. fuel); reducing soil erosion and adverse effects on soil invertebrates such as earthworms, predatory beetles, and spiders; ensuring effective seedbed preparation and crop establishment; and cultivating according to soil type, climate, and topography of individual farms. Crop nutrition: Producing carefully balanced nutrient inputs in respect of individual crop requirements, soil residues, and residues from previous crops; and using cover crops/green manures before spring sown crops to minimize leaching and erosion. Crop protection: Integrating pest management; using a minimum of well selected pesticides, i.e. ones that have minimal off target effects; employing alternative husbandry techniques such as mechanical weeding; establishing damage thresholds for in-crop monitoring systems (such as traps), sequential sampling, and scouting technologies to assess pest levels and to scale pesticide use to the level of the problem; and improving the habitat for natural enemies in order to increase the natural level of biological control. Post harvest technology: Developing non-chemical methodologies that would enable the delivery of healthy produce to the consumer. Wildlife and landscape: Planning a program for the whole farm (cropped and non cropped areas) to enhance biodiversity and landscape features, (including hedges, ditches, field margins, beetle banks, and conservation headlands), thereby allowing wild species to establish and migrate, as well as providing recreational areas for people; diversifying broad leaved weeds within crops in order to provide food sources for birds and insects, provided the aggressive crop damaging weeds are contained; efficiently utilizing energy; and detailing analyses of energy use, especially fossil fuels. Pollution and waste: Strictly following codes of practice, and recycling crop residues. ICM implementation is a long-term process especially since many of the crops are already being grown under alternative, less nature-centered and plant-centered systems. Consequently, a gradual approach is practiced, in which the present situation is assessed and the transfer to integrated methodology is charted. The weaker links and those most suitable for ICM related practices in the present management system of each crop are exposed, and solutions are proposed to ameliorate them. Examples will be given and discussed during the lecture.

42

Environmentally friendly IPM

Dan Gerling The Peres Center for Peace

ICM, or Integrated Crop Management, refers to the technology of caring for plants from the time of seed bed or planting preparation to the final marketing procedure when the produce reaches the customer. It includes ground preparations, irrigation, and fertilization. The process encompasses different kinds and types of fertilizers, as well as plant protection procedures, treatment of the plants and post harvest treatments both in caring for the produce and transporting it to the final destination. In addition to the immediate management of the crop itself, ICM includes environmental management and amelioration and treatment of the neighboring fields in order to create a favorable and conducive environment for optimal plant culture. The ICM concept emphasizes the use of plant and environmentally friendly methods and materials, integrated pest management and similar fertilization and irrigation technology. The outcome is a healthier, better produce that not only benefits the recipient and the grower through better prices, but also brings about a healthier environment for all and a sustainable method of crop production. In order to achieve the goal, all possible inputs and systems that are associated with plant production must be integrated (Fig.1).

43

Grower participation

sustainability water quality

location

soil

variety

ecology

weather

Integrated Crop Manageme nt

husbandry technique

Interaction at all levels

economics

crop rotation Annual/ perennial mixes Crop protection

time

Financial support

fertigation

Market/ postharvest protocols

Professional support

Fig. 1: a diagrammatic representation of the inputs into a viable ICM system. The technique associated with the ICM establishment depends upon the status of the field. In our case, we aim at working with already established crop systems that have to be moved from conventional or IPM systems to ICM systems. For that purpose, the growing sequences must be analyzed and the weak points need to be identified in terms of fertilization, soil water, diseases, insect pests, produce quality. The problems must then be prioritized as to determine which problems should be concentrated upon and solved first. These problems will be the example upon which the program will revolve and will dictate the continuation of the project at the initial stages. While working on the problem, other facets like post harvest technologies, irrigation, and more, will be considered in order to create a complete system. The work will be conducted at all levels of the agricultural system of personnel: growers, field advisors, agricultural engineers, university personnel, government agents, Department of Agriculture employees, and plant protection personnel. The main questions and problems and the applications of the solutions must come from the growers. Therefore, continuous contact and cooperation at all levels must be maintained and is considered an essential part of any ICM initiative. In this particular program, we should start with a number of selected crops that each country will select based on appropriateness (some crops shall be common to all countries, such as date palms). Other crops may be country-specific, such as grapes, squash, citrus, olives and tomatoes. Since cooperation at all levels is essential, the Peres Center for Peace will be the "middleman", and as such, will enable and facilitate collaboration through the building of a network of knowledge, expertise, professional information, and cooperation at all levels.

44

The educational aspects of the project will be achieved through the establishment of field shoots and participatory centers, as well as through demonstrations and training courses. The Idea Caring for the plant from seed to marketing

Post harvest

seed

ICM • The expected outcome is better, healthier crops not containing poisonous residues due to management of the soil and fertilizers, pests and diseases. • This will also bring about better marketing possibilities

Grower participation

sustainability water quality

location

soil

variety

ecology

weather

Integrated Crop Management

husbandry technique

Interaction at all levels

economics

crop rotation Annual/ perennial mixes Crop protection

time

Financial support

45

fertigation

Market/ postharvest protocols

Professional support

How Analyze each crop’s growing sequence and point out the weak points – fertilization, soil water, diseases, insect pests, produce quality. Decide upon an order of priorities: which problems are to be solved FIRST

Work with all levels of the agricultural system: growers, field advisors, agricultural engineers, university personnel, government –department of agriculture and plant protection personnel. The main questions and problems and the applications of the solutions must come from the growers and be employed by them.

In our project We should start with a number of selected crops: Each country chooses the ones it wants to participate Some crops are common to all countries = eg. Date palms Other corps are different – grapes, squash, citrus, olives tomatoes, potatoes …

46

Implementation Cooperation at all levels is essential. The PCP, in our project, will be the center of these, building a network of knowledgeexpertise, professional information and cooperation at all levels.

Thank you



47

The Israeli Perspective on ICM: Mr. Zvi Herman, Director, Cinadco (Center for International Agricultural Development Cooperation), Israel

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Israel's Perspective Integrated Crop Management (ICM) November 26-30 Cairo

Commitment and Support for Innovations To coincides with the “world agenda” to address central parameters in agricultural development, and economic growth. Development of an integrative approach to sustainable agriculture for food security, while conserving natural resources. Development of strategies for efficient use of soil and water resources.

The need for a Integrated Approach ICM reflects a holistic approach and expands on the more commonly known IPM (Integrated Pest Management), reflecting the complexity of modern agricultural production and marketing. The Regional Program of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) highlights and enhances a broad view and base approach in horticulture practices.

48

Some ICM experimentation and trials indicate a 5-15% yield reduction Reduced 20-30% variable cost Pesticides reduced 30-70% Nitrogen inputs reduced 15-25% Gross margins maintained or slightly increasing

Coincide with Israel’s Ministry Development Goals Strengthen agricultural capacities of farming communities in various ecological regions Support various agricultural branches to introduce environmentally friendly management practices Enhance water use efficiency and use of other marginal sources Introduction of technologies to reduce labor intensive practices Improve and broaden planning information Develop new approaches to village and family farm structures

Focus on Key Constraints The hallmark of the ICM effort should be to focus on professional constraints that have the widest common denominator involving the countries and partners of this Program.

49

Recommendations for Further Research and Development Inclusion of additional crops and varieties sharing common interests of the ICM partners. Development of early waning network system for emerging pests and diseases To exploit joint R&D activities and submission to international research and Development funds. Formulate human resource training and networking at research, extension and farming level. Establish an “Information Hub and Web Site" for the ICM Program.

Thank You Zvi Herman Director, Center for International Development Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Cairo November 27-30 -2006

 Jordanian Preferences for ICM: Eng. Fida’a Rawabdeh, Jordan Ministry of Agriculture ABSTRACT Integrated Crop Management (ICM) in Jordan, Current Situation, and Future Plans Rawabdeh Fida'a¹, Bahdousheh Mary², Nsour Aydah³, Tahat Abd Al-waly and Awamreh, Naif The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is located in the central part of the Middle East to the East of the Mediterranean Sea. Jordan's total area is approximately 88. 75 million dunam, divided into 12 governorates. Only 8.9 million dunam can be used for farming, although currently, only about 2.45 million dunam are being farmed (about 2. 76% of the total area). Different types of crops currently farmed in Jordan include vegetables, fruit, date palms and olive trees. Jordan joined the ICM project, which was launched by the Peres Center for Peace in 2003. Three crops were worked on since the beginning of this project: 1. Date palm plant protection, including post harvest treatment of dates and monitoring of the red palm weevils (for the latter, traps & baits were distributed and financed from the ICM budget); 2. Grape crops were examined due to problems associated with phylloxera, and the infected trees were replaced with resistant 50

(American) root stock (so far, the growth of the new material has been successful); 3. New squash virus disorders were found in samples collected from different farms along the Jordan Valley, which were then tested and identified by Dr. Y. Antignus of the ARO in Israel, who recommended resistant seed varieties. Additional activities were also carried out in cooperation with the Peres Center for Peace (such as workshops, field days, informational exchanges, and technical cooperation). All activities should be continued due to the farmers' preference for cooperation and participation in the Farmer Field School (FFS) program. This program, which was established through our ICM project, has so far enabled us to establish three schools. Through this small preliminary experience, we noted that the farmers were willing to cooperate and to accept the concept of ICM, thereby learning new technologies and improving their crops. We can also consider problems of other crops of economic importance such as stone fruit (Root borer, Capnodis spp.), and vegetables such as Eggplant, which faces problems of black leg bacterial disease in the open field plantation, mites (two spotted spider mite), and white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Jordan's governmental policy in the Ministry of Agriculture is in favor of cooperative links with other countries, especially neighboring countries involved in the ICM project.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Ministry of Agriculture

Integrated Crop Management (ICM), in Jordan, Current Situation and Future Plans Eng. Fida’a Rawabdeh

Introduction The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is located in the central part of the Middle East to the East of the Mediterranean Sea with a total area of about 88.75 million dunum, divided into 12 governorates. Only 8.9 million dunum can be used for farming of which currently only about 2,45 million dunum are being farmed, representing about 2.76% of the total area. Different types of crops currently farmed in Jordan include vegetables, fruit, date palms and olive trees. Jordan joined the ICM project, which was launched by Peres Center for Peace in 2004. Three crops were worked on since beginning of this project.

the

These include vegetables (Squash) and Fruit Trees (Grapes , Date Palm)

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Introduction Crop

Region

Vegetables (Squash)

Jordan Valley (Deir- Alla district)

Grapes

Ma’daba (upland)

Date palm

Jordan Valley (Kebed area) and other places

Areas of our work: Squash: Region

Area/dunum

Production (Ton)

Jordan valley

17528

37655

Area /Dunum 7676 1010

Production/ (Ton) 3775.350 1012.000

Grapes: Region Ma’daba Jordan Valley

Date - Fruiting Trees: Region

Area /Dunum

Production/ (Ton)

All over Jordan

8025

5023

1. Date palm plant protection: Post harvest treatment of dates and monitoring of the red palm weevils. For the latter, traps & baits were distributed and financed from the ICM budget.

Main planting areas Region

52

Area/Dunum

North shouna

380

Deir Alla

2995

South shounah

3376

Aqaba

4875

Ma’an

1470

South Ghour (Safi area)

300

Al-azrag

711

Total

14147

Important varieties occurring in Jordan Variety

Production/Kg/Tree

Madjol

70-80

Time of Ripening Late

Barhi

80-120

Mod.-late

Boma'an

50-70

moderate

Khadrawi

40-60

Early –mod

Khalas

40-60

moderate

Dejlet noor

60-80

Mod.-late

Zuhdi

40-60

moderate moderate

Sukari

50-70

Maktomi

40-60

late

Zaglol

80-100

moderate

Talal red

100-130

early

Red palm weevil situation in Jordan A chart represent the decrease in the total quantity of insect catched per year from 1999-2006 160 140

136

120

quantity

100

83 71

80

72

60

44 31

40

19

20*

2005

2006

20 0 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 Year

total quantity of insect catched

*The total quantity for 2006 is from January to the end of November

53

2004

Red palm weevil situation in Jordan A chart represent the total quantity of trees burned from 1999-2006 50

45

45 40 35

quantity

30 25 20 15

11

13

11

10

6

4

5

*

1

1

0 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

year total quantity of trees burned

*The total quantity for 2006 is from January to the end of November

ICM activities: First plantation: Dr. Abdullah Arar Plantation Area: 180 Dunums ; 1800 trees Irrigation system: Drip irrigated Varieties planted: Barhi and Majool Infestation with Red Palm Weevil: Infestations occurred only during 1999-2000 later, during 2000-2006 there were no infestations. No. of traps in the plantation: 10 traps for monitoring. Infestation with Batrachdera (the lesser date moth) occurred yearly.

Second plantation: Muhammad Mahmoud Al Afyouni Area: 32 dunums; 492 trees Irrigation system: Drip irrigated Varieties: Majool. Infestation with Red Palm Weevil: Infestations occurred only during 1999-2000 later, during 2000-2006 there were no infestations. No. of traps in the plantation: 5 traps for monitoring. Infestation with Batrachdera occurred yearly

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Achievements: • Distribution of traps and its components to the date tree farms through the ICM project. • Yearly over 100 field visits was implemented to monitor the date palm pests specially the red palm weevil. • Purchasing some necessary equipments for red palm weevil lab. • Workshop in Israel 29-30/11/2004 to prepare the project proposal, 3 participants attended this workshop. • 90% the result of the field survey to determine infestation levels with Batrachedra in the Jordan Valley. • Three participants from Jordan took part in a training coarse in Israel concerning Batrachedra control on 22/5/2005 . • Five Israeli colleagues visited fields in Jordan concerning post harvest treatments on 17/5/2005 . • Workshop in Jordan on 28/7/2005 concerning post harvest treatments, with 21 Jordanian and 3 Israeli participants. • Study visit of 8 Jordanians, including 5 farmers, to Israel on 28/9/2005 concerning date trees farms and post harvest treatments. • Workshop in Israel 10-11/5/2005 (date palm integrated crop management) included Jordanian 4 participants

2. Grape: Grape crops were examined because of phylloxeraassociated problems and rootstock replacement was recommended. We replaced the infected trees with resistant (American) rootstock, until now the growth of the new material is going well We identified two grape orchards (two farmers) in the Madaba area, where the phylloxera is considered one of the most important pests to the grape.

First orchard: location: Al-Fisaleeh/ Madaba governorate Area: 10 Dunums; 640 trees, 50% infected. Age of trees: 11 years Cultivar: Salty and Khalily Type of irrigation: rainfed Control measures: Only Byfidan and Decis for powdery mildew and Lobesia botrana have been used, nothing for Phylloxera . Training method: ground Marketing: Central market

Second orchard: location: Al-faiehaa/ Madaba Governorate Area: 13 Dunum ,1000 trees; 70-75% infected. Age of trees: 5 years Cultivar: Halawani and Baladi Type of irrigation: drip irrigation Control measurements: Benomil was used with irrigation against powdery mildew, downy mildew and grape moth.. Training method: on stand (trellis)

Achievements: Conducted a field survey for the infestation level and density of Phylloxera in the Madaba governorate. A survey for the control methods used for this pest. Field day concerning phylloxera on grape in Madaba was conducted on 1/6/2005 with the participation of 26 farmers. 7000 resistant grape root stocks were obtained from the MOA to distribute among the farmers involved in our project

55

3. New squash virus disorders were identified: We collected samples from different farms along the Jordan Valley, these were tested by Dr. Y. Antignus of the ARO in Israel, the associated virus diseases were identified and resistant seed varieties were recommended.

Channel of cooperation with Peres Center & farmers Additional activities carried out in cooperation with Peres Center for Peace included workshops, field days, information exchange and technical cooperation. All activities should be continued, as so many farmers prefer to cooperate and to be members in our Farmer Field School (FFS) program. This program, which was established through our ICM project, has so far enabled us to establish three schools. Through this small beginning and experience we noted that the farmers started to accept the concept of ICM and are willing to cooperate thus learning new technologies and improving their crops.

The future work plan in Jordan will concentrate on the following: To make a clear future work plan for this project, the first step is to search for a funding organization to adopt this project formally, and to perform the following: • Investigating the present agricultural practices being applied by the farmers and helping them in applying better ones: such as using optimal amount of fertilizers or water, fitting the plants to the proper types of soil type of soil, (for example, using resistant rootstock for grapes Madaba area in order to overcome the phylloxera problems) and using furrow instead of drip irrigation. • Determining the technology and verities most suitable for exporting and training the interested growers enabling them to meet the demands for the European markets. • Teaching the integrated approach for RPW action program. • Increase trade & export for the main product that affect Jordanian economy

56

• We should also consider problems of other crops of economic importance such as stone fruits (Root borer, Capnodis spp.) planted in the North (Irbid), in an area of about 870700 dunum producing about 13893 tons; and vegetables such as Eggplants. These are planted in the open field in the Jordan valley with an area around 21977dunum producing 212547 tons. The main plant protection problems of the latter are Black leg bacterial disease in the open field plantation, two spotted spider mites and white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum).

Eggplant: Region

Area /Dunum

Production/kilo gram

Jordan Valley

21977

212547

Region

Area /Dunum

Production/Ton

Jordan Valley

84.050

79000

Irbid

87.700

13893

Stone fruit:

Finally, our government policy in the Ministry of Agriculture is to support the cooperation links with the other countries especially the neighboring ones within the general ICM project.

Acknowledgments We thank the following colleagues who graciously helped me as project members to : Eng. Mary Bahdousheh Dr.Abdwaly Tahat Dr. Aydah Al-Nsour Eng. Walid Abu Odeh Eng.Nayef Awamreh

57

Thank you for listening

Informative addendum: joint activities • • • • • • • •

Workshop in Israel in 29-30/11/2004 A field survey for Batrachedra infestation level and density in the Jordan Valley. Survey of the control methods used for this pest. Training course in Israel on the control of the lesser date moth with three participants from Jordan dated 22/5/2005. Field visit in Jordan in 17/5/2005 on post harvest treatment. Five participants from Israel. Workshop in Jordan in 28/7/2005 on post-harvest treatments. Three participants from Israel and 21 participants from Jordan. Study visit to Israel in 28/9/2005 on date-tree farms, in order to gain experience in postharvest treatments. Eight participants from Jordan, including five farmers. Workshop in Israel on date palm integrated crop management in 10-11/5/2005. Four participants from Jordan.

 Palestinian Preferences for ICM: Dr. Thameen Hijawi Director, Arab Agronomist Association, Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees, (PARC) ABSTRACT [sent by e-mail] ICM history in the world, as well as in Palestine, is an approach for farming which aims to balance production with economic and environmental considerations by means of a combination of measures including crop rotation, cultivations, appropriate crop varieties, and careful use of inputs. This mitigation measure, which has been considered in Palestine, has the capacity to ameliorate many of the impacts caused by nitrates, phosphates and pesticides. However, currently, PARC plans to concentrate on implementing a method of farming that balances the requirements of running a profitable business with responsibility and sensitivity to the environment, including practices that avoid waste, enhance energy efficiency, and minimize pollution. Also, combining the best of modern technology with some basic principles of good farming practices is a long-term strategy. One of the main problems facing Palestinian agriculture is the overuse of pesticides, chemicals, and fertilizers, all of which directly impact the quality of the environment, as well as the quality and quantity of crops produced by the farmers. 58

Presently, PARC would like to encourage a combination of preventive, cultural, biological, and chemical methods of pest management. These methods include: monitoring farmers' fields on a regular basis and recording the findings; using the time table of pest abundance as a guide to determine what pests we should be looking for; establishing a path or scouting pattern that will enable the farmer to sample his field; using cultural management techniques to minimize the need for pesticide applications; determining the extent of pest infestation and deciding if it is serious enough to warrant control; using leaf sampling to determine the fertility needs of the plants before applying fertilizer; and detecting and treating pest problems early, thereby enabling farmers to control the problem with fewer resources. One of PARC's main project objectives is the reduction or replacement of external farm inputs, such as inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and fuel, by means of farm-produced substitutes and better management of inputs. It is known already that the total replacement is not possible without significant loss of yields, but partial substitution of inputs can be achieved by the use of natural resources, the avoidance of waste, and efficient management of external inputs. This would then lead to reduced production cost and less environmental degradation. The areas in which we are concentrating include Crop rotations, Soil protection and Crop nutrition.

 ICM from European Perspective: Mr. Axel Loehken, Former Coordinator of Novartis Red Palm Weevil Program, Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment, Switzerland ABSTRACT ICM for the EU commission is not a well-defined concept, but it is certainly an indication of production systems that respect and apply efforts toward achieving CAP objectives. The agricultural industry, on the other hand, is more invested in ICM and its implementation. Although most multinational players are strongly in favor of GMOs, the use of GMOs in ICM systems is nevertheless the most controversial aspect. As a general term, all efforts in the direction of ICM implementation are subsequently efforts directed toward sustainable agriculture – the fundamental common goal of all involved parties (see also links to WWF-sustainable agriculture, food chains like Nestle and Cargill, and chemical producers such as ECPA, etc.). Most of the political efforts are directed toward the promotion of organic agriculture. Any definition of the ICM system that aims at improving agri-production with benefits to farmers, the environment, and the end user is accepted. Many industry sectors have actively moved into this direction (see www.nestle.com/Our_Responsibility/; www.growmorethancoffee.co.uk./home.htm ; www.saiplatform.org ; www.sustainable-coffee.net/ www.ecpa.be ).

59

ICM from a European Perspective Axel Loehken, November 27, 2006 (Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment, Switzerland)

The EU Common Agricultural Policy The aim of the common agricultural policy is to provide farmers with a reasonable standard of living and consumers with quality food at fair prices. The way these aims are met has changed over the years. Food safety, preservation of the rural environment and value for money are now all key concepts.

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EU Importance in WW Agriculture

Even without further liberalisation, the EU is already the world's largest importer of food and the biggest market for Third World foodstuffs.

Integrated Crop Management Systems in the EU (05/2002) • S1.1. Background and definition of ICM • • • • •

Integrated Crop Management can be thought of as a concept defining ideals and goals Which then have to be ‘translated’ into definitions which can be implemented by producers Simply put, the concept is to integrate the management of individual crops in order to benefit from the interactions between them. In many respects integrating crop production strategies to provide benefits such as pest control, maintain soil fertility, etc. is an ancient technique. However, ICM also takes advantage of modern technology to improve on the system.

S1.1. Background and definition of ICM

61

•

Placing ICM on the scale between conventional production (as defined by the Codes of Good Agricultural Practice) and organic production is not straightforward.

•

Although initial impressions would suggest that ICM is fairly closely aligned to organic production, their origins are very different and this has implications for their relationships with conventional production.

•

Organic production represents a system distinct from conventional production and marketing,

•

Whilst ICM is clearly placed within the conventional framework. In terms of philosophy at least:

•

ICM should therefore be placed closer to conventional farming than to organic production, representing as it does, modification of the existing system rather than abandonment of it.

ECPA : Industry's contribution to sustainable use • ECPA contributes to sustainable use in many ways. • The industry develops products with improved environmental profiles, encourages integrated farming systems, engages in voluntary initiatives, builds dialogue throughout the food chain and supports farmer training and education. • ECPA fully supports Integrated Crop Management (ICM), a sustainable crop production system that aims to help farmers balance the economic, environmental and social goals of sustainable agriculture. • ICM has a strong educational component and thereby helps to improve crop protection practices. • Sensible and responsible use of crop protection technology is a collaborative process between the crop protection industry, farmers and growers and the entire food chain.

Conclusions: • • •

• •

ICM for the EU commission is not a standard, but it is certainly an indication of production systems that respect and apply efforts towards achieving GAP and sustainability objectives. Industry is more clear about ICM and its implementation than politics. As a general term all efforts in direction of ICM implementation are subsequently efforts directed towards sustainable agriculture: the fundamental common goal of all involved parties (see also links to WWF-sustainable agriculture, food chain like Nestle SAIN, SAI Platform, Cargill; chemical producers: ECPA, etc..) Most of the political efforts are directed towards promotion of organic agriculture. Any definition of ICM system that aims at improving agri-production with benefits to: farmers, environment and end user is accepted. Many industry sectors have actively moved into this direction

Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform

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9

Why SAI Platform? • The Food Industry relies on the long-term supply of agricultural raw materials in quality and quantity • However, the state of natural resources and rural societies affects agricultural production • Consumers increasingly care for the environmental & social conditions in which products are elaborated along the food chain (from farm to fork)  Need for the development of sustainable agriculture

What is sustainable agriculture? “ Sustainable agriculture (SA) is a productive, competitive and efficient way to produce agricultural products, while at the same time protecting and improving the natural environment as well as the socio-economic conditions of local communities”

Proposals… • Certifications and labels are needed, minimum requirements for EU fulfilled or exceeded • Exceeding and innovating today’s standards is key to success • Customers and stakeholders are hungry for safe and environmental/socially clean products • Supply market is underdeveloped • Who is your customer? • His needs??? • ………



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SESSION TWO: Specific ICM Strategies Chair: Mr. Khaled Yasin (Al-Junaidy), Palestinian Olive Board Co-Chair: Mr. Ameen Hasan, Director General, Israeli Olive Board Goal: To identify ICM practices for selected crops (olives, tomatoes, potatoes) and specific problems that need to be addressed by production experts, growers, processors and post-harvest technologists.

 Food Security: Prospects in Food Security in the Region: Mr. Peter Kurz, Counselor, USDA-FAS, In Charge of Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen and Lebanon, Egypt

 Olives: Olive Growing, Irrigation and Processing: Dr. Abd El-Hadi Fathi, Netafim, Israel ABSTRACT Dr. Abd El-Hadi Fathi Netafin, Israel Dr. Fares Gabi Palestinian Olive Board In Israel, more than 20,000 Ha of olive orchards are planted, while in Palestine, the olive trees cover about 91,000 Ha. Additionally, in Israel, only 3,500 Ha are under irrigation for table olives and oil production, while in the West Bank, all the trees are rain fed and only in the Gaza Strip are the olives (2,500 Ha) under irrigation. In general, most of the olive trees in both sides undergo "organic farming". Farmers do minimal soil practices, minimal chemical fertilization, and they do not partake in the use of pesticides. The harvesting of the table olives is done manually, and all olive trees for oil production in Palestine are likewise harvested manually. However, olive trees for oil production in Israel are harvested mechanically. In recent years, both Israel and the Palestinian Authority have developed integrated plant protection, especially for the olive fly "Bactrocera olea", including the use of baits and traps. Using these methods of environmentally friendly approaches increases the quality of the olive oil on the one hand, and maintains the biological equilibrium on the other hand. The quality of the oil produced in both sides increases. In Palestine, more than 40% of the olive oil is high quality, compared with less than 10% only 5 years ago. In Israel, all new plantation from the last 15 years produces almost 95% extra virgin olive oil, and about 60% in the old traditional olives is extra virgin. The greatest cost in olive production is the harvesting, and together, both sides are presenting new machines for harvesting in order to increase work efficiency.

Olive Growing Area

45 20

USA

Europe Mediterranean

Asia China

India

0 South America

20

Equator

Chile

Australia New Zealand

45 150-700 m”m rains-annually

• • • • • •

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80% of the planted area is planted on marginal soils. 70% non irrigated. 30% intensive, produce 48% of the oil 50% traditional produce 44% of the oil 20% marginal, produce 8% of the oil 70% of the oil in the north Mediterranean, is hugh quality and only 30% in south & east.

The Olive Sector in Israel & Palestine • The same growing condition: climatic conditions, soil, rains, farmers • The same market • The same problems: quality, harvesting

Israeli olive sector • 18000 ha. non irrigated olive oil orchards (400 kegs\ ha olive oil • 2500 ha. Irrigated olive oil orchards (150-800 m”m annually), producing 2 tons olive oil\ Ha. • 2400 ha. Irrigated table olives (600-800 m”m annually), producing 12500 kegs\ Ha. • 2.2 kegs olive oil consumption\ capita\ year

Palestinian olive sector • 90,00 ha with 10 M trees • The average yield (30 last years) 15,500 tons olive oil • The production on “on” year 35,000 tons. • Average olive oil consumption 4 liters\ capita\year • No’ of mills 285 • Average yield\ Ha= 200 K.g olive oil

66

Olives & ICM !?

• The production under traditional temperate agriculture was limited by number of factors

–Genetic production of the species and cultivars •Adaptation of new varieties for high yields and quality

–Nutrient availability • Using of organic & chemical fertilizers

67

– Weed & pest competition • The use of herbicides and pesticides

– Water availability • Utilizing different sources of water for irrigation.

• Soil practices – Machinery use – Cover crops

68

• Fruit harvest – Harvesting systems – Harvesting time – Fruit storage

• Mill yard practices – Oil extracting system – Infrastructure – Hygienic conditions

• Oil storage practices

69

• Multiple mechanisms were used to allow the crop dominate and to improve the yield.

• Using all these factors in appropriate dosage and way to maximize the farmer profit with minimum investments and minimum effect to the environment.

Practices used in Israel and Palestine

70

• •

Minimum tillage. Minimum use of pesticides: – Pests monitoring & scouting. – Environment friendly pesticides. – Traps and pheromones: olive fly, Zeuzera.

• • • • •

Irrigation & fertilizing. Harvesting accessories. Mills accessories. Oil storage. Laws to prevent oil mixing.

Economic analysis • Iksal • Irrigation system = 2500 E (20 years)= 125 E/year • Irrigation water cost – (4000 m3)= 530 E • Total extra cost= 655 E • Addition oil- 1209 kgs with value= 3177 E (2.5 E/1kg oil) • Added value= +2522 E

• Sde Ilan • Irrigation system = 2500 E (20 years)= 125 E/year • Irrigation water cost – (1500 m3)= 278 E • Total extra cost= 403 E • Addition oil- 815 kgs with value= 2038 E (2.5 E/1kg oil) • Added value= +1223 E

Traps for scouting and mass trapping Frutect- device Color and glue nutrients shape pheromone

% infestation

Makura 2000, Nabali Muhassan

71

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Frutect control

48.25

20.25 0.63

July 9th

0.29

November 9th

Sde Ilan 2001, Souri

%infestation

60 control

50

Frutect - low density

40

Frutect - l.d.+ pherom one

30

Frutect - high density

20

Ecotrap

10 0

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Traditional • Old orchards (till thousands of years) • Distances not uniform, around 100 trees/ha (8-12 m). 1000 m. drip line/ha • Most of them rain fed • The oil yield is around 300 kg/ha. • Irrigation increases the oil yield up to 3-4 times more.

72

Intensification of olive growing •

200 trees\Ha 1600 tree

•

Mechanical harvestingshakers, vinyard harvester, Cullussos 600 kg oil 2000 kg oil

•

•

360 trees

Shifting to irrigated orchards& under intense fertigation brings to High yields & high quality olive oil

Intensive • Mechanical harvestingshakers • Around 360 trees/ ha. (7*4m.), thinning each second tree • Irrigated with 1-2 dripper lines (1500-3000m. Drip lines\ha) • The yield 2 tons oil/ ha • High quality olive oil

73

Reduction the volume of the inter mediate tree

After cutting

74

year

Yield : tones/Ha

1993

Plantation

1994 1995

0.4

1996

0.8

1997

2.1

1998

2.12

1999

2.8

2000

2.9

2001

2.5

2002

3.3

2003

1

2004

3.15

cutting

2005

1.25

alternance

reducing

 The Strategy of PHRC in the Promotion of Olive Production: Prof. Mohamed Jacob, Post Harvest Research Center (PHRC), Ein Shams University

The Post Harvest Center (PHC) Strategy in Promoting Olive Production

Presented by Dr. Mohamed Yacoub Assistant Professor Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation (HIAC)

75

The Higher Institute of Agricultural Cooperation (HIAC) History 

Phase one: Established in 1960, as “The Cooperation Studies



Phase Two: In 1965, the Ministry of Higher Education

Center” recognized the Center as “The Institute of Agri-Cooperative Studies” Phase Three: In 1968, the Ministry of Higher Education changed the name of the Institute to become the Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation (HIAC) Phase Four: In 1972, the Ministry of Higher Education decreed that the studies in HIAC would be offered over a continuous 4 years academic course.





The Higher Institute of Agricultural Cooperation (HIAC) Organizational Structure 1. Academic Departments 2. Agribusiness Research Education Training & Media Center (ARETMeC) 3. Experimental & Research Station

Academic Departments 



Agricultural Economics & Cooperative Sciences Dept. Agricultural Applied Sciences (Biotechnology) Dept. These two departments serve the following undergraduate majors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

76

Agribusiness Management Economics & Cooperative Sciences Agricultural Education Agricultural Information Systems Agricultural International Marketing

Academic Departments

(Continued)

Similarly, the two departments serve the following postgraduate diplomas both in English & Arabic English Diplomas:  Agricultural Marketing & Logistics  Agribusiness Management  Accounting & Finance  Agricultural Extension & Training

Academic Departments 

(Continued)

Arabic Diplomas:  Agricultural Marketing (Animal & Plant Production)  Agribusiness Management (Animal & Plant Production or Food Processing)  Agricultural Feasibility Studies & Evaluation  Agricultural Extension & Training  Rural Development

Agribusiness Research Education Training & Media Center (ARETMeC) 



77

The Center has its own Board of Directors The role of the center focuses on conducting economic studies, feasibility studies & training activities

Experimental & Research Station 

Location & Area 

Located at kilo 62 Alex-Cairo desert road on 200 Feddans

Experimental & Research Station 

Board of Directors: Similar to ARETMeC the Experimental & Research Station has its own board of directors which include some specialized faculty members, professional consultants (from academic & research establishments), prominent figures from the business and agricultural sectors, and representative of international organizations (e.g. WFP)

Experimental & Research Station 

Components:             

78

Livestock Developing Unit Aquaculture Unit Plant Developing Unit Post Harvest Center (PHC) TissueCulture Laboratory Greenhouses Unit Ancient Egyptian Trees Care & Propagation Unit Dairy Production Unit Horticultural, Floricultural & Medical Plants Unit Meteorology Unit Veterinary & Procreation Caring Unit Training Center Agricultural Waste Recycling Unit

Meteorology Unit 

It provides necessary information concerning climate characteristics and changes in the region around the year. The information is disseminated to all neighboring farms from all sectors (private, public & research)

TissueCulture Unit 

It is considered the most important component in the research work. It contributes to the production of improved & genetically modified crops (fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants etc.). The unit also promotes the usage of this modern propagation technique to improve the quality of agricultural exports in the area.

Livestock Production Unit 







79

The unit was established mainly for educational & production purposes. It includes a variety of farm animals (e.g. Buffalos, Cows, Sheep, Camels & Rabbits) The local & imported known breeds for dairy & meat production provide good models for training & educational purposes The unit’s products are processed & marketed at HAIC & the local market (e.g. Milk, yogurt, Cheese, etc.)

Aquaculture Unit 







Built on an area of 8000 square meters It uses the latest equipment & instruments to provide an adequate environment for high fish productivity It serves the purposes of production, education & training Its productive capacity is 18 tons in one course (e.g. Tilapia fish)

The Protected Agriculture Unit 







The Experimental station has twenty Greenhouses to grow both fruits & vegetables Currently, the production in the greenhouses is focused on cucumber due to the high demand in the market The greenhouses provide ideal models for hands-on training There are three greenhouses recently constructed for the propagation of olives

The Training Center 







80

The center is well furnished & equipped to serve 150 trainees, with full accommodation It has training halls, modern fixed & mobile training audio-visual aids, and recreation facilities The center provided training to many participants from different organizations and new graduates (e.g. owners of new reclaimed lands) All practical training activities required in the undergraduate curricula are conducted through the center

The Post Harvest Center (PHC) Main Components & Activities: 









An extension & educational farm cultivated with olives for pickling Olive factory for processing & serving the surrounded areas Grading & Sorting unit for fruits to prepare them for marketing Refrigerators for both vegetables & fruits with 25 tons storage capacity PHC provided hands-on training for 60 trainees from Sudan on planting, growing and processing olives

Olive Factory 





It includes an olive squeezing unit with a capacity of 1.2 ton/hour There is a unit for purifying and testing the pH of the oil and other tests for quality assurance There is a storage unit of stainless steel tanks with a total storage capacity of 35 tons

Olive Factory

(Continued) 





81

There is a bottling unit for the final product There are also tools and/or teams of technicians for mechanical harvesting available for rent. All these services are available for producers & exporters in the area

Quantities of olives squeezed at the PHC between the years 1997 -2006 From

To

Tone

1/9/1997

31/8/1998

36.790

1/9/1998

31/8/1999

42.911

1/9/1999

31/8/2000

380.712

1/9/2000

31/8/2001

119.328

1/9/2001

31/8/2002

567.755

1/9/2002

31/8/2003

33.580

1/9/2003

31/8/2004

472.810

1/9/2004

31/8/2005

93.541

1/9/2005

31/8/2006

Total

225 1972.427

The PHC strategy in the future  







Increase the squeezing unit to a higher capacity Producing new olive plants characterized with its high yield of oil productivity Publish an educational manual that describes all the procedures related to planting & growing olives Help farmers in marketing their oil production in the local market Cooperate with scientific institutions on the local, regional and international levels

The PHC strategy in the future 







82

(Continued)

Host a workshop with Iowa State University and other universities to improve the PHC mainly in the area of growing olives Cooperate with food processing specialists to produce other value added products using olive oil Developing a comprehensive training plan covering all activities of olive cultivation and processing Develop a teamwork of training consultants, and subjects matter experts to come up with the proper training courses

Thank you

 Date Palms: Plant Biotechnology in Date Palms of Morocco: Prof. Mohamed Aaouine, IAV Hassan II-CHA, Morocco ABSTRACT [submitted by e-mail] The cultivation of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has major economical, social, and ecological importance for the preservation of agricultural systems in oases. The tree creates a special microclimate suitable for annual and perennial crops, and it also plays a major role in slowing down the desertification phenomenon. Moreover, every part of the date palm is used in the daily life of populations in arid zones. The expansion of date palm cultivation is hampered by many constraints related to climatic conditions, as well as to the very slow asexual propagation of the tree, and to pests and diseases. While the established research programs in plant breeding, plant protection, and the use of appropriate cultural practices improved date production, they did not solve biotic and abiotic constraints of the date palm. It is in this respect that plant biotechnology can play a major role. Of all the constraints, the Bayoud is by far the most serious enemy of this species. This vascular wilt disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.albedinis, whose devastating effect unbalanced the ecology of several areas and posed serious human, social, and economic problems. It has already killed more than 10 million trees in Morocco and 3 million in Algeria and has been recently reported in Mauritania. The problem is aggravated by the fact that the pathogen attacks the most vigorous and productive trees of the best commercial cultivars. Thus the income of the farms is severely affected, and the biodiversity is as well (two of our best genotypes were lost forever because of the disease). The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is another serious enemy of the date palm in the Middle East, and while the Bayoud disease is a constant threat to the date palm areas in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and countries of the Middle East, the Red Palm Weevil is worrisome to the Maghreb countries. In this paper, the main applications of plant biotechnology in mass propagation and plant protection, as well as genetic improvement and basic research of the date palm will be presented. Since the 83

status of the application of tissue culture for large scale propagation of elite cultivars using somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis techniques will be presented in a separate talk, we will concentrate on the potential use of genetic transformation and in-vitro micro-grafting to combat the Bayoud disease, and on the use of the tissue culture system to elucidate some of the factors involved in the flowering and fruiting of the date palm.

 Date Palm Morphology and Architecture: Dr. Mohammed Aziz El-Houmaizi ABSTRACT [submitted by e-mail] This study modeled the architecture of four Moroccan cultivars of date palm. Biometrical analyses showed that the distribution of pinnae on the leaf follow Gamma function, and the variation in width of midrib from the base to the top of the leaf follows Exponential function. The phyllotaxic direction of the offshoots presents a clockwise or counterclockwise phyllotaxis independent of the mother plant. The discrimination of the palm by standarizing the distances and relativizing the positions of the pinnae made it possible to show that dimensions of cultivar leaves can vary according to several factors (environment, age, and agricultural conditions). The proportions between the various leaf components remain similar; these proportions are variable according to date palm cultivars.

 The lessons of RPW program with Reference to Tissue culture and Irrigation: Dr. Mofeed Al-Banna, Al-Ahlyia Society for the Development of Palms and Dates, PNA

‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` PQR‫ــــــــــــــ‬TQ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل‬ ،‫ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻨﺩ‬،‫ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻻﻨﻜﺎ‬،‫ ﺒﻭﺭﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺒﻴﻥ‬،‫ ﺃﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬،(‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩ )ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‬ ،‫ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﻗﻁﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬،‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺃﺨﻁﺭ ﺁﻓﺔ ﺘﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭل‬. ‫ ﺇﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬،‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺸﻤﻴﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﻻ ﺍ ﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‬

84

‫و‪ _`a` bc‬ا‪ [\]^Z‬ا‪WXYZ‬اء‬ ‫• `‪ _`a‬ا‪ [\]^Z‬ا‪WXYZ‬اء ‪Wpq‬ة ‪ mn‬ر‪ _ghXi _jk‬ا‪_\Xrk msXg ._Y^ef‬‬ ‫`‪ _`a‬ا‪ [\]^Z‬ا‪WXYZ‬اء "‪hvZwx‬و ا‪ |\Xe t}~k \q "tu]Z‬أ‪az‬اره‪w‬‬ ‫)‪w‡Wg ،ˆ\x‬ت‪…† ،‬ارى‪Wpq ،‬ات آ‪hx (_€nw‬ا‹[ ‪…e‬ع ا‪‰ \q _€]^Z‬‬ ‫‪ –…Z msXg‬ا•”_ إآ‪wX‬ل دورة ‪ €† wkw\q‬أŽ‪a‬اع أ‹‪W‬ى ‪ mn‬ا‪wŒf‬ر ‪W\i‬‬ ‫ا‪[\]^Z‬‬ ‫• ‪ |\Xe ˜\vk‬أ‪az‬ار `‪ _`a‬ا‪ [\]^Z‬ا‪WXYZ‬اء ‪ _vXŒ—n‬دا‹[ ‪…e‬ع ا‪_€]^Z‬‬ ‫ا‪aZ‬ا‪hq‬ة )‪ (50) m\rX]Z msXg \q‬أو اآ™‪ mn W‬أ‪az‬اره‪ w‬ا‪_u€—]XZ‬‬ ‫ا‪ .(wً vn ˜\vZ‬و‪h~g‬ر †‪h‬د أ‪ t” wZw\e‬ا‪wvZ‬م ‪aYx‬ا‪ 3 tZ‬أ‪w\e‬ل و‪msXg‬‬ ‫‪hq‬وث ‪hk‬ا‹[ ‪ –…Z‬ا‪w\ef‬ل‪.‬‬

‫دورة ‪w\q‬ة `‪ _`a‬ا‪ [\]^Z‬ا‪WXYZ‬اء‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ |}k‬ا‪ t” ™Žf‬ا‪aq `a—XZ‬ا‪…e €† _}\x 300 tZ‬ع ا‪ t” _€]^Z‬ا‪wY—uZ‬ت‬ ‫ا‪ _u€—]XZ‬ا‪ m† _Xew^Z‬ا‪wuYZ‬رات ا‪W‹f‬ى أو †‪ m‬ا‪wnh]Z‬ت ا‪žZ‬را†\_‪.‬‬ ‫‪  ~ug‬ا‪Ÿ‹ ˆ\jZ‬ل ‪ 5-2‬أ‪wg‬م †‪w‡Wg m‬ت ‪W\¢c‬ة ا‪ _Xgh† ¡ŒYZ‬ا‪f‬ر‪ [e‬وا‪t—Z‬‬ ‫‪hx‬وره‪ w~gWz ¤pk w‬إ‪ Z‬دا‹[ ا‪…ŒZ‬ع ‪WY—k \q‬ك †‪Ÿ}† £€~k ¤gWz m‬ت‬ ‫ا‪ .¡rŒZ‬و‪…¢—k‬ى ه…– ا‪w‡W\Z‬ت †€ ا‪ _ŒrŽf‬ا‪w\Zfwx tnWk \q _gW§Z‬ف ‹€‪.wu‬‬ ‫”—‪W‬ة ا‪a§Z‬ر ا‪W—g t‡W\Z‬اوح ‪ 3-1 m\x wn‬أ‪ .W‬و‪…v—k‬ر ا‪w‡W\Z‬ت ‪hx‬ا‹[ ‪W‬اŽ‪¤‬‬ ‫‪w}\x‬و‪ _g‬ا‪ mn wŒr^k [spZ‬ا‪w\Zf‬ف‪0 .‬‬ ‫‪W]k‬ج ا‪WpYZ‬ات ا‪ hvx _€nwsZ‬اŽ~}‪w‬ء ”—‪W‬ة ا‪…v—Z‬ر ا‪W—k t—Z‬اوح ‪21-14 m\x wn‬‬ ‫‪ .wًnag‬و‪h~k‬ر دورة ‪w\q‬ة `‪ _`a‬ا‪ [\]^Z‬ا‪WXYZ‬اء ‪aYx‬ا‪ 4 tZ‬أ‪.W‬‬

‫و‪az bc‬ر ا‪ _}\jZ‬وا‪_‡W\Z‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺼﻑ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ا‪ ˆ\jZ‬آ‪ tXgW‬ا‪a€Z‬ن و‪w}\x‬وي ا‪¡Œq `a—n .[spZ‬‬ ‫ا‪h~g _}\jZ‬ر ‪aYx‬ا‪ t” ¡€n 2.6 tZ‬ا‪a§Z‬ل و‪t” ¡€n 1.1‬‬ ‫ا‪WvZ‬ض‪.‬‬

‫• ﻭﺼﻑ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻴﺭﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺍﻝﻴﺭﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﻝﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻭﻋﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺠل ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺭﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﻤﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺒﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫*ﻴﺼل ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻴﺭﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 50‬ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻡ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺠﺫﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺠﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻅﻠﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺫﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﺨل ‪.‬‬ ‫*ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻴﺭﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺫﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻠﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻝﻠﻴﺭﻗﺔ ‪ 13‬ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪85‬‬

:‫…راء‬vZ‫ر ا‬az‫Ž~_ و‬WpZ‫ ا‬bc‫و‬ mn _~ŽW ­r^k wŽ®” ‫…ر‬v—Z‫ ا‬mn _‡W\Z‫ب ا‬W—~k wnh^† • [°g‫[ و‬spZ‫_ ا‬g‫و‬w}\x _~ŽWpZ‫ن ا‬ask‫ و‬.[\]^Z‫ف ا‬w\Z‫أ‬ 30 Z‫[ إ‬°g w±W†‫€¡ و‬n 60 tZ‫ا‬aq Z‫ إ‬wZaz .¡€n t” ‫ل‬aY—g‫ و‬tXgW‫…راء آ‬vZ‫ن ا‬aZ ‫ن‬asg _g‫ا‬hjZ‫ ا‬t” • Z‫أس إ‬WZ‫ ا‬t^Y^g‫ و‬.t^jZ‫ن ا‬a€Z‫ ا‬Z‫ة إ‬W\‹f‫[ ا‬q‫ا‬WXZ‫ا‬ mn tnwnf‫žوج ا‬Z‫ق ا‬w` Z‫م إ‬azW]Z‫[ ا‬°g‫ و‬m§jZ‫ا‬ _j‫آ‬WXZ‫ن ا‬a\vZ‫ر وا‬wvp—`‰‫ون ا‬W‡ wn‫ أ‬.[e‫ر‬f‫ا‬ Z‫…راء إ‬vZ‫ل ا‬az `a—n [°g‫ و‬._Y±‫ن وا‬as—” .¡€n 15 ‫ض‬Wvx ¡€n 35

:_€nwsZ‫ة ا‬WpYZ‫ر ا‬az bc‫و‬ wZ‫ و‬WXYXZ‫ ا‬t^jZ‫ ا‬Z‫€_ إ‬nwsZ‫ة ا‬WpYZ‫ن ا‬aZ [\Xg • wn _€nwsZ‫ة ا‬WpYZ‫ل ا‬az ‫اوح‬W—g‫[ و‬gaz ‫م‬azW‹ .¡€n 14-12 m\x wn w±W†‫€¡ و‬n 40-35 m\x €´ Z‫ر إ‬wvp—`‰‫ ا‬wŽW‡‫أس و‬WZ‫ل ا‬az [°g wX^\x .wZaz (1/3) wŽW‡‫_ و‬±‫ر‬w‡ ¡” ‫žاء‬e‫ أ‬µ—gwŽ t” ‫م‬azW]Z‫[ ا‬XYg • WXYn t^x ‫م‬azW]Z‫ وا‬µkh†w‡ ‫ب‬W~x ‫ر‬wvp—`‰‫ا‬ _ŒZ‫ ا‬mn WXrn t^x‫_ و‬ga€vZ‫Œ_ ا‬Z‫ ا‬mn ‫ن‬a€Z‫ا‬ ™Žf‫م ا‬azW‹ m† W‫…آ‬Z‫م ا‬azW‹ ž\X—g‫€\_ و‬urZ‫ا‬ .‫ي‬a€vZ‫ ا‬µY§` €† ¶ižZ‫ ا‬mn _†aXŒn ‫د‬aeax wX}vx m† _Za°un‫ن و‬a€Z‫داء ا‬a` _j‫آ‬WXZ‫ن ا‬a\vZ‫ا‬ .‫م‬azW]Z‫ة ا‬h†w‡ h^†

_€nwsZ‫ة ا‬WpYZ‫ـــــــ| ا‬xwk ‫ن‬aZ ‫ ذات‬Z‫و‬f‫_ ا‬g‫ر‬h°Z‫€~_ ا‬YZ‫• ا‬ mn ‫ ًد‬h† w\€† heag‫ و‬WXYn t^x t” _u€—]XZ‫داء ا‬arZ‫~| ا‬jZ‫ا‬ .w‫ده‬h†‫ و‬wnwŒq‫ وأ‬wZws‫أ‬ WXq‫ن أ‬aZ ‫\_ ذات‬nwnf‫_ ا‬Y^ef‫ا‬ w€X‫®آ‬x m§jZ‫ ا‬t§¢k ‰‫¡ و‬kw‡ .‫ان‬W\§Z‫رة †€ ا‬h~Z‫ ا‬wZ‫و‬

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w—\X‫اء وأه‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` ‫رة‬a§‹ :_g‫د‬w°—‡‰‫ا‬ [\]^Z‫_ ا‬Xewn ‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` [}uk • \q wً nw† (20) ‫ون‬Wp† m† –WX† [~g ‫…ي‬Z‫ا‬ .µ‡‫ا‬W—‹‫ˆ و`[ ا‬i ‫ن‬asg _€]^Z‫…ع ا‬e ‫أن‬ t—Z‫ت ا‬w”•‫ ا‬W§‹‫ أ‬mn _”•‫ ه…– ا‬Wj—vk‫و‬ . [\]^Z‫\¶ ا‬°k \q W§‹f‫ ا‬a‫`_ ه‬ar€Z t‡W\Z‫ر ا‬a§Z‫ا‬ _€]^Z‫…ع ا‬e [‹‫ا‬hx _\YZ‫Œ_ ا‬rŽf‫…ى †€ ا‬¢—g _g‫ رؤ‬msXg ‰ µŽ‫ أ‬wX‫ آ‬.wkan Z‫دي إ‬¹g wXn _g‫ا‬hx t” µ´hYk ‫…ي‬Z‫ ا‬w‫ره‬W±‫ت و‬w‡W\Z‫ا‬ .‫Œ…ع‬Z‫ا‹[ ا‬hx ˜\vk wŽ‫\ أ‬q _xwc»‫ا‬ W\j‫ث آ‬hYg ‫…ي‬Z‫ر ا‬W}Z‫ أن ا‬Z‫”_ إ‬w±»wx ‰ ‫رًا‬W± ‫اث‬hq‫ة إ‬hq‫‡_ وا‬W\Z msXg \q ‫ًا‬he µ´hYk ‫…ي‬Z‫ ا‬t~\~YZ‫ر ا‬W}Z‫ أن ا‬.µx ‫ن‬w—rg . _€]^Z‫ت ا‬an a‫€^]€_ ه‬Z _”•‫ه…– ا‬

:[\]^Z‫_ †€ ا‬xwc»‫اض ا‬W†‫أ‬ _Y¿‫ ذو را‬WXYn ^x µŽaZ ‫žج‬Z ‫ام‬a~Z‫\¼ ا‬X` ‫از‬W”‫ر إ‬a¾ -1 mn ‫ب‬w°XZ‫Œ…ع ا‬Z‫ة †€ ا‬W\j‫\_ آ‬Xsx ‫از‬W”»‫\[ ا‬rg‫ذة و‬wuŽ ‫رج‬w]Z‫ا‬ _g…¢k ­k‫ا‬aŽ m† ‫رة‬wj† ‫^_ وه‬uv—n _\jp‹ ‫رة‬wpŽ ‫ر‬a¾ -2 ‫رة‬wp^Z‫€¼ ا‬k h‫ه‬wpk h‡‫_ و‬xw°XZ‫^]€_ ا‬Z‫…ع ا‬e ‫رج‬w‹ ‫ت‬w‡W\Z‫ا‬ ‫رض‬f‫‡§_ †€ ا‬wr—n _xwc‰‫^§~_ ا‬n ” ‫د‬aeaXZ‫ب ا‬a‫اآ‬WZ‫\€_ أو ا‬ruZ‫ت ا‬an -3 ‫د‬wg‫| ازد‬n µZhk‫^]€_ و‬Z‫د ” ‡€¶ ا‬aeaXZ‫ ا‬bvrZ‫ار ا‬Wuc‫ ا‬-4 .(‫رة‬wXŒZ‫^]€_ )ا‬Z‫ت ‡€¶ ا‬aXg _xwc»‫ا‬ µ”aŒk _ÀqŸn‫ى و‬h†w~Z‫™€ ا‬Z‫ ا‬h^† _€]^Z‫…ع ا‬e ‫ر‬wrsŽ‫ ا‬-5 . [‹‫ا‬hZwx ‫ة‬WpYZ‫ار ا‬az‫\| أ‬Xe ‫د‬ae‫[ وو‬nwsZwx

:‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬arZ _€nws—XZ‫_ ا‬Y”wsXZ‫ق ا‬Wz :t†‫žرا‬Z‫ ا‬WŒYZ‫• ا‬

‫ر‬wp—Ž‫ ا‬t” wًXn Ÿ ً nw† Wj—vg _xwÁÁ°n W\¢Z‫ ا‬¤zw^XZ‫ ا‬Z‫_ إ‬xw°XZ‫ ا‬¤zw^XZ‫ ا‬mn [\]^Z‫¿[ ا‬wr” [~Ž Wj—vg te‫ر‬wÁ]Z‫ وا‬t€‹‫ا‬hZ‫ ا‬t†‫žرا‬Z‫ ا‬WŒYZ‫ ا‬m\Ž‫ا‬a~Z ‫رم‬w°Z‫ ا‬¤\j§—Z‫ ا‬msZ‫ و‬.‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` .w‫ره‬wp—Ž‫ ا‬mn hYZ‫_ ه…– ا•”_ وا‬Y”wsn t” h†wrk t—Z‫[ ا‬n‫ا‬avZ‫ أه¡ ا‬mn

_\†‫žرا‬Z‫ت ا‬wnh]Z‫ت أو ا‬w\€XvZ‫• ا‬ :‫\ أن‬q _Y”wsX€Z [n‫ا‬avZ‫ أه¡ ا‬mn Wj—vk wً }g‫^]\[ أ‬Z‫ ا‬m\kwrx _”wÀŽ

‫اد‬aÁXZ‫اآ¡ ا‬Wk‫_ و‬xazWZ‫دة ا‬wg‫ ز‬mn bvrZ‫ ا‬x‫_ إ‬gwXq‫ار و‬WX—`wx "‫رة‬wXŒZ‫^]€_ " ا‬Z‫_ ا‬X‡ _”wÀŽ .1 ._€€Y—XZ‫_ ا‬ga}vZ‫ا‬ .‫ار‬WX—`wx ‫وح‬WÁÁŒZ‫§\_ ا‬¢—Z ‫ة‬WX—rXZ‫€_ ا‬nwvXZ‫ ا‬t€† [XvZ‫^]€_ وا‬Z‫ح ا‬We ¶^Œk .2 .‫ار‬WX—Á`wx ‫وح‬WŒZ‫§\_ ا‬¢—Z ‫ة‬WX—rXZ‫€_ ا‬nwvXZ‫Œ¶ ا‬g bvrZ‫ ‡§| ا‬h^† .3 .‫®ول‬ÁÁx ‰‫ أو‬w‡Wq t€† [XvZ‫~[ وا‬YZ‫ ا‬t” [\]^Z‫ ا‬wgw~x ‫ك‬Wk ‫م‬h† .4 wŽ‫\ أ‬q ¡†‫ا‬WjZ‫وراق وا‬f‫ ا‬mÁuvk ‫ت‬wgW§ux _xwc»‫Ÿج ا‬vZ _j`w^XZ‫ت ا‬wgW§uZ‫ات ا‬h\jn ‫ام‬h]—`‫ ا‬.5 ._`arZwx _xwcÂZ ‫\®ة‬n _€]^Z‫[ ا‬vŒk .µ‡Wq‫ة و‬W\¢c ‫žاء‬ÁÁe‫ أ‬Z‫ إ‬µv\§~—x ¼Z‫ وذ‬Ã\XZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫[ وا‬XXZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫ ا‬mn £€]—Z‫ ا‬.6

87

_Y”wsXZ‫| ا‬xwk _\s\Žws\XZ‫_ ا‬Y”wsXZ‫• ا‬ |\§~k ¶Œ\” ‫ة‬hpx ‫ب‬w°XZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫[ وا‬XXZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫ وا‬Ã\XZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫ ا‬mn £€]—Z‫• ا‬ _`arZ‫ ا‬mn _u€—]XZ‫ار ا‬azf‫ ا‬mn £€]—€Z ¼Z‫ة وذ‬W\¢c ‫žاء‬e‫ أ‬Z‫^]\[ إ‬Z‫…ع ا‬e .‫žاء‬ef‫\| ا‬Xe ‫ق‬WYk ‫ب †€ أن‬w°XZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫…ع ا‬e [‹‫ا‬hx :‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` ‫Œ…ب‬Z _\¿‫…ا‬¢Z‫Ž\_ ا‬anWuZ‫ ا‬h¿w°XZ‫ام ا‬h]—`‫• ا‬ ¡‫ أه‬mn ‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬arZ _€nwsZ‫ات ا‬WpYZ‫اد ا‬h†‫ أ‬h\c‫…ب و‬e Wj—vُg :Z‫ إ‬h¿w°XZ‫ام ه…– ا‬h]—`‫دي ا‬¹g wX‫اد ه…– ا•”_ آ‬h†‫—~€\[ أ‬Z [n‫ا‬avZ‫ا‬ _Y”wsXZ‫¿[ ا‬w`‫ و‬hq‫ أ‬Wj—vk –…‫ ا•”_ وه‬mn ‫ة‬W\j‫اد آ‬h†‫ أ‬mn £€]—Z‫ ا‬-1 ._”•‫د ا‬ae‫_ †€ و‬Z‰h€Z -2 |n |XŒ—Z‫ن ا‬anW” ‫ل‬wXv—`‫ ا‬a‫اء ه‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` _Y”wsXZ [¿w`aZ‫أن أ”}[ ا‬ ¶`w^XZ‫ ا‬h\jXZ‫ل ا‬a€YXx ‫ر‬aX¢XZ‫ ا‬WsrZ‫¶ ا‬°‡ mn |§‡ ‫^]\[ أو‬Z‫…ع ا‬e mn |§‡ ‫ت‬wY—” _vx‫| أر‬n ‫ات‬W—Z _rX‹ _v` [§` m† ‫رة‬wj† t‫ ه‬t—Z‫ة وا‬h\°XZ‫ ا‬t” ‫ `¡ †€ أن‬1 ‫ض‬W†‫ `¡ و‬2.5 ‫ل‬a§x _ga€vZ‫§[ ا‬rZ‫”_ ا‬wq mn ‫ب‬W~Zwx _\jŽwe ‫…اء‬¢Z‫ و` ا‬tvXŒ—Z‫ن ا‬anWuZ‫ ا‬¤€vg

_\ŽanWuZ‫ ا‬h¿w°XZ‫ا‬

_Y”wsXZ‫| ا‬xwk _\eaZa\jZ‫_ اوا‬ga\YZ‫_ ا‬Y”wsXZ‫ا‬

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‫و‰ت‬wYXZ‫ˆ ا‬vx |n _\€XvXZ‫ت ا‬w`‫را‬hZ‫[ وا‬nwvXZ‫ ا‬h\‡ ÃÁÁZ‫زا‬wn w^sZ‫\_ و‬eaZa\jZ‫_ أوا‬ga\YZ‫_ ا‬Y”wsXZ‫و‰ت ا‬wYn ‫ة‬h† heak _ÁÁY”wsXZ‫ ا‬t” µn‫ا‬h]—`‫ ا‬msXg ‫…ي‬Z‫ل ا‬wّvuZ‫ ا‬tv\j§Z‫و ا‬hÁÁvZ‫— ا•ن ا‬ÁÁq WÀg ¡Z \q ‫ح‬wŒ^Z‫[ ا‬n‫ر أ‬wÀ—Žwx t€~YZ‫ ا‬¤\j§—€Z ‫ت‬wÁ`‫را‬hZ‫ˆ ا‬vx t” [ca—Z‫¡ ا‬k ¼Z‫| ذ‬n‫ و‬.WÁ±wYZ‫ ا‬ÇaZ‫ ا‬tÁÁ” wً Á\€~q ‫اء‬WXYZ‫^]\[ ا‬Z‫`_ ا‬a` _Y”wsXZ _\eaZa\jZ‫_ أو ا‬ga\YZ‫ا‬ Z‫ا‬ Beauveria bassiana ._ÁÁ\Zw† _¿wusx [\]^Z‫`_ ا‬a` ‫ات‬Wpq [—~g‫\¶ و‬°g t€Yn W§” ‫ف‬wp—‫ اآ‬.1 .[ÁÁ\]^Z‫`_ ا‬arZ _€nwsZ‫ة ا‬WpYZ‫¡ ا‬ewk _g‫د‬akwXŽ _ZŸ` ‫ف‬wp—‫ اآ‬.2

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Heterorhabditis indica H. bacteriophora Steinernema abbaci S. riobrauis

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.‫ات‬WpYZ‫ ا‬mn _\X‫ آ‬Wj‫Œ…ب اآ‬Z _\±‫Ž\_ ار‬anW‫Ž\_ آ‬anW” ‫ة‬h\°n Wga§k .3

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UVWRXY‫ا‬

\\€ T‚Y‫ ا‬lW‫ دا‬UV]‫آ‬gX„xp ‫ص‬qz 3- 2 UVWR\XY‫اد ا‬x\Q ‫اص‬qz‫}| أ‬xY P~YgXY‫ ا‬P[\]^_‫ء ا‬aVbc dVe Pfghi‫ ا‬RjRk lVmnY‫ ا‬op PTjqrY‫ ا‬st‫م ه‬RmX]c ‫رج‬g\\mY‫ ا‬aY‫ز إ‬gY‫ر ا‬g•X^– g\\…nQ †\\„g‡X‡Y‫ ا‬UVrY‫ ا‬UQ ˆT‰Š gbzxp |}xc‫Œ و‬VYgf ˆVŽ j

88

m\‹h—Z‫ا‬

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89

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Solanaceae: Biological Constrains and Solutions for Solanaceae Integrated Production: Prof. Yigal Elad, ARO, Israel ABSTRACT Crops in greenhouses, like tomato and pepper, and in open fields, such as potato, are affected by pathogens and pests. Epidemics may prevail when suitable microclimate conditions occur during the cropping season, pathogen/pest inoculum exists, and the plant host tissue is susceptible. Despite such problems, regional and local actions can be taken in order to suppress epidemic development The wide area basis approach deals with sources of the pathogen and organized timed actions taken between growth seasons or during cropping to lower the regional load of inoculum and to minimize the risk of epidemic breakout. Additionally, this approach educates farmers and furnishes them with a means to understand the key components and to combat the biological threats posed to their crops. On a local basis, at the farmer’s plot, various actions can be taken. Apart from chemical control agents, some friendly means of control can be used. Agro-technical control measures are powerful means for avoiding diseases, preventing or delaying infection, and slowing epidemic development. Decision support systems can optimize the timing of control agents. ‘Friendly’ control agents may be suggested for combating some pest/disease problems. The integration of control means can be utilized in order to optimize use and results, lower the risk of chemical residue in both the harvested products and the environment, and lower the risk of farmers’ unwanted exposure to chemical pesticides. Examples of alternative methods of crop management will be suggested to illustrate successful means of control and their integration. The Middle East and Mediterranean Integrated Crop Management (ICM) (ICM) Marketing & Product Development Workshop Olives, Dates, Almonds, Solanaceae and Grapes 26th-30thNovember 2006, JW Marriott Hotel, Cairo, Egypt

Biological constrains and solutions for Solanaceae integrated production

Yigal Elad Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, and SafeCrop ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

90

Greenhouse crops

Open field crops

Tomato

Without proper protection > total loss

91

Untreated

It is possible to effectively manage diseases by spraying fungicides

“Insurance” control policy The crop is of high value

92

Advantages of the “insurance” practice Simple implementation High probability for success No need for high grower’s capability

Disadvantages of the “insurance” practice Expensive Danger of resistance development Not compatible with quality standards Environmental contamination

Can we change the spraying practice?

IPM ICM

"Insurance practice”

What are the key parameters that govern disease break out?

93

Inoculum sources

Conditions for epidemic development

Elim ina

te

A gr o -t m e e c hn i c as u res al Ti m

Application of control measure (sprays)

ing freq of on end uenc s et , of s y, pra ys

Volunteer plants as inoculum source! Inoculum sources

94

Adjacent plots ? Inoculum sources

Inoculum sources

Garbage disposals as inoculum sources Agro-technical measures

Uncovered soil

•Sanitation •Climate control

95

Polyethylene covered soil

Pepper powdery mildew Timing of onset, frequency, end of sprays

Integrated management of one pest

su

Chemical

pp D ec or isi t s on ys te m

Cultural Biological Plant extracts Composts Inducers of resistance . . . means of control

96

s

(pathogen, insect) problem

Integrated management of several pest problems

of similar nature (several diseases, several insect pests) Cultural Biological etc. Effect of control agents on Chemical multiple pests? means of control Integration of control measures? Side effects?

Integrated crop management Grower’s activities Cultural practices

Plants

Control agents vs pathogens

?

Pathogens Arthropod pests Weeds

Chemical fungicides, inseticides Fertilizers, composts…

Control agents vs pests

? Environment



97

Technical and Socio-Economical Constrains and Solutions in the Implementation of ICM: from Theory to Practice: Dr. Ilaria Pertot, SafeCrop Centre, IASMA, Italy ABSTRACT The success of implementing sustainable Integrated Crop Management (ICM) programs in largescale commercial agriculture is largely dependant on the technical and socio-economical environment in which it has to be applied. The implementation of an ICM program starts with outlining its basic principles. These principles have to be adapted to the specific environment (crop, pests and diseases, socio-economical situation, etc.). In this stage, an in-depth analysis of the existing situation, available techniques, and approaches is used for defining problems, planning and managing programs, analyzing systems, and implementing ICM. The ICM program then has to be tested in a limited number of pilot farms for validation and demonstration. Successful long-term implementation of ICM requires the integration of key technical and management activities and the participation of a wide range of stakeholders including farmers, researchers, extension officers, crop consultants, government agencies, and industry. Problem specification and additional research can facilitate an integrated strategy for tackling complex crop management issues. Subsidies, advertisement, and education can speed the process. The slow adoption of ICM is often caused by gaps in farmers' knowledge of rational crop management. Other factors such as farmers' perception of risks related to a change in agricultural practices can also influence their decisions. To bridge these gaps and improve farmers' practices, most ICM implementation programs rely on communication strategies. The last steps are maintaining and improving the ICM program over time by continuous adaptation to market changes and adoption of new available techniques. Some specific cases of ICM implementation in practice will be presented and technical and socioeconomical constraints and solutions will be discussed.

Technical and socio-economical constrains and solutions in the implementation of ICM: from theory to practice Ilaria Pertot, Riccarda Moser, Dario Angeli, Cesare Gessler* SafeCrop Centre, IASMA Research Center, Italy *c/o Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETHZurich, Switzerland

Definition of ICM
Several different definitions for ICM and sustainability can be provided, but for our purpose it is defined as a strategy that is using the minimum amount of external inputs to achieve an acceptable profit, with the least damage to the environment and human health, being, at the same time, well integrated and accepted by the existing social background

Implementation of an ICM program:
Identification of basic statements and rules
Development
Implementation in pilot farms
Wide scale application
Maintenance and improvement RESEARCH NEEDED IN EACH STEP

Identification of basic statements and rules “State of the art”
Identification of the area (surface, crops, farms)
Socio-economical analysis of present situation
Inputs and outputs
Available technologies and know-how
Indicators (sustainability, pesticide risk, biodiversity)
Reliable objectives

99

60 % of the surface is above 1000 m asl 50 % of the population in areas lower than 400 m asl 29.4 % of the population in cities, 70.6 % rural areas

Risks of failure of the program:
Wrong estimation of efforts needed, scarce knowledge on existing crops, market development, etc.
Limitation from the socio-economical structure (farmers’ education, acceptance of changes, lack of investors, etc.)
High inputs needed vs. low outputs
Too ambitious projects

Is it ICM suitable in the selected area? Realistic objectives Not always ICM is immediately feasible, in some cases better to choose a step by step program:
Infrastructures and facilities
Organization (cooperatives, extension service, internal market vs. export)
Education
Subsidies
Premium price
Competition

100

Inputs economical educational organization

Positive outputs economical ecological toxicological

Chemical Protection use of pesticided based on repeated application (weekly) static Grower Chemical industry

++++

+

Chemical Protection based on plant stages static with low imporvement Grower Chemical industry's advice

+++

+

Integrated pest protection transition step Grower + information Technician (pesticides)

++

++

Integrated pest management Partially dynamic Grower + information Technician (global system) Organization - extension service

++

++

Integrated crop management Fully dynamic Grower + information Technician (global system) Organization - extension service Market, Industry, Consumer, Policy makers

++

+

+

+++

++

++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

ACCEPTANCE Economical impact* (€/ha) of same levels of disease incidence and severity on grapevine and apple 100% 12,720 €/ha

15,4170 €/ha

80% 60% 40% 20% 13

127

1542

1542

0%

grape: 1% inc, grape: 1% inc, apple: 1% inc, apple: 1% inc, with 1% sev with 10% sev with 1% sev with 10% sev

*Scenarios based on 2003 prices and production in Trentino (Northern Italy)

The failure in disease control results in different level of money loss depending on the crop

Test in pilot farms

Smaller, but representative of the commercial farms

101

Set strategies (integration of various tools) • Input/output • Cost/benefit • Market, consumer, environment Combined strategies T 3 5 6

timing 7 days 7 days 7 days

1 Azoxy. Azoxy. Azoxy.

2 3 Sulphur Penconazole Tricodex Tricodex Penconazole Tricodex

4 Azoxy Tricodex Tricodex

5 AQ10 Tricodex Tricodex

6 AQ10 Azoxy. AQ 10

harvest AQ10 AQ10 AQ 10

6 untreated Sulphur

harvest untreated Sulphur

Untreated and reference chemical strategy T 11 1

timing 1 untreated 7 days Azoxy.

2 3 untreated untreated Penconazole Penconazole

4 untreated Sulphur

5 untreated Azoxy.

Comparison of results: efficacy and feasibility 60

e CHEM1

50

Severity on leaves %

40

ANOVA, Duncan test; same letter no significant difference with P>0.05

d c

30

COMB1 COMB2 COMB3 TRICHO. AQ10.

20

b

10

SEREN. UNTREAT.

a

0 1

2

3

4

weeks

5

6

7

Pertot et al., 2004

Integration: reduction of residues and same control level as chemicals

Wide scale application:
Education Use the right language, approach, time and message
Subsidy (if cost are higher, but also as an incentive)
Laws and regulations
Quality control
Premium price and recognition of the product on the market

102

Maintenance and improving:
Research
Consumer information
Advertisement
Quality control
Improve performance of indicators with new tools
Horizon scanning and market monitoring (continuously)

Knowledge of the crops and the socio-economical environment Research and upgrading of knowledge and techniques Suitability of the system Selection of the right stage where to enter Improvement Quality control Continuous research and market monitoring High probability of success

Thank you for your attention



103

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Greenhouses of Tomatoes: Mr. Omar Zeidan, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel ABSTRACT Pest control is a significant factor in tomato production. In the past, pest control was generally used to produce safety fruits and increase production, but in recent years, efforts have been made to reduce the use of pesticides for various reasons: 1. Saving in production costs; 2. Prevention of toxic residues on fresh produce and in foodstuff; 3. Prevention of air pollution and environmental damage. Pest control methods are divided into groups: 1. Conventional pest control: the application of chemical pesticides as routine preventative treatment (proactive approach), and then following the appearance of a particular disease or pest. 2. Agro-technical methods which are complementary to or are an alternative to chemical pest control: these methods include physical protection of crops using special greenhouse coverings such as special plastics, nets (insect proof), double doors; climatic manipulation to minimize conditions for the development and spread of insects and diseases; and soil mulching in order to reduce conditions for the development of leaf diseases. Additionally, solar sterilization of the soil and greenhouse space is now a common and widely used method. Finally, there is steam sterilization which is limited to substrates and light soils. It is important not to forget that sanitation and propagation material must be free of pathogens. 3. Biological pest control: using predators to control the insects. The use of predators was increased in the last years, including the use of bumble bees for pollination of tomato flowers. It is recommended to use colored sticky traps that attract insects in order to monitor and to reduce the insect population. 4. Genetics: growing varieties that are resistant or tolerant to pests include soil-borne diseases, foliar diseases, nematodes, and viruses. Also, the use of root stocks for grafting to prevent soilborne diseases became very common in tomato farming. In order to get complete results of pest control, the basic IPM strategy in tomato green-houses will rely on a combination of several methods.

IPM-Integrated Pest Management In Tomatoes Omar Zeidan Deputy director R & D and Director of Department of Vegetable Extension services. Ministry of Agriculture and rural development, Israel

Efforts have been made to reduce the use of pesticides for various reasons: - Maximization farmers income - saving in production costs. - Prevention of toxic residues on fresh products and in foodstuff - Consumer safety - Prevention of air pollution and environmental damages.

Integrated Pest Control Optimization of Pest Management Practices by Integrating Of Different Methods For Pest Control Taking in Consideration: - Conventional and chemical practices. - Agro-technical methods. - Biological pest control. - Genetic methods by breeding.

Chemical Control under an IPM Regime Based on a Adequate Monitoring System As Last Alternative Selective Materials to… to…. Soft Chemicals Spot Treatments Timing

105

Agro-technical Methods Use insect-proof net in green-houses and net-houses. Monitoring of insects by traps. Use Of special cover - UV absorber. Use of soil mulching. Greenhouses management

Greenhouses Management •Tillage – deep plowing to avoid soil compact and to improve aeration of soil and drainage surplus water. • Crop rotation - to maintain pests reproduction and population increase. • Sanitation – Removal of contaminated plants, and avoid weeds growth. • Ventilation - to reduce heating and high humidity and to avoid conditions of disease infection.

Nets for agricultural use • Protection against animals and insects • Screens for filtering and reflecting radiation • Protection against severe weather elements

106

Polyethylene (P E ) Cover & Nets on Walls Insect proof Anti virus 50 mesh

Yellow Traps to reduce infection by TYLCV Yellow sticky trap in green houses Monitoring the whitefly population in the green-houses, and alerts us to the needs for treatments.

Ultra Violet Radiation • The U V Range Is Between 200-400 n.m. (wave lengths) • The Eyes Of Higher Animals Cannot Discern This Radiation • On The Other Hand, Insects Can See UV Radiation And Cannot See Red •

107

In The Absence Of UV Light Insects Become Disoriented

Energy reaches the Earth from the Sun and is radiated back to space PAR (photosynthetic absorption range) Ultra- violet (UV)

IR (Infra-red)

UV Absorber - Greenhouses which are covered with plastic film which contain UV blocking additives reduce the activity of the whitefly which is the vector of TYLCV in tomato plants. - Under UV free environment insects become less active and disoriented. The whitefly and other insects refrain from entering a greenhouse which is covered with a film which blocks the U V radiation.

The Insect Field Of Vision

Insects cannot see red but they are able to see U V light and need it for their spatial orientation.

108

109

Effect of mulching - Mulching is an agro-technical activity designed

for different objectives, which are influenced by the sheet properties, it’s color, and it’s other chemical additives.

Continue Mulching - Mulching with transparent sheets results in heating of the upper soil layers and encourages growth, especially when planting is in low temperatures. - Mulching with black, silver, or black and white PE is suitable for autumn and spring and prevents germination of weeds. - Co-extruded mulching, which is black on the bottom and white on the top, or one white layer contributes to increasing radiation by reflection to the plants

Continue mulching effect - In general, mulching creates a climate that is suitable for growing. When the soil is covered with PE, it has been found that irrigation efficiency increases and the root system is more active. - Conditions for development of leaf diseases have also been found to decrease, following improved microclimate in the greenhouse space by reducing humidity.

110

With Mulching

Without Mulching

Soil mulching Yellow PE upon seed-bed in open field attract the white-fly to the yellow PE. The hot mulch cause direct damage to the insects. The result less viruses.

Soil Mulching

111

Breeding by genetic methods Resistance for Soil-borne diseases. Resistance for Foliage diseases. Tolerant varieties for Nematodes. Resistance and tolerant for Viruses. Use of root stock for grafting.

RESISTANCES OF TOMATO VARIETIES SUSCEPTIBLE V, F V, F, N V, F, F, N, Tm V, F, F, N, Tm, Stm V, F, F, N, Tm,Stm, CF-9 V, F, F, N, Tm,Stm, CF-9, Fr V, F, F, N, Tm, Stm, CF-9, Ty V, F, F, N, Tm,Stm, CF-9, Pto V, F, F, N, Tm,Stm, CF-9, Sw V, F, F, N, Tm,Stm, CF-9, Lt V, F, F, N, Tm, Stm, CF-9, Fr, Ty, Pto, Sw, Lt

Nematode Tolerance

112

Breeding Tomato varieties Tolerant To TYLCV

Grafted Seedlings With 1 Or 2 Stems Per Plant

Grafted tomato plants in green-houses Grafted plants have vigorous vegetative growth, and produce higher yield than non grafted plants.

113

Fusarium Crown Rot

Non-Grafted

Grafted

Biological Pest Control By Use of predators to reduce damages of some insects in tomato farming.

The Problem: Spidermites. Twospotted spidermite and red spidermite

Pe

st

Two-spotted spidermite - adult, nymphs and egg

114

Spider mites damages

Biological Solution: Spidex®. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. Controls spidermites in vegetable crops, field crops ornamentals and fruit trees

A female predator

Results of predation

115

Predator in action

Commercial package

The Problem: Leaf-miner flies Pe

st

Leaf-miner fly adult

Leaf miner damages

Biological Solution: Miglyphus®. The parasitic wasp Diglyphus isaea. Controls leafminer flies in vegetable and ornamental crops

116

A female parasitoid

Two parasitoid larvae

Two parasitoid pupae

Commercial package

Pollination of tomato flowers Bumblebees for Natural Pollination An Important Factor in IPM in Greenhouse Vegetables

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

 117

Biological Control of Fusarium (Wilt Disease) in Tomatoes by Bacillus subtilis: Dr. ElSayed Fathi Abdallah, PPRI, ARC, Egypt ABSTRACT Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one of the most important and widely distributed vegetable crops due to its highly nutritional value. Every tomato grower is faced with the hazard of loss due to wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. This phenomenon appears particularly during early summer in Nili tomato plantations of Upper Egypt governates and also throughout reclaimed sandy regions in Nubareya and Ismailia governates. 1. Total lipids content F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici caused significant decrease in total lipids content due to the destructive effect of wilt pathogen and its metabolites on chloroplast. Pre-treatment of tomato seedlings with B. subtilis before F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici prevented the negative effect of wilt pathogen on total lipids content. The application of B. subtilis by itself caused significant increase in total lipids content, as compared with the healthy control. It could be related to an enhancement of photosynthesis and an improvement of chloroplast as reported. 2. Neutral lipid contents Wilt pathogen caused a significant decrease in the incorporation of photosynthates into Triacylglycerol and Sterol. Such a decrease was accompanied by a significant increase in Diacylglycerol, Sterol Estor, and non-esterified fatty acids synthesis. This could account for the altered membrane permeability which is known to be induced by extracellular metabolities produced by the wilt pathogen that caused a decrease in the photosynthesis process. Pre-treatment of tomato seedlings with B. subtilis before F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici prevented the negative effect of wilt pathogen on neutral lipids content. The application of biocontrol agent B. subtilis only caused a significant increase in Triacylglycerol and Sterol. 3. Phospholipid contents The wilt pathogen caused a significant reduction in all phospholipid constituents except for Phosphatidic acid, which significantly increased, indicating a blocking in the pathway of other phospholipid constituents from Phosphatidic acid. The reduction additionally indicates malfunction in the incorporation between lipid moiety and phosphoric acid which led to the accumulation of free Phosphatidic acid in the infected plant tissues. Furthermore, the water deficit stress developed by wilt pathogen played a direct role in the alteration of the phospholipid constituents of the stressed plant. The pre-treatment of tomato with biocontrol agent B. subtilis before F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici protected the host phospholipid against the negative effect of the wilt pathogen. The application of B. subtilis by itself had no significant effect on Phosphatidic acid, Phosphatidyl Choline, or Phosphatidyl Ethanol amine, but it did cause a significant increase in Phosphatidyl glycerol, Phosphatidyl Inositol and Phosphatidyl serine. During photosynthesis, the incorporation of glycerol-3-phosphate was clearly established into cystidine diphosphate diglyceride, which was incorporated into Phosphatidyl Inositol, Phosphatidyl glycerol, and Phosphatidyl serine, respectively. The pre-treatment of tomato with biocontrol agent B. subtilis before F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici protected the host phospholipid against the negative effect of the wilt pathogen.

Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato by Bacillus subtilis

Abd_Allah E. F. *, Ph.D Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. *Present address: Kasassein Agriculture Research Station, Kasassein, Ismailia, Egypt [Email: [email protected]].

• Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M ill) is one of the most important and widely distributed vegetable crop due to its highly nutritional value. Every tomato grower is faced with hazard of loss due to wilt disease caused

by

Fusarium

oxysporum

f.

sp.

lycopersici. • This

phenomenon

appear

particularly

through early summer and / or Nili tomato plantation of Upper Egypt governorates and also through reclaimed sandy regions in Nubareya and Ismailia governorates.

B io c o n t r o l a s A lt e r n a t iv e t o C h e m ic a l F u n g ic id e s • C h e m ic a l

c o n t a m in a t io n

of

fo o d ,

w a ter

r e s e r v o ir s a n d s o il b e c a m e a f a c t in o u r lif e . • S a f e t y a n d lim it a t io n o f f u n g ic id e s b e c a m e d e m a n d d u e t o t h e c o n t in u o u s u s e le a d t o a n e n v ir o n m e n t a l d is a s t e r a n d

to

n o n -ta r g e t

a n d a n t h e r b e n e f ic ia l o r g a n is m s . • C o n s o lid a t io n

of

m ic r o b ia l

b io c o n t r o l

a g e n t s b e c a m e a n e c e s s it y d u e t o : • T h e y h a v e a b ilit y t o r e p r o d u c e a n d e s t a b lis h t h e m s e lv e in t h e s o il e c o s y s t e m a n d c o lo n iz e se ed s,

sp er m o sp h e re ,

r h iz o s p h e r e ,

r h iz o p la n e a n d f o lia g e . • T h e y a r e h ig h ly c o m a t ib le w it h s u s t a in a b le a g r ic u lt u r e

p r a c t ic e s

th a t

r e q u ir e d

fo r

c o n s e r v in g n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s o f a g r ic u lt u r e .

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Mechanisms Involved in Biocontrol

The

antagonistic

interactions

among

microorganisms in nature include : 

Antibiotic production



Parasitism (lysis)



Competition

B a c illu s su b tilis a s a M o d le B io c o n tr o l A g e n t D e p e n d s A n tifu n g a l A n tib io tic P r o d u c tio n in th e E n v ir o n m e n t

Biological Control of Fusarium-wilt disease in Tomato by Bacillus subtilis

Fusaric acid

Wilt index

Treatment

*

Wilted plants (%)

Invaded vessels (%)

0.00

0.00

Plant (control) Plant + F.

78.30

84.00

5.4

Plant + B. + F.

11.40

20.72

2.0

Plant + B.

0.00

0.00

0.0

L S D at 0.05 0.01

10.48 14.16

8.69 11.74

0.4 0.6

*= mycotoxin fusaric acid expresed as µg / 10 g fresh weight. F.= Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. B. = Bacillus subtilis.

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0.0

H ito b a t h o lo g ic a l O b s e r v a t io n T h e a n a to m y o f u n -in o c u la te d p la n ts ( h e a lth y c o n tr o l o n e ) c lo s e ly r e s u m b le d th e a n a to m y o f p r e v io u s ly r e p o r te d to m a to p la n ts . T h e e p id e r m is ( E p .), c o r te x ( C o .) a n d v a s c u la r tis s u e s ( X .V .) o f to m a to s e e d lin g s s h o w in g n o rm a l a n d in ta c t.

T h e w ilt p ath ogen (F usariu m o xysporu m f. sp . lycopersici) co u ld p en etrate th e ep id erm a l tissu es tow ard s th e grou n d tissu es. T h e ep id erm al tissu es arisin g ru p tu red , lysied an d irregu lated . A lso , cortex tissu es ap p eared to b e d istroyed an d colon ized b y th e w ilt p ath ogen . T h e colon ization ob serv ed in th e in tercellu la r sp aces an d w ith in th e cortx cells. M ean w hile, lon gitu d in al sectio n in d icate th e colon ization of vascu lar tissu es b y th e p ath og en an d g els in pit ap ertu res of tw o vessel adjoinin g a d arkly stain ed p aratra ch eal p aren ch ym a cells (arrow ).

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The previous treatment of tomato seedlings with the biocontrol agent (B. subtilis) befor the wilt pathogen (F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) decrease the harmful effect of wilt pathogen. The wilt pathogen colonized only the epidermal cells (EP.) whereas the cortex (CO.) arising intact (arrow).

The treatment of tomato seedlings with B. subtilis only (in absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) had no any negative effect on anatomical structure of tomato root. It is clear that epidermis (EP.) as well as cortex (CO.) [Fig. A] and xylem vessels (X.V.) [Fig. B] of tomato root arising intact. Moreover, it is also clear that B. subtilis had hypertrophic effect that cause an obvious elongation in cortex cells (CO.) of tomato root [Fig. A].

Lipid Metabolismin in Tomato as a Sensitive Monitor for Biocontrol of Fusarium-Wilt Disease By B. subtilis

o

o

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Lipids are an important materials in biological membranes, playing an essential role in permeability. Lipids have a direct role in physiological activities such as respiration, energy transport and phtosynthsis.

1 . T o ta l lip id s c o n te n t • F . o x ysp o ru m f . s p . ly c o p e r s ic i c a u s e d s ig n if ic a n t d e c r e a s e in t o t a l lip id s c o n t e n t . • T h a t d u e to t h e d e s t r a c t iv e e f f e c t w ilt p a t h o g e n o r it s m e t a b o lit e s o n c h lo r o p la s t , hence p h o to sy n th a te in c o r p o r a tio n in t o lip id s w a s d e c r e a s e d .

• P r e -tr e a tm e n t o f to m a to se e d lin g s w ith B . s u b tilis b e f o r F . o x y s p o r u m f . s p . ly c o p e r s ic i overcom e th e n e g a t iv e e ffe ct of w ilt p a t h o g e n o n t o t a l lip id s c o n t e n t . T h a t d u e to :

•

•

D e t o x if ic a t io n of w ilt in d u c in g agent ( m y c o t o x in f u s a r ic a c id ) p r o d u c e d b y w ilt p a th o g e n . D e c r e a s e t h e p o p u la t io n o f w ilt p a t h o g e n in th e r h iz o sp h e r e .

T h e a p p lication o f B . su b tilis on ly (in ab se n ce of F . o xy sp oru m f. sp . lyc op ersici) ca u sed sign ifica n t in c re ase in total lip id s c on ten t co m p ar ed w ith h e alth y c on tro l on e . It co u ld b e re la ted to a n en h a n cem e n t o f p h oto syn th esis a n d a n im p ro v em en t of ch lo ro p la st as r ep or ted .

123

2 . N e u t r a l lip id c o n t e n ts W ilt p a t h o g e n c a u s e d a s ig n if ic a n t d e c r e a s e in t h e in c o r p o r a tio n o f p h o t o s y n t h a te s in t o T r ia c y lg ly c e r o l ( T G ) a n d S t e r o l ( S ) . S u c h d e c r e a s e w a s a c c o m p a n ie d b y a s ig n if ic a n t in c r e a se in D ia c y lg ly c e r o l ( D G ) , S t e r o l E s t o r ( S E ) a n d n o n - e s t e r if ie d f a t t y a c id s (F A A ) sy n th e sis. I t c o u ld a c c o u n t f o r t h e a lt e r e d m e m b r a n e p e r m e a b ilit y w h ic h is k n o w n t o b e in d u c e d b y e x t r a c e llu la r m e ta b o lit ie s p r o d u c e d b y w ilt p a t h o g e n t h a t c a u s e d a d e c r e a s e in p h o to sy n th e sis p r o c e ss.

•

•

P r e - t r e a t m e n t o f t o m a t o s e e d lin g s w it h B . s u b tilis b e f o r F . o x y s p o r u m f . s p . ly c o p e r s ic i o v e r c o m e t h e n e g a t iv e e f f e c t o f w ilt p a t h o g e n o n n e u t r a l lip id s c o n t e n t .

• T h e a p p lic a tio n o f b io c o n tr o l a g e n t B . s u b tilis o n ly (in a b s e n c e o f F . o x y s p o r u m f. s p . ly c o p e r s ic i) c a u s e s ig n if ic a n t in c r e a s e in T r ia c y lg ly c e r o l ( T G ) a n d S te r o l (S ) .

•

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S u c h in c r e a s e in d ic a t e th e e n h a n c e m e n t o f lip id s m e ta b o lis m to w a r d s a n a b o lis m s u g g e s t in g m o r e p o s it iv e e ff e c t o f B . s u b tilis o n p la n t m e t a b o lis m . I t c o u ld b e e x p la in e d d u e to th e effe c t o f g r o w th h o r m o n es p r o d u c e d b y B . s u b tilis .

3 . P h o s p h o lip id c o n te n ts T h e w ilt p a t h o g e n c a u s e d a s ig n ific a n t r e d u c tio n in p h o s p h o lip id c o n s tit u e n ts except P h o s p h a tid ic a c id (P A ) w h ic h sig n ific a n tly in c r e a se d . T h a t in d ic a te a b lo c k in g in th e p a th w a y of o th er p h o s p h o lip id c o n s titu e n ts fr o m P h o s p h a tid ic a c id (P A ). A ls o , th a t in d ic a t e m a lfu n c tio n in th e in c o r p o r a t io n b e tw e e n lip id m o ie t y a n d p h o s p h o r ic a c id w h ic h le a d s to a c c u m ilia tio n of free P h o s p h a tid ic a c id (P A ) in t h e in fe c te d p la n t tis s u e s . F u r th e r m o r e , th e w a ter d e fic it s tr e s s d e v e lo p e d b y w ilt p a th o g e n (F . o x y s p o r u m f. s p . ly c o p e rs ic i) p la y a d ir e c t r o le in th e a lte r a t io n of th e p h o s p h o lip id c o n s titu e n ts o f t h e s tr e s s e d p la n t.







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T he p r e - tr e a tm e n t of to m a to w it h b io c o n tr o l a g e n t B . s u b tilis b e fo r F . o x y sp o ru m f. s p . ly c o p e rs ic i p r o te c te d th e h o st p h o sp h o lip id a g a in st th e n e g a tiv e e ffe c t o f th e w ilt p a t h o g e n .

T h e a p p lic a t io n o f B . s u b tilis o n ly ( in a b s e n c e o f F . o x y s p o r u m f . s p . ly c o p e r s ic i) h a d n o s ig n if ic a n t e f f e c t o n P h o s p h a t id ic a c id ( P A ) , P h o s p h a t id y l C h o lin e ( P C ) , P h o s p h a tid y l E th a n o l a m in e (P E ) h o w e v e r c a u s e d a s ig n if ic a n t in c r e a s e in P h o s p h a t id y l g ly c e r o l ( P G ) , P h o s p h a t id y l I n o s it o l ( P I ) a n d P h o s p h a t id y l s e r in e ( P S ) . D u r in g p h o to sy n th e sis (th a t e n h a n c e d b y B. s u b tilis ) , th e a p p lic a t io n of th e in c o r p o r a tio n o f g ly c e r o l-3 -p h o sp h a te w a s c le a r ly e s t a b lis h e d in to c y s tid in e d ip h o s p h a t e d ig ly c e r id e , w h ic h in c o r p o r a t e d in t o P h o s p h a t id y l I n o s it o l (P I), P h o s p h a tid y l g ly c e r o l ( P G ) and P h o s p h a tid y l s e r in e (P S ), r e sp e c tiv e ly .

I would to acknowledgment Peres Center of Peace to give the opportunity for my presentation.

ELSAYED

I w ish to d e d ica te th is w o rk in m em o r y o f P r o f. A . A . E la sw a y , fo r m e r h e a d o f B o ta n y D e p a r tm e n t, F a c u lty o f S c ie n c e , Z a g a z ig U n iv er sity , Z a g a z ig , E g y p t. ELS A Y ED

ELSA YED



126

SESSION THREE: Market challenges and Export Standards Chair: Dr. Suzanne Kamel, Director of World Food Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt Co-Chair: Dr. Sanford Ehrlich, Executive Director of Entrepreneurship, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA Goals: To offer an overview of current marketing and product development strategies for olives, dates, almonds, tomatoes and potatoes in the Middle East region and to identify the major constraints on market development and entry for selected products.

 Market Entry Opportunities for Value Added Products: Mr. Marvin A. Spira, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA ABSTRACT New market entry equals business growth for agriculture producers, marketers and distributors. This presentation focuses on the market entry opportunities for value added food products and the basic marketing essentials needed including research, planning and implementation for successful market entry. With the existing “value added” technology, the only missing link is for collaborative Middle East regional partnerships and commitments to be established in order to bring innovative products to targeted areas such as the European Union, the United States and Canada. In order to penetrate these markets productively and profitably, a structured and detailed marketing plan is needed. Specific targets need to be identified and structure must be created in order to implement the project. Products that have been advanced through the efforts of the integrated crop management (ICM) projects will have a significant impact on the economic development of each of the involved countries. In retail stores, food service areas, specialty grocery stores and convenience stores, almonds, olives, dates, potatoes and tomatoes have a sales value range of $1.50 per lb. to $4.50 per lb., both in the United States and in the European Community. The sales volume has remained relatively constant for the past five years. Little has been done promotionally to advance the sales of these commodities. If promotional materials were developed to increase the sales of dates, olives, almonds, tomatoes and potatoes, economic returns of twenty to thirty percent increase could be achieved. The growth of the economies of the industry and the countries connected to them would be apparent. Adding value to existing products would again result in increased returns. For example, using dates as a base, if products such as date bars, spreads, date butter, chutney, salsa, puree, juice, toppings, jams and syrups were manufactured, the return on each of the agricultural bases would increase measurably. The use areas: 1. 2. 3.

127

and marketing of olives, almonds, dates, potatoes and tomatoes can be divided into three The product in its entirety, traditionally packed and shipped; The surplus harvest for industrial use as a commodity; The value added products to damaged, undersized, poor, and seemingly-unused material.

With the existing “value added” technology at hand, it only remains for collaborative and concerted efforts to bring these products to targeted areas such as the European Community (500 million consumers) and the United States and Canada (300 million consumers). In order to penetrate these markets productively and profitably, a structured and detailed marketing plan is necessary. Without it, the chances of failure, disappointment and discouragement are significant. Last year in the United States alone, over 9,000 new food items were introduced into supermarkets. Only 1,800 succeeded in remaining on the shelves after six months. The primary reason was poor financial planning and the inability to sustain the new products in the stores. Other reasons for failure can be attributed to improper research and sales implementation. In order to assure a successful marketing campaign, three basic marketing procedures must be addressed: RESEARCH, PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION. RESEARCH Knowing what the consumer wants, what is available to them, and how much competition the producer may face can initially be determined by assessing the exposure in supermarkets and grocery stores. The equipment needed is nothing more than a notepad and pencils. Noting the products displayed on the shelf, prices, sizes and varieties, can provide an excellent perspective upon which the marketing target should focus. Further, in-depth statistics can be found from Departments of Commerce and/or the Internet. Trend analyses and category statistics are available through industry publications and government agencies and are an excellent guide in the projection of new items. Once an item is chosen and its targets identified, prototypes can be tested by focus groups, sensory evaluation panelists and interviews. Taste (the number one criteria in consumer choice), color, size, price points, and packaging, can then be evaluated. Demographic and psychographic surveys will help focus on the entry area for the product, i.e. retail, food service, industrial, type of neighborhood, ethnic interest, etc. Without detailed analysis, moving forward with any project can prove to be very expensive. PLANNING The most important phase of market entry is in-depth planning. Manufacturing process must be determined. Contract packing or co-packing may be preferable and cost-effective initially rather than creating your own manufacturing facility. Real estate, building and equipment, necessary labor, plus raw material procurement and available expertise are factors to consider when deciding on the production process. Effective advertising, public relations and “branding” strategies should be detailed, scheduled and evaluated relative to initial entry and cost. Sales methods and distribution costs can be predetermined and specific plans stated, scheduled and evaluated. Timing and tracking forms can assist in this procedure. Intelligent, detailed and realistic FINANCIAL planning is the important part of any market entry plan. Without knowing and preparing for the cost of entering any given market segment, the ability to sustain the product can be lost, and the initial investment in time, money and energy, will be wasted. Knowing the true cost of a manufactured product, plus packaging and overhead is vital. Equally important are the costs of advertising, promotion, sales, shipping, tariffs, salaries, and net

128

profit desired (see attached product entry planning form). Having the financial assets is essential to the success of launching a new or improved product and sustaining it in the marketing area of your choice.

IMPLEMENTATION The research and planning will have provided the strategy for actually implementing the product. Sales personnel should be chosen for their experience and enthusiasm and should be given specific predetermined detailed objectives. Distribution methods and knowledge of the product and company objectives and goals must be determined in advance in order to ensure the proper perspective of the sales force. The logistics of production and delivery are important in order to ensure the steady flow of product to the market place. Tracking procedures to measure the progress against stated objectives should be implemented from the initial sales efforts. Reviews of product quality, package acceptance, consumer reactions and expected financial results should take place periodically. The participants in this study group and project will make their experience and expertise available to those countries, agricultural industries, and economies that wish to participate in this project. There were in excess of two billion dollars worth of dates, olives and almonds sold in supermarkets in the US in 2005. If you were to add convenience stores and specialty grocery stores to that total, the volume would exceed three billion dollars. A collaborative effort by the industries being addressed in the Middle East, in the form of public relations and advertising programs featuring the taste and nutritional value of their products, could increase the demand by 10% or more. This would mean an increase by at least $30 million in sales. In contrast, the categories of jams, condiments, fruit bars, spreads, and sauces exceeded twenty billion dollars in sales through the same retail outlets – all value added products. If the industries being addressed were to focus on value added products and production and target only one percent of that category, the resulting volume would exceed $200 million of high profit margin products. The opportunities are there. It takes commitment, collaboration, and forward thinking. The benefits to the agricultural and manufacturing economy, as well as the positive impact on the populations of all countries participating, would be apparent to all concerned. PRODUCT ENTRY PLANNING FORM ITEM:

Sales Target:

Product Cost:

Unit

Raw materials Packaging (Boxes, labels) Labor Overhead: Rent Electric Gas Telephone

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Case

% of Cost

Insurance Office/Administration Water Advertising Promotion Sales: Entry fees (supermarkets) Salaries (Sales People) Shipping Taxes/Tariffs Research & Development Cost of money - interest Executive/Management salaries Total Product Cost Desired Net Profit Commissions (broker) Net Selling Price Distributor Mark-up Listed Selling Price (net selling price, plus distributor mark-up) By: Name Department Marvin A. Spira, CAE

VALUE ADDED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPTS: 1) DATES a) Condiments consisting of Chutneys, spreads, sauces; b) Pure date fruit bars – can be mixed with other fruits or almonds; c) Date and Nut (almond) cakes and mixes; d) Date syrups used for sweeteners; e) Date candies – chocolate covered; f) Date purees used for industrial baking or mixes; g) Dehydrated dates used for seasonings or industrial purposes.; 2) ALMONDS a) Almond butter and Almond –Date butter spread (similar to peanut butter); b) Almond-Date health bars; c) Almond powders and/or extracts for seasonings (ice cream, sauces); d) Chocolate covered roasted almonds. 3) OLIVES

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a) b) c) d)

Olive spreads; Olive seasoned tapinades (mixed with tomatoes); Olives stuffed with almonds or dates; Dehydrated olives used in salads or sauces.

4) TOMATOES a) Tomato-Vegetable health bar (Lycopene anti-oxidant support); b) Tomato parchment for use as a wrap; c) Dehydrated, seasoned tomato powder; d) Dried tomato rings for soups, salads, pizzas, etc. 5) POTATOES a) Potato rings – extruded, deep fried, or baked; b) Flavored potato rings with onions, cheese, tomatoes, peppers, dates, almonds, or olives. PLEASE NOTE: The technology and equipment to produce all of the above items is currently in existence and is being used in the food industry in one form or another. More detailed descriptions of each of these methods of manufacture can be discussed as needed.

 Genetic Improvements for Taste Quality, Long Shelf Life, Nutrition and Product Presentation: Mr. Itzhak Abt, Senior Consultant, the Peres Center for Peace ABSTRACT The concept of Integrated Crop Management represents a further phase in a step to integrate agronomic Best Practices, post-harvest care, and pest management to produce safe and quality products sought on high-value markets. Its integrative nature calls for heightened inter-disciplinary activities in the fields of crop genetics, agrotechnology, plant protection, water use, post harvest care, pre-packaging and marketing. The role of genetic improvement of crops for yield, product size, taste, color, aroma, and performance under different environmental conditions, and even innovative health properties, is a predominant factor to supply what the market demands. Therefore, regional R&D activities are especially important, particularly in relation to the acclimatization of crops and varieties to different ecosystems. The role of accurate irrigation technologies is another major factor in the production process, related both to open field and protected agriculture. In this respect, water need assessment for crop combinations is an aspect that warrants close cooperation between countries. ICM represents a common denominator between riparian countries for two main reasons: pest and disease control (since pests and vectors know no borders), and the need for cross-border marketing cooperation to supply markets in order to maximize the economies of scale (particularly in terms of the six products chosen for the Middle East and Mediterranean ICM initiative).

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Subsistence Agriculture •Deficient nutrition (350 kg grain equiv./cap./year) •Shift cultivation •Hand implements only •Limited cultivated area •Predominance of rain-fed agriculture •Use of degenerated seeds •Low input level used •Very low yield output •Overgrazing •Land degradation and desertification •Traditional agro-forestry systems

Subsistence Agriculture in Transitional Industrial Economies (1) • Predominance of small uneconomic farm holdings (either in physical terms or undercapitalized) • Nutritional deficiencies, low cash income and chronic poverty • Under-employment and seasonal fluctuations • Low level of inputs used (qualitative and quantitative) • Low output per unit area and household • Land degradation (monoculture and malpractice) • Inefficient extension delivery services

Subsistence Agriculture in Transitional Industrial Economies (2) • Impoverished rural amenities and support systems • Deficient technological/vocational educational opportunities • Resulting in low labor mobility • Wide gaps between local development aspirations and national sectoral policies • Weak economic and employment links between the urban and rural periphery

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Structural Changes Required for Diversification (1) • Land consolidation programs to foster larger economic family farm units • Rural technological education programs • Encourage investments in peripheral areas • Access to working capital for small holders • Decentralized agricultural extension service to promote the application of tested technologies • Upgrading of technological and vocational training in peripheral areas

Structural Changes Required for Diversification (2) • R&D on a sub-regional basis to respond effectively to the farmers and local conditions • Seek comparative advantages for export • Incentives to produce and use improved genetic seeds and plants for quality export • Tailor-made post harvest systems including quality control, storage and packaging • Encouraging peri-urban development, centered on the relocation of populations, supported by investment in peripheral areas

Diversified Agriculture • • • • • • • • • •

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Food basket (550-800 kg grain equiv./cap./year) Cash and market oriented Credit delivery systems Irrigation (where relevant) Double and multi-cropping Semi-intensive livestock husbandry Use of by-products Pre-processing facilities Employment generation Higher capitalized habitat and/or settlement

Market-Oriented Specialized Agriculture • • • •

Food basket (550-800 kg grain equiv./cap./year) Specialized agriculture in limited number of farms Improved pressure irrigation (where relevant) Protected agriculture (tunnels, greenhouses, tissue

• • • •

Labor intensive or highly mechanized Advanced post-harvest infrastructure/facilities Export oriented agribusiness Highly capitalized

culture)

Integrated Crop Management (1) • Holistic approach to crop management • Utilizes identified vulnerability of pathogens for their eradication within optimum packages of agrotechnology • Optimizes the use of pesticides, fertilizers and water in a sustainable way • It is becoming increasingly popular with the increase of consumer consciousness • It guarantees yields, reduces costs, saves water, is environmentally friendly, and contributes to the sustainability of agriculture

Integrated Crop Management (2) • ICM implies the management of soil fertility, water resource, pests and the environment in a profitable way • It is a sustainable approach to manage quality export crops through the reduction of diseases to an optimum level • ICM is a social process, influenced by the institutional environment and vice-versa • ICM requires a high level of education and practical experience and constant adaptation

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sustainability

water quality

location

soil

variety ecology

weather

husbandry

Integrated Crop Management

technique

economy

time fertigation

crop rotation Annual/ perennial mixes Crop protection

Market/ postharvest protocols

Facts and Figures (1) • 50% of the world’s crops are lost to harmful organisms, at an annual loss of about $400 billion • Since the 40’s, average pesticide expenditures are about 20% of total costs • ICM revolutionizes extension methods, diffusing technologies through a network of pest scouting, crop husbandry and protection specialists • Under ICM, extension cooperates with both research and farmers on a jointly defined basis

Facts and Figures (2) • Governments are working to provide the social and political frame to enable and support a cost-efficient and ecological safeguard of food • ICM is not easily adopted by farmers. The short-term benefit is in most cases not obvious • Support of ICM is therefore a great contribution for regional sustainable agriculture • ICM is very suitable for enhancing the dialog between many stakeholders and amongst countries. Therefore, it is a very good threshold for peace building

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The Crop Protection Market politics

Crop Protection Companies media group of coops

distribution prescribers

coops

wholesalers

group of farmers

farmers officials

public interest groups

logistics advice

retailers

consultants

end users/companies

general public

Regional Considerations • Pests know no boundaries and pose a common problem for a region • Environmental damage cannot be confined to one country • Our experience has shown that by combating shared enemies, by jointly pulling towards a common goal, a good cooperation is formed between former enemies • The modular program addresses a wide range of hosts (edible crops), pests and countries

The Middle East and Mediterranean ICM Program • A Cooperative Regional ICM Program for Quality Export Crops in the Middle East, the Mediterranean Basin and North Africa • Polish involvement would benefit both sides, as innovative technologies are involved

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Conceptual Framework (1) • This program emphasizes the R&D and advisory component in integration with the regulatory and marketing aspects • It focuses on capturing and transferring proven technologies among the member countries • The most basic technology could reduce 30% of pesticide amount and rationalize the use of water in the first year of implementation • The considerable role of chemical, biological, genetic, and cultural methods in the overall mix of strategies will be taken into account

Conceptual Framework (2) • In terms of adoption, the program focuses on: – Development and modular implementation of pest monitoring techniques – Development of economically sound methods – The rationalization of the use of pesticides, fertilizers and water in a sustainable way – Application of area-wide programs – Extensive crops – The gradual application of full-fledged ICM – If available, the project can be linked to running projects, e.g. "Farmer Field Schools" of the FAO

Objectives • The main activity of the Peres Center is to foster the peace process through jointly working to solve common problems • ICM is a very suited activity to achieve this, involving many levels, from the farmer, researcher, extensionist to the regulatory bodies and trade • The main activities for this project are the steps to develop tailor made ICM programs and implement them on farmer level

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Plant Clinics • It is of supreme importance to establish rapidly the nature of any ill-health in the crop (climatic, soil, cultural factors, pests and/or diseases) • This is the primary aim of Clinics, which may also form the nucleus for further ICM work on a local basis • Local clinics can develop into integrated regional crop protection centers • Their stepwise development must be flexible, responding to local demand

Irrigation & Soil Field Services (1) • Country and/or area Services will deal with extension and R&D in soil-water-plant relations • The main operational principles of the Services: – Grass-roots on-job cooperation – Combining farmers' welfare with the national interest of water resource conservation – Extension in quantitative terms – Coordination with soil-water-plant optimization – Field trials and demonstration of new practices – Continuous laboratory testing

Irrigation & Soil Field Services (2) • Extension and Applied Research will include: – The judicious use of marginal waters – Environmental friendly eradication of soil pathogens, including soil solarization – Guaranteeing the compatibility of crops and agroforestry with the climate and soil – Optimization of irrigation and fertilization regime – Optimization of technology and equipment – Determination of the plant nutrition regime, supported by analysis of soils and plants

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IMPROVED TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

Food For Work Marketing Post Harvest

Conservation Soil & Inputs Water Delivery

Extension Delivery

Applied Research

MARKET-ORIENTED SPECIALLIZED AGRICULTURE

DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE

Self sufficient food production Subsistence

Credit & Banking

SUPPORTING SERVICES

Objective of Transition Subsistence Vicious circle

Subsistence

Improved traditional

Food security

Diversified

Cash oriented

Specialized market oriented

High income

Cash income

 Collaborative Market Research Projects toward Product Commercialization: Dr. Sanford Ehrlich, Executive Director of Entrepreneurship, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace, USA ABSTRACT This presentation will focus on describing the role of collaborative market research projects in the new product or market development process. The intent of these market research projects would be to identify product and market development opportunities for crop and food products within the Middle East and European Union. Through the use of examples from the food industry and a Southern California based consortium investing in high technology companies, the role of market research in the product development process will be highlighted. Dr. Ehrlich will also explore how cross-disciplinary teams, capital and service providers, and entrepreneurial mentors can add value to these collaborations and heighten the capacity to exploit product and market opportunities identified through market research. Through these initial projects, regional cross-country collaborations could be built to execute on identified opportunities. These types of collaborations require the involvement of all relevant parties

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along the value chain, from the growers to the end consumers of the raw crop or derived food products. Initial execution of these collaborative market research projects will depend upon obtaining additional support from local universities or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who support economic development efforts. These organizations can provide individuals with the opportunity to lead and participate in market research efforts. In many universities around the world, cross-disciplinary faculty-student teams have been used to conduct market research studies. With the mentoring of technical/scientific experts and the use of "entrepreneurs-in-residence", these cross-disciplinary teams can clearly define their scope of work and add considerable value to key decision-makers. A key aspect of these studies would be to understand the nature of the market opportunities. In particular, these projects identify and quantify the customer's needs in various markets and the resources required to meet these needs. Other expected outcomes of these studies would be to identify potential strategic alliance relationships and partnerships that can be formed to support the introduction of these new products to the market.

Collaborative Market Research Projects Toward Product Commercialization Sanford B. Ehrlich, Ph.D. San Diego State University

Objectives Provide overview of best practices in the food industry new product development (NPD) process Describe the critical role that market research plays in the NPD process Describe how collaborative market research projects can lead to NPD

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Shifting Power in the Global Food Industry Period

Farmers

Manufacturers

Wholesalers

Retailers

-1900

Dominant

Minor

Major in few trades

Very minor

190019001950

Declining

Dominant

Major in several trades

Minor

196019601970

Minor

Dominant

Dominant

Minor

198019802000

Very minor Declining

Rapidly declining

Dominant

Source: von Schirach-Szmigiel, Christopher, Director, Unilever Sweden

NPD “Best Practices” Practices” in the Food Industry Focus on truly novel products rather than line extensions (although both are needed) Use of teams to shorten development cycles Make more use of outside resources, especially supplier expertise Use stagestage-gate processes (adapted from technology industry) Coordinate and communicate with all functions and disciplines in the process Source: Adapted from 33rd Annual R&D Survey in Top 100 Food Companies, 2005

Where do companies go for NPD assistance? Consortia Government agencies/industry meetings

30% 32%

Journals/trade publications

48% 62%

Patent information and academic institutions Suppliers

100%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Source: 33rd Annual R&D Survey in Top 100 Food Companies (U.S. and Canada, 2005)

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Example: ConAgra’ ConAgra’s New Product Roadmap Process • Cross-functional teams engaged from the start • Close collaboration with partners and suppliers

Create the Vision

Prototype And Refine

• Identify unmet

•Achieve product concept fit •Iterate, iterate •Assess commercial viability Build the Case

customer needs •Develop strategy •Develop and test consumer concepts

Need into Idea

Validate for Launch

Launch

•Testing and validation •Optimize product and process •Develop plans Commercialize

Source: Susan B. Waltman, Vice-President, Nutrition Science and Packaging Development ConAgra Foods, March 2006.

ConAgra Foods Product Roadmap Process Employ a team of disciplines which all contribute to the NPD process to assure quality :      

Sensory insights Culinary design Nutritional science Protein science Processing Packaging

Source: Susan B. Waltman, Vice-President, Nutrition Science and Packaging Development ConAgra Foods, March 2006.

Implementation Ideas Form crosscross-country and crosscross-disciplinary teams to focus on NPD opportunities with designated crop products Teams will guide overall research and planning efforts Employ university students or NGOs to conduct market research on specific crops and regions

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Use of Market Research Teams Assess strategic landscape 

 

Characterize crop product markets in EU and Middle East (e.g., size of market, competitors in market, value chain) Identify consumer trends in the food industry Determine opportunities for valuevalue-added products (e.g., line extensions) and new products

Conduct inin-depth planning   

Determine manufacturing and packaging processes Develop marketing strategies and plans Identify resource requirements and create realistic financial forecasts

 Biodynamic Agriculture in the Oases of Hazoua/Tunisia: Mr. Karl Keller, Vita Terra, Switzerland ABSTRACT The village of Hazoua, where the dates are grown, is situated in South-western Tunisia near the Algerian frontier, to the north of the famous salt lake “Schott el Djerid”. About 600 families currently live there – former nomads who have settled during the last 40 years due to the fact that their living could no longer be ensured by traditional nomadic animal husbandry. Today, they are living mainly from date growing. Upon settling, each family received a parcel of about 1 ha with irrigation, where they planted dates for income generation, grain, fruit and vegetables for auto consumption, and some fodder crop for their animals. When the date palms reached an age of 10 years and entered into their productive phase, the earnings through the sales of the fruits gave a regular income to the families, providing them with enough money to survive. In the meantime, the price has dropped severely, and the revenue of 1ha of dates corresponds to half of the minimum wage of a worker. There is practically no possibility for the date farmers to improve their situation because alternatives for income generation are lacking. There is no industry and only little tourism in the region of Hazoua, and the processing of the agricultural production does not take place. For women there is no chance for employment. The date growers are dependant on commercial intermediaries for sales, as they do not have their own access to the market, nor do they have processing and storage facilities. The intermediaries determine the price, and are likewise dependant upon a small number of wholesalers and exporters who buy the dates from the farmers at minimal prices, with no concern for the quality of the product. Unfortunately, for the small date growers, there is nearly no hope for the future. The only chance to provide them with a place in the market is through the improvement of quality. Therefore, the commercialization of their organic dates through Beni Ghreb is one of the few alternatives that enables them to earn a better income, to protect their environment, and to maintain the traditional oasis culture. Beni Ghreb buys not only the big fruits for export, but also the total production of the

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farmer, who fulfills the organic and quality treatment demands. The farmers also receive a prepayment of their product. The price that Beni Ghreb pays the producers is higher than the official guide price of the state, while other buyers pay about 25% less than officially determined. Beni Ghreb provides farmers with their complementary infrastructure of processing and exporting, which the producers lack. Through the exclusive cooperation with GDABD, Beni Ghreb assures them a better market. PRODUCTION AND MARKETING: The date palm is one of the oldest cultivated plants of mankind, with signs of cultivation dating back to the year 5000 Before Christ. For the Muslims it is the tree of life in the Garden of Eden. In dry regions especially, the date may offer the only possibility for crop production. The palms begin to bear fruit within about 5 years, come in full production between 15 and 50 years, and can produce fruit for up to 100 years. The majority of the dates imported to Europe come from Tunisia. Traditionally, the most important importers were situated in France, where the main stage of conditioning and packing is done, and from where the dates are distributed to other European countries. The preferred and best known variety is Deglet Nour. Recently, during the last years, another variety, Medjul, mainly from Israel and the United States, is gaining importance because of its extraordinary size. Although the consumer prices for dates remain stable, the producer prices are increasingly under pressure, due to quality deterioration and an increase in production areas (a growth of industrialized plantations in the Near East). The farmers of GDABD are cultivating their dates in accordance with the rules of biodynamic agriculture, without the use of agrochemicals, and in line with their traditional knowledge. Through advice and training they learn to produce smaller quantity and better quality fruits, with the help of special pollination methods and improved cut and cultivation techniques. The use of protection nets prevents against infestation of moths, without the need for chemical products. Moreover, the date farmers have resorted to their ancient “three level cultivation” technique, which allows for the production of fruit trees under the palms, and legumes and fodder crops at ground level, optimally utilizing the available water and reducing the evapotranspiration through the special microclimate.

Vita Terra Tunisie, Tunisie, Bio-dynamic Dates, Vegetables, Seeds, Olive Oil Karl Keller Dornach-Switzerland August 2006

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Goals of the Vita Terra project Introduction of Bio-dynamic Knowledge  High quality products  Environmental impact  Training on all levels 

Vita Terra Vita Terra is an international trader for Demeter food. Headquater in Switzerland: Vita Terra Switzerland, Director Karl Keller  For the European Union: Vita Terra Offenburg Gmbh, General manager Suheil Scharfi † 5.10.2004  Farmers services: Vita Terra Tunisie, seeds Mirjam Zarantonello  Co-ordination of international projects: Dr. Reto Ingold  

Information...

www.vitaterra.com

At the entrance of Sahara

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Farmer cooperative and Beni Ghreb, Ghreb, Hazoua 55 Demeter date growers in South Tunisia New processing plant in 2002  International seminar for Biodynamics 2002  Quality, Marketing and fair trade concept Vita Terra  

Desert - everything starts with water

Stopping the degradation of soil

Planting of Trees Construction of windbrakers

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The biodynamic oasis

Deglet nour, nour, queen of date

Three floors of vegetation

Vegetables and seeds

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Compost and soil preparation

Insectnets

Grasshopper invasion 2004

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Prix de mé mérite nationale 2004

Processing of dates

High quality standards

For the future New products Training International co-operation  Sustainable development   

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Zayatine Sfax, Sfax, Olive oil

Address          

Keller Karl Unt. Zielweg 113 CH-4143 Dornach Mobile +41/79/644 34 56 [email protected] in France: Keller Karl Les Contettes F-71130 Gueugnon [email protected]

 ICM in Marketing High Quality Crops: Prof. Shlomo Navarro, ARO, Israel ABSTRACT Insects cause serious damage to crops, rendering them unfit for human consumption and unacceptable for marketing in international trade. Qualitative changes may consist of changes in physical appearance, nutritional degradation, loss of germination capacity, the presence of insects or their fragments, or in contamination by mold or the presence of mycotoxins. The biotic components of the storage ecosystem are mainly the living germ of the stored commodity, insects including mites, and microorganisms composed of molds, yeasts and bacteria. They are universally present on the crop, but are inactive when the water activity is below 0.65. About 250 species of beetles and moths infest stored crops. They are small enough to penetrate the interstices of the commodities, and they have cosmopolitan distribution and wide-ranging feeding habits. A small group of about 20 species represents the major pests and several of them attack crops in the field, thereby entering the ecosystem at the moment of loading the crops into storage. In this talk, a specific ecological niche consisting of stored-product insects commonly infesting dates is presented. Among date infesting pests are moths of the family Phycitidae, and beetles of the

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family Nitidulidae, which are also field pests. The initial source of infestation is frequently found on ripening fruit on the tree, with infestation continuing in the packing-houses and during storage. Integrated crop management (ICM) in the field and in the packing houses plays an important role in reduction of infestation and use of pesticides. Field observations indicate the importance of collecting fruits on the ground around the date trees immediately after harvest to reduce residual insect populations. This method has been practiced for "Medjool" dates in several plantations in Israel. Although growers attribute significant reduction in infestation levels at the next harvest to this method, corroboration is needed. Abscised dates become developmental sites for various insect pests when they are trapped inside tight date bunch. For "Deglet Noor" date bunches, a cleaning tool was developed and field tested in Southern Californian date plantations and showed a 73% reduction in the number of carob moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae)-infested fruit when compared to the non-treated bunches. After harvest, the accepted practice is to fumigate the fruit using methyl bromide (MB) immediately upon arrival at the packing-houses, in order to break the chain of insect infestation. MB causes the adults and larvae to abandon the fruit before they die. This decontamination effect is invaluable in actually decreasing the infestation levels of dead insects remaining in the fruit. The increasing demand for high quality dates that are neither chemically treated nor processed using MB has generated interest in developing alternative solutions. Reports in recent studies show that emigration of pests from fruits can be prevented through the use of heated air (50oC). This air also controls the pests within an exposure time of 2 hours after the date reaches the target temperature. Additionally, studies found that using modified atmospheres to replace MB likewise prevented pest emigration. Trials were carried out at a commercial date drying facility in Israel, where the drying pass of 45ºC was preceded by a 2 hour pass at a target temperature of 50ºC. Results of heat treatment or the use of modified atmospheres showed high disinfestation and complete mortality.

ICM in marketing high quality crops, with particular reference to dates Prof. Shlomo NAVARRO Israel Agricultural Research Organization

e-mail: [email protected] 1

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The problem Dates are subject to infestation by nitidulid beetles and moths during and after harvest. 2

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Insects cause serious damage to dates rendering them unfit for human consumption and unacceptable for marketing in international trade 3

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Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Nitidulidae Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) Dried fruit beetle Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) Corn sap beetle Carpophilus humeralis (F.) Pineapple beetle (=Urophorus humeralis (F.)) Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson) (Erichson) Yellow nitidulid 4

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Carpophilus dimidiatus 5

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Copulating

Urophorus humeralis

Eggs laid on a date 6

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Integrated crop management (ICM) plays an important role in reduction of infestation and use of pesticides

• In the field • In the packing houses 7

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ICM in the field 1. Collecting infested fruits on the ground. 2. Collecting abscised dates trapped inside tight date bunches. bunches. 8

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In the date grove, collecting fruits on the ground around the date trees helps to reduce residual insect populations

9

ICM in marketing high quality crops

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Abscised dates, become developmental sites for various insect pests when they are trapped inside tight date bunches.

10

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REDUCTION OF CAROB MOTH (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) IN ’DEGLET NOOR’ DATES USING A BUNCH CLEANING TOOL by JUSTIN E .NAY .NAY et al, 2005

Crop Protection 11

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Positioning of the cleaning tool for field use

12

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Cleaning tool at a date bunch with arrows indicating fruit that are quickly falling out

Falling fruit

13

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Field tested in Southern Californian date plantations and showed 73% reduction in the number of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, infested fruit when comparing to the non-treated bunches. 14

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Fumigation using methyl bromide is applied in packing houses

15

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Nitidulid larvae and adults on the floor of the fumigation chamber after fumigation

16

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Disinfestation process through fumigation for the removal of the nitidulid larvae and adults

17

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Effect of heat on insects

18

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Exposure to different treatments was carried out in 2.54 L desiccators. 19

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Percent disinfestation of C. hemipterus larvae from artificial feeding sites at various temperatures for 2 hours of exposure after the test temperature was reached. Percent disinfestation

100 80 60 40 20 0 25 20

30 35 40 45 50 o Temperature ( C)

55

60 27/11/2006

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Percent mortality of C. hemipterus larvae exposed to various temperatures for 2 hours after the test temperature was reached.

Percent mortality

100 80 60 40 20 0 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 o Temperature ( C) 21

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Temperature change in dates during the heat treatment process in field trials 50

Front top [° [°C]

Temperature((ooC) C) Temperature

Front Bottom [° [°C] 21/10/2003

45

Time necessary to heat the dates 4 h

40

07:00:00

08:00:00

09:00:00

Exposure time for disinfestation, 3 h

10:00:00

11:00:00

12:00:00

13:00:00

14:00:00

Time (h) 22

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The special drier used to disinfest dates

23

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24

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Direction of heated airflow

Test boxes containing laboratory infested dates

25

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Time for chemical control is over !!! 27

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Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Dr. Simcha Finkelman, Dr. Jonathan Donahaye, Mrs. Miriam Rindner, and Mr. Refael Dias of the Department of Food Science, ARO, Eng. Dov Avni and Mr. Avraam Kopolewitch of Timura, Jordan Valley, for assisting us in the field trials.

This research was partially funded by a grant from the United States -Israel Science and Technology Foundation (USISTF), ARO Project No. 421421-00640064-03 28

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Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Prof. Samuel Pohoryles, Director, the Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, the Peres Center for Peace, for inviting me for this presentation 29

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Thank you for your attention !!!

30

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 Observations on Marketing Problems: Dr. Mohammed Qutob, Leading Palestinian Farmer ABSTRACT The marketing of Palestinian agricultural products is a core issue and is very pivotal to the development of the agricultural sector in the Palestinian territories. It should be pointed out that prior to the establishment of the PA in 1994, Palestinian products were exported to Jordan with great ease, and some found their way to the Gulf States. Such exportation was feasible then because of the legal status that bound the West Bank to Jordan. Since 1994, however, no products have been exported to Jordan and the farmers could only sell their products in the Palestinian territories. A small fraction found their way to Europe through Israeli export companies. This ban left Palestinians with a surplus of products and consequently very low prices. The situation is even further exacerbated by the dumping of non-exportable and surplus Israeli agricultural products into the territories, thereby resulting in further price decreases.

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Needless to say, the Palestinian farmer finds it virtually impossible to compete with Israeli producers from a qualitative point of view. Additionally, Palestinian farmers face constraints and impediments that result from strict Israeli security measures at the check posts, numerous road blocks, and restriction of movement of goods and personnel between cities, towns, and villages. Ladies and Gentlemen, When Professor Pohoryles asked me to participate in the Cairo Conference, I was very delighted. It came as a breath of fresh air, since I consider Egypt to be my second home as it brings to mind wonderful memories of the best years of my life as a student at Victoria College at Maadi in the fifties. While there, I was witness to the tripartite aggression on Egypt and the birth of the United Arab Republic, and I still value and cherish my Egyptian mentors who taught me the significance of Arab pride and dignity and doctrines related to positive neutrality and peaceful coexistence. I shared with the Peres Center for Peace a number of activities in my capacity as director of the Palestinian National Agricultural Research Center; I was the Palestinian Coordinator for the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) project, which was a very successful project because it encompassed the whole region and every country benefited from it. I have decided to take part in this conference for two fundamental reasons: first, I wish to bring to your attention the difficulties facing the agricultural sector in the Palestinian Territories, and second, I would like to summarize my experience and ploys over the years in the export domain of agricultural products outside Palestine. I wish to limit myself to some major commodities, and as such, I will use the examples of grapes, olive oil, bananas, and vegetables. GRAPES The Governorate of Hebron is famous for its vineyards, and the grapes of this region constitute 70% of the grape production in Palestine. A large segment of the population depends on this product for its livelihood, and the production is estimated at around 35-40 thousand tons annually. Consumption is estimated at around 10 thousand tons per year, 50% allocated as table grapes and 50% for processing. The surplus quantity is supposed to be sold in the Palestinian Territories and the Gaza Strip, and only a small portion is meant to be exported, but due to the closure of the Gaza strip and the difficulties in reaching the other governorates (not to mention the stringent standards regarding quality assurance tests imposed by the Israeli Authorities ), it is virtually impossible to export abroad. We managed to establish a Grape Growers Association, and the Jordanians recently agreed to import approximately 5,000 tons as of last September, but our grapes face fierce competition from Turkish, Syrian and Lebanese grapes in the Jordanian markets. The Jordan Valley produces seedless grapes which are harvested in June, but the vineyards there are diminishing as a result of marketing constraints. Within the Palestinian Territories, the average price per kilo is less than one dollar, and that barely covers the production costs. Being a grape grower myself, I noted that Israeli growers in the settlements in the Jordan Valley export their first-grade grapes to the European markets (particularly to the UK) and the Israeli markets. The second-grade grapes are dumped into our cities and towns, thereby lowering the price to infinitesimal amounts, and as such, many Palestinian farmers have abandoned their vineyards.

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VEGETABLES Our experience with the export of vegetables to Europe has been a total failure for the following reasons:1) Lack of packing houses; 2) Poor extension services; 3) Production that does not comply with international standards and specifications; and 4) Israeli security concerns at check posts and at the airport and sea port. However; in the Gaza Strip, the Gazan farmers are dependant on Israeli export companies like Agrexco to export their cut flowers and strawberries, and Egyptians may fully understand the difficulties at Rafah border in terms of how often it is closed and how rarely it is opened, and the same applies to the Carni crossing into Israel. OLIVES The Palestinian Authority produces 1% of the world's olive oil production which amounts to 35,000 tons. About half of this quantity is consumed locally, and the remainder ought to be exported. It is expected that the Israeli market can utilize 5 to 8 thousand tons. It is impractical to sell the oil in Jordan because Jordan is a producer within its own right, as is Syria, which is the fourth largest producer of olive oil in the world. Rather, this oil surplus is going in small quantities to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States and in part to Europe (thanks to a number of NGOs, such as the Agricultural Relief Organization (PARC) and others who took it upon themselves to lend a helping hand to the farmers and to provide them with laboratory facilities to help grade the oil). However, due to the dismal economic situation in the West Bank, the farmer is more than eager to sell his oil for $3.50 per kilo and even less, thereby upsetting the market. It remains to be said that we recognize the lack of organization and the need for a central bottling facility that will advance this vital industry. BANANAS The Jordan Valley has the most suitable climate for cultivating bananas. In the Palestinian Territories, we have 5,000 dunums with an average production of 3-4 tons per dunum. Prior to the establishment of the PNA in 1994, most of our production was transported to Jordan because we were legally bound to Jordan and the farmer could earn on average 300 JD per ton (equivalent to $1000). As of 1994, not a single banana was exported to Jordan, and we had to enter into fierce competition with the Israeli producers who practice the policy of dumping, thus bringing the prices of our bananas to mere pittance. We currently sell our bananas for $250-$300 per ton., whilst our brethren the Jordanians earn twice as much. Last April, we received an import license from the Jordanian Ministry of Agriculture and we managed to export 1,000 tons to Jordan at reasonable prices. Unfortunately, sending the produce in cartons rather than in bulk was new to us, and much more costly, but thanks to the free trade agreement that was formulated by the Arab League, the export of bananas was made possible, free of tax levies. CONCLUSION

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The latest data that was released by the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture regarding losses in the agricultural sector reached $1,177,910,973 as of March of 2005. The onset of intifadat Al-Aqsa is due to various issues that have greatly affected agriculture in the Palestinian Authority. This includes the bulldozing and destroying of farms in the Gaza strip (including bore wells, irrigation systems, and green houses), restricting fishermen from going about their business, closure of crossing points, and the denial of free passage to personnel and goods arriving at their destination in the Palestinian Territories. I would like to sum up by thanking the Peres Center employees for their constructive ideas and their endeavors to promote regional peace-oriented cooperation. I extend my special thanks and gratitude to our Egyptian hosts for their inherent hospitality and their most valued and appreciated great efforts in supporting the Palestinian people in their plight and their quest for peace. Permit me to issue one final statement that is very painful but it comes out from an embittered heart: there could be no economic development in any sphere or arena while we are under the yoke of occupation. As such, the occupation must end soon. Only then can we enjoy prosperity and security.

 Agricultural Modernization in Jordan: Mr. Suleiman Ghezawi, Chairman, Jordan Valley Farmers Association ABSTRACT Agriculture in Jordan has mainly been limited to the Jordan valley, which is where the water sources are located. During the 1930’s and 1940’s, most of the farming was done using traditional techniques such as open filed crops (cereals), but in the late 1950’s, the government began to develop water resources in the Jordan Valley that would have otherwise dried up, including Wadi Ziglab, Wadi Al-Arab, and Wadi Al-Zarqa’a. These sources were conjoined in a cemented canal that ran from the Yarmouk River in the north to the Dead Sea in the south, and it remains today the main source for irrigation water in the Jordan Valley. After such development, agriculture spread through the Jordan Valley, and dams were built along the sides of the wadis for water storage. Various different types of farming arose and included utilization of trees, but nonetheless, farming remained focused around furrow irrigation. Toward the end of the 1970’s, Jordan Valley Authority established a comprehensive plan for the development of the Valley, at which point dams were built and the agricultural area was expanded. The Jordan Valley Authority then became responsible for the delivery of irrigation water to all agricultural units through pressurized water pipes instead of open canals (agriculture unit: 3 hectares in average). This development in irrigation methodology caused a drastic change in the Jordan Valley's agricultural activity, causing farmers to change their own methods of irrigation to drip or sprinklers or others, thereby saving 30-50% of the irrigation water. This has caused an increase in the agricultural area planted and productivity/unit area, which then encouraged the farmers to diversify their planting and introduce new crops such as citrus, grapes, bananas, date palms, etc., resulting in double the income / unit area. Agriculture expanded to reach the desert area, where farmers drilled wells and large companies were established. The planting of non-conventional crops in eastern Jordan, such as apples and almonds, caused a revolution in agriculture.

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Agricultural Modernization in Jordan By: S. Ghezawi Chairman of JVFA

• Agriculture in Jordan is mainly in the Jordan valley where the water resources are.

• Since the 1930’ 1930’s and 1940’ 1940’s most of the farming was of traditional type such as open filed crops (cereals).

• In the late 1950’ 1950’s the government started the development and harvest of water resources in the Jordan valley:valley:– The river of Jordan. – Wadi Ziglab. Ziglab. – Wadi AlAl-Arab. – Wadi AlAl-Zarqa’ Zarqa’a

gather all these water resources in a cemented canal from Yarmouk river in the north to the dead sea in the south, which is now the main source for irrigation water in the Jordan valley.

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• Agriculture started to develop and spread through the Jordan valley, and dams were built over the side wadies for water storage.

• Types of farming developed and varied to include trees, but remaining on furrow irrigation.

• In the end of the 1970’ 1970’s and through the Jordan valley Authority a comprehensive plan was made for the development of the valley, through which dams were built and agriculture area expanded.

• Jordan valley Authority is responsible for the delivery of irrigation water to the farm units (Unit : 3 hectares in average ).

• JVA replaced open canals with pressurized water pipes reaching every farm unit.

• This development in irrigation methods has caused a drastic change in the agriculture activity in the valley directing the farmers to change their method of irrigation to other types of irrigation such as drip or sprinklers or others leading to water saving up to 3030-50% of the irrigation water

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• Advanced irrigation methods resulted in increase in the agriculture area planted and productivity/ unit area.

• Farmers are encouraged to versify their plantings and introduce new planting such as citrus, grapes, bananas, date palms… palms… etc, resulting in double the income / unit area

• Agriculture expanded to reach the desert area.

• Farmers drilled wells and large companies were established and planting of nonnonconventional plantings in the east of Jordan, causing a revolution in agriculture, large areas planted with apples and almonds and vegetables such as tomato, potato… potato… etc

Thank you



167

ICM Conference Team Building Exercise Facilitators: Marvin Spira, Sanford Ehrlich OBJECTIVE: To formulate a plan in bringing a new product to market. METHOD AND DELIVERABLES: 1. Participants will divide up into groups (teams) of 6 to 8 people. 2. Each group will choose a leader or spokesperson who will list team members' names and country. 3. Each group will choose one raw material for product development (dates, almonds, olives, tomatoes, potatoes). 4. Discussions will include, but not be limited to: a. methods and logistics of procuring raw material; b. sources of food technology to create a new product; c. sources and methods of research for targeted market entry (retail, foodservice, industrial, etc.); d. suggested methods of manufacture, equipment, plant location; e. sources of package design and package manufacture; f. sources for creating a marketing plan to include sales, financials, advertising; g. potential sources of funding (private, government, grants, loans, etc.). 5. The group leader will present the results of the discussion and highlight them on a flip chart (in about 5-7 minutes/team). 6. Members of the other groups and the facilitators will critique the presentations. 7. Presentation and “final products” will be presented to ICM Conference leaders for future actions, seminars or meetings.

168

Workshop Participants by Delegation Israeli Delegation: 1) Prof. Samuel Pohoryles-Director, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust and Deputy Director General, The Peres Center for Peace 2) Mr. Itzhak Abt-Senior Consultant, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace 3) Mr. Zvi Herman-Director of Cinadco-Ministry of Agriculture 4) Ms. Beth-Eden Kite-Director of Training Department- MASHAV-Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5) Prof. Yigal Elad-Volcani Center-Ministry of Agriculture 6) Prof. Dan Gerling- ICM Senior Coordinator, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace 7) Mr. Omar Zeidan-Shaham-Ministry of Agriculture 8) Prof. Shlomo Navarro-Volcani Center-Ministry of Agriculture 9) Mrs. Adi Shiffman-Assistant to Prof. Samuel Pohoryles, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace 10) Mr. Oren Blonder-Soil and Water Expert, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace 11) Mr. Uri Landau-ICM Consultant, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace 12) Mr. Yakov Nakache-ICM Consultant, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace 13) Dr. Fathi Abd El-Hadi-Netafim 14) Mr. Souhil Zidan- Israeli Olive Board 15) Prof. Rachel Galun-Attendant as Member of Board, The Israeli Academic Center in Cairo 16) Prof. Gabi Rosenbaum -Attendant- Head of the Israeli Academic Center in Cairo Egyptian Delegation: 1) Eng. Fouad Abou Hadb-Supervisor General-MALR 2) Dr. Suzanne M. Kamel-Executive Director-WFP Projects-MALR 3) Dr. Mohamed Gomaa-Chief-Land Reclamation Sector 4) Dr. Ahmed El-Henedy-Chief Researcher-Agriculture Research Center-MALR 5) Eng. Saleh Youness-General Cooperative for Reclaimed Lands 6) Dr. El-Sayed Fathi Abdallah-Research Scientist-Agriculture Research Center-MALR 7) Mr. Sherif Hegazy-Private Sector-Hegazy Farm 8) Mrs. Hanan El Hosseiny-Agricultural Foreign Relations 9) Mr. Amer Omar-Mariut Training Center-WFP Projects-MALR 10) Eng. Fathi El-Seheily-Media Consultant-WFP Projects-MALR 11) Dr. Abeer Mohammed 12) Eng. Alaa K. Diab- PICO Modern Farms 13) Mr. Mahmoud Refaat- PICO Modern Farms 14) Mr. Ibrahim Aly Ibrahim- Director General- Olive Food Processing Company 15) Prof. Mohamed El-Kheshen-Deputy Director-P.H.R.C-Post Harvest Research Center- Ein Shams University 16) Prof. Hasan Korkar- Ein Shams University 169

17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23)

Prof. Mohamed Jacob- Ein Shams University Eng. Ali Menshawi Mr. Ashraf Belal, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Mr. Hussein El-Avaby Dr. Arafa Emam Dr. Mona Abd El-Wanis Dr. Adel Melim Ally

American Delegation: 1) Mr. Anton Dimitroff & Mrs. Gail Ruth Dimitroff-Trustee, Hansen Foundation 2) Dr. Bonnie Ann Stewart-Executive Director, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace 3) Mr. Marvin A. Spira- Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace 4) Dr. Sanford Bernard Ehrlich & Mrs. Cynthia Lynn Ehrlich-Executive Director of Entrepreneurship- Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace Palestinian Delegation: 1) Mr. Khaled Yasin (Al-Junaidy) -Director General- Palestinian Olive Council 2) Dr. Mohammed Qutob-Leading Palestinain Farmer 3) Dr. Mofeed Al-Banna- Al-Ahlyia Society for the Development of Palms and DatesNARC Jordanian Delegation: 1) Mr. Nayef Ali Yousef Al-Awamreh- Ma'daba Directorate /ICM Member ( grape tree)-Ministry of Agriculture 2) Mr. Husam Ayed Issa Zraikat- Al Karak Directorate /MOA-Ministry of Agriculture 3) Eng. Fida'a Ali Ahmad Rawabdeh- Plant Protection Directorate/ICM CoordinatorMinistry of Agriculture 4) Mr. Abdul-Waly Mansour Ibrahim Taha- Plant Protection Directorate-ICM member (date palm tree)-Ministry of Agriculture 5) Mr. Khaled Abd-Allah Fadel Al-Talafih- Plant Production Directorate/MOAMinistry of Agriculture 6) Mr. Suleiman Ghezawi-Chairman-Jordan Valley Farmers Association Greek Delegation: 1) Mr. Dimitris Kontodimas-Benaki Phytopathological Institute 2) Mr. Mylonas Panagiotis- Benaki Phytopathological Institute Swiss Delegation: 1) Mr. Axel Loehken & Eliana Dos Santos- Former Coordinator of Novartis Red Palm Weevil Program and Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment 2) Mr. Karl Keller-Vita Terra FAO Delegation: 1) Mr. Fawzi Taher- Regional Crop Production Officer Near East-AGPC

170

Workshop Participants by Last Name Last Name Abd El-Hadi

First Name Fathi

Abdallah

El-Sayed Fathi

Abou Hadb Abt

Fouad

Al-Ardah

Naser

AlAwamreh Al-Banna

Naif

Al-Henedy

Ahmed

Angeli

Dario

SafeCrop Centre, IASMA

Bakr

Magda

Senior Gender and Participation Unit-WFPMALR

171

Itzhak

Mofeed

Affiliation Netafim Research ScientistAgriculture Research Center-MALR Supervisor GeneralMALR Senior Consultant, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace Program DirectorRelief International Ministry of Agriculture Ma'daba directorate Al-Ahlyia Society for the Development of Palms and Dates-NARC Chief ResearcherAgriculture Research Center-MALR

Office Address Kibbuts Yiftah D.N Meron Hagalil 13840, Israel

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Mobile

Email

Israeli

+972 46955537

+972 46951221

+972 525015619

fathi.abd-elhadi@ netafim.com

Egyptian

+20 2604971128

Egyptian

+20 23373427 +972 35680658

+20 27497690 +972 35627265

+972 522293761

abt@ peres-center.org

+972 2961706 +962 53244077 +970 82532504

+972 2953798 +962 53244103 +970 82530760

+972 599646106 +962 776303783 +972 599309218

naser@ schoolsonline.org

2 HaShalom Rd. Tel Aviv, Israel

Israeli

Ramallah

Palestinian

Ma'daba city

Jordanian Palestinian

via Mach 1, S. Michele all'Adige, 38010 TN, Italy 42 El Dokki St. Giza-Cairo

+20 124337607

Egyptian

+20 25733482

Italian

+39 0461615148

+39 0461650872

Egyptian

+20 23375208 /3371782

+20 23370461

albanna@ hotmail.com

+20 123233610 dario.angeli@ iasma.it +20 101161615

Last Name Blonder

First Name Oren

Damovski

Goran

Soil and Water Expert, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace Supply Chains Integration OfficerIFAD under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy

Diab

Ala'a

PICO Modern Farms

Diab

Kamel

Chairman-PICO Modern Farms

Dimitroff

Anton

Trustee, Hansen Foundation

Edelinski

Zlatko

Market Linkages Specialist, Facility for Farmers' Access to Markets Program-IFAD under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy

172

Affiliation

Office Address 2 HaShalom Rd. Tel Aviv, Israel

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Mobile

Email

Israeli

+972 35680680

+972 35627265

+972 523246956

o.blonder@ peres-center.org

8th Mart 3, PO Box 106, 1000 Skopje Republic of Macedonia

Macedonian

+389 23239499 /3215080

+389 23109514

+389 70367736

g.damovski@ mafwe.gov.mk

3 Shagaret El Dor St. Zamalek-Cairo 3 Shagaret El Dor St. Zamalek-Cairo 5250 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-1915 8th Mart 3, PO Box 106, 1000 Skopje Republic of Macedonia

Egyptian

+20 27371000 /7357770 +20 27371000 /7357770

+20 27362409

Egyptian

+20 27362409

kdiab@ picocorporate.com

USA

Macedonian

+389 23215080

+389 23109514

+389 70387357

z.edelinski@ mafwe.gov.mk

Last Name Ehrlich

First Name Sanford

Elad

Yigal

ElMenshawi

Ali

El-Sebay

Youssry

Galun

Rachel

Gerling

Dan

Ghezawi

Suleiman

Gomaa

Mohamed

173

Affiliation QUALCOMM Executive Director of Entrepreneurship San Diego State University, College of Business Administration Entrepreneurial Management Center Dept. of Plant Pathology ARO Volcani Center Procurement ManagerModern Agriculture Co. PICO Director-Red Pal Weevil Lab-Agriculture Research Center-MALR Attendant as Member of Board, The Israeli Academic Center ICM Senior Coordinator, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace Chairman-Jordan Valley Farmers Association Head of Land Reclamation SectorMinistry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

Office Address 5250 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-1915

Nationality

Tel

Fax

USA

+1619 5942781 +1619 5943956

+1619 5948879

P.O.Box 6, Beit Dagan 50250 3 Shagaret El Dor St. Zaalek, Cairo, Egypt

Israeli

+972 39683539 +20 27362409 /7357770

+972 39683688 +20 27362409 /7360852

+972 506220580 +20 103889055

+20 27612906 /3486163 +972 6744297

+20 23356176

+20 123167047

elady@ volcani.agri.gov.il Amensh_pico1@ hotmail.com alimenshawi@ yahoo.com project@ intouch.com

Egyptian

Egyptian Israeli

Mobile

Email sehrlich@ projects.sdsu.edu

+972 36742743

2 HaShalom Rd. Tel Aviv, Israel

Israeli

+972 36408611

+972 35627265

+972 547405635

DANGR@ post.tau.ac.il

P.O Box 214 Tla Al-Ali 11953Amman Jordan

Jordanian

+962 53573025

+962 55627547

+962 795500033

sghezawi2111@ yahoo.com

Egyptian

+20 23372441

+20 23373048

Gomaa_1999@ yahoo.com

Last Name Hasan

First Name Amin Salman

Herman

Zvi

Director of CinadcoMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Ibrahim

Ibrahim Ali

Kamel

Suzanne

General Manager- Dr. Olivee Co. for Food Industries & Agri Inve. S.A.E Executive Director-WFP Projects-MALR

Keller

Karl

Unt. Zielweg 113, Switzerland / Les Contettes F-71130 Gueugnon, France

Kilincer

Neset

Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi

Kite

Beth-Eden

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Center for International Cooperation MASHAV, Director of Training

174

Affiliation Dierctor General, Israeli Olive Board

Office Address Beit Chanania P.O Box 677 20130 Sajur Israel P.o.Box30 Beit Dagan 5050 Israel

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Mobile

Email

Israeli

+972 46990007

+972 46989264

+972 505690700

oliboard@ bezeqint.net

Israeli

+972 39485760

+972 39485761

+972 506241097

cinadco@ moag.gov.il Hakzvi@ int.gov.il Zvih@ moag.gov.il

17 Elaharam st. Hilleopolice

Egyptian

42 El Dokki St Giza Ciro

Egyptian

+20 552323873 +20 24194723 +20 23370461

+20 552303873 +20 22915271 +20 23370461

Swiss

+41 617014410 +33 385853260

+41 617014527

+41 796443456

Turkish

+90 3125961121

+90 3123187029

+90 5336291375

kilincer@ agri.ankara.edu.tr

Israeli

+972 25303286

+972 25303727

+972 506203244

beth-eden.kite@ mfa.gov.il

Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi 06110 Dişkapi Ankara Jerusalem, Israel

drolivee@ hotmail.com Su.kamel@ yahoo.com suzankamel@ hotmail.com kekadorn@ swissonline.ch keller.karl@ wanadoo.fr

Last Name Kontodimas

First Name Dimitris

Landau

Uri

Loehken

Axel

Moser

Riccarda

Nakache

Yakov

Navarro

Shlomo

Panos

Milonas

Pertot

Ilaria

175

Affiliation Benaki Phytopathological Institute ICM Consultant, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace Former Coordinator of Novartis Red Palm Weevil Program and Consultant for Projects in Agriculture and Environment SafeCrop Centre, IASMA ICM Consultant, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace Food Technology International Consultancy Ltd. Laboratory of Biological Control, Benaki Phytopathological Institute SafeCrop Centre, IASMA

Office Address 8 Stefanou Delta, 145 61 Kifissia

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Mobile

Email

Greek

+30 2102128019

+30 2108077506

+30 6932896826

imp@ bpi.gr

Kibutz Sheluchot 10910, DN Emek Bet Shean, Israel

Israeli

+972 46062343

+972 46062112

+972 546746343

urilanda@ netvision.net.il

Rte du Covy 10, CH 1754 Avry-surMatran, Switzerland

Swiss

+41 0264709012

+41 0264709014

+41 793368772

a.loehken@ bluwin.ch

via Mach 1, S. Michele all'Adige, 38010 TN, Italy Sde Eliyahu Bet Shean Valley Israel

Italian

+39 0461615148

+39 0461650872

Israeli

+972 46580690

+972 46096909

+972 508290310

nakache@ seliyahu.org.il

13 Thon St. Holon 58800, ISRAEL

Israeli

+972 35509105

+972 35582069

+972 525787252

snavarro@ 013.net

8 Stefanou Delta, 145 61 Kifissia

Greek

+30 2102128016

+30 2108077506

+30 6972245130

biocon@ bpi.gr

via Mach 1, S. Michele all'Adige, 38010 TN, Italy

Italian

+39 0461615239

+39 0461650872

+39 3358359204

ilaria.pertot@ iasma.it

riccarda.moser@ iasma.it

Last Name Pohoryles

First Name Samuel

Qutob

Mohammad

Rawabdeh

Fida'a Ali Ahmad

Refaat

Mahmoud

Saleh

Azzam

Dept. of life sciences, Al-Quds University

Shiffman

Adi

Spira

Marvin

Assistant to Prof. Pohoryles, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust, The Peres Center for Peace President Marketing Consultants, International

176

Affiliation Director, The Andreas Agricultural Development Trust and Deputy Director General, The Peres Center for Peace Leading Palestinian Farmer, Former Head of the Palestinian national agricultural research centes, former Dean of the college of science and technology, AlQuds University Ministry of Agriculture/plant protection directorate/ICM project Manager Project Manager-PICO Modern Agriculture CO.

Office Address 2 HaShalom Rd. Tel Aviv, Israel

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Israeli

+972 35680657

+972 35627265

s.pohoryles@ peres-center.org

Villa Hussein, Beit Hanina, Jerusalem,P.O.Box 25201

Palestinian

+972 25833759

+972 25833759

qutobmo@ hotmail.com

King Rania Abdullah Street – Amman –Jordan

Jordanian

+962 65686151 /463

+962 65686310

+962 795623813

f_rawabdeh@ yahoo.com

3 Shagaret El Dor St. Zamalek-Cairo Alquds University, Abu Deis

Egyptian

+20 27371000 /7357770

+20 101721765

Tclab2002@ yahoo.com

+972 599727797

azzam.saleh@ gmx.net

2 HaShalom Rd. Tel Aviv, Israel

Israeli

+972 35680657

+20 27362409 /8721042 +972 22967251 call first +972 35627265

+972 505696934

a.volnitzer@ peres-center.org

645 Front Street, Unit 607 San Diego, CA 92101

USA

+1619 6995920 +1619 5014166

+1619 5441485

+1619 6752028

maspira@ cox.net

Palestinian

Mobile

Email

Last Name Stewart

First Name Bonnie

Tahat

Dr. Abdul Waly M.

Talafih

Khaled

Taher

Fawzi

Yacoub

Mohamed M.

Yasin

Khaled

Zaidan

Souhil

177

Affiliation Executive Director, Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace Director, Program Development & Management San Diego State University Research Foundation Ministry of Agriculture/plant protection directorate/ICM project member Ministry of Agriculture/plant production directorateextension member Regional Crop Production Officer Near East-AGPC, FAO Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation Chairman- Palestinian Olive Council

Israeli Olive Board

Office Address 5250 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-1933

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Mobile

Email

USA

+1619 5945644 +1619 5945081

+1619 5831488

King Rania Abdullah Street – Amman –Jordan

Jordanian

+962 65686151 ext.309

+962 65686310

+962 777402109

Tahatabd@ yahoo.com

Rania Abdullah Street –Amman – Jordan

Jordanian

+962 65686151 /221

+962 65686310

+962 796546142

talafeehk@ yahoo.com

bstewart@ foundation.sdsu.edu

Fawzi.Taher@ fao.org PO Box 198 Hadayek Soubra Egypt Junaidy Engineering P.O Box 1274 Nablus PNA Beit Chanania P.O Box 677 20130 Sajur Israel

Egypt Palestinian

Israeli

+20 24444850 /2 +972 92385864

+20 24441400

+20 101717424

mmyacoub@ yahoo.com

+972 92385864

+972 599292033

junaidi_1274@ hotmail.com

+972 46990007

+972 46989264

+972 505469067

Last Name Zeidan

First Name Omar

Zuraigat

Husam

178

Affiliation Deputy Director R&D Director, Department of Vegetables Ministry of Agriculture/Alkarak directorate

Office Address P.O.Box 28 Beit Dagan 50250

Nationality

Tel

Fax

Mobile

Email

Israeli

ozaidan@ shaham.moag.gov.il

Jordanian

+972 39485888 /668 +962 32386107

+972 506241465

Alkarak city/ Jordan

+972 39485321 /320 +962 32386317

+962 796742347