Table 1: Basic decisions of master planning, Source: Rohde / Wagner (2005), p.159. ..... solutions for SCM, based on the $PS, are i2 Technologies, PeopleSoft.
IMPROVEMENT OF PLANNING SYSTEM IN SUPPLY CHAINS AND SOFTWARE SUPPORT
-DVPLQD2PHUEHJRYLü%LMHORYLü 1LNROD$WDQDVRY =RUDQ5DNLüHYLü )DFXOW\RI2UJDQL]DWLRQDO6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI%HOJUDGH RPHMD#IRQUVDWDQDVRYQ#IRQUV]UDNLFHYLF#IRQUV
Abstract: The topic of this paper was born out of the pratical need for improving collaboration also within planning, and it deals with synchronising a) constant improvement of Planning Systems (principles, concepts, processes, structure, software sulutions etc.) of the Supply Chain members (SCPS) and b) limited ability of the SC members (especially if they are of the small and medium enterprise type – SMEs) to maintain the required software solutions needed to support such a dynamic planning system in SC. Bearing in mind: a) the different types of SC and their members (big business and/or SME), b) the complexity of planning per se, c) the different ways of organising for planning in LS and d) the difficulty in applying software changes within SCPS (stress, waiting, cost etc.), the problem is how to ensure adequate, but not overly expensive software support (new or improved) in a timely fashion for the new SCPS concept. The initial hypothesis is that there is at least one way in which it is possible to develop SCPS and, at the same time maintain the adequacy of the software solution supporting it. The paper is intended for those who design and construct SCPS, as well as all users of it, with the intention to increase awareness of the necessity for constant development of that particular system and about the need for its flexibility, as well as the awareness of the significance and possibilities of planning system engineering. At the same time it is also intended for those who create SCPS software – so that they bear in mind that their software should be functional even if significant changes within SCPS occur. In this paper we have shown a SC model followed by the relevant problem areas (and related works): planning in SC, with the need for SCPS improvement, and the standard software solutions in SC planning/management. In the section about research and results, we have defined seven research questions; we have then pointed out the significant elements of participant collaboration complexity within SC, as well as the possibility for maintaining the adequacy (relevancy) of the software solutions whilst constantly imporving SCPS. Keywords 6\VWHP 3ODQQLQJ 6XSSO\ &KDLQ 6& &ROODERUDWLRQ LQ 6& 6RIWZDUH 6ROXWLRQV DGHTXDF\ 6& 3ODQQLQJ6\VWHP,PSURYHPHQW
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
)LJXUH $FODVVLFYLHZRIWKHVXSSO\FKDLQ 6RXUFH 6FKXWWS
6& FDQ EH VHULDO RU GLYHUJHQW 'RPLQJXH] $V HDFK SDUWLFLSDQW LQ D 6& PD\ KDYH PRUH LQSXW SDUWQHUV DQG PRUH RXWSXW SDUWQHUV LW LV SRVVLEOH WR JHQHUDWH PRUH 6&V )LJ DQG WR SODQ IRU RQH RU PRUHUDUHO\IRUPRUH6&VRYHUWKHVDPHVHWRISDUWQHUV
&RPSRQHQWV
3URGXFWV
)LJXUH2QHSRVVLEOHVXSSO\FKDLQLQSODQQLQJV\VWHPQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUH 6RXUFH ZLWKDGDSWDWLRQIURP'XGHN S
3ODQQLQJLQ6& DVDV\VWHP6&36 LPSOLHVDVKLIWIURPLQGLYLGXDOSODQQLQJ VXFFHVVLYHDQGVHJUHJDWH WR FROODERUDWLYHSODQQLQJLQ6&ZKHUHLQWKHFROODERUDWLYHSODQQLQJDSSURDFKHVFDQEH D Hierarchical planning approach ZLWK FHQWUDOL]HG JXLGDQFH LQ SODQQLQJ LQ 6& ZLWK WKH LQHYLWDEOH XVH RI PRGHUQVRIWZDUHVROXWLRQVLQFOXGLQJXVLQJ$36 Advanced Planning and Scheduling PRGHOVDQGPHWKRGV RIRSHUDWLRQVUHVHDUFKDQGRWKHUV E Non-hierarchical approach to planningHVVHQWLDOO\FROODERUDWLYHSODQQLQJEDVHGRQFRRUGLQDWLRQEHWZHHQ WKHVHOHFWHGDUHDVRIEXVLQHVVSODQQLQJ planning domain RISDUWLFLSDQWVLQ6& )LJ 7KXVLWLVSRVVLEOH WRDUUDQJHWKDW DVXSSOLHUPDQXIDFWXUHUSODQVWRVXSSO\ DFXVWRPHULQGHSHQGHQWO\ 90,Vendor Managed Inventory WR FRRSHUDWH LQ WKH VXSSO\ SODQQLQJ &0, &R0DQDJHG ,QYHQWRU\ RU WR ZRUN WRJHWKHU RQ SODQQLQJIRUHFDVWLQJDQGVXSSO\ &3)5&ROODERUDWLYH3ODQQLQJ)RUHFDVWLQJDQG5HSOHQLVKPHQW
([WHUQDOGHPDQG
([WHUQDOVXSSO\
'XHWRWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIGLIIHUHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI WKH WHUP FROODERUDWLYH SODQQLQJ KHUH LW UHIHUV WR SODQQLQJ RSHUDWLRQV LQ 6& WKURXJK WKH SODQQLQJ RI RSHUDWLRQV RI VHOHFWHG FRQWUDFWHG planning domain 6& LV SODQQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WLPH KRUL]RQ far shorter than before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
%HVLGHVRQQHJRWLDWLRQDQGFRQWUDFWVWKHFROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQPHPEHUVRID6&LVEDVHGRQWKHIXOILOOPHQW RI WKH FRQWUDFWHG LVVXHV DQG RQ EXLOGLQJ WKH WUXVW DPRQJ 6& SDUWLFLSDQWV 7KHUHIRUH FROODERUDWLRQ LV
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
)LJXUH 8SVWUHDPSODQQLQJVFKHPH 6RXUFH 'XGHN S
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
2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW :RUNLQJ ZLWKLQ 6& GHPDQGV VHULRXV DFWLYLWLHV DQG UHVRXUFHV IRU V\QFKURQLVLQJ WKH YDULHG LQWHUHVWV DQG RSHUDWLRQV RI LWV PHPEHUV 6\QFKURQLVLQJ WKH 6& IXQFWLRQLQJ VWDUWV ZLWK SODQQLQJ 6&36 ZKLFK LQ WLPH FKDQJHV DVDUXOH LPSURYHV 3ODQQLQJLQ6&KDVIRUGHFDGHVEHHQLPSRVVLEOHZLWKRXWVRIWZDUHVXSSRUW 7KDW VXSSRUW QHHGV WR FKDQJH WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH FKDQJHV ZLWKLQ 6&36 6& PHPEHUV QRW RQO\ ZLWKLQ WKH 60(FDWHJRU\ ±ZKLFKKDYH³HYLGHQWO\RIOLPLWHGFDSDFLW\´ 6LWRPSXO DQGFDQWKHUHIRUHVHHPOLNHD VHULRXV LI QRW LQVXUSRXQWDEOH SUREOHP ± HVSHFLDOO\ LI WKH FKDQJHV DUH YHU\ IUHTXHQW 7KLV LV ZK\ VRPH PHPEHUV RI 6& XQDEOH WR IROORZ GHYHORSPHQWV GHFLGH RQ FHDVLQJ WR EH LQ 6& DOWRJHWKHU RU ILQG RWKHU VROXWLRQVIRUNHHSLQJWKHUHOHYDQF\RIWKHLUVRIWZDUHSODQQLQJVROXWLRQV
2.1. Planning in supply chains 6FKXW S VWDWHV WKDW SODQQLQJ LQFOXGLQJ 6& FRYHUV WKH IROORZLQJ DUHDV 6DOHV )RUHFDVWLQJ 4XDQWLWDWLYHVXSSRUWIRU6DOHV 2SHUDWLRQV3ODQQLQJ,QWHJUDWHG6XSSO\&KDLQ7DFWLFDO3ODQQLQJ3URGXFWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWVFDOFXODWLRQIURPGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNUHTXLUHPHQWV0DVWHU6FKHGXOLQJRISURGXFWLRQ'HWDLOHG VFKHGXOLQJ RI SURGXFWLRQ ,QYHQWRU\ GHSOR\PHQW SODQQLQJ LQ D GLVWULEXWLRQ QHWZRUN DQG 6KRUWUDQJH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQSODQQLQJDQGORDGEXLOGLQJ%\=DPDUULSDHWDO ³WKHW\SLFDOVFRSHRIWKHSC planning problemLVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHRSWLPDOSURGXFWLRQOHYHOVLQYHQWRULHVDQGSURGXFWGLVWULEXWLRQLQDQRUJDQL]HG QHWZRUNRISURGXFWLRQVLWHVGLVWULEXWLRQFHQWHUVFRQVXPHUVHWFWDNLQJFDUHRIWKHFRQVWUDLQWVDVVRFLDWHGWR SURGXFWVDQGUDZPDWHULDOVDYDLODELOLW\VWRUDJHOLPLWVHWFLQVXFKQHWZRUNQRGHV´ $OO RI WKHVH DUHDV DQG RWKHUV UHOHYDQW WR 6&36 DUH EDVHG RQ PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOOLQJ DQG SURJUDPPLQJ ZKLFK LV DQ DUJXPHQW LQ IDYRXU RI FODLPV WKDW WKHUH LV QR PRGHUQ SODQQLQJ ZLWKRXW VRIWZDUH VXSSRUW Of course, sometimes, in special circumstances and only for the limited scope of issues / narrow fields, even today it is possible to obtain an acceptable solution without software support. %XWWKHEXVLQHVVV\VWHPLVVR FRPSOH[WKDWLWLVLPSRVVLEOH DQGFHUWDLQO\QRWSURILWDEOH WRRSHUDWHZLWKRXWDGHTXDWHVRIWZDUHVXSSRUWLQWKH FRQGLWLRQVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\FRPSHWLWLRQ
3ODQQLQJRIRQHSDUWLFLSDQWLQDVXSSO\FKDLQ 3DUWLFLSDQWVLQ6&FDQUHWDLQDWHQGHQF\WRLQGLYLGXDOLVWLFRUGLVFRQQHFWHGSODQQLQJLQ6& '6& UHIIHULQJ WR SODQQLQJ ZLWKRXW LQYROYLQJ RWKHU SDUWLHV DQG ZLWKRXW VSUHDGLQJ WKH VFRSH RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ EDVHG RQ ZKLFK WKH SODQQLQJ LV GRQH 0RUHRYHU ZLWKLQ D VLQJOH FRPSDQ\ VR FDOOHG )XQFWLRQDO VLORV PD\ DSSHDU
ZKHUHWKHUHLVDODFNRIFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVZLWKLQDFRPSDQ\,QWKHVDPHZD\ZHFDQ GHILQH WKH ´SODQQHUV VLORV´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³LQWHJUDWLRQZLWKVXSSOLHUVLVWKHPHDQVE\ZKLFKFRPSDQLHVZRUNZLWKVXSSOLHUVVHHNLQJPXWXDOREMHFWLYHV VKDULQJLGHDVLQIRUPDWLRQNQRZOHGJHULVNVUHZDUGVDQGVROXWLRQVWRFRPPRQSUREOHPV´
7KHFRRSHUDWLRQRIWKHHQWLUHVXSSO\FKDLQLQSURGXFWLRQDQGLQYHQWRU\SODQQLQJ ,W LV DVVXPHG WKDW VRPH RI WKH PHPEHUV RI 6& HJ UHWDLO KDYH OLPLWHG LQWHUHVW LQ SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKH H[FKDQJHRILQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRRSHUDWLRQLQ6&367KHNH\UHDVRQIRUFRRSHUDWLRQFDQEHLGHQWLILHGE\WKH IDFWWKDW6&36LVDSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUWKHHIILFLHQWVXSSO\RIDOOWKHPHPEHUVRI6& &DR DQG =KDQJ FRQVLGHU FROODERUDWLYH UHODWLRQVKLSV DQG ILQG WKDW WKH\ ³FDQ KHOS ILUPV VKDUH ULVNV DFFHVV FRPSOHPHQWDU\ UHVRXUFHV UHGXFH WUDQVDFWLRQ FRVWV DQG HQKDQFH SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG HQKDQFH SURILW SHUIRUPDQFHDQGFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJHRYHUWLPH´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n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
2.2. Application software in supply chain planning 7KHJHQHUDOWUHQGRIWKHVRIWZDUHPDQXIDFWXUHUVLVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIVXSSO\FKDLQFRPSRQHQWVLQWRH[LVWLQJ VRIWZDUHSDFNDJHV (53 LQRUGHUWRRIIHUFXVWRPHUVDFRPSOHWHVROXWLRQGHVLJQHGIRUWKHRYHUDOOQHHGVRI FRPSDQLHVLQ6&$FFRUGLQJWR
