B2B, B2C transaction. (e-commerce). S2L, L2L transaction. (e-logistics). Logistics ... E-commerce 22,400 billion yen 52% up. Fig. ... One-to-one marketing (B2C).
Impacts of Information and Communication Technology on Urban Logistics System
Toshinori Nemoto Johan Visser Ryuichi Yoshimoto
B2B, B2C transaction (e-commerce) Internet (mobile) S2L, L2L transaction (e-logistics) ITS Logistics operations (e-fleet mgnt) Fig. 2 ICT and urban logistics system
Business S2S
C2C B2C Consumers (C)
Shippers (S) C2B S2L
L2S
Logistics service providers (L) L2L
C2G
G2C
B2G Governments (G) G2B
Fig.1 Stakeholders in logistics system
G2G
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
42.1
Public phone 4.4 26.8
Pager 7.0
56.8
Mobile phone
72.9 19.2 17.3
Specialized radio
23.9
Multi-channel access Satellite comm.
Upper 1996
9.3
Lower 2000
0.1
(Survey year)
0.5
Fig. 3 Mobile communication media between drivers and dispatchers in Trucking Carriers
B2C 824 billion yen 135% up B2B 21,600 billion yen 50%up
Internet contents
Contents exclusive for IMPs
Internet (including extra-net)
Internet Mobile Phone (IMP) net
Desk-top personal computers
Mobile phone
IMPs with microbrowsers
Note-book personal computers
Mobile commerce 59 billion yen 1300% up E-commerce 22,400 billion yen 52% up Fig. 4 E-commerce in Japan in 2000
Tracking i-mode
Shipping charge estimation
(e-commerce) Inter net
More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C)
Substituting Shopping time
More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C)
(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S)
-
JIT delivery
+
More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)
-
+ Ton-km
+ Vehiclekm
-
Urban consolidation
(e-fleet management)
Freightton
+
Direct delivery
Outsourcing logistics
Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)
ITS
+
Global procurement
New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)
&
+ +
More value Added products
Optimizing routing
+ Vehicle-km in urban area
Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system
Table 2 Modal shares by trip purpose in Tokyo in 1998 trip purpose modal share (%) rail bus car two-
foot
wheeler
Tokyo Metropolitan commuting Area (34 million pop) shopping, leisure Central Tokyo commuting (8 million pop) shopping, leisure
46
2
32
13
7
13
3
34
21
29
73
2
9
10
6
23
3
12
23
39
(e-commerce) Inter net
More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C) More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C) New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)
&
(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S) Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)
ITS
(e-fleet management) More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)
More value Added products Substituting Shopping time Global procurement
+ + +
-
JIT delivery
+
Urban consolidation
Optimizing routing
-
+
Direct delivery
Outsourcing logistics
Freightton
-
Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system
+ Ton-km
+ Vehiclekm
+ Vehicle-km in urban area
Table 3 Freight traffic in terms of vehicle-km, ton-km and ton in Japan freight traffic freight traffic freight traffic in vehicle-km in ton-km in ton (billion share of share of (billion t-km)(million ton) v-km) commercial private trucks (%) trucks (%) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999
141 146 170 182 179 181
1980
19.0 23.7 28.4 33.0 35.2 36.2
81.0 76.3 71.6 67.0 64.8 63.8
1985
1990
23.7
28.4
178 205 274 294 300 307
5,317 5,048 6,113 6,016 5,819 5,863
1995
1999
33.0
36.2
commercial truck
67.0
63.8
private truck
0% 10%
19.0
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
81.0
76.3
71.6
70% 80% 90% 100%
Share of freight transport vehicle-km by commercial and private
1980
1985
1990
1994
1999
8.5
8.9
10.2
12.4
14.5
0% 10%
commercial vehicle small size 1.3% in 1999
commercial vehicle ordinary size
20% 30% 40% 50%
76.4
78.5
76.1
71.1
66.4
13.7
11.4
12.6
15.6
17.8
Private vehicle small-size max. loading weight < 4 ton
60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Private vehicle ordinary-size max. loading weight > 4 ton
Share of intra-prefecture* freight transport vehicle-km by commercial and private, small and ordinary *Note: there are 47 prefectures in Japan.
(e-commerce) Inter net
More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C)
More value Added products Substituting Shopping time
More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C)
Global procurement
New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)
&
(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S)
ITS
More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)
JIT delivery
+
Optimizing routing
Freightton
-
+
+
-
Urban consolidation
(e-fleet management)
+
Direct delivery
Outsourcing logistics
Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)
+ +
-
Ton-km
+ Vehiclekm
+ Vehicle-km in urban area
Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system
Freight Carrier X
INTERNET INTERNET
Freight Carrier Y Packet Communication Network
Internet Service Provider
Freight Carrier Z
Web Server Information Sharing On Delivery Status
Internet Mobile Phone
Fig. 6 Sharing information on delivery status with Internet Mobile Phones
Access to the Web server Select from pull down menu and send a message
Vehicle ID Delivery Status Delivery Order 1:Send 0:End
Fig. 7 Interface of i-mode phone
Waiting Loading/unloading Departure
(e-commerce) Inter net
More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C) More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C) New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)
&
(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S) Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)
ITS
(e-fleet management) More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)
More value Added products Substituting Shopping time Global procurement
+ + +
-
JIT delivery
+
Urban consolidation
Optimizing routing
-
+
Direct delivery
Outsourcing logistics
Freightton
-
+ Ton-km
+ Vehiclekm
+ Vehicle-km in urban area
Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system
Figure 8 Traffic Information on Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway (Source: ATIS, i-mode, 2001)
Congestion
Normal
Table 5 Policies on City Logistics Infrastructure provision Transportation
Information Digital map, GPS Road traffic Transport Ring roads, networks Direct links to information ports & airports, system, Underground Electronic toll freight system collection Terminals (Urban logistics (Berth guidance platform) system) Land use
Regulations/guidelines
Economic instruments
Regulations Standardization Pricing Zoning for Property tax logistics activities Road pricing Truck route control, Vehicle and time restriction
Subsidies
Subsidies for intermodal transport
Standards for intermodal terminals
Subsidies for cooperative facilities Loading/ On-road parking(Reservation on Compulsory Parking charge Subsidies for offunloading space, (Off-road parking space) loading spaces, differentiation road parking parking space) Loading time facilities Vehicles/ (Electric vehicles (Fleet Emission control Standardized Vehicle weight Subsidies for low containers Vehicles with management Loading ratio containers, tax, Fuel tax, emission vehicles handling system, control, pallets, electronicEnvironmental Vehicle sharing equipments) Matching system Compulsory use tags, in-vehicle tax between cargoes of low emission units and vehicles) vehicles Cargoes (Cargo tracking, (EDI, AIDC) Subsidies for Order entry cooperative system) delivery Note:i j expected to be introduced by the private sector
Conclusions • Increase of e-commerce and mobile-commerce • Direct home delivery increases vehicle-km • Vehicle-km reduced by e-logistics and e-fleet management • Internet Mobile Phones and Intelligent Transport Systems work 5. Information infrastructure by the governments
