Improving Air Quality in Asian Developing Countries: Compilation of Research Findings Edited by
Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
Vietnam Publishing House of Natural Resources, Environment and Cartography
Printed by DUONG DONG Co. LTD, Vietnam
First published in 2014 by NARENCA, Vietnam Publishing House of Natural Resources, Environment and Cartography (Nhà Xuất Bản Tài Nguyên, Môi Trường và Bản Đồ) NARENCA Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 85 Nguyen Chi Thanh St. Dong Da District HANOI, Vietnam
Printed and bound in Vietnam by the Duong Dong Printing Co. LTD (
[email protected]) The publication registration number: 1017-2014/CXB/02-915/BĐ International Standard Book Number: 978 - 604 -904 -410 - 6 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of publisher and contributory organizations. The copyright of the book belongs to the editor and the contributing authors. No part of this book may be printed, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the editor. Visit the NARENCA web site at http://www.bando.com.vn
We dedicate this book to our home towns, the beloved and infinite source of inspiration of our research for better air quality.
Contents Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………..........
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Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………
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Editor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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AIRPET team and other contributors……………………………………………………….
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1 Overview of AIRPET Activities and Findings………………………………………….
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Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh and Chongrak Polprasert
Part I Status of Air Quality Management in Selected Asian Cities 2 Air Quality Management in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand….
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Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Prapat Pongkiatkul, Sompoke Kingkaew, and Vanisa Surapipith
3 Current Status of Air Quality Management in Beijing, China………………..
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Yahui Zhuang, Hailin Wang, Wei Zhang, and Xiaoke Wang 4
Air Quality Management in Chennai, India…………………………………………..
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Ligy Philip, T. Swaminathan, and Asif Iqbal
5 Air Quality Management in Bandung City, Indonesia…………………………..
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Puji Lestari and Didin Agustian Permadi
6 Air Quality Management in Metro Manila, Philippines………………………..
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Jose Ramon Villarin, James Simpas, Genevieve Lorenzo, and Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
7 Air Quality Management in Hanoi City, Vietnam………………………………….
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Hoang Xuan Co, Nghiem Trung Dung, Nguyen Hong Phuc, and Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
Part II Application of Monitoring Tool for Air Quality Management 8 Development of Particulate Composition Profiles for Major Emission Sources in Asia..........................................................................................
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Prapat Pongkiatkul, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Zhenping Hao, Hailin Wang, Ligy Philip, Puji Lestari, and James Simpas
9 Monitoring Particulate Matter Levels and Composition for Source Apportionment Study in Bangkok Metropolitan Region……………………… Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Prapat Pongkiatkul, Nabin Upadhyay, and Nguyen Thanh Hang
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10 Monitoring Particulate Matter Levels and Composition for Source Apportionment Study in China……………………………………………………………..
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Guoshun Zhuang, Yele Sun, Ying Wang, Jinghua Guo, Hui Yuan, Lihui Han, Ximei Hou, Aohan Tang, Wenjie Zhan,Xingying Zhang, Yahui Zhuang, Hailin Wang, and Zhenping Hao
11 Monitoring Particulate Matter Levels and Composition for Source 209
Apportionment Study in Chennai City, India……………………………………….. Ligy Phillip, T. Swaminathan, V. Ganesh, and D. Kumaran
12 Monitoring Particulate Matter Levels and Composition for Source
Apportionment Study in Indonesia……………………………………………………….
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Puji Lestari, Julia Hendra, Yandinur D Mauliadi, and Moh. Irsyad
13 Monitoring Particulate Matter Levels and Composition for Source 239
Apportionment Study in Metro Manila, Philippines…………………………… James Simpas, Genevieve Lorenzo, and Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
14 Monitoring Particulate Matter Levels and Composition for Source Apportionment Study in Hanoi City, Vietnam………………………………………
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Nghiem Trung Dung, Hoang Xuan Co, and Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
Part III Integrated Emission Inventory and Dispersion Modeling for Air Quality Management 15 Emission Inventory for Air Quality Modeling………………………………………..
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Didin Agustian Permadi, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Thongchai Kanabkaew, and Kok Sothea
16 Air Quality Modeling and Applications for Air Quality Management in Southeast Asia……………………………………………………………………………………… Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Didin Agustian Permadi, Le Hoang Nghiem, Zhang Baoning, Nguyen Lu Phuong, Tran Nguyen Quang Huy, Hoang Anh Le, Dam Duy An, Kok Sothea, and Nguyen Anh Tuan
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Part IV Development and Implementation of Air Pollution Emission Reduction Technologies 17 Development of Air Pollution Control Technologies…………………………….
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Ligy Philip, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Zhengping Hao, Puji Lestari, T. Swaminathan, Hailin Wang, Hoang Xuan Co, and Sukanya Kiatphuangchai
18 Development of Integrated Management Strategies for Emission Reduction from Target Sources in Asia………………………………………………… Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Yahui Zhuang, Puji Lestari, and Hoang Xuan Co
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Part V Policy Recommendations 19 AIRPET Country Specific Policy Recommendations……………………………… Yahui Zhuang, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, James Simpas, Ligy Philip, Puji Lestari, Hoang Xuan Co, Achim Maas, Hailin Wang, Wei Zhang, Xiaoke Wang, Genevieve Lorenzo, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, and Didin Agustian Permadi
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Contents
Preface Rapid urbanization and industrialization, compounded by a soaring increase in energy consumption in Asian developing countries, have caused a fast increase in the number of air pollution emission sources. The development of infrastructure, environmental technology, and management practices has not kept pace with the emission increase, which results in a progressive deterioration of air quality. People living in urban areas of Asian developing countries commonly experience high air pollution levels that are generally above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. People who live near roads, motorcyclists, and traffic policemen were considered to be most vulnerable. Children and the infirm are principally more sensitive to air pollution hence would be among those of the highest risk due to exposure to air pollution. More recent WHO reports pointed to even higher risk due to exposure to air pollution. In 2013, the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. In 2014, WHO reported that globally in 2012 around 7 million people died as a result of exposure to household (indoor) and ambient (outdoor) air pollution, which is more than doubles the previous estimates. Regionally, low- and middle-income countries in the Western Pacific and South East Asian regions bear most of the burden with over 5 million deaths due to exposure to both household and ambient air pollution. This confirms that air pollution is now the world’s largest single environmental health risk and clean air is certainly a pressing need for the sustainable development. The project “Air Pollution Research Network for Improving Air Quality in Asian Developing Countries” (AIRPET) was conducted as an effort to build up and mobilize the research capacity, to gather information for in-depth understanding of the nature of air pollution issues, and ultimately to improve air quality in Asian developing countries. AIRPET was the air pollution component of the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology (ARRPET) together with other components on wastewater, hazardous waste and solid waste. ARRPET was sponsored by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and implemented during 2001-2010 in eight Asian countries under the coordination of the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). AIRPET consisted of six research teams including AIT team and five national research institutions (NRIs) from China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam. Overall, the network had identified and addressed four focal issues in air quality management for the region: 1) Establishment of comprehensive assessment of air pollution status in target countries, 2) Development of suitable air pollution control technologies for developing countries,
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3) Application of modelling tools for integrated air quality management, and 4) Application of integrated air quality management in demonstration projects to reduce air pollution from target sources. AIRPET was implemented in 2 phases. The first 3 issues were tackled in both phases while the 4th issue was added in the second phase as a natural continuation of the first phase. The 4th issue aimed at development and implementation of integrated air quality management strategies to reduce emission from major sources that were identified during phase 1. AIRPET activities were implemented in 6 Asian cities, Bangkok, Beijing, Bandung, Chennai, Manila, and Hanoi. These cities were selected to reflect different city sizes, locations, and major sources of pollutant emission. Prof. Eva Selin Lindgren, the Swedish resource person, had been instrumental to the success of the project, through her strong commitment and technical expertise. The AIRPET teams have successfully built-up the research network with the local partners and got recognition in their respective countries and internationally. The AIRPET research momentum and capacity have been invaluable input to sustain the air quality research by NRIs in many spin-off projects conducted by these institutions after the completion of AIRPET. This book compiles the AIRPET research findings and includes both technical information and policy recommendations that have stemmed from the 10 year AIRPET research. The book content, structured in 19 chapters, covers the methodological development in air quality management illustrated by case studies. The book serves as the information source for students, professionals, researchers, and policy makers. In publishing this book, the AIRPET team hopes that these findings can also find applications in other parts of the world where similar conditions exist, to help sustain our collective efforts in the improvement of air quality.
Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
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Preface
Acknowledgments The AIRPET team would like to thank the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) for the generous financial support which was instrumental for the project implementation during 2001-2010. The California Air Resource Board is acknowledged for donating seven dichotomous samplers to AIT for use in the network. Special thanks go to the late Prof. Eva Selin Lindgren for her supports and understanding. Her strong commitment and expansive knowledge and expertise in the field of air quality research were important driving forces for AIRPET’s fruitful research activities. We also like to thank Dr. Gity Behervan, the contact person from Sida on ARRPET related issues, who was with us through the ups and downs of the project, and all the way to its successful completion. Our gratitude goes to researchers and students involved in the NRI teams, and to our national partners in the respective NRI countries, as well as our international partners for their commitment and support to the AIRPET activities. Their active involvement and dedication were the key for AIRPET’s success. The AIT colleagues in the ARRPET team, namely Prof. Ajit P. Annachhatre and Prof. Chettiyappan Visvanathan and the entire secretary team, are deeply acknowledged for their cooperation and support, especially during the annual review workshops. Special thanks go to Dr. Yen Cu T.H. for her timely assistance in correcting the written language of several important parts of the book. The air quality research group at AIT is thanked for their great help in putting the content in the right format. We also would like to thank the publishing team of the NARENCA and the Duong Dong Printing Company for their kind supports and great enthusiasm for the production of this book. Finally we would like to dedicate this book to our home towns, the beloved and infinite source of inspiration of our research for better air quality.
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Editor Professor Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh was the principal investigator of the AIRPET regional project and the leader of the AIT research team. Her professional career is dedicated to high quality research and applications for improving air quality in Asian developing countries. Her research experiences include air pollution monitoring, modeling, emission inventory, and emission control technologies. Her professional interests also cover the short-lived climate pollutants and assessment of climate cobenefit of air pollution control measures. As Full Professor at the Environmental Engineering and Management program, School of Environment, Resources and Development (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand, she has built up a strong network with experts worldwide to successfully conduct high-quality teaching and research projects. She has conducted, in the capacity of PI or Co-PI, over 30 air pollution research projects, of which 11 involved Asian regional networks. Prof. Kim Oanh has authored/coauthored 1 book, 9 monographs, over 25 book chapters, 90 international peerreviewed papers, and above 100 papers/abstracts in international conferences and workshops proceedings. She has organized and taught regional training courses on air quality management, and is actively involved in building technical capacity for hundreds of professionals in the field of air quality management. As of 2014, she has supervised over 100 Master and 11 PhD graduates from AIT who continue on to work towards improving air quality in Asia and beyond. Her students have won many best “paper awards” from the US West Coast Section of Air and Waste Management Association (AWMA) over the years. Prof. Kim Oanh is the recipient of several awards, including the SERD/AIT teaching awards, the BAQ (Better Air Quality) awards of “Extra Mile” and “Air Hero” for being the “most active professor in air quality”.
Preface
Contents xiii
AIRPET Team and Other Contributors Principal Investigator (PI): Prof. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh Co-PI: Prof. Chongrak Polprasert Swedish Resource Person: Prof. Eva Selin Lindgren Asian Institute Technology (AIT) team:
National Research Institution, Indonesia:
Prof. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Team Leader) Environmental Engineering and Management Asian Institute of Technology Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
Dr. Puji Lestari (Team Leader) Environmental Engineering Department Institute of Technology Bandung Ganesha St 10, Bandung, Indonesia
National Research Institution, China:
National Research Institution, Philippines:
Prof. Zhuang Yahui (Team Leader Phase 1) Prof. Zhengping Hao (Team Leader Phase 2) Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 10008, China
Dr. Jose Ramon Villarin (Team Leader Phase 1) Dr. James Simpas (Team Leader Phase 2) Manila Observatory, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
National Research Institution, India:
National Research Institution, Vietnam:
Prof. D.V.S. Murthy (Team Leader Phase 1) Prof. Ligy Phillip (Team Leader Phase 2) Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Madras Chennai 600 036, India
Dr. Hoang Xuan Co (Team Leader) Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Science Nguyen Trai Road, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam Dr. Nghiem Trung Dung (Co-Team Leader) Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology Giai Phong St., Hanoi, Vietnam
Others: 1. 2. 3.
Dr. Achim Maas, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Berliner Strasse 130, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany Dr. Vanisa Surapipith, Thailand Pollution Control Department (PCD) 92 Soi Phahon Yothin 7, Phayathai District Bangkok 10400, Thailand Nguyen Anh Tuan, SME Software Solution Company (SSSC) Hanoi, Vietnam
Preface
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