Impacts of Information and Communication ...

2 downloads 22311 Views 550KB Size Report
B2B, B2C transaction. (e-commerce). S2L, L2L transaction. (e-logistics). Logistics ... E-commerce 22,400 billion yen 52% up. Fig. ... One-to-one marketing (B2C).
Impacts of Information and Communication Technology on Urban Logistics System

Toshinori Nemoto Johan Visser Ryuichi Yoshimoto

B2B, B2C transaction (e-commerce) Internet (mobile) S2L, L2L transaction (e-logistics) ITS Logistics operations (e-fleet mgnt) Fig. 2 ICT and urban logistics system

Business S2S

C2C B2C Consumers (C)

Shippers (S) C2B S2L

L2S

Logistics service providers (L) L2L

C2G

G2C

B2G Governments (G) G2B

Fig.1 Stakeholders in logistics system

G2G

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

%

42.1

Public phone 4.4 26.8

Pager 7.0

56.8

Mobile phone

72.9 19.2 17.3

Specialized radio

23.9

Multi-channel access Satellite comm.

Upper 1996

9.3

Lower 2000

0.1

(Survey year)

0.5

Fig. 3 Mobile communication media between drivers and dispatchers in Trucking Carriers

B2C 824 billion yen 135% up B2B 21,600 billion yen 50%up

Internet contents

Contents exclusive for IMPs

Internet (including extra-net)

Internet Mobile Phone (IMP) net

Desk-top personal computers

Mobile phone

IMPs with microbrowsers

Note-book personal computers

Mobile commerce 59 billion yen 1300% up E-commerce 22,400 billion yen 52% up Fig. 4 E-commerce in Japan in 2000

Tracking i-mode

Shipping charge estimation

(e-commerce) Inter net

More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C)

Substituting Shopping time

More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C)

(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S)

-

JIT delivery

+

More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)

-

+ Ton-km

+ Vehiclekm

-

Urban consolidation

(e-fleet management)

Freightton

+

Direct delivery

Outsourcing logistics

Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)

ITS

+

Global procurement

New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)

&

+ +

More value Added products

Optimizing routing

+ Vehicle-km in urban area

Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system

Table 2 Modal shares by trip purpose in Tokyo in 1998 trip purpose modal share (%) rail bus car two-

foot

wheeler

Tokyo Metropolitan commuting Area (34 million pop) shopping, leisure Central Tokyo commuting (8 million pop) shopping, leisure

46

2

32

13

7

13

3

34

21

29

73

2

9

10

6

23

3

12

23

39

(e-commerce) Inter net

More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C) More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C) New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)

&

(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S) Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)

ITS

(e-fleet management) More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)

More value Added products Substituting Shopping time Global procurement

+ + +

-

JIT delivery

+

Urban consolidation

Optimizing routing

-

+

Direct delivery

Outsourcing logistics

Freightton

-

Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system

+ Ton-km

+ Vehiclekm

+ Vehicle-km in urban area

Table 3 Freight traffic in terms of vehicle-km, ton-km and ton in Japan freight traffic freight traffic freight traffic in vehicle-km in ton-km in ton (billion share of share of (billion t-km)(million ton) v-km) commercial private trucks (%) trucks (%) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999

141 146 170 182 179 181

1980

19.0 23.7 28.4 33.0 35.2 36.2

81.0 76.3 71.6 67.0 64.8 63.8

1985

1990

23.7

28.4

178 205 274 294 300 307

5,317 5,048 6,113 6,016 5,819 5,863

1995

1999

33.0

36.2

commercial truck

67.0

63.8

private truck

0% 10%

19.0

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

81.0

76.3

71.6

70% 80% 90% 100%

Share of freight transport vehicle-km by commercial and private

1980

1985

1990

1994

1999

8.5

8.9

10.2

12.4

14.5

0% 10%

commercial vehicle small size 1.3% in 1999

commercial vehicle ordinary size

20% 30% 40% 50%

76.4

78.5

76.1

71.1

66.4

13.7

11.4

12.6

15.6

17.8

Private vehicle small-size max. loading weight < 4 ton

60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Private vehicle ordinary-size max. loading weight > 4 ton

Share of intra-prefecture* freight transport vehicle-km by commercial and private, small and ordinary *Note: there are 47 prefectures in Japan.

(e-commerce) Inter net

More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C)

More value Added products Substituting Shopping time

More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C)

Global procurement

New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)

&

(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S)

ITS

More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)

JIT delivery

+

Optimizing routing

Freightton

-

+

+

-

Urban consolidation

(e-fleet management)

+

Direct delivery

Outsourcing logistics

Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)

+ +

-

Ton-km

+ Vehiclekm

+ Vehicle-km in urban area

Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system

Freight Carrier X

INTERNET INTERNET

Freight Carrier Y Packet Communication Network

Internet Service Provider

Freight Carrier Z

Web Server Information Sharing On Delivery Status

Internet Mobile Phone

Fig. 6 Sharing information on delivery status with Internet Mobile Phones

Access to the Web server Select from pull down menu and send a message

Vehicle ID Delivery Status Delivery Order 1:Send 0:End

Fig. 7 Interface of i-mode phone

Waiting Loading/unloading Departure

(e-commerce) Inter net

More efficient transaction Internet EDI (B2B) Cyber mall (B2C) More customized products Information sharing (B2B) One-to-one marketing (B2C) New business model Reverse auction (C2B) Auction(C2C)

&

(e-logistics) More efficient transaction Logistics EDI (S2L) Courier, 3PL, 4PL (L2S) Advanced logistics market Matching cargoes and trucks (S2L, L2L) Shipping charge estimation (L2S)

ITS

(e-fleet management) More efficient logistics operation Optimized routing (L2L) Cargo tracking (L2S)

More value Added products Substituting Shopping time Global procurement

+ + +

-

JIT delivery

+

Urban consolidation

Optimizing routing

-

+

Direct delivery

Outsourcing logistics

Freightton

-

+ Ton-km

+ Vehiclekm

+ Vehicle-km in urban area

Fig.9 Impacts of ICT on urban logistics system

Figure 8 Traffic Information on Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway (Source: ATIS, i-mode, 2001)

Congestion

Normal

Table 5 Policies on City Logistics Infrastructure provision Transportation

Information Digital map, GPS Road traffic Transport Ring roads, networks Direct links to information ports & airports, system, Underground Electronic toll freight system collection Terminals (Urban logistics (Berth guidance platform) system) Land use

Regulations/guidelines

Economic instruments

Regulations Standardization Pricing Zoning for Property tax logistics activities Road pricing Truck route control, Vehicle and time restriction

Subsidies

Subsidies for intermodal transport

Standards for intermodal terminals

Subsidies for cooperative facilities Loading/ On-road parking(Reservation on Compulsory Parking charge Subsidies for offunloading space, (Off-road parking space) loading spaces, differentiation road parking parking space) Loading time facilities Vehicles/ (Electric vehicles (Fleet Emission control Standardized Vehicle weight Subsidies for low containers Vehicles with management Loading ratio containers, tax, Fuel tax, emission vehicles handling system, control, pallets, electronicEnvironmental Vehicle sharing equipments) Matching system Compulsory use tags, in-vehicle tax between cargoes of low emission units and vehicles) vehicles Cargoes (Cargo tracking, (EDI, AIDC) Subsidies for Order entry cooperative system) delivery Note:i j expected to be introduced by the private sector

Conclusions • Increase of e-commerce and mobile-commerce • Direct home delivery increases vehicle-km • Vehicle-km reduced by e-logistics and e-fleet management • Internet Mobile Phones and Intelligent Transport Systems work 5. Information infrastructure by the governments