kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|; +u n]csf]{cy{gnfu]df o; P]gdf,–. -s_ æcWofudgÆ .... lnvt cWofudg
clws[t jf dxflgb]{z sn]tf]s ]s f]sd{r f/Ln]h'g;'s }:yfg / ;dodf klg. hfFr ug{;Sg]5 / tT ...
cWofudg P]g , @)$( @)$( nfndf]x/ k|sfzg ldlt @)$(.&.!&.@ @)$(.&.!&.@ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g !=
cWofudg -klxnf] ;+ zf] wg_, @)%)
@)%).^.@&
@=
s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+ zf] wg ug]{ P]g, @)%#
@)%#.*.!@
cWofudg ;DaGwL Aoj:yf Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g k|: tfjgf M g]kfn /fHo leq ljb]zLx?sf] k|j] z, pkl:ylt / k|:yfgnfO{ lgoldt Pj+ lgoGq0f ug{ tyf g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] cfudg / k|: yfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n], >L % dxf/fhflw/fh aL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfnsf] PSsfO;f}+ aif{df ;+ ;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 . !=
;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M -!_ o; P]gsf] gfd æcWofudg P]g, @)$(Æ /x]sf] 5 . -@_
@=
of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+u n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf,– df,– -s_
æcWofudgÆ eGgfn] g]kfn /fHoleq ljb]zLx?sf] k|j] z, pkl:ylt / k|: yfg ug]{ k|s[of ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_
æljb]zLÆ eGgfn] tTsfn g]kfnsf] gful/s gePsf] h'g;'s} AolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_
æ/fxbfgLÆ eGgfn] s'g} /fi6«sf] ;/sf/n] ljb]z e|d0fsf] nflu hf/L u/]sf] /fxbfgL, 6«fen 8s'd]06 jf o:t} e|d0f ug]{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf] cg'dlt kq ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;+ o'Qm /fi6«\ ;+3n] hf/L u/]sf] n];]k];] ;d]t nfO{ hgfpF5 .
-3_
æle;fÆ eGgfn] s'g} ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfn /fHo leq k|j]z, tyf pkl:yltsf] nflu >L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lbOg] cg'dlt kq ;Demg' k5{ .
-ª_
æljefuÆ eGgfn] g]kfn /fHo leq ljb]zLx?sf] k|j]z, pkl:ylt / k|:yfgnfO{ lgoldt ug{ tyf g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] cfudg / k|:yfgnfO{ Aojl:yt ug{ >L g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] cWofudg ljefu ;Demg' k5{ .
-r_
æsfof{ noÆ eGgfn] lljefu cGtu{tsf] cWofudg sfof{no ;Demg' k5{ . 1
-5_
ædxflgb]{zsÆ eGgfn] ljefusf] k|d'v ;Demg' k5{ .
-h_
æcWofudg clws[t Æ eGgfn] ljefu / sfof{nodf sfo{/t clws[t ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sfof{no k|d' vnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF 5 .
-em_
ækbofqfÆ eGgfn] s'g} ljb]zLåf/f /ft latfpg] u/L ul/g] k}bn e|d0f ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] lxd lzv/ cf/f]x0f ug{ hfg] ljb]zLåf/f ul/g] cfwf/ lzlj/ ;Ddsf] k}bn e|d0f ;d] tnfO{ hgfpF 5 .
-`_
ætf]lsPsf]Æ jf ætf]lsP adf]lhdÆ eGgfn] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ .
#=
k|j ]z, pkl:ylt / k|:yfg ;DaGwL Aoj:yf M -!_ s'g} klg ljb]zLn] ∗/fxbfgL / le;f glnO{ g]kfn /fHo leq k|j]z ug{ / g]kfndf a:g kfpg] 5}g . -@_ le;fsf] k|sf/, b:t"/ tyf le;f ;DaGwL cGo Aoj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfn /fHosf] tf]lsPsf] If]qdf kbofqf ug{ rfxg] ljb]zLn] le;fsf] ;fy} tf]lsP adf]lhd cg'dlt lng' kg]{5 . -$_ kbofqf ;DaGwL b:t"/ tyf cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . -%_ s'g} klg ljb]zLn] g]kfn /fHo leq k|j]z ug]{ / g]kfn /fHoaf6 k|:yfg ug]{ :yn tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -^_ g]kfn /fHoaf6 ljb]zL k|:yfg ug]{ jf g]kfn /fHodf cfpg] g]kfnL gful/s x?sf] k|:yfg tyf cfudg ;DaGwL Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
$=
ljb]zLn] kfng ug'{ kg]{ zt{x? M -!_ g]kfn /fHodf a;f]a f; ug]{ ljb]zLx?n] kfng ug'{ kg]{ zt{x? tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ ljb]zLnfO{ le;f jf kbofqfsf] nflu ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] P]hG;Ln] kfng ug'{ kg]{ zt{x? tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
%=
hfnL /fxbfgL jf le;f k|of]u ug{ gx'g] M -!_
s;}n] cfˆgf] gfd, pd]/, /fli6« otf jf cGo
s'g} s'/f 9fF6\g, e'm¶f ljj/0f lbg jf hfnL /fxbfgL jf le;f k|of]u ug{ u/fpg x'Fb}g .
∗
klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . 2
-@_
s;}n] hfnL /fxbfgL jf le;f k]z u/L g]kfn /fHo leq k|j]z, pkl:ylt /
g]kfn /fHoaf6 k|: yfg ug{ x'Fb}g . ∗
-#_
ljb]zL /fHosf] ;/sf/af6 jf To:tf] ;/sf/åf/f clwsf/ k| fKt clwsf/Laf6
hf/L ul/Psf] /fxbfgL / le;f gePsf] s'g} klg ljb]zLnfO{ s;} n] g]kfn /fHo leq k|j]z, pkl:ylt / k|: yfg u/fpg x'Fb}g . ^=
lnvt hfFr ug{ jf sAhfdf lng] ;Sg] M ljb]zLsf] k|j] z, pkl:ylt / k|:yfg;Fu ;DalGwt lnvt cWofudg clws[t jf dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/Ln] h'g;'s} :yfg / ;dodf klg hfFr ug{ ;Sg]5 / tT;DaGwL sfuhkq cfˆgf] sAhfdf lng ;Sg]5 .
&=
dxf– dxf–lgb]{zssf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ M dxf–lgb]{zssf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ b] xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M– -s_
g]kfn /fHoleq ljb]zLx?sf] k|j]z, pkl:ylt / k|:yfgnfO{ lgoldt, Aojl:yt / lgoGq0f ug]{, u/fpg] .
-v_
ljb]zLx?nfO{ kbofqf ug{ cg'dlt lbg] .
-u_
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] le;f hf/L ug]{ tyf le;fsf] Dofb yk ug]{ .
∗
-u!_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] kbofqf cg'dlt jf v08 -u_ adf]lhd hf/L ul/Psf] jf Dofb yk ul/Psf] le;f tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf /2 ug]{ .
*=
-3_
g]kfnL gful/ssf] cfudg / k|: yfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
-ª_
>L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg' ;f/ cGo sfd ug]{ , u/fpg] .
cWofudg ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] txlssft M # -!_ of] P]g / o; P]g cGt/ut ag]sf] lgod ljk/Lt s'g} ck/fw eP u/]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] s'/f k|ToIf jf ck| ToIf ?kdf ljefu jf sfof{ nonfO{ hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] cWofudg clws[tn] ;f] ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] txlssft / sf/jfxL ug]{ 5 . -@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ck/fwsf] txlssft ubf{ jf ;j"b k|d f0f ;+sng
ubf{ ck/fwdf ;+ nUg JolQmnfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ug]{, ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf h'g;'s} :yfgsf] vfgtnf;L lng, ck/fw;F u ;DalGwt sfuhft jf cGo dfn j:t' cfˆgf] lhDdfdf lng ∗ #
klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . 3
tyf ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf tof/ ug{ ;d]t k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|x/Ln] kfP ;/xsf] ;a} clwsf/ cWofudg clws[tnfO{ k|fKt x'g] 5 . To;/L txlssft ubf{ cWofug clws[t n] #
cleo'QmnfO{ aofg u/fO{ dgfl;a cfwf/ ePdf tf/]vdf /fVg, w/f}6 jf hdfgt lnO{ 5f8\g
jf
ϖ
cbfntsf] cg'dlt lnO{ kRrL; lbg ;Dd y'gfdf /fVg ;Sg] 5 . t/ cWofudg clws[tn] ck/fwsf] txlssft z'? ug]{ ljlQs} ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
dxflgb]{zsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . ∗-@s=_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd w/f} 6 jf hdfgt lbg'kg]{ cleo'Qmn] w/f} 6 jf hdfgt lbg g;s]df lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg]5 . -#_
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd txlssft ubf{ cWofudg clws[tn] cfjZos k/]df
;/sf/L jsLnsf] k/fdz{ lng ;Sg]5 . (=
lgisfzg ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ o; P]g adf]lhd cWofudg clws[tn] s'g} ljb]zLsf] xsdf ck/fwsf] txlssft k"/f u/L dxf–lgb]{zs ;dIf k|ltj]bg k] z u/]kl5 ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df dxf–lgb]{zsn] tf]lsP adf]lhd lgoldt ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx?sf] xsdf lgoldt u/L To:tf] ljb]zLnfO{ >L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ cjlw tf]ls jf gtf]ls k'gM g]kfn /fHodf k|j]z ug{ gkfpg] u/L g]kfn /fHoaf6 lgisfzg ug{ ;Sg]5 . ∗
-!s_ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf k|rlnt sfg"g ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]
jfkt b08 ;hfo ef]lu;s]sf le;f lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf ljb]zLnfO{ dxf–lgb]{zsn] >L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ cjlw tf]sL jf gtf]sL g]kfn /fHoaf6 lgisfzg ug]{ cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 . -@_
#
pkbkmf -!_ / -!s_ adf]lhd lgisfzg ul/Psf] ljb]zLn] lgisfzg ul/Psf]
cjlw;Dd g]kfn /fHo leq k'gM k| j]z ug{ kfpg] 5}g . -#_ !)=
lgisfzg ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
b08 ;hfo M -!_ s;}n] bkmf % adf]lhdsf] ck/fw u/] u/fPdf lghnfO{ krf;xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf kfF r aif{ ;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
ϖ
s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)%# åf/f yk . klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . # klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . ∗
4
-@_ s;}n] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] pNn+3g u/] u/fPdf lghnfO{ klxnf] k6s kRrL; xhf/ ?k} ofF ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ aif{;Dd s}b jf To;kl5 k'gM pNn+3g u/]df lghnfO{ k6s} lkR5] krf; xhf/ ?k} ofF ;Dd hl/jfgf jf kfF r aif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] ck/fwsf] dltof/nfO{ To:tf] ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g] 5 . -$_ dflysf pkbkmfx?df n]lvP afx]s of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod ljk/Lt s;}n] s'g} sfo{ u/]df ∗lghn] ltg'{ kg]{ egL 7x/ ePsf] lauf] /sd ;d]t c;"n u/L lghnfO{ dxf–lgb]{zsn] # krf;xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . !!=
k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] M bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;hfo ePsf]df lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] k}+tL; lbg leq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!@= #
!#=
g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] M o; P]g cGtu{ tsf] d'2 f >L g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]5 . le;f b:t"/ gnfUg] M of] P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd txlssftsf] qmddf y'gfdf k/]sf] s'g} ljb]zLsf] xsdf y'gfdf /x]sf] cjlw;Dd / d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] ljb]zLsf] xsdf To:tf] d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] lbgb]lv d'2fsf] k}m;nf eO{ s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf]d f s}b e'Qmfg ePsf] lbg;Dd / hl/jfgf dfq ePsf]df hl/jfgf a'emfPsf] lbg;Ddsf] le;f b:t"/ nfUg] 5}g .
!$= !$=
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] ;a} jf s]xL k|fjwfgx? s'g} ju{, hft, hftL jf /fli6« otfsf ljb] zLx?nfO{ nfu" gx'g] jf tf]lsPsf zt{x? adf]lhd dfq nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] 5 . -@_
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfn /fHo leq s'g} klg ljb]zLsf] k|j]z, pkl:ylt jf k|:yfgaf6 /fli6«o lxt k|lts"n x'g ;S5 eGg] nfu]d f To:tf] ljb]zLsf] k|j] z, pkl:ylt jf k|:yfg lgif]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!%=
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] M o; P]g adf]lhd dxf–lgb]{zsn] cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/dWo] ;a} jf s]xL clwsf/ cfˆgf] dftxtsf cGo clws[t jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
!^=
cGo k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ sf/jfxL ug{ afwf gkg]{ M o; P]gdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] s'g} JolQm dfly cGo k| rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg afwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
5
!&=
c;n lgotn] u/]sf]d f arfp M of] P]g adf]lhd c;n lgotn] u/]sf] jf ug{ vf] h]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] lgldQ Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{ jf s'g} sd{rf/L pk/ d'2f rnfpg jf cGo s'g} sfg"gL sf/jfxL rnfpg kfOg] 5}g .
!*=
lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M of] P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu >L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg ;Sg]5 .
!(=
vf/]hL / arfp M -!_ ljb]zL ;DaGwL P]g, @)!% vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 . -@_
ljb]zL ;DaGwL P]g, @)!% / ;f] P]g cGtu{ tsf lgodx? adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxL o;} P]g adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
6
