Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Machinery and Mechatronics for Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering (ISMAB) 28-30 May 2018, Jeju, Korea
Implementation Strategies of Knowledge Management for Irrigation Management Case in Lodoyo Irrigation System Indonesia Murtiningrum1, Andri Prima Nugroho1*, Sigit Supadmo Arif1 1
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia *Corresponding Author-- Voice: +62-274-563-542, Email:
[email protected]
Abstract: One of Indonesia development goals recently is achieving food sovereignty where irrigation is one of the focus. Following the development of irrigation infrastructure, the development of human resources become a strategy to improve irrigation services. The human resources of irrigation management are professionals and become human capital to the institution because of their knowledge. This research aimed to identify knowledge gap in irrigation management and to determine implementation strategies to develop knowledge management. This research was conducted in Lodoyo Irrigation System, East Java, Indonesia. Gaps in knowledge between actual and regulation in irrigation operation and maintenance business processes were identified. Implementation strategies for knowledge management were then determined to reduce the gaps. The strategies consisted of maintaining the current procedures and externalization the procedure involving tacit knowledge of irrigation officials. Key Words: Knowledge management, Sustainable irrigation, Lodoyo irrigation system, Knowledge mapping, Irrigation management
INTRODUCTION One of Indonesia development goals recently is achieving food sovereignty through five strategies, namely development of food policy, optimization of land and water resources, improvement production processes and infrastructures, farmer networking and institution, and development of local food habit (Subejo et. Al., 2015). Irrigation is one of the focus in utilize water resource optimally to support achievement food sovereignty. The Indonesian government has developed main irrigation infrastructure throughout the country including 57 reservoir and 10 irrigation systems in the last three years. Following the development of irrigation infrastructure, the development of human resources become a strategy to improve irrigation services. People manage as well as utilize water the irrigation infrastructures which has already been developed. The human resources of irrigation management are professionals and become human
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capital to the institution because of their knowledge. In order to manage an irrigation system successfully, human resources should accomplish a set of requirements including requirements on knowledge. This research aimed to identify knowledge gap in irrigation management and to determine implementation strategies to develop knowledge management. MATERIALS AND METHODS LOCATION This research was conducted in Lodoyo Irrigation System, East Java, Indonesia. Lodoyo Irrigation System abstracts water from Brantas River under Wlingi Raya Reservoir and irrigate 12,219 ha area spread into 190,582 ha and 1,637 ha in Tulungagung and Blitar regencies, respectively. Infrastructures of Lodoyo Irrigation System consists of five main division offtake structures, 31.82 km primary canal, and 108.34 km secondary canal. Management of Lodoyo Irrigation System is under authority of Brantas River Basin Authority. This management authority is delegated to East Java Provincial Government and then implemented by Government of Tulungagung Regency. Human resources of Office of Public Works of Tulungagung Regency are located in the field for daily management in cooperation with water users’ association. Water users’ association consists of farmers who use water from an irrigation system in a village. Some water users associations in a secondary or primary system are united into federation of water users association DATA COLLECTIONS Knowledge of farmers in water users association were collected through questioners which asked the respondents the their knowledge and practice about 16 types of knowledge used for daily irrigation management. From the responds it was decided the level of understanding and importance of respondents to each phase of irrigation management. Respondents consists of 18 from 19 federations of water users association in Lodoyo Irrigation Systems. ANALYSIS The responds collected were scored according to Likert Scale to show level of understanding and importance. The level of understanding ranged from 1 (not understand) to 5 (understand very well) while the level of importance ranged from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important). Arithmetic mean of each question were calculated from the questioner responds using Eq. (1). ̅ =
∑
(1)
Where: ẋ = arithmetic means xi = the i-th score ni = number of respondents respond the i-th level
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N = total respondents Responds, both understanding and importance, were analyzed using moment Pearson as stated in Eq. (2) to assess the validity. =
∑ ∑ ∑
(2)
∑ మ ∑ మ ∑ మ ∑ మ
Where: rscore = validity index n = number of questions x = score of each questions y = total score of each question Value of rscore was then compare to rtable. Response were considered reliable if rscore was greater than rtable. From data which already considered as valid and reliable, it can be analyzed the knowledge gap which is the difference between level of importance and level of understanding. RESULTS & DISCUSSION VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TEST Respondents were 18 farmers as committee in federation of water users association. Their educational background were varied from elementary school to undergraduate. Their experiences in irrigation management were varied from five to ten years. Data was tested to measure its validity because knowledge data collected was in abstract form. Result of validity test for 16 types of knowledge are stated in Table 1. Validity index, rscore, were calculated using Eq. (2). Table 1. Validity index calculated from questioner results No. Knowledge Importance rscore 1. Main water source 0.602 2. River discharge 0.569 3. Discharge fluctuation 0.559 4. Discharge trend 0.535 5. Additional water source 0.470 6. Walk through survey 0.531 7. Cropping pattern determination 0.528 8. Water allocation determination 0.626 9. Discharge data collection 0.567 10. Cropping data collection 0.526 11. Cropping pattern implementation 0.626 12. Cropping patter group 0.531 13. Water allocation implementation 0.893 14. Water distribution index 0.768
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Understanding rscore 0.676 0.753 0.543 0.610 0.526 0.595 0.509 0.534 0.850 0.684 0.775 0.587 0.625 0.624
15. 16.
Water alternation determination Water alternation implementation rtable
0.768 0.720 0.468
0.773 0.854 0.468
Table 1 showed that for all types of knowledge, rscore were greater than rtable. Therefore responds from respondents were all valid for further analysis. Scores of understanding and importance were calculated using arithmetic mean as shown in Eq. (1). Results of the scores were revealed in Table 2 which also showed knowledge gap of each knowledge type. Table 2. Knowledge Gap between Importance and Understanding No. Knowledge Importance Understanding 1. Main water source 4.611 2.389 2. River discharge 4.222 2.278 3. Discharge fluctuation 4.278 2.278 4. Discharge trend 4.222 2.167 5. Additional water source 4.555 2.111 6. Walk through survey 4.667 2.556 7. Cropping pattern determination 4.333 2.556 8. Water allocation determination 4.378 2.556 9. Discharge data collection 4.611 2.056 10. Cropping data collection 4.378 2.156 11. Cropping pattern implementation 3.889 2.722 12. Cropping pattern group 3.611 2.611 13. Water allocation implementation 3.556 2.444 14. Water distribution index 3.333 2.167 15. Water alternation determination 3.389 2.444 16. Water alternation implementation 3.556 2.389
Gap 2.222 1.944 2.000 2.056 2.444 2.111 1.778 1.822 2.556 2.222 1.167 1.000 1.111 1.167 0.944 1.167
Level of importance showed the importance of knowledge in a respected process based on the respondent’s perspective while level of understanding expressed respondent’s understanding on the use of data in practice of the respected process. Table 2 showed that importance of knowledge in irrigation management activities ranged from 3.5 to 4.7 or important to very important. The highest importance was data of walk through survey which was activity to collect data of infrastructures’ condition. The other high importance are knowledges on main water resources and discharge data collection. On the other hand, the level of understanding ranged from 2.0 to 2.7 or less understand to understand. The highest understanding level was understanding on river discharge and its fluctuation. Although farmers understood the knowledge of river discharge and its fluctuation quite well, their knowledge were not written. Table 2 also revealed knowledge gap between importance and understanding. The knowledge gap ranged from 0.9 to 2.6 which means compatible to less compatible. The most compatible knowledge was water alternation determination. This process was daily activities of water distribution in an irrigation system. The biggest gap was additional water source. According to the operation procedures, discharge of additional water source should be included in the calculation of water balance but most farmers do not understand it than they have never considered it in irrigation operation. The other
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big gap was knowledge on main water source and cropping data collection. Most gap in irrigation management knowledge occurred due to limited written data. Farmers used their intuition which they have due to experiences in understanding the condition of water and crops. This tacit knowledge was proven to be accurate for irrigation management. However it is difficult to transfer tacit knowledge. Strategies to reduce knowledge gap includes the strategies to transfer the tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. Possible strategies spectrum widely spread from written book, data repository, to automatic data collection and decision making. CONCLUSIONS The strategies consisted of maintaining the current procedures and externalization the procedure involving tacit knowledge of irrigation officials. ACKNOLEDGEMENTS Appreciation is addressed to Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works for the facilitation for this research. Gratitude is also delivered to Office of Public Works of Tulungagung Regency for providing field data. Finally, sincere thanks were conveyed to the team of data collection and analysis, Yusfan Ramela Putra, Safitri Rahmawati, Mukhoirotul Khomsah, Ganang Cahyo Seputro, and Rohmad Basuki. REFERENCES Subejo, Nur Saudah Al Arifa, M. Hidayatul Mustofa, 2015, 5 Pilar Kedaulatan Pangan Nusantara, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
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