Impacts of long-span bamboo structure towards architectural-spatial

0 downloads 0 Views 4MB Size Report
(source: outwardboundindo.org). Fig. 22. Facade of Mandala Agung. (source: rooang.com). Fig. 23. Facade of Wind & Water Bar. (source: arquitecturaviva.com).
MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016

,PSDFWV RI ORQJVSDQ EDPERR VWUXFWXUH WRZDUGV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VSDWLDOH[SHULHQFH 5HYLDQ1DWKDQDHO:LUDEXDQD $QDVWDVLD0DXULQD 

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¶V VWURQJ JUDVS RQ FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH 7KDW LV WR VD\ WKDW LQ VSLWH RI WKH ULVLQJ

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

8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHUROHRIVWUXFWXUHLQ DUFKLWHFWXUH 7KHUH ZDV D WLPH LQ ZKLFK D EXLOGLQJ¶V VWUXFWXUH ZDV FRQVLGHUHGDSXUHO\DORDGEHDULQJHOHPHQWWREHMXGJHG VHSDUDWHO\ IURP WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V IDoDGH DQG LQWHULRU VXSSRVHGO\ D EHWWHU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WR WKH DHVWKHWLFV HOHPHQW RI D EXLOGLQJ +RZHYHU WKH ODVW IHZ GHFDGH RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO JURZWK KDYH VKRZQ VLJQLILFDQW LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKH ZD\ SHRSOH SHUFHLYH DHVWKHWLFV ,Q

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUUHYLDQZLUDEXDQD#JPDLOFRP

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016



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¶V IDoDGH E\ PRGXODWLQJ VKDGLQJRUWH[WXUL]LQJLW  ,QWHULRU6WUXFWXUHWKDWDVWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWFDQIRUP FRPSRVLWLRQVZLWKLQDEXLOGLQJ¶VHQFORVXUH  6WUXFWXUH DQG /LJKW WKDW D VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQW PD\ FRQWULEXWHWROLJKWLQJHLWKHUE\DOORZLQJOLJKWWRHQWHU WKH EXLOGLQJ RU E\ REVWUXFWLQJ LWV HQWU\ WR WKH EXLOGLQJ  %XLOGLQJ )XQFWLRQ WKDW D VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQW GLUHFWO\ FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V LQWHQGHG IXQFWLRQ LQ DFFRPPRGDWLQJ DFWLYLWLHV E\ FRPSDUWPHQWDOL]LQJ VSDFHVRUDUWLFXODWLQJSDWKZD\V  2Q EDODQFH RI ERWK DIRUHPHQWLRQHG DUJXPHQWV UHJDUGLQJWKHUROHV RI VWUXFWXUH&KDUOHVRQ¶V SURSRVLWLRQ RQDUFKLWHFWXUDOUROHFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDQHODERUDWLRQ WR WKH VSHFLILFV RI 6DQGDNHU¶V SURSRVLWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ VSDWLDOUROHV7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHWZRDUJXPHQWVFDQ EHDEDVLVRIDVVHVVLQJWKHPXOWLSOHYDULDEOHVRISRVVLEOH DUFKLWHFWXUDOVSDWLDO LPSDFWV RI D VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQW DV H[SODLQHGLQ7DEOH

 &KDUDFWHULVWLF RI EDPERR DV ORQJ VSDQVWUXFWXUHHOHPHQW %DPERR¶V VWHP DUH KROORZ LQ WKH PLGGOH PDNLQJ LW IDLUO\ OLJKW LQ ZHLJKW &RQVHTXHQWO\ LWV VWDELOLW\ LV GHULYHG IURP WKH ULQJVKDSHG FXOP LQVWHDG RI WKH HQWLUH VHFWLRQ 7KLVIDFW SURYHVWRPDNH EDPERR D PXFK PRUH VWDEOHVWUXFWXUHLQFRPSDULVRQWRZRRGDVLW KDVZHDNHU RXWHUSDUWV DQG ILUPHU LQQHUSDUWV LQVWHDG RI WKH RWKHU ZD\DURXQG>@



7DEOH9DULDEOHVIRU$VVHVVLQJ6SDWLDO$UFKLWHFWXUDO ,PSDFWV 6DQGDNHU

&KDUOHVRQ %XLOGLQJ ([WHULRU

&RQWH[WXDOLW\ ,QWHULRU 6WUXFWXUH

%XLOGLQJ )XQFWLRQ 8WLOLW\ 6WUXFWXUHDQG /LJKW



)LJ&XOP6HFWLRQ VRXUFHEDPERRERWDQLFDOFD 

)LJ&URVV6HFWLRQ VRXUFHIODYLRGHVODQGHVFRP 

3DUDPHWHU 7KHVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWV ZLWKWKHWKHDUFKLWHFWXUH RIWKHEXLOGLQJE\EHLQJ DQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKH IDFDGH 7KHVWUXFWXUH FRPPXQLFDWHVZLWKWKH XVHUVRIWKHEXLOGLQJE\ GLVSOD\LQJFRPSRVLWLRQV ZLWKLQWKHHQFORVXUH 7KHVWUXFWXUH FRQWULEXWHVWRWKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKH EXLOGLQJE\ DFFRPPRGDWLQJLWV DFWLYLWLHV 7KHVWUXFWXUH FRQWULEXWHVWRWKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKH EXLOGLQJE\SURYLGLQJLWV XVHUVZLWKQDWXUDOOLJKWV



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

2



MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016



/RQJVSDQEDPERRVWUXFWXUHV 7KHJUHDWKDOO2%,HFRFDPSXV-DWLOXKXU 7KH*UHDW+DOORI2%,(FR&DPSXVLVDQDVVHPEO\KDOO RI 2XWZDUG %RXQG ,QGRQHVLD IDFLOLW\ 7KH VWUXFWXUH VSDQQHG  PHWHUV DFURVV LQ WKH IRUP RI SRUWDO IUDPH ZLWKVWUDLJKWHOHPHQWV>@ 

 )LJ%UDFLQJV VRXUFH0DXULQDHWDO 





)LJ,QWHULRU VRXUFHRXWZDUGERXQGVLQGRRUJ 



 )LJ-RLQHULHV VRXUFH0DXULQDHWDO 



)LJ([WHULRU VRXUFHRXWZDUGERXQGVLQGRRUJ 

0DQGDOD$JXQJ3XUL$KLPVD%DOL 0DQGDOD$JXQJLVDPHGLWDWLRQDOIDFLOLW\ORFDWHGLQWKH 3XUL $KLPVD5HVRUWFRPSRXQG ,WV VSDQLVGHULYHGIURP DULEEHGVKHOOVWUXFWXUHV\VWHPIRUPHGE\VHYHQYHUWLFDO DUFKHVERXQGE\KRUL]RQWDOKRRSV>@

7KH SRUWDOV DUH IRUPHG RI MRLQHG EDPERR PHPEHUV IRUPLQJDSODQDU WUXVV LQ ZKLFK HDFK PHPEHUV WUDQVIHUV FRPSUHVVLYH DQG WHQVLOH ORDGV D[LDOO\ 7KH PHPEHUV ZHUH MRLQHG WRJHWKHU XVLQJ EROWNQXFNOH MRLQWV VWUHQJWKHQHG E\ SDOP URSHV NQRWV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH WUXVVHVEUDFLQJVZHUHSRVLWLRQHGEHWZHHQHDFKSRUWDOVWR LQFUHDVHODWHUDOVWDELOLW\>@



)LJ7UXVVHG3RUWDO6\VWHP VRXUFH0DXULQDHWDO 

)LJ,QWHULRU VRXUFHURRDQJFRP 

 



)LJ7UXVV,VRPHWULFV VRXUFH0DXULQDHWDO 







)LJ([WHULRU VRXUFHURRDQJFRP 



  

3



 

MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016



(DFKRIWKHDUFKHVZHUHPDGHRIDWUXVV7KHWUXVVHV ZHUHFRQILJXUHGLQUDGLDORUGHUZLWKDFURZQDWWKHDSH[ RIWKHVWUXFWXUH ZKLFK XQLWHV DOO RI WKH WUXVVHV 6LQJXODU EDPERR KRRSV SURYLGHG WKH VKHOO ZLWK LWV ODWHUDO VWDELOLW\ .QXFNOH DQG EROWV ZHUH XVHG WR MRLQ EDPERR PHPEHUVWRJHWKHU>@

:LQG ZDWHUEDU%LQK'XRQJ :LQG :DWHU%DULVDWKDWFKHGGRPHVWUXFWXUHEXLOWLQ WKH PLGGOH RI D ODNH LQ %LQK 'XRQJ 3URYLQFH RI 9LHWQDP 6LPLODU WR 0DQGDOD $JXQJ WKLV EXLOGLQJ HPSOR\V D ULEEHGVKHOO VWUXFWXUH V\VWHP IRUPHG E\ YHUWLFDO DUFKHV ERXQG E\ KRUL]RQWDO KRRSV ZKLFK IRUPV LWVPHWHUVVSDQQLQJGRPH



)LJ7UXVVHG$UFK VRXUFH0DXULQD(QJJDUVDUL.ULVDQWL $GKLVDNVDQD 







)LJ,QWHULRU VRXUFHLQKDELWDWFRP 





)LJ&URZQ VRXUFH0DXULQD(QJJDUVDUL.ULVDQWL $GKLVDNVDQD 

)LJ([WHULRU VRXUFHYRWURQJKLDFRP 

(DFK RI WKH DUFKHV ZHUH DOVR PDGH RI D WUXVV 7KH WUXVVHV ZHUH FRQILJXUHG LQ UDGLDO RUGHU ZLWK D FRPSUHVVLRQULQJXQLWLQJDOORIWKHWUXVVHVZKLOHVHUYLQJ DVDVN\OLJKW6LQJXODUEDPERRKRRSVSURYLGHGWKHVKHOO ZLWK LWV ODWHUDO VWDELOLW\ ZLWK WKH KHOS RI EUDFLQJV 3DOP URSHVZHUHXVHGWRMRLQEDPERRPHPEHUVWRJHWKHU 

)LJ+RRSV VRXUFH0DXULQD(QJJDUVDUL.ULVDQWL $GKLVDNVDQD 



)LJ7UXVVHG5LE VRXUFHGH]HHQFRP 

)LJ-RLQHULHV VRXUFH0DXULQD(QJJDUVDUL.ULVDQWL $GKLVDNVDQD 

4



 

MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016



HOHPHQWV MRLQHULHV ZHUH JHQHUDOO\ HPSOR\HG E\ WKH EXLOGLQJVLQRUGHUWRDOORZDODUJHVWDEOHVWUXFWXUDOVSDQ 7DEOH6WUXFWXUDO&RPSDULVRQ %XLOGLQJ 7KH*UHDW+DOO

0DQGDOD $JXQJ

:LQG :DWHU



)LJ7UXVVHV VXPEHUIORRUQDWXUHFRP 

/RFDO6WUXFWXUH (OHPHQWV

-RLQHULHV

3ODQDU7UXVVHV VXSSRUWHGE\Y VKDSHGEUDFLQJV

%ROW NQXFNOH SDOPURSHMRLQWV

7UXVVHG$UFKHV 7UXVVHG5LEV VXSSRUWHGE\KRRSV

%ROW NQXFNOHV

5LEEHGVKHOO 7UXVVHG5LEV VXSSRUWHGE\KRRSV DQGEUDFLQJV

3DOPURSHVMRLQW

 7KH GHFLVLRQ WR HPSOR\ WUXVVHV DOVR FRLQFLGHV ZLWK EDPERR¶V QDWXUDO DELOLW\ WR FDUU\ D[LDOORDGV 7KDW LV WR VD\ WKDW D WUXVVHG VWUXFWXUH ZRXOG DOORZ EDPERR WR WUDQVIHU ORDGV D[LDOO\ HYHQ ZKHQ IRUFHV ZHUH JOREDOO\ SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH VWUXFWXUH +HQFH WKH EDPERR VWUXFWXUH LV FDSDEOH RI VSDQQLQJ LPSUHVVLYH GLVWDQFHV ZKLOHFDUU\LQJKXJHDPRXQWVRIORDG

 6SDWLDO H[SHULHQFH LQ D EDPERR VWUXFWXUH

)LJ%UDFLQJV VXPEHUSOXVMS 





7KH UHVHDUFK FRQFOXGHV WKDW EDPERR VWUXFWXUHV DV VHHQ LQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGEXLOGLQJV KDYHDGYHUVHLPSDFWWR  WKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOH[SHULHQFHRIWKRVHSHUFHLYLQJLW7KHVH LPSDFWVFDQEHVHHQLQWKHIROORZLQJDVSHFWV %XLOGLQJH[WHULRU

)LJ-RLQHULHV VRXUFHLQKDELWDWFRP 

5HSHWLWLRQ RI YHUWLFDO VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQW FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH GLVFXVVHG EDPERR EXLOGLQJV ZLWK VRPH KDYLQJ VLJQLILFDQWO\ YDVW QXPEHUV RI FROXPQV VWDQGLQJ YHU\ FORVHWRHDFKRWKHU 7KLV WUDLW FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR EDPERR¶V OHVVHU FDSDELOLW\LQKDQGOLQJFRPSUHVVLYHORDGLQFRPSDULVRQWR RWKHUPDWHULDO7KHEXLOGLQJVVKRXOGFRPSHQVDWHIRUWKLV GHILFLW E\LQFUHDVLQJWKH QXPEHU RIHOHPHQWVVXSSRUWLQJ WKH EXLOGLQJ +HQFH WKH LQFUHDVHG QXPEHU RI VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV VWDQGLQJ FORVH WR HDFK RWKHU LQ EDPERR EXLOGLQJV 7KH SUHVHQFH RI UHSHDWHG HOHPHQWV LQ UK\WKP DFFRUGLQJWR)UDQFLV'.&KLQJLVRQHRIWKHPHWKRGWR HVWDEOLVK RUGHU LQ D FRPSRVLWLRQ >@  +DG WKLV UK\WPLF DUUD\ RI VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQW EHHQ H[SRVHG LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V IDFDGH LW PD\ VHUYH DV DQ LPSDFWIXO HOHPHQW WRWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VH[WHULRU +RZHYHU LQ SUDFWLFH WZR RI WKH WKUHH EXLOGLQJV RI GLVFXVVLRQ ZDV GHVLJQHG QRW WR H[SRVH LWV VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV 7KLV GHFLVLRQ PD\ EH DWWULEXWHG WKH QHHG WR SURWHFW EDPERR IURP WKH HIIHFWV RI ZHDWKHU LH UDLQZDWHU 



&RPSDULQJWKHVWUXFWXUHV 7KHFRPSDULVRQ SURYLGHG DERYHVKRZV WKDW PRVW RIWKH EXLOGLQJ HPSOR\V WUXVVHV DV WKHLU ORFDO VWUXFWXUDO IRUP PRVWOLNHO\LQDFFRXQWRI PDNLQJWKH PRVW RI EDPERR¶V OLPLWHG OHQJWK DQG IRUP ,Q IRUPLQJ WKHVH VWUXFWXUDO

5

MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016



)LJ)DFDGHRI7KH*UHDW+DOO VRXUFHRXWZDUGERXQGLQGRRUJ 

DFWLYH¶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



6WUXFWXUHDQGOLJKW

)LJ)DFDGHRI0DQGDOD$JXQJ VRXUFHURRDQJFRP 

)LJ)DFDGHRI:LQG :DWHU%DU VRXUFHDUTXLWHFWXUDYLYDFRP 

7KH DSH[ RI WKH VSDQQLQJ VWUXFWXUHV SOD\HG DQRWKHU VLJQLILFDQWUROHLQWKHVSDWLDOH[SHULHQFHRIWKHSHUFHLYHU RIWKHEXLOGLQJWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIQDWXUDOOLJKWLQJ%RWK 0DQGDOD $JXQJ DQG WKH :LQG  :DWHU %DU VSRUWV D FURZQ ULQJ DW WKH DSH[ RI WKHLU GRPHOLNH IRUPV DERYH WKHFHQWHURIWKHFRQFHQWULFFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJ











)LJ6N\OLJKWLQJLQ0DQGDOD$JXQJ VRXUFHILYHHOHPHQWRUJ 



,QFRQFOXVLRQEXLOGLQJV ZLWK EDPERRVWUXFWXUHGRHV QRWKDYHDVPXFKIUHHGRPLQH[SRVLQJLWVVWUXFWXUHWRWKH H[WHULRU DV EXLOGLQJV ZLWK RWKHU PRUH ZHDWKHU±UHVLVWDQW PDWHULDOVIRUVWUXFWXUHVXFKDVFRQFUHWH



,QWHULRUVWUXFWXUH :KLOH UHSHWLWLRQ RI VWUXFWXUHV ZHUH UDUHO\ PDGH YLVLEOH IURP WKH RXWVLGH WKH DUUD\ RI VWUXFWXUHV ZHUH XVXDOO\ D GRPLQDQW DVSHFW LQ WKH LQWHULRU RI EDPERR EXLOGLQJV DV VHHQLQWKHLQWHULRURIWKHWKUHHEXLOGLQJVLQGLVFXVVLRQ 7KH SUHVHQFH RI UHSHDWHG HOHPHQWV LQ UK\WKP DFFRUGLQJWR)UDQFLV'.&KLQJLVRQHRIWKHPHWKRGWR HVWDEOLVK RUGHU LQ D FRPSRVLWLRQ >@  +DG WKLV UK\WPLF DUUD\ RI VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQW EHHQ H[SRVHG LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V IDFDGH LW PD\ VHUYH DV DQ LPSDFWIXO HOHPHQW WRWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VH[WHULRU 7KHPRVWQRWLFHDEOH SDWWHUQ KRZHYHU LVWKH YDXOWHG VKDSHVRIWKHWKUHHEXLOGLQJV$YDXOWHGRUDUFKHGVKDSH FDUULHV ZLWK LW WKH FDSDELOLW\ WR FRQYHUW WHQVLOH VWUHVVHV LQWRSXUHO\FRPSUHVVLYHORDGV>@7KLV XQLTXHWUDLW ZDV WKH UHDVRQ ZK\ DUFKHG VWUXFWUXHV DOVR FDOOHG µIRUP

 )LJ6N\OLJKWLQJLQ:LQGDQG:DWHU VRXUFHYRWURQJKLDFRP 

7KH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI VN\OLJKWLQJ FRPHV QDWXUDOO\ IRU ERWK RI WKRVH EXLOGLQJV $V ERWK EXLOGLQJ KDV D GRPH VKDSHG IRUP WKH EXLOGLQJ ZLOO PRVW OLNHO\ H[SHULHQFH FRPSUHVVLYH KRRS VWUHVVHV DW LWV FURZQ >@ ,Q DFFRXQW RIWKDWVWUHVVWKHEXLOGLQJVZRXOGUHTXLUHWKHSUHVHQFHRI

6

MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05024 (2017)

DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105024

SICEST 2016



DFRPSUHVVLRQULQJWRFDUU\WKHKRRSVWUHVVHV7KHUHIRUH WKHVN\OLJKWVHUYHVPXOWLSOHSXUSRVHVLQERWKEXLOGLQJV 7KH VKDSH RI VN\OLJKWLQJ LV GLIIHUHQW LQ 7KH *UHDW +DOO LW LV OLQHDU LQ IRUP DQG SULPDULO\ PDGH RI WKH SRVLWLRQLQJRIWKHWKDWFKURRIDV RSSRVHGWRWKHEDPERR VWUXFWXUHV7KHVN\OLJKWLQJFUHYLFHZDVSRVLWLRQHGRQWKH SRLQW LQ WKH EDPERR WUXVV ZKLFK FDUULHV WKH ORZHVW DPRXQWRIPRPHQWIRUFH>@

)LJ7KH/LQHDU%DOFRQ\)UDPHGE\WKH3RUWDOV VRXUFHYRWURQJKLDFRP 



&RQFOXVLRQ ,Q VXPPDU\ WKH UROH RI VWUXFWXUH LV WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH EXLOGLQJ LW VHUYHV $W VRPH VSHFLILF DVSHFWV EDPERR PLJKW QRW EH DEOH WR GR WKDW UROH )RU LQVWDQFH ZLWK WKH FXUUHQWO\ DYDLODEOH WHFKQRORJ\ EDPERRPLJKW QRW EH DQ DSSURSULDWH PDWHULDO WR FRQWULEXWHWRWKHEXLOGLQJ¶VH[WHULRUGXHWRWKHPDWHULDO¶V QHHGWREHSURWHFWHGIURPZHDWKHUHIIHFWV 7KDWEHLQJVDLGDVWUXFWXUHPDGHRIEDPERRVWLOOKDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR  EULQJ XQLTXH LPSDFW WR LWV SHUFHLYHUV 7KH\ KDYH DPRQJ RWKHUV WKH FDSDELOLW\ WR HVWDEOLVK RUGHULQWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIVWUXFWXUHDVVHHQIURPZLWKLQ WKH HQFORVXUH DOORZ VN\OLJKWLQJ WR EH LQWHJUDWHG WR WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V GHVLJQ DV ZHOO DV DOORZLQJ WKH EXLOGLQJ WR EHWWHUDFFRPRGDWHYDULRXVIXQFWLRQVDQGDFWLYLWLHV



)LJ6N\OLJKWLQJLQ7KH*UHDW+DOO VRXUFHRXWZDUGERXQGVLQGRRUJ 

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

5HIHUHQFHV  %RZ\HU - HW DO %DPERR 3URGXFWV DQG 7KHLU (QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWV5HYLVLWHG    6DQGDNHU%12Q6SDQDQG6SDFH    &KDUOHVRQ$6UXFWXUHDV$UFKLWHFWXUH    5RWWNH(0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI%DPERR    %\VWULDNRYD 1 .DSRV 9  /\VHQNR , &DPEULGJH    )ULFN+,OPX.RQVWUXNVL%DQJXQDQ%DPEX    0DXULQD$HWDO-RXUQDO8QSDU    &KLQJ ) ' .  )RUP 6SDFH DQG 2UGHU 7KLUG (GLWLRQ 1HZ -HUVH\ -RKQ :LOH\  6RQV ,QF  9DLG\DQDWKDQ56WUXFWXUDO$QDO\VLV    0DFGRQDOG$6WUXFWXUHDQG$UFKLWHFWXUH    6FKRGHN'/6WUXFWXUH   

%XLOGLQJIXQFWLRQ 7KH VSDQQLQJ VWUXFWXUH DOORZV IRU D KLJKHU GHJUHH RI IUHHGRPIRUDFWLYLWLHV%RWK7KH*UHDW+DOODQG0DQGDOD $JXQJ VHUYHV D DQ DOOSXUSRVH PHHWLQJ URRP ZKLFK UHTXLUHV WKH URRP WR EH IUHH RI REVWUXFWLRQV RIWHQO\ FDXVHG E\ YHUWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV 7KH :LQG DQG :DWHU %DU VHUYHV DV D UHVWDXUDQW ZKLFK DOVR UHXLUHV DV OLWWOH REVWUXFWLRQ DV SRVVLEOH LQ RUGHU WR DFFRPRGDWH WKH FLUFXODWLRQRIFXVWRPHUVDQGZDLWHUVDOLNH ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI EDPERR VWUXFWXUH ZLWK WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V IXQFWLRQLVHVSHFLDOO\VLJQLILFDQWLQ7KH*UHDW+DOO(DFK RI WKH SRUWDO  IUDPHV ZHUH PRUH WKDQ WZRVWRULHV LQ KHLJKW 7KH SRUWDOV ZHUH XVHG WR KRXVH D VHFRQG IORRU WKDW VHUYHVDVEDOFRQLHV WR WKH PHHWLQJ KDOO 7KH SRUWDOV IXUWKHUDFFHQWXDWHVWKHOLQHDUEDOFRQ\E\IUDPLQJWKHP

7