IGCSE, IB MYP and Diploma Resources Catalogue - Pearson Schools

Includes Pearson blished Baccalaureate, pu for the IB Diploma*

IGCSE, IB MYP and Diploma Resources

2009

www.internationalschools.co.uk

Welcome

Contents

Welcome to the IGCSE, International Baccalaureate MYP and Diploma resources catalogue from Pearson. Pearson is your education partner, bringing you an unrivalled choice of resources across the curriculum, combined with fantastic service and support. We can now offer you more choice than ever before, providing a full range of titles from trusted names such as Heinemann, Longman, Edexcel, Prentice Hall and Raintree. This catalogue brings together some of the key series and titles chosen for teaching IGCSE, IB MYP and Diploma from those trusted names to save you time finding suitable resources.

Baccalaureate published for the IB Diploma – see pages 12–14

l International

Mathematics for the Middle Years published for the IB MYP – see page 7.

SERIES

AGES

PAGE

Cambridge IGCSE Science

Ages 14–16

4

Science

new! Heinemann IGCSE Chemistry

Ages 14–16

4

Science

new! Heinemann IGCSE Physics

Ages 14–16

4

Mathematics

new! Heinemann IGCSE Mathematics new! Heinemann IGCSE ICT

Ages 14–16

4

Ages 14–16

4

ICT

Edexcel IGCSE Science Science Science Mathematics

new! Edexcel IGCSE Biology new! Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry

Ages 14–16

5

Ages 14–16

5

new! Edexcel IGCSE Physics new! Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics

Ages 14–16

5

Ages 14–16

5

Ages 14–16

6

Business & Economics Longman Business Studies for IGCSE Ages 14–16

6

Geography

6

Longman ICT for IGCSE Longman Geography for IGCSE

SUBJECT AREA

SERIES

AGES

PAGE

Science

Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology

Ages 16–18

12

Science

Pearson Baccalaureate: Higher Level Biology

Ages 16–18

12

Science Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Physics

Ages 16–18

12

Science new! Pearson Baccalaureate: Higher Level Physics

Ages 16–18

12

Science Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Chemistry

Ages 16–18

12

Science new! Pearson Baccalaureate: Higher Level Chemistry

Ages 16–18

12

Mathematics Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Mathematics

Ages 16–18

12

Mathematics new! Pearson Baccalaureate: Higher Level Mathematics

Ages 16–18

12

Theory of Knowledge Pearson Baccalaureate: Theory of Knowledge

Ages 16–18

14

History Pearson Baccalaureate: History: The Cold War

Ages 16–18

14

Ages 16–18

14

IB DIPLOMA

new! Heinemann IGCSE Biology

ICT

We have also published resources specifically for the IB: l Pearson

SUBJECT AREA

Ages 14–16

MYP Mathematics

International Mathematics for the Middle Years

Ages 14-16

7

More titles to come in 2009–2010!

Mathematics

Connected Mathematics 2

Ages 14–16

7

Science

Science Explorer

Ages 14–16

7

Best wishes,

Science

Exploring Science

Ages 11–14

8

Mathematics Pearson Baccalaureate: Mathematical Studies

Ages 16–18

14

English Langauge

Ages 16–18

15

Pearson International Schools Team

Age

IB

United States

United Kingdom

11–12

Grade 6

Year 7

12–13

Grade 7

Year 8

Grade 8

Year 9

14–15

Grade 9

Year 10

15–16

Grade 10

Year 11

Grade 11

Year 12

Grade 12

Year 13

13–14

16–17 17–18

MYP

Diploma

*Middle Years Programme (MYP), Diploma Programme (DP) are trademarks of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IB), which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse these products.

Australia

H istory: A Comprehensive Guide to Paper One

English Language

Science

Why Science Matters

Ages 11–14

8

ICT

ICT 4 Life

Ages 14–16

8

English Literature

Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare

Ages 16-18 15

Psychology in Focus

Ages 16-18 15

English Literature

Longman Literature

Ages 11–14

9

Psychology

History

World Studies

Ages 14–16

9

Geography

Changing Environments

Ages 16–18

15

Ages 11-14

9

Geography

Global Challenges

Ages 16–18

15

Business & Economics Economics

Ages 16–18

16 16

Business & Economics Political and Economic Systems

Secondary School Year/Grade Correlation Table

History new! Pearson Baccalaureate:

Geography

Longman School Atlas

Ages 11–14

9

French

Expo

Ages 14–16

10

Business & Economics Business Studies

Ages 16–18

Ages 16-18 16 Ages 16–18

Spanish

¡Mira!

Ages 14–16

10

Business & Economics Textbook of Commerce

German

Echo

Ages 14–16

10

Design and Technology Advanced Design and Technology

Life Skills

What do you think?

Ages 11–14

10

Grade 6 Key Stage 3

Grade 7 Grade 8

Key Stage 4 / GCSE / IGCSE Key Stage 5 AS / A Level

Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12

Resources published specifically for the IB: IB MYP: International Mathematics for the Middle Years – see page 7 IB Diploma: Pearson Baccalaureate – see pages 12–14

key to symbols new!

New titles published in 2009 Student and/or Teacher CD-ROM included Software for the interactive whiteboard

16

Pearson Interactive Elements

See Exploring Science – page 8 ICT 4 Life – page 8

Pearson Interactive Elements

Front of class delivery

Planning and teaching resources

ActiveTeach CD-ROM

TeacherEXPRESS™ CD-ROM

ActiveTeach gives you an interactive, digital version of the Student Book that lets you swiftly find and display any page on a whiteboard, creating more opportunities for discussion and focusing students’ attention. It also links to a host of engaging and interactive resources to enhance teaching and learning.

A suite of instructional tools to help teachers plan, teach and assess. Powerful lesson planning, resource management, testing and an interactive Teacher’s Edition all in one place saves you time with your planning.

See Connected Mathematics 2 – page 7 Science Explorer – page 7 World Studies – page 9

See Exploring Science – page 8 ICT 4 LIfe – page 8

A selection of easy-to-use, ready-made plans for every ability level designed for 11 to 14 year olds. It includes a bank of additional activities to choose from to personalise your lessons further, plus lists of resources for teachers and technicians.

Presentationexpress

™


See Expo – page 10 ¡Mira! – page 10 Echo – page 10

PresentationEXPRESS™ is an easy-to-use instructional tool to assist in delivering visually exciting content to students. This CD-Rom provides slideshow presentations organised by topic.

Teacher Presentation Packages Our Teacher Presentation Packages help you give exciting multimedia presentations from the front of the class, using an interactive whiteboard or a data-projector, laptop and screen.

See Heinemann IGCSE Biology – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE Chemistry – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE Physics – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE Mathematics – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE ICT – page 4 International Mathematics for the Middle Years – page 7 World Studies – page 9 Expo – page 10 ¡Mira! – page 10 Echo – page 10

Lab zone™ Easy Planner CD-ROM See Science Explorer – page 7

Everything you need to plan labs and activities on one CD-ROM! The CD-ROM for Science Explorer contains a comprehensive collection of more than 1,500 labs and activities, searchable by time, content, and standards.

Online assessment Exploring Science online assessment See Exploring Science – page 8

The online assessment comprises 12 progress tests and two end-of-year tests per year group. These interactive tests will motivate your students, give them instant feedback, provide clear levels, and present you with comprehensive diagnostic analysis.

Interactive Teacher Planning Tools

Teacher resource CD-ROMs Teacher resource CD-ROMs are included in the Teacher Resource File. They include lesson planning guides, lesson activities, differentiated materials, effective assessment for learning and summative assessment, key word lists and glossaries.

Student practice & revision Exam Café CD-ROM

See

Heinemann IGCSE Biology – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE Chemistry – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE Physics – page 4 Heinemann IGCSE Mathematics – page 4

See International Mathematics for the Middle Years – page 7 Expo – page 10 ¡Mira! – page 10 Echo – page 10

An Exam Cafe CD-ROM is included with the Student Book, serving up a wealth of interactive exam preparation material, interactive multiple choice questions, revision flashcards, exam-style questions with model answers, examiner feedback and much more. It’s a valuable interactive tool that will help your students make the most of the time they spend revising.

Interactive Pupil Packages Our popular Pupil Activity Packages created for our modern languages resources motivate students to practise and consolidate their learning in the ICT suite or an individual PC. They also save you time by obtaining collated feedback on performance and speed up lesson planning.

Interactive Student Books SuccessTracker

An online, formative assessment and remediation management system that features diagnostic and benchmark tests, automated scoring, student and class reports, and remediation.

Core brand products

The StudentExpress™ CD-ROM is an interactive textbook with glossaries, built-in activities, and instant feedback assessments to keep students on track. b

WWW

oo

k also inclu

de s

See Edexcel IGCSE Biology – page 5 Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry – page 5 Edexcel IGCSE Physics – page 5 Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics – page 5 Exploring Science – page 8 ICT 4 Life – page 8

ActiveBook is a digital version of the Student Book on CD-ROM with the facility to zoom into specific areas of each page to help you focus pupils’ attention. It also includes skills tutorials and interactive activities.

This


™

ExamView® Assessment Suite CD-ROM See Connected Mathematics 2 – page 7 Science Explorer – page 7 World Studies – page 9

A computer test bank and assessment suite that allows you to create and print tests or study guides in minutes from a banks of thousands of questions, then view individual or whole-class reports of the test results.

Supporting graphic

Application onto book cover Note: The green area indicates the book cover and is not a part of the brand.

See Connected Mathematics 2 – page 7 Science Explorer – page 7 World Studies – page 9 Active Book Brand development // Paul Jackman 05

2

3 Contact:

t +44 1865 888130

f +44 1865 314981

@ [email protected]

w www.internationalschools.co.uk

distributed by Heinemann on behalf of Edexcel

Endorsed by University of Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge IGCSE

new Heinemann IGCSE Sciences editions!

Edexcel IGCSE Sciences

w! e n Changing the Learning Landscape


These titles offer complete coverage of the 2009 Edexcel IGSCE Biology, Chemistry and Physics specifications • Complete coverage of content required for the examination. • Clear, engaging style that students will find easy to understand. • Practice questions for class and homework use throughout. • FREE ActiveBook CD-ROM inside every Student Book, containing interactive activities, glossary and more.

These titles offer complete coverage of the latest syllabus requirements. • Heinemann IGCSE Biology is written by Mary Jones, an IGCSE Chief Examiner with extensive experience of syllabus development and IGCSE teacher training. • Heinemann IGCSE Chemistry is written by Andrew Clegg, a highly experienced Chemistry teacher and teacher trainer.

Student Book

Edexcel IGCSE

Biology Phil Bradfield, Steve Potter

• Heinemann IGCSE Physics is written by Richard Woodside, a highly experienced teacher, international trainer and Principal Examiner (CIE), who has worked on the Physics IGCSE since its inception.

Homework Books:

Each title has the following elements:

Student Book

Edexcel IGCSE

• FREE Exam Café Student CD inside every book, with revision questions, interactive past papers and revision tips to support learning and revision

Chemistry Jim Clark

These provide even more practice and consolidation of topics. An Answer Book accompanies the three Homework Books.

order

• corresponding Teacher’s CD-ROM with background notes to support the teacher, editable practical activity worksheets, apparatus lists and answers to all Student Book questions

Edexcel IGCSE Biology

Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry

Edexcel IGCSE Physics

Student Book 978 0 435966 88 1

£17.99

Student Book 978 0 435966 89 8

£17.99

Student Book 978 0 435966 90 4

£17.99

• differentiated core and supplementary material to suit all abilities.

Homework Book 978 1 405874 93 9

£5.99

Homework Book 978 1 405874 94 6

£5.99

Homework Book 978 1 405874 96 0

£5.99

Student Book

Edexcel IGCSE

ordering details – see order form for full listing and prices

Physics

new Heinemann IGCSE Maths edition!

Brian Arnold, Steve Woolley, Penny Johnson


Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics new!

IGCSE Maths Core and Extended books are revised for complete coverage of the latest syllabus. Both books:

Complete coverage of the 2009 Edexcel IGSCE Mathematics (Specification A)

• develop examination skills with questions throughout and end-of-unit summaries aid revision • contain a FREE Exam Café Student CD with differentiated material to support learning and revision • a Teacher’s CD-ROM is available for both books with editable supplementary core and extended materials for classroom and home use plus answers to all the Student Book questions.

Mathematics A

ordering details Student Book 1 978 0 435966 85 0

£16.99

Authors: D.A. Turner, I.A. Potts, W.R.J. Waite, B.V. Hony

Student Book 1

Edexcel IGCSE D A Turner, I A Potts, W R J Waite, B V Hony

Student Book 2 978 0 435966 86 7

£16.99

Teacher’s CD 978 0 435966 93 5

£50.00

new Heinemann IGCSE ICT edition!

Revised for complete coverage of the latest syllabus

• Revised for the new specification by D.A. Turner and I.A. Potts. • Exam practice throughout, with revision sections, practice exam questions, extended investigations and practice books. • FREE ActiveBook CD-ROM inside every Student Book, containing interactive activities, glossary and more.

Practice Books: Student Book 2

Edexcel IGCSE

Mathematics A D A Turner, I A Potts, W R J Waite, B V Hony

Adapted for by Dr Roger Crawford, a Chief Examiner for ICT with extensive ICT teaching experience.

• provide extra exercises for class or home use • contain even more exam practice, with exam style questions - pick and choose from 1000 extra questions • differentiated starred and non-starred exercise features • easy to use alongside textbooks.

• Student Book contains practical exercises to support learning. • Appeals to students of all abilities with straightforward language and visual stimuli throughout.

order

• Teacher’s CD-ROM also available featuring supplementary materials for classroom and home use and answers to all Student Book questions.

Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics Student Book 1 978 0 435966 91 1 Practice Book 1 978 1 405865 03 6

ordering details

4

Student Book 978 0 435966 87 4 £16.99

Teacher’s CD 978 0 435966 94 2

£16.99

Student Book 2 978 0 435966 92 8

£16.99

£6.50

Practice Book 2 978 1 405865 04 3

£6.50

£50.00

5 Contact:

t +44 1865 888130

f +44 1865 314981

@ [email protected]


Edexcel IGCSE

MYP: Mathematics & Science

ed h s i l b u International Mathematics pfor the MYP

Longman ICT for IGCSE

for the Middle Years

A step-by-step approach to working with spreadsheets, databases and word processing

Ideal for students studying International Baccalaureate MYP

• Endorsed by Edexcel, the Student Book covers all learning outcomes with both theory and practical applications. • Contains many up to date applications in an international context. • Includes a wide range of practicals, activities and exercises for self-study, as well as examination style questions and summaries to aid revision. • Provides clear guidance on designing and completing the coursework component.

International Mathematics for the Middle Years has been developed for the international student. • This five-book series takes an international viewpoint, giving students an opportunity to learn Mathematics with a global perspective. • The full-colour student book contains graded exercises with differentiated questions, worked examples, investigations, Mathematical Terms and time-saving Assessment Grids, plus FREE Interactive Student CD.

ordering details

• The Teacher’s Resource has Practice tests with answers and editable Unit Plans.

Longman ICT for IGCSE 978 1 405802 10 9 £16.99


Connected Mathematics 2

Longman Business Studies for IGCSE

Flexible and effective

Endorsed by Edexcel to give complete coverage of their IGCSE specification • Written in a clear and engaging style that students will find easy to understand. • Develops students’ knowledge and understanding of real business issues and problems with up-todate case studies that use a range of UK and international contexts. • Improves students’ communication, numeracy and ICT skills and shows them how to apply ideas and methods, analyse and interpret data and make conclusions. • Offers lots of practice opportunities for class, homework and revision, with exam-style questions and end of unit assessments with further extension. ordering details

Students learn mathematics through appealing and engaging problems. The three-step Launch, Explore, Summarize approach helps students develop mathematical thinking and reasoning while practicing and maintaining skills. • Grounded in research, proven in classrooms. • An investigative approach to engage students, with focused work in core concepts of mathematics. • Technology includes ExamView Test Generator CD-ROM, TeacherEXPRESSTM and Student Activities CD-ROM (see pages 2–3 for details).

www. Visit www.pearsonschool.com/CMP2 for more information.


Longman Business Studies for IGCSE 978 1 405802 07 9 £16.99

Science Explorer Longman Geography for IGCSE

Change the way your students see the world

Endorsed by Edexcel for the best combination of themes, case studies and activities

Available in 16 small books or as the Life, Earth, and Physical series, you’ll find the option that best matches your curriculum. Our commitment to middle years students is unmatched in the areas of inquiry opportunities, visual learning, reading support and educational technology.

• Comprises one Student Book, which uses a thematic approach. • Contains case studies in every chapter supported by high quality diagrams, clearly labelled maps and attention-grabbing photographs. • Activity section in each chapter provides even more differentiation to support lower attainers and challenge more able students. • Provides support and advice for Component 4, coursework alternative to Paper 3.

www. Visit www.pearsonschool.com/Science Explorer for more information.

ordering details Longman Geography for IGCSE 978 1 405802 09 3 £16.99

• Integrate labs with ease: more than 1,400 practical experiments and activities right at your fingertips, easy to search on the Easy Planner CD-ROM by time, content, or state standard. • A Prentice Hall exclusive partnership: Discovery Channel School and trade videos and DVDs provide visual support for every chapter and support learning with current, real-world examples. • One-of-a-kind virtual experiences: virtual explorations of key concepts help students see science in a new way and reinforce learning. • Technology includes StudentExpressTM, TeacherEXPRESSTM, PresentationEXPRESSTM CD-ROMs and SuccessTracker (see pages 2–3 for details). ordering details – see order form for full listing and prices

6

7 Contact:

t +44 1865 888130

f +44 1865 314981

@ [email protected]


MYP: Science & ICT

MYP: English Literature & Humanities

Exploring Science: How Science Works

Longman Literature A selection of the best literature and plays

Comprehensive coverage of content, concepts and skills

• Turn your students into enthusiastic readers with the best fiction written by award-winning authors, including John Steinbeck, Beverley Naidoo, Gary Paulsen and Sally Nicholls. • Choose excellent readers for the whole class, selected by an expert panel of consultants, examiners and teachers. • Free online teacher’s support materials for planning for whole-class, group and guided work, plus worksheets for class work and homework.

The best-selling course offering unrivalled support and motivational resources for 11–14 years-olds, integrating How Science Works throughout. • Offers a fresh and modern design with high quality digital resources that will excite and engage all your pupils. • Four levels of differentiation to make it highly accessible to all students. • Flexible interactive planning tool that enables you to personalise teaching and learning for all your students. • Exciting digital resources delivered through ActiveTeach with a unique partnership with BBC Active. • Online assessment featuring tests your students can do in class or at home to track and measure progress.

www. Find out more at www.exploringscience.co.uk.


World Studies

Bring the World into focus


World Studies expands students’ understanding of each world region through a focus on its major countries, with a unique balance of history, geography and culture. • Research-based reading instruction: integrated reading skills instruction and vocabulary development improve comprehension for all students. • Technology that brings content to life: take exciting journeys around the world with over 20 Discovery Channel School® World Studies video segments per book. • Hands-on activities: Geographer’s Apprentice Activity Pack presents activities that explore the geography of the world’s regions through maps, data, and primary sources.

Why Science Matters Illustrates the relevance of science to our everyday lives

ordering details – see order form for full listing and prices • This series of 18 books profiles real scientists and their research, providing information and links about careers in the field. • Features ‘Science You Learn’ panels to show students the relevance of the curriculum concepts taught in school. • Teaches students about the importance of science, its numerous applications, and the implications of scientific discovery for the world.

Political and Economic Systems

w

Comprehensive guide to systems of government and ne n! o i t i d e political movements


• New edition of a popular series comprises six titles, including Capitalism, Communism and Democracy. • Updated to reflect current changes, these books explore how systems have changed and developed throughout history. • Explores the influence of the key thinkers involved. ordering details – see order • Includes comprehensive section detailing ideas for form for full listing and prices further research.

ICT 4 Life Teach and assess capability with confidence for MYP

Longman School Atlas

• Full support for all your staff, with easy to use structured lesson plans, digital assets and source files all provided in one place. • Real life scenarios to engage students. • Uses ActiveTeach - fantastic interactive software for front of class delivery.

Exciting and informative • Introduces key themes of interdependence, environment, globalisation, change and development – including a chapter dedicated to development issues. ordering details • “Earth from the sky” sections provide satellite images and aerial Longman School Atlas photographs, giving students a variety of secondary sources. 978 1 405822 64 0 £9.99 • A map skills section gives clear guidance on how to use the atlas.


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9 Contact:

t +44 1865 888130

f +44 1865 314981

@ [email protected]


MYP: Modern Languages & Life Skills

Expo The French course you can trust • Easy planning – Teacher’s Guides and Resource and Assessment Files provide customisable word documents on CD-ROMs to save you time! • Harness technology in your classroom – Pupil Activity Packages motivate students to practise their skills and grammar in a fun way, while Teacher Presentation Packages enhance your front-of-class teaching. ordering details - See order form for full listing and prices

Bringing you outstanding topic-based resources for all teaching styles to inspire students to reach their potential! Science

Geography

Life Skills

¡Mira! Helping all your students to enjoy Spanish ¡Mira! is perfect for students aged 11–12 starting Spanish. ¡Mira! Express is ideal for teaching Spanish as a second language from for ages 12 and above. • Combines a fresh, colourful and fun approach with a clear progression which really helps students enjoy learning Spanish! • Teacher Presentations provide whiteboard presentation materials for front-of-class teaching, maximising your students’ engagement through audio, video and animations! ordering details – see order form for full listing and prices

Echo Enabling students to succeed in German

Visit www.internationalschools.co.uk

Echo is ideal for starters aged 11–12: Echo Express is perfect for teaching German as a second language for ages 12 and above.

Where you can:

• Differentiated materials for all ability levels with inspiring topics to motivate all students. • Teacher resources include customisable schemes of work, starters, and step-by-step teacher’s notes. • Engaging software is integrated with the course, to motivate students and save preparation time.

• learn more about all our fantastic resources


What do you think? Teaching students how to think • A series of 15 titles that encourages readers to think and express themselves. • Range of viewpoints to encourage critical thinking. • Simple activities and exercises to provide practical advice and examples of critical and creative thinking skills. • Mixture of text types including recounts, reports, discussions and persuasion texts. ordering details – see order form for full listing and prices

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To find out more visit: www.internationalschools.co.uk/library

• download free resources to try in your classroom • order online and make the most of special offers • sign up for regular eNewsletters.

IB Diploma

Pearson Baccalaureate Published for the International Baccalaureate Diploma

4 new titles!

Each subject that is differentiated with an SL and HL title: • • • • Interesting facts place the material in real-life contexts and give depth to students’ understanding of a topic. They also prompt further enquiry.

PEARSON BACCALAUREATE

Published for the International Baccalaureate Diploma

3

DNA replication

3.4.1

3.4.2 3.4.3

An exciting new series of textbooks for students and teachers of the IB Diploma, written and developed by practising IB teachers l Comprehensive coverage

l Appropriate and accessible

of all the latest syllabus requirements and all the options for each subject.

l Clear links to TOK

language, illustrated examples and levelled exercises.

Internal Assessment and the Extended Essay.

l Includes questions from

past papers for exam practice.

Helicase may catalyse the unzipping of DNA at a rate measured in hundreds of base pairs per second.

Key Fact DNA must replicate before any cell divides. This means that DNA replication precedes binary fission for prokayotes, mitosis for many eukaryotic cells and meiosis for eukaryotic gamete producing cells.

Cells must prepare for a cell division by doubling the DNA content of the cell in a process called DNA replication. This process doubles the quantity of DNA and also ensures that there is an exact copy of each DNA molecule. You should try to picture the environment in which the DNA is actually replicating. This is the environment of the nucleus during interphase of the cell cycle. During interphase, there is a nuclear membrane which separates the fluid of the nucleus (nucleoplasm) from the cytoplasm. The DNA is in the form of chromatin (not tightly coiled chromosomes). Among the variety of molecules present in the nucleoplasm there are two types that are particularly important for the process of DNA replication; they are: enzymes needed for replication – these include helicase and a group of enzymes collectively called DNA polymerase; free nucleotides – these are nucleotides that are not yet bonded and are found floating freely in the nucleoplasm, some contain adenine, some thymine, some cytosine and some guanine. One of the early events of DNA replication is the separation of the double helix into two single strands. You should remember that the double helix is held together by the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A and T, C and G). The enzyme that initiates this separation into two single strands is called helicase. Helicase begins at a point in or at the end of a DNA molecule and moves one complementary base pair at a time, breaking the hydrogen bonds so the double-stranded DNA molecule becomes two separate strands.

titles in the series Biology

Chemistry

Physics

Mathematics

Standard Level

Standard Level

Standard Level

Standard Level

History

Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase. Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA. State that DNA replication is semiconservative.

DNA replication involves ‘unzipping’

Interesting fact

l Provides guidance on

throughout.

Figure 3.13 The first step of DNA replication is helicase unzipping the doublestranded DNA molecule forming a section with two single strands.

Assessment statements

Theory of Knowledge Helicase (currently at about the half-way point in this image) would have started on the left and be moving towards the right.

The unpaired nucleotides on each of these single strands can now be used as a template to help create two double-stranded DNA molecules identical to the original. Some people use the analogy of a zipper for this process. When you pull on a zipper, the slide mechanism is like helicase. The separation of the two sides of the DNA molecule are like the two opened sides of a zipper (see Figure 13).

Full-colour diagrams complement the text in illustrating key concepts.

Weblinks support Aim 7 in encouraging students to use ICT skills in the study of their subject.

Assessment statements are reiterated at the start of each section, showing which areas in the curriculum are covered.

DNA REPLICATION

3.4

is tailored in terms of content for each level develops core topics separately to prepare SL or HL students for their respective options contains exercises that have been written specifically for the correct level is designed so that the texts can be used alongside each other where SL and HL are taught in the same class

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Weblink The experimental work which determined that DNA replication was semiconservative is often called ‘the most beautiful experiment in biology’. See how this classic experiment was conducted at http://users.rcn.com/jkimball. ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Meselson_Stahl.html

Unzipped section A

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Formation of two complementary strands As shown in Figure 13, once DNA has become ‘unzipped’, the nitrogenous bases on each of the single strands are unpaired. In the environment of the nucleoplasm, there are many free-floating nucleotides. These nucleotides are available to form complementary pairs with the single-stranded nucleotides of the unzipped molecule. This does not happen in a random fashion. A free nucleotide locates on one opened strand at one end and then a second nucleotide can come in to join the first. This will require that these two nucleotides become covalently bonded together as they are the beginning of a new strand. The formation of a covalent bond between two adjoining nucleotides is catalysed by one of the DNA polymerase enzymes that is important in this process. A third nucleotide then joins the first two and the process continues in a repetitive way for many nucleotides. The other unzipped strand also acts as a template for the formation of another new strand. This strand forms in a similar fashion, but in the opposite direction to the first strand. Notice that one strand is replicating in the same direction as helicase is moving and the other strand is replicating in the opposite direction.

A small section of DNA (shown in the centre) is seen in a DNA polymerase enzyme.

3IGNIüCANCEOFCOMPLEMENTARYBASEPAIRING The pattern of DNA replication ensures that two identical copies of DNA are produced from one. Figure 14 illustrates a very small section of DNA replicating. Notice that in the area where replication has already taken place, the two strands are absolutely identical to each other. This is because the original double– stranded molecule had complementary pairs of nucleotides and it was the complementary nucleotides that used the unzipped single-stranded areas as templates. This also means that no DNA molecule is ever completely new. Every DNA molecule after replication consists of a strand that was ‘old’ now paired with a strand that is ‘new’. DNA replication is described as a semiconservative process because half of a pre-existing DNA molecule is always conserved (saved).

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A

Dire T C P ction G C of sy C T G T A nthe C G G G sis G A C A A T C T A C C C T G C G

T A A C C G T

A T T G G C A T

P A

DNA Polymerase

G T G

Figure 3.14 DNA replication

%XERCISE

TOK

7 The concept of semiconservative DNA replication has some interesting repercussions. For example, one can argue that there never is such a thing as a ‘new’ DNA molecule. How long has your DNA been in you? In your family lineage?

Who should decide how fast and how far humans should go with our study of DNA and the technology that is rapidly emerging?

8 Most DNA mutations occur during DNA replication. Suggest how a mutation called a deletion could occur. Suggest how a mutation called a substitution could occur.

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235

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