different types: fungiform, filiform, vallate, and foliate. Tongue conditions are determined by papillary characteristics and in- clude hairy tongue, coated ... fissured tongue, papillary atrophy, geographic tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, crena-.
Lasers Med Sci DOI 10.1007/s10103-015-1822-6
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Immediate results of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial Rubia Garcia Lopes 1 & Ana Carolina Costa da Mota 1 & Carolina Soares 2 & Olinda Tarzia 2 & Alessandro Melo Deana 1 & Renato Araújo Prates 1 & Cristiane Miranda França 1 & Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes 1 & Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari 1 & Sandra Kalil Bussadori 1
Received: 7 May 2015 / Accepted: 13 October 2015 # Springer-Verlag London 2015
Abstract Light with or without chemical agents has been used to induce therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. With photodynamic therapy, the antimicrobial effect is confined to areas covered by a photosensitive dye and irradiated with light. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents through the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds, especially sulfide. A controlled, clinical trial was conducted with 45 adolescents randomly allocated to three groups: group 1, photodynamic therapy administered to the dorsum of the tongue; group 2, treatment with a tongue scraper; and group 3, treatment with a tongue scraper combined with photodynamic therapy. The diagnosis of halitosis was performed using gas chromatography before and after treatment. Comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, with the level of significance set at 5 % (p
