IEEE 802.11 Rate Adaptation: A Practical Approach. Mathieu ... Nous avons
aussi щ valu щ une impl щ mentation de AMRR dans un driver Linux pour cartes.
IEEE 802.11 Rate Adaptation: A Practical Approach Mathieu Lacage, Hossein Manshaei, Thierry Turletti
To cite this version: Mathieu Lacage, Hossein Manshaei, Thierry Turletti. IEEE 802.11 Rate Adaptation: A Practical Approach. [Research Report] RR-5208, INRIA. 2004, pp.25.
HAL Id: inria-00070784 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070784 Submitted on 19 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ee au d´epˆot et `a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´es ou non, ´emanant des ´etablissements d’enseignement et de recherche fran¸cais ou ´etrangers, des laboratoires publics ou priv´es.
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
IEEE 802.11 Rate Adaptation: A Practical Approach Mathieu Lacage — Hossein Manshaei — Thierry Turletti
N° 5208 Mai 2004
ISSN 0249-6399
ISRN INRIA/RR--5208--FR+ENG
Thème COM
apport de recherche
!#"$
%'&()* +(,!-./0& (21
3547698:=5?@4AB4CD;FEHG)I0JKLKL;>::NEOG*PQ8*:R;BSLS TPU=SLVR;>6L6L:NE WYX[Z \^] _a`bdcfeFgihkjlZ \^]Lham+n>\^\ o[p[qrm stp>juh v2wxnzy{] jav)|}stp[Z+jx] ~@sz7n>wkj@i]wx] muX[] wxmuX]'p2t
tt#cbstq
z>zcf
t stt] h
0 [tt W ni[s9gt@jlX[wx] ]iqD] wx] pBj[XFgFhlqrm sz|^Rv)@0|rs9gt] wuh n>wjxX[]#{ ¡ ) ¢>>
i£}¤t¤¥¦ §©¨ stwl]Qs9ªszq}|rsz«[|}]RtB
i£}¤t¤LsB¬9«D¬9B+DjlX[] g#st|®|)wlnªFqri] \!o[|®jlq®¯Nwusjx]°m stsz«[q}|}qjxq®]Lh £W nHstmuXq®] ªt]^X[q®>X±7] wk¯ n>wl\Qstpm+]#o[pi] w0ªszwxgFq®p²m+n>piq®jlq}ntph ajxX[] hl][] ªFq}m ] hp[] ] ³jxn´s>[szijjlX] q}wjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntpwusjx] [gBp7sz\ q}m sz|}|®g>£¥µX[q}|®]HjlX[qrh°wusjx]¶s>[sz[jxsjxq®n>pµsz|}tntwxq®jlX[\·qrh°s.m wlq®jlqrm st|©m+n>\^ntp] pBj°nz¸jlX[] q®w7] wk¯ n>wl\Qstpm+]>n>p[|}gHªt] wlg] ¹ºsz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Qh¸hko7muX#sth§©oijln~@szjl] »sz|}|}«stmu¼½hk]L §©oijln ~@sjx]R~@¾Y§©~U2Xs9ª>],«] ] p°[o[«|®qrhkX] Qszp7!jxX[]@q}\ [|®] \ ] pBjxszjlq}ntp°muXst|®|}] p[>] h2s>hlhlnim+qrsjl]L!¹aq®jlX jxX[] hl]°\ ] muX7szp[qrhk\QhX7s9ªt]Qp[] ªt] w!«7] ] p.[o[«|®qrm+|}g[q}hxm+ohxhl] ¿£¶Àp±jlXq}h!sz] wL ¹,]QÁwuhkj[wl]Lhk] pBjjlX[] q}\ 7n>wkjuszpBjamuXszwustm+jl] wxqrh{jxq}m h¡ntÂjlX]>>
[£®¤>¤UhlgFhkjl] \Qh¡jxXsj@\ ohkjY«]¸jxst¼t] p0q®pBjxn s>m m nto[pBjY¹aX[] p¶hko7muX st|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qhszwx]^i]Lhkq}tp] ¿£°eF] m qÁ7m sz|}|®g>ù,]^] \ [Xsthlq}Ä ]^jlX[]°m ntpBjlwusthkj«7] j{¹Å] ] p´Æ®ÇÈ'Æ®ÉzÊÌË ÍÎ ÏHszp7 ÐBÑÒÐ Æ}ÉÊÀË+ÍDÎ+Ïhkgihkjl] \Qh 7stp¶¹Å]!tq}ªt]] Óist\ [|®]Lhanz)s>mÔjlo7sz| muXq®hl]+juhajxXsjURsz|}|Âq}pH] q®jlX[] w©ntjxX[] [qÕ¯ ] wl] pBj,m szjl] tntwxq}] h £Â¥]U[wxntn>hl]©stp§a[sz[jlq}ªt]©§U~@»µR§U§©~@»2,sz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Öntw,|}n¹µ|}szjl] p7m+g hkgihkjl] \Qh jxXsjq}\^wlnª>] hUo[7n>p§U~@»³jxn0[wxnªFq}[]!«nzjlX±hlX[ntwljk¯Njl] wl\dszp7O|}ntp[t¯ntwxqjxX[\¢X7sthaª>] wxg|}n¹$m nt\ [|}]+Óiq®j{g¹aX[q}|®]!nt«ijuszq}p[q®ps 7] wkn>wl\Qstpm+]hlq®\ q}|}stw@jxn~@¾Y§©~7¹aX[qrmuX wx] ×Bo[q}wx] hUq®pm nt\ szjlq}«[|®]QmuXstp[t]Lh@jxnjxX[]QtB
i£}¤t¤^bH§©_$szpv)@Ø[wlntjlnim+n>|[szijusjxq®n>pÙsz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Úi]Lhkq}tp[]L±ntw^X[q}tX²|}szjl] p7m+g.hkgihkjl] \ h!jlX7sj Xsth «7] ] p²q®\ [|}]+¯ \ ] p>jx] ±szp7#] ªsz|}osjx] ntp.szp.§U~©t
[¤L
9¯Ì«s>hk]LOi] ªBqrm+]>£0 *Ói] wxq®\ ] p>jusjxq®n>pwx] hlo[|®jxhhlX[n¹ºsm+|}] szw ] wlntwx\Qszpm ]@q}\^wlnª>] \ ] pBj¡nª>] w2jxX[]¸st|®>ntwxqjxX[\º[wl] ªFq®n>ohk|}g^q®\ [|}] \ ] pBjx] Qq}p°jxX[]¸§U~©t
[¤L
iwxq}ªt] w ¹,]ohl] ¿£ ÛÜBÝDÞxß!à át ~©sjl]§aszijusjlq}ntpÂ[t>
[£®¤>¤tB\!o[|®jlq®¯Ìwxszjl]t[§U~@»,~@¾Y§©~§©§U~@»,7§UbH~@~
êìëuólâäëÔîÔãåè æÃ@ãÕëuçÅíLè³û ëué7îÔêìèëuïoqoijxq®|}q}hl] pBjÅm ] hÅm+nto7muX[] h2XBgihlq}×Bo[]Lh)in>q®ª>] pBj¡m+n>p>jxq®pFo[] |¯ |}] \ ] p>j¡muX7szp[>] w*|®]©\^nii]@[]Yjlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp^oijxq®|}q}h anto[w)\QszÓFq}\ q}hl] w2|}]@ «[qj,iq}hlntp[q}«[|}]@szo p[q}ªt] sto st[[|}q}m sjxq{£)¾,q}] p×Bo[]|®]Lh@sz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\ ]Lh,[] h |®]LmÔjlq}ntp¶i]\ nii]m+n>ph{jxqjxo[] pBj@o[pm nt\ 7nBhlstpBjYq}\ 7n>wk¯ juszpBj^[]0|rsO] wlntwx\Qszpm ]i]¶m+]Lh! w hl] stoiÓ|}nim stoiÓ½hlstphÁ7|wlq®jlX\^ ] H| ] Óim ] ijxq®n>p²i] !#"#$ !&% ÊÌÇ " ÉÊÀË $ ÉÆÕ(Æ 'lÉ>*Î )i] j!i] "#+,! " " ËuÎuË .Ñ - Ë / + 1É 0 3Ë 2 !&% ÊÌÇ " ÉÊÀËL¸4 p 5 s j Q[o[«|®6q Q]+j|}] h wln>«[|®Z \ ] h*n>p[sz\ ] p>juszoiÓ^|®6q 7 h 8| q}\^9| \^] pBjxsjxq®n>p°i]ajx] |rh¡sz|}tn>wlq®jlX\^]Lh*: p ntpBjÃyksz\Qstq}; h j @wlqrh)] p m ntphlqr wusjxq®n>p[szp7hai] hastwkjxq}m |®]LhY[o[«[|}9q Lh £2¨©ntohY[ w hl] pBjxntphYin>pm¸|®]stwxst\ Z+jlwx]U[]m+] hahlgih{jxZ \ ] h >>
[£®¤>¤!×Bo[q)s|rs0[|®o7htwuszpi] q®=p ntwxqjxX[\ ] h¸i]Qm+ntpBjxw >>|®]^i] \^nii] []jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp]+jUp[ntohYqri] p>jxqÁ7ntphUi] oiÓ0j{gF7]Lh@i]hlgFhkjlZ \ ] @h ?)|®]Lh@hlgFhkjlZ \ ]
h BA+É Ñ 'ÔÆ®Ë^Æ}ÉÊÀË+ÍDÎxË!]+j m ] oiC Ó DA+EÇ /ÔÊÌËÆ}ÉÊÀË+ÍDÎx˶[]0m+n>\ \!o[p[qrm szjlq}ntp.] p>jxwl]|®]Lh m ntomuX[]Lh[XFgihlq}×Bo[]Lh]+j^|®]Lh m ntomuX] h bH§©_,h £ v)o[q}h Fp[nto7h¡[wxntn>hlntp7h¡i] oiÓ°p[ntoªt] stoiÓQsz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ ] hÅi]m+ntpBjxw >>|®]©[]U\ nii]U[]©jxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp°in>p>j |}] h©7] wkn>wl\Qstpm+]Lh@sz[wlnimuX[] p>jU8| ntijxq®\ o[\/wl] [ w hl] pBj stw "#+,! " ]+j¸×>oqhlntpBj Dm+n>pBjlwuszq}wl] \^] pBF j "&+7!#" w Lsz|}q}hxsz«|®]Lhstoy{ntowx XFo[qhxszph*\ niiq®Á7m szjlq}ntph)q®pm nt\ szjlq}«[|®]Lh2io°hkjxszp7[szwu >>
[£®¤>¤t£ !&! "#$ ! 2>3É GÊ .Ñ - Ë !#"#$ ] j !IHJ" " ! 2t*É G7Ê .Ñ - Ë H5% ÆÊ Ñ " ÉÊÀË " Ë Ê /ÔÏBÔ,m+n>Lp K+oh wx] hl7]LmÔjlq}ªt] \ ] pBj nto[w |}] h hlgih{jxZ \ ] [q}I h MA+É Ñ '+Æ®ËQÆ®ÉzÊÌË ÍÎuË ] N j A+EÇ /ÔÊÌËQÆ®ÉÊÀË+ÍDÎuË+¿n>p>I j + j q}\ [|}] \ ] pBj Lh¸]+jhkq}\!o[6| I h 8| szqri] i] p7h £ ¨©ntohs9ª>ntphstohlhl; q ªst|®=o o[p]Qq®\ [6| \ ] pBjusjlq}ntp±i] !IHD"#" [szp7ho[p.iwlq}ªt] w¦Ãq}pBo[Ó#nto[wm szwljl] h >>
[£®¤>¤U«s> h ] hahlo[w@|}]muX[q}hk] jU§©~Ut
i¤9
!×Bo[qm+n>piÁwx\^]|}] h@w Lhko[|®jxszjxhai] hkq}\!o[|rsjxq®n>p0] j©\ ntpBjlwx]o[p[] stO \ |}q®n>wxszjlq}ntpq}\ 7n>wkjuszpBjl]io «[q®j@nt«ijx] pFosto0pq®ª>] szo¶sz[|®qrm szjlq®{£ P
à L Þ Q
§a[stijxszjlq}ntp¶i]b¶nii]t>>
[£®¤>¤tB\!o[|®jlq®¯N\ nii]>§©§U~@»,7§UbH~@~§U~@»,~@¾Y§©~
/lÉtÎ Ê
!
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
Ð ÊÌÇ "
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
D! & Q5(¡ +
{ ¡ ) tB
i£}¤t¤¸q}h@jlX[]!\^nBh{j@nto[|}stw@¥¦Â§U¨ hlgih{jx] \¢q}p¶jlX]¹Ån>wl|r0jlni[s9gszpq®j©q}h©|®q}¼t] |®gjln°|}s9g stp½q}\^ntwljxstpBj wxnt|}]°q®pÙjlX[]p[] ÓBj t] p[] wusjxq®n>p.nz@¹aq}wl] |®]Lhlh szpÙ\ nt«[q}|®]m+n>\^\ o[p[qrm szjlq}ntp½hlgFhkjl] \Qh £ `Uwxq}tq}psz|}|®g>z{ ) ) Ùt>
[£®¤>¤ e[e[eH Uq®wx] m+j,eF] ×Bo[] pm+]¸eF[wx] stQeF] m+jlwxo[\°*nzD] wx] n>p[|}gj{¹,n[XFgFhlqrm sz| sjxs wusjx] @h ?¡sz|}|Ãjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp¹,s>h@in>p[]!sj@] qjxX[] w©jlX[]¤Lb¶«[7h@ntw@jlX[]
>b¶«[h@wxszjl]t£,Àp.¤ ijlX[] { ¡ ) ³i]+Áp] Qj{¹,n^X[q®>Xwusjx]U] ÓBjx] phlq}ntp@h ?>>
[£®¤>¤ «Q«s>hk]L°ntp ¸ee[eQjx] muX[pnt|}nttg>>¹aq®jlX¶[szjxs wxszjl] h oHjln¤t¤9b¶«[h¸q}pHjxX[]°
i£ @Ä «szp7¿Ãszp#tB
i£}¤t¤ s«s>hk]LHn>p±`¸» ¸b N`UwljlX[n>tn>psz|*»[wx] ×Bo[] pm+g Uq}ªBqrhlq®n>p.bo[|jxq®|®] ÓFq}p[F¸jl]LmuX[p[nt|}nt>gt ¹aqjxX½[sjus¶wxszjl] ho[±jln#zHb¶«[h!q®p±jxX[]0 ©Ä°«stp¿£Àp
tt [zjxX[]U>>
[£®¤>¤ hkjxszp7[szwu^jlXszj,] ÓFjl] p7[h)jxX[]t>
[£®¤>¤ «Qv)@5|rs9gt] w)jln^hko[7n>wkjY[sjuswusjx] h)o°jln z b«[haq}pjlX[]!
[£ @Ä«7szp0¹,s>h,Ápst|®q}Ä ]L¿£ WYX[] wl]°stwl]^\QszpFgOwx] s>hkn>ph©ntwjxX[]QX[q}tX[|}gHªtn>|}szjlq}|®] pszjlo[wx] nz,jlX[]Q¹aq}wx] |}] hxh\^]Liq}o[\úohl] «Fg jxX[]Q{ ) ) '>>
[£®¤>¤ hkjxszp7[szwu ?¸Rstiq}p[7 sjljl] pBo7sjlq}ntpÂÂq}p>jx] wl] wx] pm ]^wln>\änzjxX[] wwustiqrsjxq®n>p#hlnto[wum+]Lh q}pBjl] wk] wl] pm+]0wln>\ nzjxX[] wQtB
i£}¤t¤i] ªFqrm+] h^q}p´stp´s>½X[nimp[] j{¹Ån>wl¼D)] jxmz£²¥#]m szp³m+|rsthxhkq®g±jlX[]Lhk] jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpO×Bost|®q®j{g¶ªszwxq}szjlq}ntph¸sthU] q®jlX[] w¸jlwuszphlq®] pBjhlX[ntwljk¯Njl] wl\/\ niiq®Á7m szjlq}ntph©jln0jlX[] ¹aq}wl] |®]Lhlh \ ]Liq®o\¢ntw@[o[wxst«[|}]¸|}ntpz¯Njl] wx\\ niiqÁm sjxq®n>ph,jln^jxX[]jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p0] pBªFq}wln>p[\ ] pBj £ WÅgF[q}m sz|}|®g>Ãq®,hlnt\ ] n>p[] ¹Ysz|}¼ihszwxnto[pÃÂm+|}n>hl] hsinFntwLÃntw\ nªt]LhU«q®¶nt«[y{] mÔjuh DjxX[qrh¹aq®|}|2Xs9ª>] stp0] ]LmÔj©n>pjxX[]jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p0\ ]Liq®o\ØntwUs ª>] wxghlX[ntwljYjlq}\^]>£)ÌjxhajlX[wxnto[>X[[oij@m szs>m+q®j{g°\ q®>X>j [wln>^hlXszwx[|}g!«[o[j¡p[nzj2n>w)|}ntp[7£ ÌDntp[]@[] m+qri]Lh*jln\ nª>]Åjxnszp[ntjlX[] w2n °m+]>zjxXBo7h¡sz[wlnBstmuX[q}p[UjlX[] §UvR§am m+]Lhlh)vn>q®pBju+BjlX[]©szjkjx] pFosjxq®n>pQ¹aq®|}|7[] m+wx] s>hk]@stp^jlXq}h¡¹aq®|}|7X7s9ªt]@s|}ntp[>] w)|rsthkjlq}p[] ]LmÔj¡n>p jxX[]] p] wxtg°nt jxX[]wxs>iq}n hlq}tpst|DjlXszj@¹aq®|}|Ã[wxnt«st«[|}gi] m wl]Lsthl]¸jlX[]¾Y )~w@~@sjx]L+£¡WYX[qrh q}pHjxo[wxpÃùaq}|®|2sz|}|}n¹'X[q®>X[] wst[[|}q}m sjlq}ntp[¯N|}] ª>] |ÃjxX[wxnto[>X[[oijhkq}pm ]!jxX[]Qv) )~ Rv*stmu¼>]+j 2wlwxntw~@szjl]L qrhY|}n¹Å] w £ §©|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qh!jxXsj°s>[szij jxX[]jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntpÙszwusz\ ]+jx] wuhjxnjlX[]muXstp[p[] |am ntpiq®jlq}ntp7h^m szp´«7] [] hlq®>p[] ¶jxn0n>ijlq}\ q®Ä ]^s0pFo[\!«] wnt¡szwusz\ ] jl] wuh©[] ] piq}p[ntpOjlX[]^p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼jln>7n>|®n>tgszpHjlX[] j{gF]nz*i] ªFqrm+] ?
vn¹Å] w°m+ntp7hko[\ ijxq®n>: p ?\ nt«[q}|}]¶[] ªFq}m ] hQ¹aXq}muX´q®\ [|}] \ ] p>jt>
[£®¤>¤wustiq}n>h^ohlost|®|}gÙXs9ª>]s Á[Ói] O] p[] wl>g0«[o7it] j wkjuszpm ]jln \ q®p[q}\ q®Ä ]jlX[]st\ nto[pBjanz*] p[] wl>g°m+n>phko\^]L«FgjlX[] q®wa[wxq}ª9szjl]tB
i£}¤t¤¸wxs>iq}n>h £ WYX[wxnto[>X[[oij ?©jxX[] X[q®>X[] w>>
i£}¤t¤jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp#wxszjl]Lh©ntÕjl] p[wxnªFq}i]^q}\^ntwljxstpBj¸nzjx] pBjlqrsz| jlX[wxntotX[[o[j¸«[o[j¸jxX[] gOohko7sz|}|®g¶Xs9ª>]!X[q}tX[] w¾, ¡~@h £ @q}tX[] w¾Y )~©hUwx] ×Bo[q}wx]!\ ntwx] wx]+jxwxstphk¯ \ q}hxhkq}ntp7hÂn>w*] wxwln>wk¯Nwl] ]*jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>ph 9¹aX[qrmuX [] m+wx] s>hk]LhÃjxX[]asz[|®qrm szjlq}ntpi¯Ì|®] ªt] |zjlXwln>o[tX[oij £
Àp±jxX[q}h!sz] wL¹Å]Qnim ohntp±jxX[]Qjusthl¼Onza\QsÓiq}\ q®Ä q®p[¶jxX[]st[[|}q}m sjlq}ntp[¯N|}] ª>] |*jlXwln>o[tX[oij!q}p q}piwusthkjlwxomÔjxo[wx],p]+j{¹,ntwx¼Fh jxX[wln>o[tX^[wustm+jlqrm sz|iwusjx]+¯Àst[stijxszjlq}ntp!st|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qh £¾,] m stohl],pn[o[«[|}q}hlX[]L 7sz] w!iqrhxm+ohxhk]LhjlX]°q}hxhlo[] hhlo[wxwln>o[piq}p[¶wx] sz|¡q®\ [|}] \ ] pBjusjlq}ntp7hnz@tB
i£}¤t¤^wxszjl]°s>[szijusjxq®n>p±st|¯ >ntwxqjxX[\Qh ¹Å]«] |}q®] ªt]n>o[w@\Qszq}pHm+n>p>jxwlq}«[oijxq®n>pjxn°«]jlX[]!q}i] pBjlq®Á7m szjlq}ntp¶nz*j{¹,n°m+|rsthxhk]LhYnz2t>
[£®¤>¤ [] ªFq}m ] @h ?UÆ}ÇÈ5Æ®ÉÊÀË+ÍDÎ+Ïszp Ð>ÑÒzÐ Æ®ÉÊÀË+ÍDÎ+Ïhkgihkjl] \ h £Æ®ÇzÈÆ®ÉzÊÌË ÍΠ϶hkgihkjl] \QhUsz|}|®n¹ jlX[] q®\ [|}] \ ] p>jus¯ jxq®n>p!nt7] wk¯Ìs>mu¼t]+j*st[stijxszjlq}ntp!st|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qh¹aXq®|}] ÐBÑÒÐ Æ®ÉÊÀË ÍÎ Ïhkgihkjl] \Qh wl]L×Bo[q®wx]¡] wxq}nF[q}m,szpst|®gihlq}h ntÂjxX[]jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p0muXstwxs>mÔjl] wlqrhkjlqrm hYszp0o[D[sjx] hYjxn^jlX[]jxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp7szwusz\ ]+jx] wuh £ `Uo[w^hk]Lm+n>p±m+ntpBjxwlq}«[oijxq®n>pqrhjxX[]wln>7nBhlst|2nzYj{¹Ån#hkq}\ [|®]p[nªt] |¡sz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Qh]LstmuX.i] hlq}tp[]L n>w©n>p[]!nt2jlX[] j{¹Ån0m+|rsthxhk]Lh@nz¡[] ªFq}m ] h©q}i] pBjlq®Á] ¿£WYX[] q®w¸7] wkn>wl\Qstpm+]qrh¸m+|}n>hl]jlnjlX[]^ntijxq®\ o[\
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
H
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë Êjx] «Bg°jlX[]q}\^wxs>mÔjlqrm st|¿~@¾Y§©~ Âq}p0jlX[]m sthl]Unt q}piwxs>h{jxwlo7mÔjlowl]¸p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼ih £¥][wl]Lhk] pBj ] Ói7] wlq}\ ] pBjxst|@wl]Lhko|juh jlXszj0hlX[n¹¢jxXsj0nto[w°p] ¹dsz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\QhQm szp³«7]Owl]Lstiq}|®g²q®\ [|}] \ ] p>jx] ³n>p ] Óiq}hkjlq}p[!X7szwui¹,stwl]UszpnzD] wYm+ntp7hkqri] wusz«|®]@] wlntwx\Qszpm ]©q}\ [wlnª>] \ ] pBjuh)nªt] w¡] ÓFqrhkjlq}p[^hlnt|}oijxq®n>ph £ WYX[qrhYst7] w,qrh,ntwx>stp[q®Ä ] °s>h)n>|®|}n¹@h £Àp¶eF] m+jlq}ntp
iF¹,]U[wx] hl] pBj,jlX[]] ÓFqrhkjlq}p[^st|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qh)jxXsj jxwlg±jxn#s>[iwx] hxhjxX[]jxsthl¼±nz©wusjx]s>[sz[jxsjxq®n>pÙszp7.jlX] q}w hlX[n>wkjum+nt\ q}p[>h £±WYX[] pá¹Å]q}[] pBjlq®g½q}p ei] mÔjxq®n>p ^jlX[]!¼t] gszwumuX[q®jl] m+jlo[wusz|Ã] sjxo[wx]nz)s°tB
i£}¤t¤hkgihkjl] \¢jxXsj©\ ohkj©«7]jxsz¼>] p¶q}p>jxnstm m+n>o[pBj ¹aX] pi] hlq}tp[q}p[°s^wxszjl]s>[szijusjxq®n>pst|®>ntwxqjxX[5 \ ?2psz\ ] |}gt[jlX[]![q}hkjlq}pmÔjxq®n>p¶«7] j{¹Å] ] p|}n¹ szp70Xq®>X m nt\ \!op[q}m sjxq®n>pQ|}szjl] p7m+g «7] j{¹Å] ] pQjxX[]©wust[q®n«7sthl] «stpQszpQjlX[]U«[|®nimu¼^jlX7sjÅq}\ [|}] \ ] pBjxh¡jlX]Uwusjx] m ntpBjlwxnt|¿st|®>ntwxqjxX[\¶£2¥#]i]Lhlm wlq}«]q®pHeF]LmÔjlq}ntp¶ jxX[]§©§U~@»²st|®>ntwxqjxX[\¢i]Lhkq}tp] ntwa|}n¹5m nt\ \!oi¯ pq}m sjlq}ntp|rsjx] pm ghlgih{jx] \QhajxXsjUq}h©«sthl] ¶n>p7] wk¯Ìstmu¼>]+j©hlX[ntwljk¯Njl] wl\ st[stijxszjlq}ntp«[o[jUq}p>jxwlniio7m+] h s hl7]Lm+q®Á7m|}ntp[t¯]©jxX[]sz[|®qrm szjlq}ntp|®] ªt] |DjlX[wxnto[>X[[oijL£ Àp0ei] mÔjxq®n>p0iB¹,]@[wx] hl] pBjÅsp[] ¹µwxszjl]©m ntpBjlwxnt|7sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ºpsz\ ]LQ§a[szijxq®ª>]Ub¶o[|®jlq¿~@szjl]©~@]+jlwxg hk]L¸ntpjlX]¡hlst\ ])q}[] sthÂi] ª>] |}nt] Untw !#! "&$ jxXsjÂX7sthë] ] pi] hlq}tp[]L¿ q}\ [|}] \ ] pBjl]L¿ stp] ªst|®oszjl]Lntp!s@X[q®>X!m+n>\ \!o[p[qrm szjlq}ntp|rsjx] pm ghlgih{jx] \5«sthl] n>p!szp §,jlX[] wlnBh§©~Ut
i¤9
YmuX[q}hk] j £ WYX]]+Ói7] wlq}\ ] pBjxst|¿\ ] sthlo[wx] \ ] pBjuhÅn>«ijxstq®p] ¶m+n>piÁwx\jlX[]hlq}\!o[|rsjxq®n>p0wx] hlo[|®jxhaszp70nt] w@m+n>pBªFq}pmÔ¯ q}p[#] ªFq}[] pm ]°jlX7sj n>o[w ! HJ" " sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ÚstmuX[q}] ª>] h!X[q®>X[] w 7] wkn>wl\Qstpm+]QjxXszpÙjlX[]0[wx] ªFq®n>ohl|®g q}\ [|}] \ ] pBjl]LÙst|®>ntwxqjxX[\¶£»q}psz|}|®g>)¹,][wx] hl] pBj^shlo[\ \ stwlg±nt@nto[w^¹Ån>wl¼±szp7.oijxo[wl]wx] hl] szwumuX [q®wx] m+jlq}ntphYq}p¶ei] mÔjxq®n>
p [£
@- a
!&
§U~@»þ
¹Ysth jxX[]YÁwuh{j2wusjl]as>[szijusjxq®n>p^st|®>ntwxqjxX[\$jln«]a[o[«[|}q}hlX[]L¿£ Ìj)¹Ysth2[] hlq®>p[] !jlnnt[jlq}\^q}Ä ] jxX[]sz[|®qrm szjlq}ntp²jlX[wxnto[>X[[oijQq}p²¥±s9ªt]L¦ÂstpÙk i] ªBqrm+]Lh ŹaX[qrmuX²q}\ [|®] \ ] pBjl]LÙjxX[]tB
i£}¤t¤ e[e[e hkjxstp[stwx 9 £Àp²§©~@»,Â]LstmuX½hl] p[] w!szjkjl] \ ijxh!jlnHo7hk]°sXq®>X[] wjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp±wusjl]0sÕjl] w!s¶Á[Ói]L
pFo[\ «7] wnzÅhlom m ] hxh{o|Âjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntph¸sjs°>q®ª>] pOwusjx] stpOhl¹aqjumuX[] h¸«s>mu¼jln¶s°|}n¹Å] wUwusjx] sÕjx] w ¤ n>w
m ntphl] m oijlq}ªt] Rszq}|®owl]Lh £QeF] m+q®Á7m sz|}|®g>ÃjlX]^n>wlq}tq}pst|*§U~@»st|®>ntwxqjxX[\äi]Lm+wx] sthl] h©jlX]°m+o[wxwl] pBj wusjx]!szp7h{juszwljxh©sQjlq}\^] wU¹aX] pj{¹,nm+n>phl] m+o[jlq}ªt]jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>phYRstq®|q®p#sQwln¹£a¥µX] pH] qjxX[] wUjlX[] jxq®\ ] w]+Ói[q}wl]LhUn>w©jxX[]QpFo[\!«] wnt,hlom m ] hxh{o[|}|}gwl]Lm+] q}ªt]LH] wl¯N7stmu¼t] j¸s>mu¼Bpn¹a|®]Lit] \^] pBjxhUwl]LstmuX[]Lh ¤L[tjlX[]©jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp wusjx]@q}hÅq}pm+wx] s>hk]L!jxn sXq®>X[] w,[sjuswxszjl]©stp^jlX]@jlq}\ ] w,q}h¡wl]Lhk] j £¥µX[] pjlX[] wusjx]UqrhYq}pm+wx] s>hk]L¿BjlX[]¸Áwuh{jYjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp0szÕjl] wÅjxX[]wusjl]¸q}pm+wx] s>hk] Rm nt\ \ ntp[|}g°wx]+] wxwx] jxn s>h,jlX[] G /l Ç ' Ñ Í Ò jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpntN w G /l Ç ' Ñ Í Ò s>mu¼t] juÅ\!ohkjUhlom m ] ]L0n>wYjlX[]!wxszjl]qrhaq®\ \ ] [q}szjl] |}g0[] m+wx] s>hk]L stpOjlX[] jxq®\ ] w!q}hwx] hkjxstwkjx] HwusjxX[] wjxXszp#jlwxgFq®p0jxX[]QX[q}tX[] wwxszjl]Qs¶hk]Lm+n>pHjxq®\ ]>£°WYX[q}hhxmuX[] \^] hloiD] wuh,wln>\j{¹,n^wln>«[|®] \Qh ?
Ì7jxX[]@muXstp[p[] |[m ntp[qjxq®n>ph2muXszpt],ªt] wxg!×Bo[qrmu¼F|®g>zqj)m szp[p[ntj)st[stij)]+D] m+jlq}ªt] |}gt£*»[n>w*]+Ó[sz\ [|}]t q®p szpstX[nim2p]+j{¹,ntwx¼©¹aX[] wl]*jxX[])q}p>jx] wl] wx] pm ])«[o[wuhkjxhÃstwl]2>] p[] wxszjl] ¸«Fg¸nzjlX] wÂ>>
i£}¤t¤*s>mu¼t] j jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>ph [jlX[] ntijxq®\ o[\wusjx]muXszpt] hawln>\n>p[]stmu¼>]+jajxnQjlX[] p[]+ÓFjL£Y¾,]Lm szo7hk]§U~@» wl]L×Bo[q®wx] hH¤Hntw¶
±stmu¼>]+jQRstq®|}o[wx] hQjxn²i]Lm+wx] s>hk]q®jxhwxszjl]Ostp³o[µjxn¤ ½hlom m+] hxhko[|©s>mu¼t] j
æÃø añÔðRûÂó{êìëuý Ùï ëxï ç*æ ëuû zîkî{íøLûNî{ù¸ýþíUç Ôî{ðÉ3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>ph2jxn q}pm+wx] s>hk]©qjLBq®jY¹aq®|}|Dp[] ª>] w¡«]hkgFpmuX[wxntpq®Ä ] ¹aq®jlX°jxX[]hko[«[¯Ns>mu¼t] jÅmuXszpp[] | m+n>piq®jlq}ntpmuXszpt] h £ Ì@jlX]0muXstp[p[] |Ym+n>piq®jlq}ntph inOpnzj^muX7szp[>]sj sz|}|w muXstp[t]°ª>] wxghl|}n¹a|®g>q®j ¹aq}|}|¡jxwlgjln ohl]°s0Xq®>X[] wwusjx]^] ªt] wlg.¤Lhlom m+] hxhko[|®|}gjxwxstphk\ q®jkjx] stmu¼>]+juh ÂjlX[qrhwx] hlo[|juhq®p±q}pm+wx] s>hk]L wl] jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p0sjljl] \^[jxh@stp°jxXFoh@i]Lm+wx] sthl] hÅjxX[]sz[|®qrm szjlq}ntp°jxX[wxnto[>X[[oijL£
i q}h jxX[]Ån>p[|}g¸ntjlX[] w o[«[|}q}hlX[] !wxszjl],st[stijxszjlq}ntpsz|}tn>wlq®jlX\5¹aXn>hl]¡tnBsz|>q}hÂjln¸ntijxq®\ q}Ä ]ÅjlX[]
~©¾,§U~ st[[|}q}m sjxq®n>p¶jlX[wxnto[>X[[oijL£©WYX[qrh©st|®>ntwxqjxX[\wx] ×Bo[q}wx] haq}pm+n>\ sjxq®«[|}]!muXstp[t]LhajxnQjlX[] { ) ) t>
[£®¤>¤ hkjxstp[stwx ?,jxX[] q}pBjl] wl[wx]+jusjxq®n>pnz¡hlnt\ ]^b§©_'m+ntpBjxwln>|Ãwusz\ ] h©q}hmuXstp[t]Lszp]LstmuXOsjxsQwxst\^] \ ohkj©q®p7m+|}oi]!s p[] ¹$X[] s>i] waÁ7] |r¿£Å¥µXq®|}]jlXq}hUsz|}tntwxq®jlX[\q}hant2|®q®jkjx|®] [wxs>mÔjxq}m sz|¿q}p>jx] wx] hkj@«7]Lm stohk] q®j°m stp[p[nzjQ«]Hi] |®ng>] ½q}p´]+Óiq}hkjlq}p[.tB
i£}¤t¤0p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼ih )q®jQq}h ntUq}\ 7n>wkjuszpBj jlX[] ntwx]+jlqrm st|Yq®pBjl] wl]Lh{j «] m szohl]qj©m szp«7]o7hk]Ls>hYs 7] wkn>wl\Qszp7m+]¸wl] ] wx] pm ]t£ WYX[]~@¾Y§U~ st|®>ntwxqjxX[\ \ stp[szjl] hÅjxX[]Uo7hk]nzÂjlX[]~*W@e¬t_,W@e°\ ] muXstp[q}hl5 \ ?2s!stq®wYnt ~a] ×Bo[]Lh{j W n¸ei] p7¬>_Å|®]Lszw*WÂneF] p7 m ntpBjlwxnt|twxst\^]Lh stwl]Å]+Ó[muXstp[t]L«7] j{¹Å] ] pjxX[]ahkn>o[wum+]¡stpjxX[],[] hkjlq}psjxq®n>p pnF[] h)wlq}ntw¡jlnjxX[]Uhkjxstwkj¡ntÃ] s>muX°[sjusjlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>pã WYX[]Uwl]Lm+] q®ª>] w)nt¿jlX[]¸~W@e wxst\^]Um sz|rm+o|}szjl] h jxX[]°jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp.wusjx]Qjln#«7]ohl] .«Fg#jlX[]o[Dm+nt\ q}p[#sjxswxst\^]jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p«7sthl] .n>p.jlX[] eiq®>psz|,WÂnO¨©ntqrhk]0~@sjxq®n½Nei¨©~©!nzYjxX[]wx] m ] q}ªt] ±~*W@ewusz\ ]stp±ntp½sHhl]+j^nz©ei¨U~ jlX[wx] hlX[n>|}[h m sz|rm+o[|rsjx] ¹aq®jlX½szp É G / Ñ EÇ / Ñ ¹aq}wx] |}] hxhmuXszpp[] |)\ nii] |mu¼Hjln jxX[]0hlntowxm ]°q®p½jlX[]_,W@e±stmu¼>]+jL£OWYX[]0~*W@eD)_,W@eD*szpÙ[sjuswusz\ ] h szwx]°\ nF[qÁ]L±jlnm+n>p>juszq}p q}pin>wl\Qsjxq®n>p³ntp´jlX[]#hkq}Ä ]Hstp´wxszjl]nz¸jlX]O[sjusjlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>pÙjxnÙsz|}|®n¹ sz|}|ajlX]Hp[nii] h°¹aqjxX[q®p jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp0wxstp[t]Ujln°m ntwxwl]LmÔjl|}gQo[D[sjx]jlX[] q®w@¨©]+j{¹,ntwx¼°§@|}|®nim sjlq}nt p 2] m+jln>w!R¨U § Ô£ WYX[qrha[wxnzjxnim+nt|¿hloiD] wuh,wln>\ØpFo[\ ] wxnto, h |}0\ ] muXstp[q}hl\Øohl] 0q}p0]LstmuXwx] m ] q}ªt] wÅjxn [q}mu¼ jxX[]«] hkjYn>hxhlq®«[|}]wxszjl]¸wl]L×Bo[q®wx] h s m sz|rm+o|}szjlq}ntpnzjlX[]!ei¨U~ jlX[wx] hlX[nt|r[h,«s>hk]Ln>p¶stp±B É G / Ñ EÇ / Ñ muXstp[p[] |¿\^nii] |ntwxqjxX[\Ústhxhko[\ ]LhjlXszj jxX[]e[¨©~nt©stq}ªt] p.stmu¼>]+j!qrh!s9ªszq}|rsz«[|}]sj jlX[]0wl]Lm+] q®ª>] wL ¹ X[qrmuX°q}h¡p[nzjÅt] p] wusz|}|®g!jlwxo[]?*hkn>\ ]!«[o[jÅp[ntj,sz|}|Õ2tB
i£}¤t¤ai] ªFqrm+]Lh)[wxnªFq}i]@stpQ] hkjlq}\Qsjlq}ntpQnt a jlX[]^ei¨©~$«Fg°\ ] s>hkowlq}p[^jlX[]!] p[] wl>g°|®] ªt] |¿[wlq}ntwYjxn jlX[] h{juszwljYnt jxX[]wx] m ] ijxq®n>p0nt*s s>mu¼t] j szp¶iowlq}p[^jlX[]wx] m ] ijxq®n>p0ntÂjxX[]stmu¼>]+jL£
æ æ
WYX[]~W@e7¬t_,W@eQwlntjlnim+n>|qrhÅwx] ×Bo[q}wx] Q] ªt] p°jlX[n>o[tX°pn X[qr[i] pp[nii]LhYszwx]@[wx] hl] pBj¡jxXsjam stp |®]Lst0jlnQs^\Qsy{n>w,] wlntwx\Qszpm ]X[qjL£ WYX[]!q}pBjl] wl[wx]+jusjxq®n>pnz*jlX[]^~*W@eszp_,W@ewxst\ ] h©stpjlX]ntwx\Qsj©nt2jlX[]^[sjus wusz\ ] h©q}h p[nzj¡m nt\ szjlq}«[|®]a¹aq®jlX jxX[]@tB
i£}¤t¤Yh{juszpszwu¿£ WYXFoh >~@¾Y§U~´m szp[pnzj)«]@i] [|}ngt]L!q}p ]+Óiqrh{jxq®p[ tB
i£}¤t¤¸p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼ih £
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ H
% /ÔÆ®Ë ÊntwxqjxX[\Ú«sthl] .n>p½jxX[]>>
[£®¤>¤ sszp7½tB
i£}¤t¤ X °h{juszpszwu[h!¹aXn>hl]tnBsz|Åq}h jln n>ijlq}\ q®Ä ]jxX[]¶|®nim sz|Y7n¹,] wQm ntphlo[\ ijlq}ntp5Rstp½p[ntj jlX[]sz[|®qrm szjlq}ntpÙjlX[wxnto[>X[[oij ¹aX[qrmuXÙqrh nto[w hkjxszjl]L#>n>st|r+£°WÂnHinHhln qj!s>[sz[jxh«nzjxX#jxX[]Qjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntpwxszjl]Qszp#jxX[] jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p#n¹Å] w £ WYX]©hk] j¡nzDnt[jlq}\ st|wusjx]9¬Ljxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp 7n¹,] w)7szq}wxh2qrh)m sz|rm+o[|rsjx] n Qq}p[]a¹aq®jlXshl7]Lm+q®Á7ma¹aq}wl] |®]Lhlh muX7szp[p[] |Å\ nii] |2jlX]¹aq}wx] |}] hxh!p[nii]Lh^]+Ói] m oijl]hkq}\ [|®]jusz«[|}]0|}nFnt¼Fo[h!jln[qrmu¼±jlX[] n>ijlq}\!o\¢wusjl]¬Ljxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntpQn¹Å] w@m+nt\ «[q}psjxq®n>pã WYX[]¸\Qszq}p°[wxnt«[|}] \Qh¡¹aqjxX°jlXq}hYsz|}tn>wlq®jlX\ RnzjlX] w)jxXszp0\Qszp[szjlq}p[jxX[]©o7hk]Unz¿jlX]¸~*W@e¬>_,W@e wlntjlnim+n>|rÅszwx]¸j{¹Åntnt|r ?
Ìj@wl]L×Bo[q®wx] hÅjxX[]muX[ntqrm+]¸nz*szp.ÉIG / Ñ Ç / Ñ ¹aq®wx] |}] hxhYmuXszp[p] |¿\ nii] |Dn>wYjlX[]n Qq}p[]jxst«[|}]m sz|rm+oi¯ |}szjlq}ntpã
Ìj!wx] ×Bo[q}wl]LhÉG / Ñ Ç / Ñ ¼Fp[n¹a|}] i>]^ntYjlX[]°pFo[\ «7] wnz@m ntpBjl] piq}p[Hh{jusjxq®n>phntp±jxX[]°¹aq}wl] |®]Lhlh p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼D£
!0
10 !1
(,
0 +(, !-+ @0(
O Ã
§©|®|ÃjlX[]>>
i£}¤t¤¸hkgihkjl] \ ham ntpBjxstq®p¶sja|}] s>h{jYjlX]nt|}|®n¹aq}p[^j{¹ÅnQhlo[«hlgih{jx] \Qh
?
WY§ X[ ]!_U> >@
i§©£}¤t_U¤7wustszipq}0n ¡Á|®jljlX[] qrwlh@q}p[q}pB jl] o[tpwusm+jljlq}]Lnth,pjlh X[£¡] WY\ X[]LnFhk[]o[|}oszjlpq}mÔntjxpÃq®n>pih@] \ szwxni]iszo[|}|r¹,sjxs9q®gin>h,pÃ] pB] jxpq®m+wxni] |}ig°q}p[q}\^77i|®] ]L\^m+ni] ipBq}jlp[] L?
q®p¶Xstwx[¹,stwl]>>jxX[] g0m+ntwxwx] hl7n>pQjxn jlX[]>>
i£}¤t¤¸v)aÖ|}s9g>] wL£
WYX[]tB
i£}¤t¤0b§©_ |}s9g>] w ?QjlX[qrh qrh^st|®¹Ys9gihq}\ [|®] \ ] pBjl]LÙ«Fg½sm+nt\ «[q}psjxq®n>pÙnz¸i] iqrm szjl]L Xszwui¹Yszwx]2szpi]Liq}m sjx] hkntÕj{¹,stwl]>£ÃWYX[])] Óis>mÔjÃhl[|®q®j«]+j{¹,] ] pjlX[]Lhk]*j{¹,n@int\Qstq®phDqrhÃ] pBjlq}wl] |®g i] ªFqrm+]hl7]Lm+q®Á7mz£
WYX[]Ywusjx],m ntpBjlwxnt|Fsz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Qh ¹Å]Yszwx],q®pBjl] wl]Lh{jx] !q®p szwx]Å7szwljnt[jlX[]@b§©_.|}s9g>] wL9jlX[] q®wo[p7mÔjlq}ntp qrhUjln¶muX[nFn>hl]!jxX[] wxszjl]!jln¶«7] ohl] Hntw] s>muXOs>mu¼t] j©jlX7sjq}hhl] pBj¸jlnjlX[]Qv)@|}s9g>] wL£WYX[] ] Ó[stmÔj stwxmuXqjx] mÔjxo[wx]ÅntjlX]abH§©_±|rs9gt] wLqN£ ]>£®zXn¹Ù\!o7muX ntjlX]abH§©_.|rs9gt] w qrh*q®\ [|}] \ ] p>jx] ^q}p Xstwx[¹,stwl]> ªstwlq}] hsÙ|}nzjwxnt\ ntp]i] ªFq}m ]Ojxn³stp[nzjxX[] wL£ØWYX[] wl] ntwx]t@q®jq}hªt] wlgµX7szwu³jln³i] hlq}tp s´i] ªBqrm+] q}pi] 7] pi] p>jwusjx]^m ntpBjlwxnt|\ ] muXstp[q}hl\¶£@n¹,] ª>] wLq®jq}hm |®]LszwUjlXszj¸jxX[]HÎuÇ % Í Ñ ÎxÉzÊ Ñ ÇzÍ.Æ®ÉÊÀË ÍÎ Ï «]+j{¹,] ] p^jlX[]©v¡a |rs9gt] w)szp^jxX[]@«[|}nimu¼jxXsj¡q}\ [|}] \ ] pBjxh)jlX[]©wxszjl]@m+n>pBjlwxnt|[sz|}tn>wlq®jlX\ ¹aqjxX[q}pQjlX[] bH§©_'|rs9gt] w¸qrhn>p[] nz,jlX[]Q\ n>hkjq}\^ntwljxstpBj7szwusz\ ]+jx] wuh©jxn¶jxst¼t] q®pBjxnHstm m nto[pBj¹aX[] p±[] hlq®>p[q®p jxX[]°sz|}tn>wlq®jlX\£^Ì,jlX[]°m nt\ \!o[pq}m sjlq}ntp|rsjl] pm+gOq}h|}n¹Ãq®jq}hn>hxhlq®«[|}]^jlni] ªBqrhl] s¶wusjx]^m ntpBjlwxnt| st|®>ntwxqjxX[\jxXsj q®\ [|}] \ ] pBjuhÂ] wl¯N7stmu¼t] jÂst[stijxszjlq}ntpãÂÌFq®j qrhÃXq®>X[] wÂjlXstpjlX[]¡jlX[wx] hlX[nt|ri] hxm+wxq}«7]L q}p^jlX[]Yn>|®|}n¹aq}p[hk]LmÔjlq}ntpÂz\ ntwx]@m+nt\ [|}]+Ó \^] jlX[ni[h)\!ohkj)«7]a] \ [|®ng>] ¿£*§amÔjxosz|]+Ó[sz\ [|}] h*nt«nzjxX j{gF] hYnt*i] ªFq}m ] haszwx]¸[wl]Lhk] pBjl] 0q}p0jxX[]j{¹,n^ntjlX[] wYnt|}|®n¹aq}p[ hk]LmÔjxq®n>ph £
! ç ¶ëuíLù¸ï Lî 9ý Õû zî{î{ù ÔõÔô ! kë@é
ÔõÔô ! ýþû ëuí î ïNî{í9ûÉ3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
¦Ân¹½|rsjl] pm+g hkgihkjl] \Qh2st|®|}n¹½ohjxn¸q}\ [|}] \ ] pBj)] wl¯Ns>mu¼t] j*s>[szijusjxq®n>pã WYX[qrh*\ ] stphjlXszj*ntw2] s>muX 7stmu¼t] j^hl] pBj ŹÅ]¶\ oh{j t] j ] ] [«stmu¼.q}pintwx\Qsjxq®n>pÙntpÙjlX[]¶jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpÙhkjxszjloh^nt©jlXq}h s>mu¼t] j «]+n>wl]hk] piq}p[HjxX[]p[]+ÓFj stmu¼>]+j £±§©h hlomuXÃ)¹,]0m sz|rm+o[|rsjx]«] |}n¹ jlX[]\ q®pq®\ o[\Újlq}\ ]q}pBjl] wlªsz| «]+j{¹,] ] pHj{¹,nhlom m+] hxhlq®ª>]!s>mu¼t]+j¸jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>ph¸io[wxq®p[¶s0wxstt\ ] pBj¸«[o[wuh{j° {Ô¹aX] p#s 7stmu¼t] jÅjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpRszq}|}h +Yszp7¹aX[] ps 7stmu¼t] jYjlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntphko7m m+] ] [h ++£ Àp´jlX]Om s>hk]¶nz¸jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p½Rstq®|}o[wx]«7]Lm szo7hk]jlX]Hwl]L×Bo[q®wx] ´§©_ äX7sthQp[ntj°«7] ] p³wx] m+] q®ª>] ¿ jxX[]°hl] piq}p[Hi] ªFq}m ]°h{juszwljxhs«stmu¼>nz½[wxnim+]Lio[wx] szÕjl] w!s szjjlX[]°] pnz u£ WYX]Ujxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpnznzjlX] was>mu¼t]+juhY«FgQjlX[qrh@i] ªFq}m ]inF] hYp[ntj©h{juszwljYop>jxq®|ÃjlX[]] pnzÂjxX[]«s>mu¼tnz wlnim+]Lio[wx] ¹aX[q}muX.m szp[p[ntjXsz7] pop>jxq®| YszÕjl] w*jxX[]a] p7 nt7jxX[]Yjlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p0 µq}h2sop[qn>wl\ |}g!iqrh{jxwlq}«[oijx] ^ªszwxq}st«[|}] «]+j{¹,] ] p0Ä ] wxnQszp ¹aX[] wl] >+£ ÀpOjlX[]^m sthl]nt¡hkom m+]Lhlhko[| jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntpÂjxX[] hl] p[q®p[i] ªFqrm+] ] q®jlX[] w¸hkjxstwkjuh©s Ùjxq®\ ] w¸q® q®ja¹,stpBjxhÅjln ¼t] ] 0ntp«[o[wuh{jxq®p[^jxX[]¸nt|}|®n¹aq}p[Qb§©_´wusz>\^] pBjxh ))n>w,q®j©hkjxszwljxh s!«stmu¼>nz¶[wxnFm ] iowl]©szÕjl] wYs qqjY¹YszpBjxh¡jln!jlwuszphl\ qjaszp[ntjlX[] w¡s>mu¼t] j¡jlX7sjYq}h,p[ntjYs^b§©_ wusz>\ ] pBj +£ ¾,] m szohl]©¹,]Ustwl]©q®pBjl] wl]Lh{jx] Qq}p°jxX[]¸¹Ån>wxhkjÅm s>hk]Uhlm ] pstwlq}nÕjxXsjYqrh BjlX]U\ q}p[q®\ o[\ jlq}\ ]Uq}pBjl] wlªsz| «]+j{¹,] ] pj{¹,n^jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>phx+i¹Å]s>hlhlo[\ ]¸jlXszj ^¹aX[qrmuX¶tq}ªt] h stp ,£ eFq}pm+] ,a¹Å]OXs9ªt] ? 9£2WYX[]@ªsz|}o[]Lh)nz¿jxX[] hl]@stwxst\ ]+jl] wxh¡szwx]©hkXn¹ap^q}pWsz«[|}]¤>£ Ìù,]©in p[nzjÅst|®|}n¹ jxX[]ohl] w@jlnQohl]sQiq®] wl] p>jUwxszjl]ntw©] stmuX0wuszt\ ] p>j@nt)s «[o[wuh{j!R¹aX[q}muXqrh@s ª>] wxgwx] sthlntp7sz«[|}]¸s>h{¯ hlo[\ ijxq®n>p^q}p [wustmÔjxq}m ]ahkq}pm+]Yp[np] ¹,] w2q}pintwx\Qsjlq}ntp^qrh2s9ª9stq®|rsz«|®],ntw*jxX[]Ywuszt\ ] p>jÔÔjxX[]a\ q®pq®\ o[\ |rsjx] pm g°wx] ×Bo[q}wl] \^] pBj,n>w@sz|}|DjlX[]ªst|®o[]LhY[wx] hl] pBjl]Lq}pW st«[|®] ¤m+n>|®o\^p ©qrh©
z >£
!#"%$#&'(*) + 340*5454'33 76 98;:= A@CBEDF HGJILK2M2NO !"-,/.102#'QPR@CBEDF HGJILK2M2NOST8;:USWVBYXF#"%([Z%\]&^ V_>a`+M*OJ HGJILK bVUBYXc#"%([Z%\]& LVBYX YVBYXc&7,d(LefVBYXgefVBYXc&A"%h L>i:= !j"-$j&A'4(k) Pl>:= m8;:U + 340*5454'33 PT8n:=9SoVUBYX #"%([Z%\]& ^LV_>a`+M*OJ HGJILK
VUBYX #"%([Z%\]& Pqp 7 340*5454'33 Pr8;:U W 2"%,/.s0!#'tPu@vBEDw HGJI9K!M2NOxSy8;:U t>:Uze{8;:U F !j"%$#&A'4(*)ce 340*5454'3 3 e| !"-,/.102#' + !"-,/.102#'
9 340*5454'33
m}~
Wsz«[|}] ¤?¡_Ånt\ \ o[p[qrm sjxq®n>p0|rsjx] pm gm+n>phkjlwuszq}p>juh,q®pjlX]{ ) ) µtB
i£}¤t¤¸h{juszp[stwxh Fe jxszp7[szwu >>
[£®¤>¤ e[e[e >>
[£®¤>¤ s >>
[£®¤>¤ « >>
[£®¤>¤
!j"-$j&A'4(k) 340*5454'3 3 ¤LQ}~ t?}~ ¤ Q}~ tm} ~ ¤LQ}~ t?}~ ¤LQ}~
t?}~
§©pBg!\!o[|®jlq®¯Ìhkjxstp[stwx hkgihkjl] \ ¹aX[] wx],jlX[],j{¹,nz¯Ì¹,s9gm+n>\ \!o[p[qrm szjlq}ntp |}szjl] p7m+g«]+j{¹,] ] p jlX]@v)a |rs9gt] wQ¹aX[] wl] jxX[] jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>phkjxszjlohqrh¼Fp[n¹ap7¸stp#jlX[]Qwusjx]+¯Àm+ntpBjxwln>|*st|®>ntwxqjxX[\ R¹aX[] wx] jlX[] q}pin>wl\Qsjxq®n>p!n>pjlX]Åjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp!hkjxszjlohqrh*stmÔjx] o[ntp7 qrh Xq®>X[] wjlX7szp^
t Ym szp[pnzj*q®\ [|}] \ ] pBj ] wl¯Ìstmu¼>]+jYwxszjl]st[stijxszjlq}ntpã
}~
? C RA WYX])[wx] hxhko[wx]*jlnUstmuX[q}] ª>])hkX[n>wkjk WYq}\ ]¡WÂn¸bszwx¼t] j
)hlmuX[]Lio[|}] h¿X7sthÃ|}] !sY|®ntj nzi¥¦ §©¨Ù[] hlq®>p[] wuhDjln
\ nª>])sa|®ntjÂnziopmÔjxq®n>psz|}qj{g¸q}p>jxn©hlnzÕj{¹Yszwx]t£ÂWYX[]¡Xszwui¹Yszwx]2q}hÂnzÕjl] pwx] iom ] ¸jxnajlX[]Å«szwx]2\ q®pq®\ o[\
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
H
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë Êjx] >wxszjl] 0q}p¶jlX[]>>
i£}¤t¤muX[q}jlXszjUm+n>pBjlwxnt|rh,st|®|ÂjlX[]jxq®\ ] ¯Ìm wlq®jlqrm st|¿jxs>hk¼ihRq®pm |®o7iq®pQjlX[] wusjx]+¯Àst[stijxszjlq}ntp7+£WYX]0¥±s9ªt]L¦Â§©¨ tB
i£}¤t¤ «½_ÅXq®hl]+j Ynt|}|®n¹@h!jlX[qrh^jlwx] p7¿£.Ìj^qrh^«sthl] ÙntpÙs jxX[wx] ]muX[q}¶stwxmuXqjx] mÔjxo[wx] ?
WYX[]\ ntp[n>\^nii]¸¥±s9ªt] ¦ §©¨¥¦ t>[¤L b§©_´¹aXn>hl]¸stwxmuX[q®jl]LmÔjxo[wl]Uq}hYhlq®\ q}|}stw,jln jlX[]\!o|jxq¯ \ nF[]a¥¦ t>zBUb§©_'}¤ ÌtqN£ ]t£}tsb§©_½m ntpBjlwxnt|}|}] w¹aX[q}muX^q}p>jx] wlRstm ] h*¹aq®jlX jlX[]aX[nBh{j)hlgih{jx] \ ÕjxX[wln>o[tX¶sQvÅ_Å,ntwasUei¾«[ohuÔstp0jlX[]«7sthl] «stpm ntpBjlwxnt|}|®] w
WYX[]¥±s9ªt] ¦ §©¨$¨@Bt> >>
i£}¤t¤¸¾Ysthl] «stp¶_Ån>pBjlwxnt|}|®] w Fszp WYX[]¥±s9ªt] ¦ §©¨5¥µ>Bz^~@»ÙW wuszphxm+] q®ª>] wL£
WYX[]¥ ¦ tt¤ ^b§©_µm ntpBjlwxnt|rh)jxX[]«sthl] «7szp0m+ntpBjxwln>|®|}] wÅjlX[wxntotX0s hl7]Lm+qrsz|}q®Ä ] 0m+nt\ \ o[p[qrm s¯ jxq®n>p0«ohYjlX7sj@¹,]m szp¶sthxhko\^]¸jxn^«]|}n¹|rsjl] pm+g0hkq}pm+]q®j@qrhYp[nzj©hlXszwx] ¹aqjxXszpFg°nzjxX[] w@[] ªFq}m ]t£ Ìjm ntpBjxstq®p7h^stp²] \!«] [[] ´[wxnFm ] hxhkn>w!jxXsj°] Ói] m+o[jl] h^jxX[]¶Áwx\!¹Yszwx][wxnªFq}[] ½«FgÙ§©t] wl]>£³WYXq}h Á7wl\ ¹,stwl]X7sthstm m+] hxh¸«7ntjlX#jln0jlX[] «s>hk] «szp7Om+n>pBjlwxnt|}|®] wUszp7jlnjxX[] X[n>hkjUjxX[wxnto[>X#s ¸b§ ¾,oh bHsthkjl] w «[|}nFmu¼D£WYX[]muXq®hl]+j^[wxnF[omÔj^«[wlq}]+@pnzjl]LhjxXsj jlX[]0Áwx\!¹Yszwx]Qq®\ [|}] \ ] p>juh s $ ÉÆÕ6Æ 'xÉtÎ ) /xÉÊÀËÉÆ Ò E Ç / Ñ Ê Ð Ê Ð Éz
Ê 0 Ë+8Ê 0 Ê Ð Ë03Ç GÊ Ñ % /lÉzÊÌË 'x1É 0 3Ë 2HÇͲÉ>Î+Ê % ÉÆ 0 ÑÒ ÍÉzÆ)ÊÌÇÍÇ Ñ 0 D Ë /lÉÊ Ñ ÇOÉzÍ 2MG[ÉtÎ )Ë Ê Æ}1Ç 030 Ñ @Í A+EÇ / ÉzÊ Ñ ÇzÍ£ ½¥µX[q®|}] jlX[qrh©qrh@\Qstwl¼>]+jlq}p[°\Qszjl] wxqrsz|ÂstpHinF] h©p[nzjm+n>ph{jxqjxoijl]!jl]LmuX[p[qrm sz|inimÔ¯ o\^] pBjxsjxq®n>pÿq®jhl] ] \ hm |®]LszwUjlnohUjlXszjUjxX[]^stwxmuXqjx] mÔjxo[wx]!nz¡jlX[] ¥¦ >t¤ °b§©_Øpst\^] |®g>DjlX[] wl]Lhk] pm+]Ånzszp ] \ «7]L[i] ![wxnFm ] hxhkn>wÂszp7nzsUi] [q}m sjl]L!m nt\ \!o[pq}m sjlq}ntp!«[oh¹aqjxXjxX[]Å«7sthl] «stp m ntpBjlwxnt|}|}] wÔ¡st|®|}n¹@hYhk] m q}st|®q}Ä ]L°Áwx\!¹Yszwx]Ujln q®\ [|}] \ ] p>j@] wl¯Ìstmu¼>]+jast[stijxszjlq}ntpã §d|}nzj°ntnzjlX] wmuX[q}hl]+juhHÕn>w°]+Ó[sz\ [|}]tast|®|ajxX[]OmuX[q}hl]+juh°i] hlq}tp[]L²«Fg´WÂ] Óis>h Àphkjlwxo[\ ] pBjxh stwln>o[p.stpÙ§©~©b m+n>wl ] ? !
@+
,stp
hk] ] \ jxnO«]0i]Lhkq}tp] ±¹aq®jlX²hlq}\^q}|rszw stwxmuXqjx] mÔjxo[wx] hstp±jlXFoh [wxnt«st«[|}gO[wxnªFq}i]] p[n>o[tX p[] wuh,jln q}\ [|®] \ ] pBj@ªszwxq®n>oh,wxszjl]m+n>p>jxwln>|Ãsz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Qh £ eFn>\ ]nzÂjxX[] hl]muX[q}hl]+jxh©m szp«]ohk]Lq®phkjxszp7[sz|}ntp[]§©vµ[] hlq®>phÕjxX[q}h@\^]Lszph,jxXsjajxX[] gm stp q}\ [|}] \ ] pBj,st|®|jlX[]§©v.o[pmÔjxq®n>phÅntpQjxX[]©] \!«] [i]LQ[wxnim+] hxhlntwÔÔ£ ©n¹Å] ªt] w ts|®ntjÅnz¿jxX[] \st|®¹Ys9gih wx] ×Bo[q}wx]sQX[n>hkjUhlgih{jx] \ ¹aqjxXOsQX[nBh{j_, v 'jlX7sjUX7szpi|}] h@jlX[]!X[q®>X[] wl¯Ì|}s9g>] wap[] j{¹Ån>wl¼Fq}p[ [wlntjlnim+n>|}h stpjlXszj@wlo[p7h,jlX[]ohl] w@st[[|}q}m sjxq®n>phY¹aX[] pq®j@q}ha|}nim szjl] 0q}p¶s >>
i£}¤t¤©jl] wl\ q}psz|N£
C H[
¾,]Lm szo7hk]^jlX]°\Qszwx¼t]+jn>w!tB
i£}¤t¤ i] ªFqrm+] hq}h>wln¹aq}p[ªt] wlgO×Bo[qrmu¼F|®g> s¶|}nzj!nt,wl]Lhlhlo[wx]^X7sth«] ] p oij¡ntpQmuX[q}Qi] hlq}tp[] wxhjxnm+nt\ ]ao[ ¹aq®jlX°i]Lhkq}tp7h*jlXszj)[wxnªBqri]am+nBh{jl¯N] ]LmÔjxq®ª>],¹Ys9gihjlns>[ t>
[£®¤>¤ e[W §m sz7sz«[q}|®q®j{gHjxnjl] wl\ q}psz|rh £H@q}tX.ªtn>|®o\^]] |}] mÔjxwln>p[qrmQhkgihkjl] \Qh sz|}¹,s9gihjxwlg#jlnH\ q}p[q}\^q}Ä ]jlX[] pFo[\ «7] wYnzÂiqrhlm wl] jl]m+n>\^ntp] pBjxhÅohl] szp7QjlX]¸m n>hkjÅnz ] stmuXm+n>\^ntp] pBj £2W n!¼t] ] jlX[]¸pFo[\!«] w ntY[q}hxm+wx]+jx]°m+nt\ ntp[] pBjxhin¹apÂÂjxX[]°ntp|®ghkn>|®oijxq®n>p±q}hjxnq®pBjx] twusjx]Q\!o[|®jlq}[|}]Qo[pm+jlq}ntph!ntp±] s>muX m nt\ ntp[] p>jL£2»[ntwa] Ó[sz\ [|}]tiWY* haWa¨U )WY¥'¤t¤Lt>¾³q®pBjl] twusjx] hÅjlX[]b§©_m+n>pBjlwxnt|}|®] w,stp°jxX[]wxs>iq}n «7sthl] «stpn>ps hlq®pt|}][] ªFq}m ]t£ WYX[]^m+nBh{j@nt)] stmuXmuX[q}hl]+jUm nt\ ntp[] p>jUq}hUiq®wx] m+jl|}g0wx] |rsjx] jxnQjlX[] hko[wlRstm ]nz2q®jxhUhkq}|®qrm+q}o[\diq}]? jxX[]¸|}stwl>] w2jxX[]¸hlo[wlRstm ]t>jlX[]¸X[q}tX[] w)jlX]¸m n>hkj £2WYX[qrh¡qrh¡7szwljl|}g [o[]©jxnjxX[]©Rs>mÔjÅjlXszjÅjxX[]UpFo[\ «7] wÅnt
üFî{ûÉ3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
¤>¤
4
Transmission Mode
3 2 1 4 3 2 ARF AARF
1 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2 Time (Sec)
0.25
0.3
0.35
»q®>o[wx]^¤ ?¡b¶nii]hk] |®]LmÔjxq®n>pm nt\ szwxqrhkn>p«]+j{¹,] ] p§U~@»Ùstp0§U§©~@»,£ jxX[]@phk¯{
¸p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼!hlq®\ o[|}szjln>w z¹aq®jlXQ] ÓFjl] p7hkq}ntph2wln>\ jxX[]¸_Yb bntpstwxmuX^[wxnzy{] m+j¡szp^jxX[]©~@¾Y§U~ q}\ [|}] \ ] pBjxszjlq}ntp0wln>\ Ì£ WYX[]±ª>] wuhkq}ntpµnt!phk¯À
½ntp¹aXq}muXjlX[].~@¾Y§©~úq®\ [|}] \ ] p>jusjxq®n>p qrh«sthl] [nB]Lhp[nzjiq}wl]LmÔjl|}g hlo[[ntwlj©q}piwusthkjlwxomÔjxo[wl]p]+j{¹,ntwx¼Fh £,ÌjUntp|®g¶hko[7n>wkjuh©s>¶X[nimp[]+j{¹,ntwx¼ihaszp¶nt] wxh@jlX[]^muX[ntqrm+]nt pFo[\ ] wln>ohastX[nimwxntoijxq®p[Qst|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qh £)§Uh@hko7muXÃ[q®j@¹,s>hYq®\ n>hxhkq}«[|}]jlnQ] ªst|®oszjl]jxX[q}h©sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ q}ps^\!o[|®jlq®¯NpnF[]q®piwusthkjlwxom+jlo[wx]p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼D£¥]jlXFoha[] m+qri]LjxnQohl]jlX[]\ ]+jxX[niint|}nt>g°i] hxm+wxq}«7]L q} p ?q}piwusthkjlwxomÔjxo[wx]^p]+j{¹,ntwx¼Fh¸¹,] wx]Qhkq}\!o[|rsjx] ¹aq®jlX.s
9¯Ìp[nii]°st#X[nim p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼D£`Up[]Qnz,jlX[] \ ntjlq}ª9szjlq}ntphÅn>wY[ntq}p[!jxX[qrhY¹,s>h,st|}hlnjxn «7]sz«|®]Ujln^wl] [wxnF[om+]UjlX[]hlq®\ o[|rsjlq}ntpm+n>piq®jlq}ntph,nz jlX[] wx] hlo[|®jxh¡[o[«[|}q}hlX[]L q®pQjxX[qrh¡st7] w¡] Óis>mÔjx|®g^szp^jxXBo7h)jxn«7]¸sz«[|}]ajxn!stmuX[q}] ª>]@sRszq}wÅm nt\ stwlqrhkn>p ¹aq®jlX ~©¾,§U~£ `Uo[wp[]+j{¹,ntwx¼Ùm+n>pBjxszq}ph j{¹,n½hkjxsjxq®n>ph £5eBjusjlq}ntp§äwl] \ stq®p7hQh{jusjlqrm¹aX[q}|}]Oh{jusjxq®n>p³¾¢\ nªt] h jxn¹,stwxµhkjxszjlq}ntp§!£aWYX[]O\ nªt] \ ] pBj0nt h{jusjxq®n>p¾ q}hp[ntjm+n>pBjlq}pBonto@h ?.qjhkjxs9gihhkjxszjlqrmHn>w > hl] m ntph)«]+ntwx]@\ nªFq®p!\ ]+jx] wuh2jln¹Yszwu[h)hkjxszjlq}ntp°§!£>¥µX[] p[] ª>] w,h{jusjlq}ntp°¾³hkjln>h Fshlq®pt|}]¸_,¾Y~ Ì_ÅntpBjlq}pFo[nto7h,¾,q®jY~©sjl]9,[sjusjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntpQjxn¹,stwx[h,hkjxsjxq®n>p0§5qrhah{juszwljl] ã* ¡stmuX¶_,¾Y~ stmu¼>]+j,q}h
tt«FgBjl] h|}ntp£ )stmuX½_,¾Y~ t>t°7stmu¼t] jxh[£ z\Qhsz7szwlj ¹aXq}muXt] p[] wusjx] hs
Bhm+ntpBjxq®pFo[n>oh[sjus _,W@e0\^]LmuXszpq}hl\m szpstmuX[q}] ª>]s X[q}tX[] wajlX[wxntotX[[o[j@7]Lsz¼°jxXszp¹aX7sjajlX] hl]!i]+Rsto[|®j_,¾Y~ w jlX[]Lhk]hlq®\ o[|rsjlq}ntp7h )¹,]¶ohl] ´s._,¾Y~ t>Hs>mu¼t]+juh ¡] stmuX´[£ t\ h stszwlj £ §Uh^hlX[n¹ap.q}pÙ»q®>o[wx] [*jxX[]°jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp.\ nii] h
b¶] BsH¾,qjuh^v] w^eF]Lm+ntp7b¶«hasz|}¹,s9gih,] wlntwx\¢¹,ntwuhk]UjlXstpsz|}|ÃnzjxX[] wa\ nii] h©io[wxq®p[Qn>o[w@hlq®\ o[|}szjlq}ntph £)¥]jlXFoh@muXn>hl] pnzjjlno7hk] jxX[] \÷q®p½st|®|)o[wkjxX[] w!]+Ói7] wlq}\ ] pBjxh!szp±hlq®\ o[|}szjlq}ntph £°¥]sz|rhlnwx] \ nª>] OjlX[] Bb¶«[h \ nii]Y«] m stohl]Åq®jxh)m nªt] wxstt])wuszp[>]¡qrh2sz|}¹,s9gih ¹Ån>wxhl])jxXszp^jxXsj2nz7jlX[]¤9
tb¶«[7hÂjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp \^nii] s>hahkott]Lh{jx] «Bg ®¤>!¤ szp7 Ì£
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
0.4
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
¤9
H
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë ÊphŹaX[q}muX0¼t] ij,st|®|Dstwxst\^] jl] wxh2] Ó[m+] [j,n>p[]Um ntphkjxstp>jL£2WYX[]Ui] Rszo[|®j,Á[Ói] °ªst|®o[]LhÅs>h¡¹,] |}|¿sth¡jlX[] ªstwlqrsjxq®n>pwuszp[>]Unt jxX[] hl]szwusz\ ]+jx] wuhYszwx]hlX[n¹apq®p¶Wsz«[|}]!
Wsz«[|}]
?2§©§U~@»²szwusz\ ]+jx] wuh v*szwusz\ ] jl] w WYq}\ ] wuWYq®\ ] n>oijpFo[\ «7] w@nzstmu¼>]+jxhu b¶q}p7eFo7m m+]LhlhxWYX[wx] hlX[nt|rORpFo[\!«] w@nt s>mu¼t] jxhu bszÓeFom m ] hxhlWYXwl]LhkX[n>|}OpFo[\!«] w©nz 7stmu¼t] jxhu eFo7m m+]Lhlhx»s>mÔjxntwp[n o[pqjÔ
U]+Rszo|j )szwxq}szjlq}ntp¶~@szp[>] ¤L ¤>¤+¯u¤ t ¤ ¤+¯Ì z
¤>¤+¯u¤ t ¤>£ ¤+¯{
WYX[]¶wx] hlo[|®jxh nzUjlX[]Lhk]hlq®\ o[|rsjlq}ntp7h^stwl]¶hlX[n¹apÙq}pµ» q}towl]Lh
[ ¡,szp³i£³§©hQ[]+jxstq®|}] ²q}p
}¤L N ¹Å] ohl] ±sstmu¼>]+jl¯N«s>hk]Ljxq®\ ] wn>w§©~@»5szp7#§U§©~@» wxszjlX[] w¸jlXstp#jxX[] jlq}\ ]+¯Ì«sthl] Ojlq}\ ] w n>wlq}tq}pst|®|}g i]Lhlm wlq}«] Qq}p þ
Ì £)WYX[]UstoijlX[n>wxh¡nz à szp7 ® ¤9D Xst°st|®wx] s>ig^] hkjxsz«|®qrhkX] jxXsjYqjuh¡ªst|®o[]
X7st|}qjljl|}]!q}p w©nz¡§U~@»$«] q®j¸jlq}\^] ¯N«7sthl] ¶ntwUstmu¼>]+jl¯N«s>hk]LastpH»q®>o[wx]
0hlX[n¹@hUjlXszjq®jsz|rhknXs>hUpn0p[ntjlqrm+]Lsz«[|}] q} p pOjxX[] «7] Xs9ªFq®n>wUnt,§U§©~@»,£ÂWYX[]^ªszwxq}szjlq}ntph ntÂjxX[]pBo\!«] wYnzstmu¼>]+jxhÅjxwxstphk\ q®jkjx] io[wxq®p[^ntp]¸hlq®\ o[|rsjlq}ntpwx] [wx] hl] pBjÅ|}] hxh,jlX7szp¶[£þ
Önz jlX[] \ q}p[q}\!o[\ pFo[\!«] w@nt7stmu¼t] jxh,jxwxstphk\ q®jkjx] ¿£YeFq®\ q}|}stwl|}gt[jlX[]ªstwlqrsjxq®n>phYnz H Ñ Í % ÎuÎuË 0 0 Ð /x*Ë 0 Ð Çz9Æ 2 q}p½»q®>o[wx] ¶wl] [wl]Lhk] pBj|®]LhlhjxXszp½£ /ntÅjxX[]\ q}p[q®\ o[\÷pBo\!«] wntY7stmu¼t] jxh¸jxwxstphk\ q®jkjx] .szp7 jxX[n>hl]Ynz % ÎuÎu*Ë 030 $ É>Î+ÊÀÇ /@hlX[n¹ap^q®p »q®>o[wx]Å|}] hxhjlXstp^£ F nz7jlX[]a\ q}p[q}\!o[\ pFo[\ «7] w2nzstmu¼>]+jxh jxwxstphl\^q®jkjx] ¿£ H É % ÎxÎuË 030 Ð /l*Ë 0 Ð Ç9Æ 20qrh)jxX[]ntp[|}g szwusz\ ]+jx] wÅjlXszj,X7sth,s!wx] |rsjxq®ª>] |}g q}\ 7n>wkjuszpBj,q} p p jxX[]¡] wlntwx\Qszpm ])nzjlX[],sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ Rhl] ],» q}towl]YtÔ£WYX[],7] wkn>wl\Qszp7m+])ntijlX[],sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\5nt«FªFq®n>ohl|®g wx] s>muX[] hÅs!|}szjl] sto°jxn¹,stwx[h)jlX[]ªsz|}o[]LhÅnt t!jln t£ ¥]muX[n>hl]¸t!hlq®p7m+]¸qj@hl] ] \QhÅjln^nzD] was tnFni m nt\ [wxnt\ qrhk]¸«7] j{¹Å] ] pjlX]7] wkn>wl\Qszp7m+]nt«ijuszq}p[] szp7jxX[]sz«q®|}qj{g0nzjlX[]st|®>ntwxqjxX[\jxn^q}pm wl]Lsthl] q®jxh@wxszjl]¸¹aqjxX[q®pHs^wx] s>hkn>psz«[|}]Ust\ nto[pBjanzjlq}\ ]¹aX[] pjlX]ohk] wY\^nª>] h,jxn¹,stwx°jlX[]§am m ] hxhavntq}p>jL£
4QRi
à Ü 14QÕL
WYX]©wx] hlo[|juh)n>w)jxX[]¸hlq}p[t|}]@wusjl]©jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>ph)szwx]@[wx] hl] pBjx] Qq}p»q®>o[wx]' [£Àp°jxX[] hl]Uhlq}\!o[|rsjxq®n>ph ~*W@e^wusz\ ]Lh [_,W@e wxst\ ] h B§©_ wusz\ ] h Bstp°v)¦*_,v.X[]Lsti] wxhÅszwx]©hk] pBj¡¹aqjxX¾Yv¡e $\ niio[|rsjxq®n>p ¹aq®jlX.s¶»* Å_¢R»[n>wl¹YszwuO )wlwxntw _Ån>wlwx] m+jlq}ntp7©wxszjl] ] ×Bost|*jl n szps Hb¶«[h[szjxswusjl]R«sthlq}m \ nii]9Ô£2¨@ntjl]@sz|rhlnjlXszj¡sz|}|[jlXwln>o[tX[oij¡hkXn¹ap^q}p jlXq}h27sz] w¡] Ó[m+|}oi]YjlX]Ub§©_²szp v)@ X[]LstF¯ ] wxh £*» q}towl] hlX[n¹@h2jxX[]U\ ]Lszp°>nBniioij¸jlX[]¸tnFnii[oijYwx] [wx] hl] pBjxh2jlX[]sz[|®qrm szjlq}ntpQjxX[wln>o[tX[oiju s>muX[q}] ªt]L°«Fg§U~@»,7§©§U~@»,szp7~©¾,§U~q}pjlX[]hxsz\ ]m+n>piq®jlq}ntph £ WYX[]Lhk] wx] hlo[|®jxhhkXn¹'jlXszj§©~@»³Rstq®|rh¸jln] wlntwx\ústh¸¹,] |}|*s>hUjlX[]^Á[Ói] #wusjl]LhUntw\ nF[]Q
[ [ stp7£©WYX[]^\ stq®pOwl]Lsthlntpntw©jlX[qrh¸¹,s>h@]+Ói[|rszq}p[]L¶q®p±eF] m+jlq}ntpH7£® ¤ ?Y§U~@»´7] wlq}niiqrm sz|}|}g>] p[] wxszjl]Lh jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpÙRszq}|®o[wx] h £µ~@¾Y§©~/sz|}¹Ys9gFh^[qrmu¼ih^jlX[]«] hkjs9ªszq}|}st«[|}]0wusjx]¹aXq}muX³\ ] stph^jlXszjQjlX[] pFo[\ «7] wnt¸jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp´Rszq}|}o[wl]Lh°qrh°\ omuX|}n¹Å] w £$Ìjxh\ ] szpµ>nFnF[[oij0qrhQjxXFoh°\ omuXX[q}tX[] w £
76
Y
6
ãåæÃãÕç
Relative variation of the total number of packets transmitted (% of the minimum number of packets transmitted)
/lÉtÎ Ê
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
Ð ÊÌÇ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
"
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ ¤
Relative variation of the total number of packets transmitted (% of the minimum number of packets transmitted)
!
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0
20
40 60 80 TimerTimeout (number of packets)
100
0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0
10 20 30 40 50 MinSuccessThreshold (number of packets)
60
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1
1.5
2
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 SuccessFactor (unitless)
5.5
6
6.5
Relative variation of the total number of packets transmitted (% of the minimum number of packets transmitted)
Relative variation of the total number of packets transmitted (% of the minimum number of packets transmitted)
»q}to[wx]!
?¡À p oij » q®>o[wx] L? Àp=pjxX[]] wlntwx\ stpm+]¸nz2§©§U~@»,£ +m ]LhlhxWYX[wx] hlX[nt|r°n>pjxX[]] wlntwx\ stpm+]nt§©§U~@»,£ 2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 10
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 MaxSuccessThreshold (number of packets)
110
»q}to[wx]^L ?À p mÔjxntw » q®>o[wx]º ? Àp pjxX[]] wlntwx\ stpm+]¸nz2§©§U~@»,£ +m ]LhlhxWYX[wx] hlX[nt|r°n>pjxX[]] wlntwx\ stpm+]nt§©§U~@»,£
L
»q}to[wx] ¶hlX[n¹@hjxXsj §©§U~@»57] wkn>wl\Qhn>p½s9ªt] wxstt] jlX[]0wxszjl]hl] |}] m+jlq}ntp½sth¹Å] |®|Ysth~©¾,§U~Øszp7 «]+jljl] wYjlXstp§U~@»,£7`Up[]Unt q®jxhY\Qszq}p¶stiªszpBjuszt]Unªt] w,~@¾Y§U~qrhÅjlXszjYq®j@inF] hYp[ntj,wx] ×Bo[q}wx]©jxX[]ohk] nt2jlX[]^~*W@e¬t_,W@e¶wlntjlnim+n>|wl\Qszp7m+]tDsthU]+Ói] m+jl] ÃqrhU\!omuXX[q}tX] wUjlXstp jxXsj©s>muX[q}] ªt]L°¹aq®jlX~@¾Y§©~$s>hahkX[n¹apq}p»q}to[wx] F£
?
]
WYX]^hlq®\ o[|rsjlq}ntpOwl]Lhko[|®jxhU[wx] hl] pBjl]LHq}pHjxX[] wl] ªBq}nto7hUhl] m+jlq}ntpOm |®]Lszwx|®ghlX[n¹$jlX[]^] wlntwx\ stpm+] q®\^¯ wlnª>] \ ] pBjUnt] wl]L«FgO§©§U~@»µnª>] wU§U~@»,?¿qjm szpOwx] s>muXHntps9ªt] wxstt]jxX[] p[] stwk¯Ìntijxq®\ o[\/7] wkn>wk¯
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
¤
H
25000 18000
BPSK, 6Mbps, FEC=1/2 BPSK, 9Mbps, FEC=3/4 QPSK, 12Mbps, FEC=1/2 QPSK, 18Mbps, FEC=3/4 QAM16, 24Mbps, FEC=1/2 QAM16, 36Mbps, FEC=3/4 QAM64, 48Mbps, FEC=2/3 QAM64, 54Mbps, FEC=3/4
Mean Goodput (Kbps)
14000 12000 10000 8000 6000
% /ÔÆ®Ë ÊË Ñ
15000
10000
5000
4000 2000
0 0
0 0
50
100 Distance (meter)
150
50
100 Distance (meter)
200
150
200
»q®>o[wx] ?³b] szp5tnFnii[o[jn>wHs²hlq}p[t|}]±X[nt5¹aqjxX » q}to[wx]' L?)b¶] stptnFnii[o[jÅn>w,s^hkq}p[>|®]¸X[nt0¹aqjxX°jxX[] jlXwl] ]iq®] wl] pBjszoijxnt\Qsjxq}mäwxszjl]úhl] |}] m+jlq}ntp sz|}tnt¯ { ¡ ) µtB
i£}¤t¤ sjlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p\ nii] h £ wxqjxX[\Qh £ \Qstpm+]QntÅjxX[]°~@¾Y§©~st|®>ntwxqjxX[\ä¹aq®jlX[n>oij!wx] ×Bo[q}wlq}p[¶szpFgOq}pm+n>\ sjxq®«[|}]°muXstp[t]Lh¸jln¶jlX]°t>
[£®¤>¤ wlntjlnim+n>|wl]> st|®|Åqj!wx] ×Bo[q}wx] hwxnt\újlX[]0Xszwui¹Yszwx]^qrhs|}n¹ m+nt\ \ o[p[qrm sjxq®n>p±|}szjl] p7m+g «]+j{¹,] ] pjxX[]«[|}nimu¼°¹aX[qrmuX0q}\ [|®] \ ] pBjxhYjxX[]wusjl]m+n>pBjlwxnt|¿sz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Østp0jlX[]¸jxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp«|®nimu¼ ¹aXq}muX°X7szpi|}] h¡jlX]¸§©_ 5jxq®\ ] n>oijxh £)WYX[qrh¡p] ¹st|®>ntwxqjxX[\ºm szpQjxXFoh,«7]¸] s>hkq}|®g szp7°q}pm+wx] \ ] pBjusz|}|®g [] [|}ngt]L#q}p.]+Óiqrh{jxq®pHq®p[wxs>h{jxwlom+jlo[wx]Qp[] j{¹Ån>wl¼ih¹aq®jlXÙshlq}\^|®]Áwl\ ¹,stwl] n>w!iwxq®ª>] wo[twusti]Qn>p ]LstmuXp[nii]t£
76
10÷
-u ±
÷
, &
!- &* u1
¥µXq®|}]¸§U§©~@»±X7st°«] ] p0i]Lhkq}tp] jxn!¹,ntwx¼ q}p0s!|®n¹Y¯Ì|}szjl] pm+gQhlgFhkjl] \¶tjxX[]¸§U~©t
[¤L
¯N«s>hk]L t>
[£®¤>¤ [] ªFq}m ] h©jln¶¹aX[qrmuXO¹,]!Xs>Os>m m+]Lhlh©] |}|2q}pHjlX]^Xq®>Xi¯N|rsjx] pm gm sjx] >ntwxgt£WYX[qrhU|}] #ohUjln¶stszij¸jlX[] o7hk]nz2s ¾,q®pstwlg° 2ÓFntp] pBjlqrsz|¾Ys>mu¼tnz¶jxn jxX[]Xstwxi¹Yszwx]¸¹Å]Xs>0szj@Xszpã
C
§ºm+n>\ [|®] jl]^¦Ãq}pBo[Ó[wlq}ªt] w©n>w©jxX[]^§U~Ö>
i¤L
muXq®hl]+jqrhUs9ªszq}|rsz«[|}]wxnt\ jlX] b¶o|jxq®«stpO§,jxX[] wxn>h Uwxq®ª>] w ntw¥µq}»q o[wum+] »ntwxt] N£'WYX[qrhQ[wxnzy{]LmÔjm ntpBjxstq®ph s«[q}pstwlgB¯Ìntp[|}gO©stwx[¹,stwl] §@«hkjlwustm+jlq}ntp±¦Âs9g>] wQRU§©¦ ¹aX[q}muX±X[qri]Lh\ n>hkjnz,jlX[][] ªFq}m ]+¯Àhk] m qÁm wx] >q}hkjl] wxh s©t>
[£®¤>¤¡b§©_Oq®\ [|}] \ ] p>jusjxq®n>pq®\ ntwljl]Lwln>\jxX[]žae ²¼t] wlp] |>stps@¦Âq®pFoiÓ§©~²t
i¤9
[wlq}ªt] w X[] s9ªFq}|®g¶q}phl[q®wx] H«BgHs0¾ae §©~Ö>
i¤9
¼t] wlp[] |[wlq}ªt] w £WYX[] ©§©¦²]+Óintwljxh¸s°ª>] wxg¶m |}s>hlhlqrm q}pBjl] wkRs>m+] jlnHjlX[]§U~¢t
[¤L
muX[q}hl]+j £Ìj^st|®|}n¹@h¸jlX]ohl] wjxnOm+wx] szjl]Qo[±jxn ¶o[pF«nto[p[] ½»{»`¸h o] o[]9,nzjlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntpi] hxm+wxq}ijln>wxhÅjln°hxmuX[]Lio[|}]¸7stmu¼t] jxhÅntwYjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpã ¡stmuXi] hxm+wxq}ijln>wYm ntpBjxstq®p7hasQh{jusjlo7h,Á] |rjlXszj@X[nt|r[h,jxX[]jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p0hkjxszjlohant jxX[]i]Lhlm wlq}ijln>w sntq}pBjl] wLÅstpÙjlX[]hlq®Ä ]nt©jxX[]H[sjus#jln±«7]jxwxstph{] wlwx] ã² )s>muXÙjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp²[] hxm+wxq®ijxntwQsz|rhln
1
ãåæÃãÕç
!
/lÉtÎ Ê
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
Ð ÊÌÇ "
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
¤9
m ntpBjxstq®p7h,stp0n>wx[] wx] hl]+jant szq}wuhYnz wusjx]¸stpjlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntpm+n>o[pBj,Á7] |r[h9¬z ¬ 9 9¬ z L¬ +£
»q®>o[wl]=?¡eigFhkjl] \stwxmuX[q®jl]LmÔjxo[wl]¸nz*szp§©~'>
i¤L
¯N«7sthl] Qi] ªBqrm+]>£ W nhxmuX[]Lio[|}] jxX[]^jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>pHnzÅs[szjxs0«[oiD] wL¿jlX[]QhlnzÕj{¹Yszwx] iwxq}ªt] w¸q}phk] wkjuh¸q®pntp[]^nzÅjlX[] »{»*`¸hs½wln>7] wl|}gÙq}p[q®jlqrsz|}q®Ä ] ³jxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntpi]Lhlm wlq}ijln>w £'¥µX] p[] ªt] w0jlX]O¹aq}wl] |®]Lhlh\^]Liq}o[\ q}h s9ªstq®|rsz«[|}]ntw@jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntpÂ[jlX]Xszwui¹Yszwx]¸jlwxq®>t] wuh,jlX]jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p¶nz*jlX[] i] hxm+wxq®[jlntw©|®nim szjl]L szjUjxX[]QX[]LstHnt¡jxX[]Q» {»*` £¿WÂnin¶hkn7¿qjjxwxstphk] wuh@jxX[]Qi] hxm+wxq®[jlntwstpjxX[]Q[sjus0ntq}pBjl]LHjxn0«Fg jxX[]!i]Lhlm wlq}ijxntwawxnt\¢jlX[]^hkgihkjl] \ ~@§UbÚjln°q®jxh©|®nim st|Â~@§¸b szpjxX[] pHhkjxstwkjuhYjlX]jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>pnt jxX[][sjus¹aq®jlX°jxX[]wxszjl ] hk] m qÁ]L°q}p°jxX[]¸[] hxm+wxq®ijxntwL£ Ì jlX[qrhÅjlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p Rszq}|}h BjlX[]¸Xszwui¹Yszwx] ¼>] ] h©n>pHjxwlgFq}p[jxnhl] p7jlX] sjxs0¹aq®jlX#jlX[]^wxszjl ] !jxq®\ ] h £ÌÅjlX[]^jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>pH¼t] ] h n>p°Rstq®|}q®pFjlX]¸X7szwui¹,stwl]©jlwxq®]LhÅjlX[]wusjl ] jlq}\ ] h,jxX[] p0jlX[]wusjx ] jxq®\ ] hastpÁpsz|}|}gQjlX[] wusjx ] jlq}\^]Lh £*¥µX[] p°jxX[]©jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpQXs>h)Rstq®|}] jxq®\ ] h BjlX[]Ujlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p qrhsz«stpin>p[] ?@jlX[] h{jusjxohUÁ] |rHnt)jlX[]Qi]Lhlm wlq}ijxntw¸q}h¸o[D[sjx] #szpOqjqrh©jxwxstphk] wxwl]L¶«stmu¼wxnt\ jxX[]|}nFm sz|Ã~@§¸bújln^jlX[]hlgih{jx] \¢~©§Ub±£WYX[q}hYwlnim+]LhlhYqrhahlo[\ \ stwlq}Ä ]Lq}p»q®>o[wl]£ ¥µX[] p³jlX[]Hjlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp²q}hQÁpsz|}|}g²m+n>\ [|®] jl]L¿YntwQÁp7sz|}|®gÙst«szp7intp[]L¿ÅjlX[]HX7szwui¹,stwl]¶sz|rhln wx] ntwljxh°q®p³jxX[]jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>pµi] hxm+wxq®[jlntw°jlX[]HpFo[\ «7] wnt\ qrhlhl] ³§©_ h°ntwQjxX[]jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p ntYjlX[qrh!i]Lhlm wlq}ijxntwL£Ìj!qrhq}pBjl] wx] hkjlq}p[¶jxnHp[nzjx]QjlX7sjjxX[q}h!pFo[\!«] w q®p[q®wx] m+jl|}gOq}piqrm sjx] hjlX[]QÁ7psz| jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp0wxszjl]nz jlX[]s>mu¼t] jas>hY¹Å] |®|Ãs>h,jlX[]jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp0wxszjl]nz] stmuXwx]+jlwxgt£ »ntw¸]+Ó[sz\ [|}]tDq® > > t¿stp t¿szpHq)jxX[]^pBo\!«] w¸nz)\ q}hxhl] O§©_ h qrhÄ ] wxn*q®j \ ] stphjxXsj jlX[]0jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p±m nt\ [|}]+jx] ½hlom m ] hxh{o|®|}gszj!jxX[]°Áwuhkj!wxszjl ] t£OÌ@jlX[] pFo[\ «7] wYnz \ qrhlhl] §©_ h,q}h¤>Fqj@\ ] stphÅjlXszjYjlX[]¸Áwuh{jYjxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntpQRstq®|}] szpjlX]hl] m ntpntp[] ¹Ysthm nt\ [|}]+jx] ±hko7m m+]Lhlhko[|}|®g>£QÌÅjxX[]°pFo[\ «7] wnzY\^qrhxhk]L§©_ hqrh Âq®j\^]Lszph¸jxXsjjxX[]QÁwuhkj jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntph2Rszq}|®]Lszp7 jlX[]UntowkjxX°ntp[]¸hko7m m+] ] i]L¿£*» q}pst|®|}gtFq®ÃjlX[]¸pFo[\!«] w,nzÃ\ qrhlhl] §©_ h)q® 7iqj@\ ]Lszph,jxXsj©st|®|Djxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntphÅRszq}|}] ¿£
S
S
S
76
?P 76
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
YP
?P
?P
76
76
76
¤
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ H
% /ÔÆ®Ë Êp>jxwln>|*¹aqjxX±sj{¹,nz¯Àhkjxsz>]![wxnim+]Lhlh¸¹aX[qrmuX±q}h ×Bo[q®jl]¶pszjlo[wusz|,tq}ªt] p½jxX[]m sz7sz«[q}|®q®jlq}] h^] ÓFntwljl]L½«Fg±jlX]¶U§©¦¡£)WYX[]hkX[n>wkjl¯ph^szwx] X7szpi|}] ½«BgjxX[]¶bo[|jxqa~@sjx]0~a] jlwxg\ ]LmuXszp[qrhl\÷i]Lhlm wlq}«] .q}p½jxX[][wx] ªFq}ntoh hk]LmÔjxq®n>p½¹aX[q}|®]0jlX[] |}ntpz¯Njl] wx\ ªszwxq}szjlq}ntphYszwx]©X7szpi|}] 0«FgmuXstp[tq}p[jxX[]ªsz|}o[]nzÂjxX[] 9 ¬ t L ¬ L¬ szp
¬ 7szq}wxhYsj@wx] >o[|rszw,Á[Ói] 0q®pBjx] wxª9st|}hwln>\¢[£þ!jln¶¤hl] m+n>p0q®pBjl] wlªst|}huÔ£
a 4 C
§Øpsjxo[wxst|¡¹Ys9gHjxnHq®pBjxwlniiom ]°sH¾,q®p7szwxg# *Óintp[] p>jxq}st|žYstmu¼>nzÙq}p±jlX]b§ a¥µ{»sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\q}h jxns>[sz[j!jlX]|}] pzjlX²nz@jxX[]7] wlq}ni½ohl] ½jln±muXszp[>]QjlX]ªst|®o[]Lh!nt@jlX]wusjx]9¬zm+ntop>j szq}wxh^szp7 jxX[qrh@qrh@]+Ó[s>mÔjl|}g¹aXsjU§¸b~@~ [nB]Lh £aW nhlq®\ [|}qg0jlX]!|}nttqrmnz*jxX[] m nF[]t¹,]!st|}hln°i] m q}[] jlnohk] X] o[wxq}hkjlqrm hYhlq®\ [|}] wYjxXszp0jlXn>hl]¸q}p0jlX[]b§ a¥µ{»,st|®>ntwxqjxX[\ jlnQmuX[nFn>hl]@jxX[]wusjl]¬m nto[pBjÅ7szq}wxhYsj jxX[]] wxq®ni0«7n>o[p[stwlq}] h £ W n ] phlo[wx]UjxXsj@hlX[ntwljk¯Njl] wl\ªstwlqrsjxq®n>ph,nzÂjxX[]¹aq®wx] |}] hxh,\ ] iq}o[\stwl]×Bo[qrmu¼B|}gs>mÔjl]Lo7n>pÃi¹Å] muXn>hl] t t !stp 0¹aX[q}|®] b§ @¥µ{» ©ohk]Lh 7 i Qszp7 >Ô£2WYX[]©wusjx]
UqrhÅst|®¹Ys9gih)muX[n>hl] p jxn«]©jxX[]©\ q}p[q®\ o[\wusjl]Us9ª9stq®|rsz«|®]!j{gF[q}m sz|}|®g> Bb¶«[hÅq}p >>
[£®¤>¤ sp[] j{¹Ån>wl¼ihuÔ£*WYX[]Uwusjx] h ©szp szwx]U[]+jl] wl\ q}p[] «Fg E?*¹,]Uq}\ [|}] \ ] pBjl]LQjxX[]hkq}\ [|®]Lh{j X] o[wxq}hkjlqrm°n>hxhlq®«[|}]«Fg½hl]+jljlq}p[ stp jxnOjxX[]q®\ \ ] iqrsjx] |}g±|®n¹,] w^s9ª9stq®|rsz«|®]0wxszjl] h £±» q}pst|®|}gt n>o[w¡wusjx]Um ntpBjlwxnt|sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ i]+jx] wx\ q®p[]Lh wln>\ÖjxX[]©wl] ªBq}nto7h¡ªsz|}o[]Unz szp7QjlX]@jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p wx] hlo[|®jxh,n>wYjlX[]] |}sthk]L] wxq}nFã*WYX]§@[] p[qÓ¶¾i]Lhlm wlq}«7]Lh,jlX[]] Ó[stmÔjaX[] o[wxq}hkjlqrm hYohl] ã
P
P
EP
j i C
P
4QRi
P
P
vP
P
a
à àÜ
Ü
¥]@ohl] ^jxX[]©hlq®\ o[|rsjlq}ntp ] pBªFq}wln>p[\ ] pBj)i] hxm+wxq}«7]L q®peF]LmÔjxq®n>pQ£ ©jxn] ªst|®oszjl]YjxX[]@] wlntwx\ stpm+]ant jxX[]©§¸b~@~st|®>ntwxqjxX[\ºstpQm+n>\ szwx]aqjÅjlnjxXsjÅnz¿jlX]Ub§ @¥µ{» ÅszpQ~@¾Y§U~sz|}tn>wlq®jlX[\Qh £ WYX[] bH§ a¥µ{»Ysz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ع,]hkq}\!o|}szjl] qrhas^jlwxq®ªFqrsz|Ãm ntFgQnzjlX[]m nii]s9ªszq}|}st«[|®]¸q}p0jxX[]!b§ a¥µ{» [wlq}ªt] w hl|®q}tXBjl|}g\ nF[qÁ]Ln>wÂjxX[]ahkq}\!o[|rsjxq®n>p] pFªFq}wln>p[\ ] pBjÃjln¸ohl]Ån>p[|}gUjxX[]aajxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp\ nii] h muXn>hl] p°n>wanto[w@>>
[£®¤>¤ sp]+j{¹,ntwx¼Fh £
Q
Ü
Ü Li à L1 Ü
`Uow q}\ [|®] \ ] pBjxszjlq}ntp´nz@jxX[]Hb§ a¥µ{»^sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ q}p½jxX[]hkq}\!o[|rsjxntw szpÙnzUjlX[]§UbH~@~st|¯ > ntwxqjxX[\d«nzjlXq}p#jxX[]Qhkq}\!o|}szjlntwstpOq}p#jlX[]Qiwxq®ª>] wqrhh{jxwxstq®>X>jlntwx¹,stwx¶] Ó[m+] [j¸n>w¸jlX[]Q¹Ys9g¶jlX[] jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp¶»{»` [¹aX[qrmuX¶q}hUhkX7szwx] 0«7] j{¹Å] ] pjlX[] §©~©>
i¤L
^muX[q}szpjxX[]!¦Âq®pFoiÓ¼t] wxp[] |Ãiwlq}ªt] w qrhYXstpi|}] ¿£ b¶n>wl] hk] m qÁ7m sz|}|®g>jxX[]^ntwxq®>q®pst| b§ a¥µ{»©iwxq®ª>] w©q}p[q®jlqrsz|}q®Ä ] ¶jxX[]jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpHi]Lhlm wlq}ijxntwuh wl]Lhk] p>j@q}p¶jlX]!»{»` ntp[|}gn>pm+]>¹aX[] p¶jlX[] g0¹,] wx]q®phl] wljl]L¶q®pBjxn jlX[]!»{»*` £7§'wusjxX[] w@stp[p[ngFq®p m ntphl] ×Bo[] pm+] nz)jxX[qrhU«] X7s9ªBq}ntw¸qrh©jxXsjq®jm szpO>] p[] wxszjl] ¹aq}i]^n>hxm+q}|}|}szjlq}ntphUnz)jxX[] sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\dio[] jxn^jlX[]iq®D] wx] pBj@wxszjl]LhÅnt jxX[]s>mu¼t]+juh,|®nim szjl]L0szjajlX[]X[]LstszpsjajxX[]jxstq®|¿nt jxX[]»{»` £
ãåæÃãÕç
/lÉtÎ Ê
!
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
Ð ÊÌÇ "
ÉzÊÌË
*
Ñ ÇÍ
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
¤
»ntw)] Óist\ [|®]>z¹aX[] p jxX[]@ohl] w)st[[|}q}m sjxq®n>p >] p[] wxszjl] h2s^¤9¸b«¬h)sjx& s ph sz|}|®n¹ØjlX[]tB
i£}¤t¤Ls±¤L
tb«¬h jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p½\ nii]¶¹aqjxX´s#wl]Lsthlntpst«[|}]0v) )~
i ±szp7 >+¡jxX[]Hhlnto[wum+]«[oiD] wuhQ×Bo[q}mu¼F|}g.Á|}|!ÕjxX[]¶jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p [] hxm+wxq®ijxntw»{»`q}hjxXFoh¸o[|}|rstpOjlX[]Qohl] wst[[|}q}m sjxq®n>p#] pm+n>o[pBjl] wuhs|®ntjnzYstmu¼>]+jiwln>hsj jxX[]hlnto[wum+]>£ ÌjlX[]v¡ )~5q}ha|}n¹Y¯Ì] p[n>o[tXszjYjlX[qrhawusjl]hl]+jLFjlX[]wusjx]¸m ntpBjlwxnt|¿sz|}tn>wlq®jlX\¹aq®|}|¿jlwxgQjxn^q}pm wl]Lsthl] jxX[]°wusjx]hk] jjln [ i [2stp jxX[qrh!\ ] stphjxXsj^] ªt] wlg#p[] ¹ s>mu¼t] j jxXsjÅ] pBjl] wxh*jxX[]©»{»`ohl] h)jlX[qrh)p] ¹³wxszjl]@hl]+jL£*©n¹Å] ªt] w zszj)jlX[]©p[]+ÓFjÅi]Lm+qrhkq}ntpQ] wxq}nF «ntop[szwxgt jxX[]0jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp½hkjxszjlqrh{jxq}m h!o7hk]L.jlnst[stij^jlX[]¶m+o[wxwx] pBj!wusjl]hk] j stwl]jlX[nBhk]0t] p[] wusjx] ±«Fg±jlX[] jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntp½nt@jlX]7stmu¼t] jxh ¹aX[n>hl]wxszjl]¶hk] j qr h
[ [ [¡stp szp7 jxXsj°stwl]hkjlq}|®|@wl]Lhk] p>j q}p²jxX[]H»{»` £)¾,] m szohl]0jlX[]Hv) ¡~/nz©jxX[qrhQwxszjl]hl]+jQq}h°|®n¹Ø] p[ntotXÃÅjlX[] wusjx]^m ntpBjlwxnt|2st|®>ntwxqjxX[\/jlXFoh¹aq}|}|*jlwxgjln¶q}pm+wx] s>hk] jlX[]Qwusjx]^hl]+jst>szq}pÃÃgFq}] |riq}p[hkn>\^] jlX[q}p[|®q}¼t]
7 iistp >Ô£ §,j,ntp[]@ntq}pBj >jlX[]Ustmu¼>]+juh2¹aX[n>hl]@wusjx]@hk] jÅqrh)X[q}tXQ¹aq}|®|wx] stmuX^jxX[]@wxntpBj)nz¿jxX[]U»{»*`stp ¹aq}|®| «],jlwx] szjl] «FgjlX[]aX7szwui¹,stwl ] ?DjlX[] g!szwx],|®q}¼t] |®gjxn©Rstq®|¹aX[q}muX ¹aq®|}|[\Qsz¼>]¡jxX[]Ywxszjl]am+n>pBjlwxnt|Fsz|}tntwxq®jlX[\ [wln>°jlX]m o[wxwl] p>jYwusjl]hl]+j@×Bo[q}mu¼F|}gt£2@n¹,] ª>] wL>q®jaq}hY|}q}¼t] |}g jlnQi]Lm+wx] s>hk]©jlX[]wusjl]hl]+j,jlnFn \!omuXntw jxX[] hlst\^]^wx] sthlntp7h@q®jq}pm wl]Lsthl] q®jUjxnFn0\ omuXO[wx] ªFq}ntohl|}gt£¥] Xs9ª>]!n>«hk] wlª>] ¶jxX[qrhUX[] p[n>\ ] p[n>p [o[wlq}p[[wx] |}q}\^q}pstwlgH] Ói7] wlq}\ ] pBjxhstp±¹,]QXs9ªt]Qwx] [wxniiom ] #qj!q}p½hlq®\ o[|}szjlq}ntp.sth!hkX[n¹ap±q}p±jlX[] m o[wxªt]¸psz\ ] N/ ÑÒtÑ ÍÉÆ H! $ Qq}p»q®>o[wl] ¤L[£ ¥] muX[nBhk]jxn0s9ª>ntqrjxX[qrh@[wxnt«[|}] \ «Fg0\ niiq®gFq®p[jlX[]^b§ a¥µ{»©[wlq}ªt] wajln°7szwuhk]jxX[]jxwxstph{¯ \ qrhlhlq}ntp »{»*`´] s>muXjlq}\ ]YsUwusjl]YmuXstp[t]ÅXsz[] p7hÂjxnsz[[|}gjlX],wusjx]ÅmuXstp[t]¡jln] s>muXjlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p [] hxm+wxq®ijxntw*m+n>pm+] wlp[]Lq}\^\ ]Liq}szjl] |®g>£ §@|}|Fo[wljlX[] w2hkq}\!o[|rsjxq®n>phszp!]+Ói7] wlq}\ ] pBjxhYRo[p[|}] hxh ] Ói[|®qrm+q®jl|}g hkjxszjl]L,¹Å] wl]m+n>piom+jl]L0¹aq®jlXjxX[q}h@\^niiq®Á]L0ª>] wuhkq}ntpnzjlX[]!b§ a¥µ{»asz|}tntwxq®jlX[\¶£ Ìj hlX[n>o[|}#«]°p[nzjx] OjlXszjjlX]Qszq}pio[|¡stp±m+nBh{jx|®gHwlnim+]Lhlhnt,7szwuhkq}p[0jlX[]Qjxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntpi]+¯ hxm+wxq}ijln>w »{»*`/¹aX[] p[] ª>] w°swxszjl]muXstp[t]p[] ]L[h^jln.«]sz[|®q}] ³m+n>o[|rÙ«]Hsz|}|®] ªFq}szjl] ²q®¸[wxnt] w X7szwui¹,stwl]Uhko[7n>wkjYntw,jxX[q}hYX7st0«7] ] p[wlnªFqri] ã»ntwY]+Ó[sz\ [|}]tiq®j@hkXnto[|r«]7nBhlhlq}«[|®]Ujln q}pm+|}oi] q}p°]LstmuX jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p°i] hxm+wxq}ijln>w¡sntq}pBjl] wÅjln!jlX[]Uwxszjl]¬m+n>o[pBj)szq}wuh)wusjlX] w)jxXszp°jlX[]¸wxszjl]¬m+n>o[pBj 7szq}wxh¡jlX[] \Qhk] |®ª>] h £*§©|jx] wxpsjxq®ª>]¸[] hlq®>ph)jxXsjaohl]szpn>pi¯ÀmuX[q®m s>muX[]©nt wusjl]¬m nto[pBj¡szjkjx] wxph,ntp0s ] wl¯Ài] hkjlq}psjxq®n>p0«7sthlq}h,¹,nto[|r0st|}hln «7]n>hxhlq®«[|}]t£
P
P
cP
P
P
P
P
P
cP
CP
CP
HP
cP
P
FP
CP
JQ à iL Ü Ü
¾,]Lm szo7hk]¡jlX[]a§UbH~@~³sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\$qrh*«sthl] !ntpjxX[]@hxsz\ ],hl]+j*nzq}[] sth*i] ªt] |®n>7]Lntw2§U§©~@»,jxXsj2qrh jxX[]aohl]Ynzs¾Y )¾½jlnst[stij*jlX[]ahlom m ] hxhjlX[wx] hlX[n>|}¿>hkq}\ q®|rszw*stwxst\^] jl] wxh*m stp «]Yj{¹,] sz¼>] ¿£ §@\ ntp[ jxX[] hl]t>jlX] H Ñ Í % ÎxÎuË 030 Ð /l*Ë 0 Ð Ç9Æ 2szp^jxX[] H É % ÎxÎuË 030 Ð /l*Ë 0 Ð Ç9Æ 2°szwusz\ ]+jx] wuh2szwx]ajlX]@j{¹,n\^nBh{j q}\ 7n>wkjuszpBjÅ7szwusz\ ]+jx] wuh £ ¥#]iqr°p[ntj,«nzjxX[] wÅjln^] ªsz|}oszjl]@jxX[]¸q® p hk]^jxX[]0st«[q®|}q®j{g#ntajlX[]§¸b~@~Øst|®>ntwxqjxX[\äjxnOwx] s>mÔjjln muX7szp[p[] |m ntp[qjxq®n>pmuXszpt] h £*» q}towl] hlX[n¹@h)Xn¹ H É % ÎuÎu*Ë 030 Ð /lË 0 Ð Ç6Æ 2q} p ntwxqjxX[\¶£ §Uh]+Ói7]LmÔjx] ¿ H É % ÎxÎuË 030 Ð /l*Ë 0 Ð Ç9Æ 2Ont|}|}n¹@h@jxX[]^hxsz\ ]^sjljl] wlp#nt«hl] wxªt]Lq®p»q®>o[wl]Q ?©jlX[] jxX[wxnto[>X[[oijq}pm+wx] s>hk]Lh¸¹aqjxX.qjuhq®p7m+wx] sthl]t£°§Uhq}p.ei] mÔjxq®n>p±£ [£þ
iù,]°inp[ntj!muX[nFn>hl] jxX[]QX[q}tX[]Lh{j ªst|®o[]^n>hxhkq}«[|}]jln¶s9ªtn>q}[] m+wx] s>hkq}p[0qjuh¸st«[q}|®q®j{gjlnwl]LstmÔjUjln¶muXszpp[] |2m+n>piq®jlq}ntpOmuX7szp[>] hUwxst[q}[|®g stphk] jkjl|}]ntwYjxX[]ªsz|}o[]nzY¤L ¹aX[qrmuX0qrh@×Bo[q®jl]m+|}n>hl]¸jln jxX[][|}szjl]Lszo¶\QsÓiq®\ o[\¶£
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
8
18000
7
16000
H
5 4 3 2
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë Ê|}ntp0jlX[]] wlntwx\Qszpm ]Unt*§¸b~@~ ~ ¾Y§©~7b§ @¥µ{» Ôszp§UbH~@~5\^nii]hl] |}] m+jlq}ntpã @
Ü à E± Ü Ü 14QÕL
WYX] hlq®\ o[|}szjlq}ntpwx] hlo[|®jxh 7¹aX[qrmuXHszwx]!hlo[\ \Qszwxq®Ä ] ¶q}p#»q®>o[wx]°¤ 7m+|}] stwl|}g¶hkX[n¹5jxXsj§Ub~@~ 7] wk¯ n>wl\Qh\ omuX±«7] jkjx] wjxXszpjxX[]°ntwxq}tq}psz|2wusjx]°m+ntpBjxwln>|)sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\äo7hk]L#q}p±jlX]0b§ @¥µ{» iwxq}ªt] w stp0jlXszj@qj©s>muX[q}] ªt]Lhahkq}\ q®|rszwa] wlntwx\Qszpm ]¸jln°~@¾Y§©~5n>p¶s9ª>] wusz>]t£2@] wl]szBszq}pÃFjlX]!¾Y )¾Å¯N«s>hk]L s>[sz[jlq}ªt]^\^]LmuXszpq}hl\dq}h¸jxX[]Q\Qszq}pOwx] s>hkn>pHntw¸jxX[q}hjlX[wxnto[>X[[oijq}\^wlnª>] \ ] pB@j ?UjlX]^wln>«sz«[q}|}qj{g ntÂjxwlgFq}p[Qs wusjx]hk] j@¹aX[q}muXwx] ×Bo[q}wl]LhÅpFo[\ ] wln>ohYwl] jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>ph¡qrha>wl]Lsjl|}g°iq}\ q®p[qrhlX[] ¿£
] U a U
`UowUjx] hkjhk] jlo[¹,s>hm+wx] sjx] Ojln¶sz[wln9Óiq}\ szjl] sthm+|}n>hl] |}gHsth¸n>hxhkq}«[|}] wl]Lsz|®¯N¹,ntwx|}¶o7hk]Qm s>hk]Lh £^§©h lh omuXÃB¹,]UmuX[nBhk]¸sj{gF[q}m sz|n °m+]U] pFªFq®wxntp\^] pBj¡¹aqjxX\QszpFg ] nt|®]U¹,st|®¼Fq}p[wxnt\ºntp[]Un °m+]©jln jlX[] ntjlX[] w@?UstB
i£}¤t¤ «¬9°§am m+] hxh¸v n>q®pBjQRs0¨@]+jxt]Lszw¸¥ >>
t@¹,s>hUhl]+jxo[O¹aq®jlX±s°wlq}ªsjl]Qe[eF ºq}p#stp n °m+]szp7s^|rszijxnt¶¹aq®jlXHs /lÇ Ñ N/ Ñ ÍÇLÎu Ç @ÇzÆ92m \Qm+qrsQm szwu0«sthl] ntpjxX[]§©~©>
i¤9
muXq®hl]+j ¹YsthÅhk] jlo[0q®p0szp[ntjlX[] wÅn Qm ]Ust[[wxn9ÓFq}\Qsjxq®ª>] |}g¤ \^] jl] wxh,s9¹,s9g!wln>\ºjlX[]§am m ] hxh¡vntq}pBj £*¥#]UÁwuh{j q}phkjxst|®|}] szpo[p[\ niiq®Á]
i£ [£þ ¦Ãq}pBo[Ó¼t] wlp[] |¿szps ~a] [Usj@[£ ¦Ãq}pFoiÓ0iqrh{jxwlq}«[oijxq®n>p0n>pjxX[]jl]Lh{j |rsz[jlnt¶szp7°jxX[] pjl]Lh{jx] 0jlXwl] ]ªt] wuhlq®n>ph¡nt jxX[]!bs>i¹aqÁiwxq®ª>] w ?
N/
ÑÒzÑ ÍDÉÆ H
É 2È Ñ 2 ? jxX[]ntwxq}tq}psz|Do[p[\ niiq®Á] bs>i¹aq®Á[wlq}ªt] w £
H É 2È Ñ ?*jlX[]bst[¹aqÁ¶iwlq}ªt] w¡\ niiq®Á] °jln sz[[|}g q®\ \ ] [q}szjl] |}gQwusjl]¸muXszpt] h¡ntp°q®jxhÅjxwxstph{¯ \ q}hxhkq}ntp¶»{»` sthai]Lhlm wlq}«] 0q®pHeF]LmÔjlq}ntpi£ £þ
i£ ! HJ" " ?LjlX[]abs>i¹aqÁ^iwlq}ªt] wÂ\ niiq®Á] jlnsz[[|}gq®\ \ ] [q}szjl] |}gwusjl],muXszpt] h szpq®\ [|}] \ ] pBj jlX[]§¸b~@~5wusjl]m ntpBjlwxnt|Ãst|®>ntwxqjxX[\¶£
W n\ qjxq®Bsjl] jxX[]°ªszwxqrsjlq}ntp7hnz,jlX[] jxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntp±m+ntp7iqjxq®n>ph¹aq®jlX±jxq®\ ]t¹,]QwxstpOjxX[wl] ]°hk] jxh nt)]+Ói] wxq®\ ] pBjuh@¹aX[nBhk] wl]Lhko[|®jxhUszwx]!hlX[n¹apHq}pO»q®>o[wl]Lh¤>¤t¤L
iDszp7.¤ £©WYX[]!>n>st|Ânz)]LstmuXHnt2jlX[]
ãåæÃãÕç
/lÉtÎ Ê
!
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
Ð ÊÌÇ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
"
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ ¤
jxX[wx] ]°hl]+jxh!nzY]+Ói] wxq®\ ] pBjuh¹Ysth¸jln#m+nt\ stwl]^jxX[]s9ªt] wxstt] jlX[wxntotX[[o[j!stmuX[q}] ª>] «FgHj{¹,nnzYjlX[] jxX[wx] ]iwxq®ª>] wuh £ »ntwa] s>muX0hl]+janz*]+Ói] wxq®\ ] p>juh F¹,]|®nBsti]Lq}pjxX[]¦Ãq}pFoiÓ¼>] wxp[] |¿sz|®jl] wlp7sjlq}ªt] |®gQ]LstmuX0nzÂjxX[]j{¹,n hl] |}] m+jl]L[wlq}ªt] wxhastp¶h{juszwljl] ¶s >t hl] m+n>p¶m+n>p>jxq®pFo[n>oh tBb¶«[ h ¸vµh{jxwl]Lsz\Øwxnt\¢jlX[]!|}stijln> jxnjlX]@ntp[|}g^\ s>muX[q}p[]a|®nim sjl]L ntp jxX[]¤ >>b¶«h2]+jxX[] wxp[] j¡|®q}p[¼^nzDjlX]U§am m ] hxh)vntq}pBj £*¥#]©]+Ói] m oijl]L jxX[qrh©jx] hkj°jlq}\ ] hUntw]LstmuXHnt)jlX[]^j{¹,n0hl] |}] m+jl] #iwxq®ª>] wuh©szp7Hwx] m+n>wx[] ¶jxX[]^s9ª>] wusz>]jlX[wxnto[>X[[oij s>muX[q}] ªt]Liowlq}p[ ] s>muX0] ÓF] wxq}\^] pBj £
25
27
24
26
23
25 Throughput (Mbps)
Throughput (Mbps)
22 21 20 19
24 23 22 21
18
20
AMRR Original MADWIFI
17 1
2
3 Experiment
4
AMRR MADWIFI
19
5
1
»q®>o[wl] ¤>¤?2§Ub~©~ ª>] wuhko7ha`Uwxq}tq}psz|Ãb§ a¥µ{»
2
3 Experiment
4
5
»q®>o[wl] ¤9
?2§Ub~©~ ª>] wuhko7hYbH§ a¥µ{»
22
Throughput (Mbps)
21 20 19 18 17 16 MADWIFI Original MADWIFI
15
1
2
3 Experiment
4
5
»q®>o[wx] ¤ =?)b§ @¥µ{» ,ªt] wxhloha`Uwlq}tq}pst|Db§ a¥µ{»
U] hl[q®jl]ÅjlX[],ªszwxq}st«[q®|}q®j{g¸nt[jlX]Å] ÓF] wxq}\^] pBjxh L¹,]Ym szp!nt«hl] wxªt]2jxX[]Ym+|}] szw 7] wkn>wl\Qstpm+]Åq®\ [wxnªt] ¯ \ ] p>j!s>muX[q}] ªt]L«Bg ! HJ" " nªt] w«nzjxX ,/ ÑÒtÑ ÍÉzÆ H É2zÈ Ñ szp7 H É 2È Ñ q}p½»q®>o[wl]Lh ¤L
¶stp´¤ [£ »q}to[wx] h,¤9
Ustp0¤ hkXn¹.jlXszj ! HJ" " wx] s>muX[] !ntp s9ªt] wxstt]Å
zBb¶«[7h*¹aX[q®|}]N/ ÑÒzÑ ÍDÉÆ H É 2È Ñ szp7 H É 2È Ñ wx] s>muX[] ¶n>pOs9ªt] wxstt]
zBb¶«[h £U»q}to[wx]°¤>¤ hlX[n¹@hYjlX7sj ,/ ÑÒtÑ ÍÉzÆ H É 2È Ñ szp H É 2È Ñ
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
t
H
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë Ê]Qshkq}tp[q®Á7m sjlq}ªt] s9ªt] wxstt] jlX[wxntotX[[o[j!iqD] wx] p7m+]Q] ª>] p#jlX[n>o[tX±¹,]°m+n>o[|}n>«hk] wlª>]^s m |®]Lszw,jlXwln>o[tX[oij@n>hxm+q}|®|rsjxq®n>p°n> w ,/ ÑÒtÑ ÍÉzÆ H É 2zÈ Ñ io[wxq®p jxX[] hl]]+Ói] wxq®\ ] pBjuh £
!0(,-@J + ! Àp½jlX[qrh!7sz] wL¹,]0[] hxm+wxq®«] jxX[]op[sz\ ] p>jusz|Yiq®] wl] pm+]°«]+j{¹,] ] p.j{¹,nOm+|rsthxhk]Lhnt©t>
[£®¤>¤Qi]+¯ ªFqrm+]Lh^stp½q®jxh q} p p½jxX[]i] hlq®>pÙnt©[wustmÔjxq}m sz|Ywusjl]st[stijxszjlq}ntp´sz|}tntwxq®jlX[\Qh £½W¹,n#pnªt] | st|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qh 2§U§©~@»'«7sthl] .n>p²§©~©» þ
@stpÙ§¸b~@~Ø«7sthl] .n>p´b§ a¥µ{»! Ywx] hl] mÔjxq®ª>] |}g.i]+¯ hlq}tp[]Ln>wÆ®ÇzÈÆ®ÉÊÀË ÍÎ Ïszp ÐBÑÒÐ Æ®ÉzÊÌË ÍÎ Ïhlgih{jx] \Qh@szwx][wx] hl] pBjl]L¿£,eiq®\ o[|}szjlq}ntphahlX[n¹ jlXszj@jlX] g «nzjxX²] wlntwx\·m+|}n>hl]jln#jlX[]n>ijlq}\!o\·wl] [wx] hl] pBjl]L.«Fg.jlX[]¶q}\ [wxs>mÔjxq}m sz|a~@¾Y§© ~ @q}p´jlX[]m sthl] nt¡q}piwxs>h{jxwlo7mÔjlowl]^p[]+j{¹,ntwx¼ih £§©p#q}\ [|}] \ ] pBjxszjlq}ntp#nz)jxX[]Q§Ub~@~ st|®>ntwxqjxX[\/q®p±s0¦Âq®pFoiÓH¼>] wxp[] | [wlq}ªt] wantw§©~©>
i¤9
9¯Ì«sthl] }¤ 2i] ªFqrm+] hU«[wxq®p>haowkjxX[] wU] ªFq}[] pm ]jlX7sj©jxX[] hl] st|®>ntwxqjxX[\Qhaq}\^wlnª>] jxX[]stmuXq®] ª9st«[|}]U] wlntwx\Qszpm ]stpm szp«]wl]Lstiq}|®gq®\ [|}] \ ] pBjx] q®p¶] ÓFqrhkjlq}p[Qi] ªFqrm+] h £
( Q
0 -+a
@!
1
¥]¹Ån>o[|}Ù|®q}¼t]0jln#jlX7szp[¼±jxX[]¶bHsti¹aq®Á @[wxnzy{] m+j!n>w jxX[]¶¦Ãq}pBo[ÓÙiwlq}ªt] w!jxXsj ¹,]0ohl] ½jlnq®\^¯ |®] \^] pBjnto[w!§¸b~@~st|®>ntwxqjxX[\úszp7 s9ªFq}p©nt|}|}stp#ntwwlnªFqriq®p0X[qrhp7hq®\ [|}] \ ] p>jusjxq®n>pnt ~©¾,§U ~ Ì£UeF] m+qrsz| jlX7szp[¼ih@>nQjln¶eF|}q®\ú_ÅXst«[«7n>o[XÃDv2Xã h{jxoi] pBjsj©jxX[] ¡¨UeiW'q}pjxX[] Uq®>qjusz| _Ån>\ \!o[p[qrm szjlq}ntph>wln>o[¹aX[nOhl7] p>j|}ntpX[nto[wuh]+Ói[|rszq}p[q}p[oh iq®>qjusz|)wust[q®nszwumuX[q®jl]LmÔjlowl]Qszp7 [q®>qjusz|Ãhlq®>psz|¿[wxnim+]Lhlhlq®p!jx] muX[p[qr×Bo[] hast[[|}q®]L°jxn°iq}tq®jxsz|¿wust[q®nBh £
a&@(,F
®¤ £Uqrszn,eD£¡_ÅX[ntqNŧ!£>szq}pÃ6 £
i
^£¡eFXq®pà lbqreF] @w ?szp²ntijxq®\Qsz|Y|}n¹Y¯N] p[] wxtg#jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>p hkjlwusjx] >gQntwa{ ) ¡ µt>
[£®¤>¤ sF¬9X Ô>v2wxnim+] ] iq}p[ nz2bO`¸¾,l_a`b
tt ivstt]LhU¤ [¤ ¯x¤ zi£
U
*
§!£ 6sz\ ] wl\Qszpszp¶¦¡£b¶ntpBjl] «szpÂ[{¥±s9ªt]L¦Â§©¨@¯Nl*?[§'@q}tXi¯Ì] wlntwx\ stpm+]¸¹aq}wl] |®]LhlhY¦Â§U¨5ntw
=
jxX[]o[p[|}qrm+] p7hk]L0«7szp Ô[¾,] |}|¦Âst«W ] muXp[q}m sz|tnto[wxpst|] h¸¤ tz¯u¤ >B§U~@~@¦¡Ã¤ t[£
^£*@n>|®|rszp7¿¨! £ )stq}igBsszp±v£*¾,stX[|N l§Ø~@szjl]+¯À§a[stijlq}ªt]b§©_ v2wxnzjxnFm nt|2n>w^b¶o|jxq¯À@n> ¥µq}wx] |}] hxha¨@]+j{¹,ntwx¼ih ÔFq®pv2wxnimz£int*§©_Yb÷bO`¸¾,l_a`b±[~an>\^]> zo|®g¶
zt¤t£
4
¾¸£7e[sti] tX[qN !£ 6szp[niiqrs[[§!£eist«[Xszwx¹Ysz|NFstp¶ a£ 6pq®>X>jx|®g>u`U[7n>wkjxo[p[qrh{jxq}mb¶]LiqrsQ§am m+]Lhlh
4
n>w°b¶o[|®jlq}wxszjl]0§a²@nim¨@]+j{¹,ntwx¼ih Ô*q®p´v2wxnFmt£ ntU§©_Yb
ttB
i£
b#`¸¾Ål_a`b.§,jx|}stp>jus[¡eF] ijl] \!«] w
XBjljl:?ì¬t¬¹a¹a¹£ [XFgih £ o[o£ p[|¬ ªF[ªt] tjÔ¬zinim hÔ¬9twxntpD¬ £Uq}stn¿eFo[p[>XFgBop#_ÅX[ntqN_ ¸nFnii[oij 2p[Xstpm+] \ ] pBj¸nt){ ) )
t>
[£®¤>¤ s ¥µq}wl] |®]LhlhU¦Â§U¨ ªFq}s ¦Âq®p¼0§a[stijxszjlq}ntp Ôiq®pv2wxnimz£int { ) ) l_a_& ¤ti@] |}hlq®p¼BqN»q}p[|}stp¿ to[p[]
tt[¤>£
U
XBjljl:?ì¬t¬zhkn>o[wxm ]+n>wl>]t£ p[]+j+¬9[wxnzy{]LmÔjxhÔ¬9\Qs>i¹aqÁ¿¬
ãåæÃãÕç
Ñ
!
/lÉtÎ Ê
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
Ð ÊÌÇ "
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
[¤
XBjljl:?ì¬t¬¹a¹a¹£ qrhkqN£ ] io¬phlpsz\¬9p7hu¬ §©t] wl]¶hkgihkjl] \ h k¥s9ª>] ¦Â§U¨¢>>
i£}¤t¤ «½muX[q}hk] j n>w eFjxszp7[szwuÙ»ntwx\Ú»7stm+jlntwuh
u)v2wx] |}q}\^q}pstwlg
v)wlniiom+j©¾,wlq}]+{ U] m ] \ «7] w©
ztB
i£
}¤ §©t] wl]Ùhlgih{jx] \Qh C{¥±s9ªt]L¦Â§U¨Ú¥¦ t>zB³bo[|jxq®\ nii]²¥µq®wx] |}] hxhO¦ szp
jxwln>|®|}] w Ô[v2wlniio7mÔj@¾,wlq}]+{§©o[to7h{j©
z> £
b¶]Liq}s§am m+]Lhlh±_Åntpi¯
}¤t¤ b.£ !£bszphlXst] qNBW£[W o[wx|®] jkjlqNkleiq®\ o[|}szjlq}ntpi¯À¾Ysthl] Qv] wlntwx\Qszpm ]U§©psz|}gihkqrh¡nt tB
i£}¤t¤Ls¥µq®wx]+¯
|}] hxhQ¦Â§U¨ Ô*Àp´v2wxnim+] ] iq}p[nzUÀpBjx] wxpsjxq®n>psz|aeFgF\ 7nBhkq}o[\·n>p²W ] |}] m+n>\ \!o[p[qrm szjlq}ntph )Àwuszpà §©o[to7h{jU
tt £
}¤L
~@nt«] wljÅb±£ b]+jxm sz|®]t ¸s9ªFq}^~£t¾,n>t>h l *jlX[] wlp]+j@?
©qrhkjlwxq®«[o[jl] v*stmu¼>]+j¡eF¹aq®jxmuX[q}p[¸ntw)¦Ânim sz| _ n>\ [oijl] w)¨@] j{¹Ån>wl¼ih uLÀpQ_Ån>\ \!o[p[qrm szjlq}ntph nz7jlX[]a§©_Yb±9ª>nt|D¤ z¨@n£z[ zo|®gQ¤ 9[ >¯ Å Bz7£
}¤ WYq}\ ]LeFgih._Åntwx7n>wxszjlq}ntpÃHl§ ¥µXqjx]!v*sz] waªt] wxhlq}ntpO¤>£
=
f6
s
WYq}\ ]LeFgihOv] wxhl7]LmÔjxq®ª>]½ntp$jxX[]²¦Âq®pFoiÓ'v2wx] ] \ ijxq®«|®] ] wxp[] | u
}¤ ¸XBjljl:?ì¬t¬¹a¹a¹£ szjlX[] wlnBh £ m+n>\°¬ijÔ¬q®p7i]+Ó¿£ X>jx\ | }¤L ¸sy{q Uqrszn7teFo[p[>XFgBopQ_ÅX[n>qeFX[q}pà ¸nFnF[[oij)§@pst|®gihlq}h*stp ¦Âq®p¼§a[szijusjxq®n>p n>w{ ) ) $tB
i£}¤t¤LsQ¥µq®wx] |}] hxh¦Â§U¨©h
u¿Àp{ ) ) $W wxstphls>mÔjxq®n>pHntp\ nt«[q}|®] m+n>\ [oijlq}p[ 2 nt|N£*¤t
¨©n£[77`¸mÔjxnt«] wl¯ U] m ] \!«] w@
tt>
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
>
/
% Â
0
H
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë Ê|®|}n¹aq}p[ ª9stwlqrsz«|®]Lh,stwl]i] Áp[]L?
Ê Ñ QË / ? q®p7m+wx] \ ] pBjl]L¸ntw] s>muXstmu¼>]+jÃjxwxstphk\ q®jkjx] °Rwl] >szwui|}] hxh¿nzhlom m+] hxhÃn>wÃRstq®|}o[wx]LÔ£~a] hl]+j jln^Ä ] wln ¹aX[] pj{¹Ån ntw,\^n>wl]¸m+n>phk]Lm+oijxq®ª>]©wx]+jxwlq}] h,szwx]Uin>p[]©n>wŹaX] pO¤L!m ntphl] m oijlq}ªt]Ustmu¼>]+jxh Xs9ªt]«] ] p¶hlom m+] hxhko[|®|}gQjxwxstphk\ q®jkjx] ¿£ ÎxÎuË030?2pFo[\!«] wantm+n>phl] m+o[jlq}ªt]hko7m m+]Lhlhko[|¿s>mu¼t] j,jxwxstphl\^qrhxhkq}ntph £
0 %
/lËuÎuÇ - Ë /ÔÏ ?2qÂq®jYq}hYhl]+j,jln Wa~ U aFqjY\ ] szp7h)jxXsjY¹Å]UXs9ªt]¡y{ohkjYhl] pBj,s [wxnt«[q}p[7stmu¼t] j¡jxnjlwxg s^X[q®>X[] wawusjx]t£¡`©jlX] wx¹aq}hl]tiq®j@q}h©hk] j,jxn°»i§©¦ei a£
/lË Ê8/ÔÏ ?2pBo\!«] w@ntm+n>phl] m+o[jlq}ªt]wl] jlwxq®]LhÅntw@s^tq}ªt] p0s>mu¼t] j £
0 % ÎxÎu Ë 030 Ê Ð /lË 0 Ð Çz9Æ 2 ?¡pFo[\ «7] w@nz)m ntphl] m oijlq}ªt]hlom m ] hxh{o[|Ãjlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntp7hYwl]L×>oq®wx] 0jln°hl] p7s [wxnt«]¸7stmu¼t] jÕjln jxwlg0s Xq®>X[] wawusjx]LÔ£
Ê Ñ QËuÇ % Ê ?2q®YÊ Ñ QË/!wl]LstmuX[]Lh¡jxX[qrhaªsz|}o[]ts^[wxnt«]stmu¼>]+jYq}h©hk] p>jL£
/lË 8Ê /ÔÏ Ê Ð l/ Ë0 Ð ÇÆ62 ? pFo[\!«] wnt,m+n>phl] m+o[jlq}ªt] Rszq}|®o[wx] hUn>wntp[] s>mu¼t]+jwx] ×Bo[q}wl]Ljlniwxnt#jlXq}h stmu¼>]+jL£
Ñ Í 0 % ÎuÎu Ë 0 0 Ê Ð /lË 0 Ð Ç6Æ 2 ?©ªsz|}o[]^ohl] jxnq}p[q®jlqrsz|}q®Ä ]!jxX[] ª9stwlqrsz«|®J ] 0 % ÎuÎuË 0 0 Ê Ð l/ Ë0 Ð ÇÆ62¹aX[] p jlX[]wusjx]q}h@[] m+wx] s>hk]L°«] m szohl]nzÂj{¹,nQm+n>phk]Lm+oijxq®ª>]¸jlwuszphl\ q}hxhkq}ntpRszq}|®owl]Lh £
É
0 %
ÎuÎuË*030
Ê Ð l/ Ë0 Ð ÇÆ92?2\ szÓiq®\ o[\Øn>hxhkq}«[|}]¸ªst|®o[]nt
0 %
ÎuÎuË*030
Ê Ð l/ Ë*0 Ð ÇÆ92z£
0 % ÎxÎu Ë 030 ) ?Å\ o[|jxq®|®qrm szjlq}ªt]Rs>mÔjln>w@ohl] ¶jxnm st|}m o[|rsjl]jxX[]!p] ¹$ªsz|}o[]nzN0 % uÎ ÎuË*030 ¹aX[] pjxX[][wxnt«]¸7stmu¼t] jYRszq}|}h £
ÑÍ
Ê Ð l/ Ë*0 Ð ÇÆ92
Ê Ñ QËuÇ % Ê ?*\ q®pq®\ o[\¢ªsz|}o[]ntÅÊ Ñ ËuÇ % NÊ £
Ê Ñ QËuÇ % Ê ) ?q}p.§©§©~©»Å,Ê Ñ ËuÇ % ¸ Ê qrh!hl]+jjln] qjxX[] w Ê Ñ QËuÇ % Ê )L£
ÑÍ
Ê Ñ QËxÇ % U Ê n>w0 % uÎ ÎxË030
Ê Ð x/ Ë*0 Ð ÇzÆ92
^
! "# $ $%& '(() # )* " $ $%& '(,+- . 0 /'/ 1123 4 % $ $%& '5() 6 $ $%& '5 * 4 % )* ,'7%& 8 9 ,'7%& 8 );:Î
Ð ÊÌÇ "
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
. ' / % ! " /& $ $%& ' 4 $ $%& ' 8 6 $ $%& ' # 6 8 $ $%& ' 4 % . ' / % /& $ $%& ' , 4 % $ $%& ' # 4 % - . & 1123 . '/ % ! " /& . '/ % /& . '0/ 1123
' 8 8
8
!
" " 4
#$ & "$ " $ $%& ' ' 8%& 8 ! 0/ "')((+*,"" --- " 0/ , $ $%& ' .. // 0 6 ! ,( 0 ! , ! " 212 ',* & --- ! " 313 "+* 7 8 & --- "--- , 0/ ! " 0/ " 5) % ! " /& 4 0/5 0 4 % ! ,' 0 ! & 0/ " 9 .. " ,+
æ æ
í ÔôÔõ
ÉtÎuÉ Ò Ë
z
H
ÉzÍ=0 Ð É>Ë Ñ
% /ÔÆ®Ë Êig.«] ] p³i] Áp[] Ùntw jxX[]§©§U~@» v¡hk] oin_Ånii]t£)WYX[]n>|®|}n¹aq}p[!opmÔjxq®n>ph@szwx]¸ohk]L ?
Ñ 0 0 % ÎuÎu*Ë 030?Ywx]+jxo[wlp7hUWa~ © q¡|}] hxhajxXszpÙ¤ ¢ nt2jlX[] stmu¼>]+j@jxwxstphk\ qrhlhlq}ntphYRstq®|}] Oio[wxq®p[ jlX[]wl] ªBq}nto7hY7] wlq}ni¿[»i§©¦ei ³nzjxX[] wx¹aq}hl]t£
Ñ 0 A+É Ñ Æ % /lË wx]+jxo[wxphUWa~ U q®¡\ ntwx]jlXstp jlX[]wl] ªBq}nto7hY7] wlq}ni¿[»i§©¦ei ³nzjxX[] wx¹aq}hl]t£
¢nz2jxX[] 7stmu¼t] j@jlwuszp7hk\ qrhlhlq®n>phaRstq®|}] Oio[wxq®p[
Ñ 0 Ë ÍÇ % ÒÐ ?@wx]+jxo[wlp7h©¹aX[] jlX[] wUn>w©p[ntjU] p[nto[>Xstmu¼>]+juh@¹,] wx]jlwuszphl\ qjljl]LOio[wxq}p[QjlX] [wx]+¯ Fª q®n>oh)] wxq®ni jxn!>]+jÅhlq®>p[q®Á7m szjlq}ªt]©hkjxszjlqrh{jxq}m h £2¾,g^[]+Rszo|jL Ñ 0 Ë ÍÇ % ÒzÐ wl] jlo[wxphÅWa~ U .q®ÃjlX[] jlwuszphl\ q}hxhlq®n>p°nz)¤L!iqrh{jxq®p7mÔjYstmu¼>]+jxhŹYsth¡szjkjx] \ ijl]L0[o[wlq}p[!jlX[]¸[wx] ªFq®n>oh)] wxq}nFÃF»i§U¦ ei nzjxX[] wx¹aq}hl]t£
!%0' ' !%0' ' $ 313 "+* 0/ 5 // %$ --- 0/ $ $%& ' // 0 6 ! " 212 ',* , ' $ , & ! " ,313 "+* & 0/ /& ,
ãåæÃãÕç
Ñ
!
æ æ
Ñ ÎxÉzÆ
! GG /xÇ É>Î
Ð ÊÌÇ "
ÉzÊÌË
! 2>É3G7ÊÀÉÊ
Ñ ÇÍ
! " 313 "+* 0/ 0 4 % 0/ ! " $ $%& '
9 $ $%& '( 4 $ $%& ' 6 $ $%& ' & $ $%& '( 4 % $ $%& '- ' ' $ ,
/lÉtÎ Ê
0/ %$
í ÔôÔõ
.. ' $ !
>
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Futurs : Parc Club Orsay Université - ZAC des Vignes 4, rue Jacques Monod - 91893 ORSAY Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine : LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique 615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-lès-Nancy Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38334 Montbonnot Saint-Ismier (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
Éditeur INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399
