Improving Energy Consumption Using Demand Side ... - ijsat

International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)

Volume 4 No 10 October 2014

http://www.ijsat.com

Improving Energy Consumption Using Demand Side Management System Omorogiuwa Eseosa

Elechi Promise

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. [email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria [email protected]

ABSTRACT Demand Side Management (DSM) commonly refers to programs implemented by utility companies to control energy consumption at customer side of the meter. A comparative analysis of power consumption is been carried out using the power network of Abuja campus in the University of Port Harcourt, River State as a case study. The prospect of Demand Side Management is not fully implemented in this region as there are no Smart Meters (SM) and Smart Distribution Boards (SDB) with which the utility company can regulate the load consumption at various consumer units within the campus. It is observed that the bulk of consumption for office complexes at any point in time when there is adequate power supply without the use of smart grid comes from the air conditioners followed by the sockets, fans, security light and light fittings in descending order. This concept will ensure constant power is provided to consumers, it would also ensure that quick response to faults is achieved by reducing the time it takes to find and resolve faults on the network. In addition to these, it can also reduce power theft situation currently being encountered in the country.

infrastructure. DSM can also be referred to as programs adopted by utility companies to directly or indirectly influence consumers’ power consumption behavior in order to reduce Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR) of the total load in Smart Grid System. A higher PAR results in much higher operation costs and possibly outages of the system. DSM programs include conservation and energy efficiency programs, fuel substitution programs, demand response programs, and residential or commercial load management programs. However, there is also the need for practical solutions to shift the high-power household appliances to off-peak hours to reduce the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) in load demand. This paper is aimed at showing how the use of smart grid system on demand side management can help in ensuring: Constant power supply, Optimum use of supplied power and Implementation of appropriate fault finding technique It will provide the benefits of Demand Side Management to the University of Port Harcourt Energy Network only. In the recent report on (NIST) framework and roadmap for smart grid interoperability standards, several wired and wireless communication technologies are identified for smart grid. Advanced wireless systems offer the benefits of inexpensive products, rapid deployment, low cost installations, widespread access, and mobile communications which wired technologies and even the older wireless technologies often cannot provide [2]. Every consumer on the electricity grid is introducing a certain load. Independently of the load’s nature (consumption or production), this may have a timedependent flexibility associated with it, which depends on the nature of the underlying task producing or consuming energy. Shifting loads is a fundamental aspect in the global Smart Grid vision, and a typical example often given is that of being able to turn devices ON and OFF at specific times. However, there are more possibilities in modern intelligent devices and systems apart from a binary state, which are spread between the two extremes

KEYWORDS: Smart, Management, Demand, Port Harcourt, Consumption

1 Introduction The use of smart grids is to provide a more reliable, environmentally friendly and economically efficient power system. The utility company sells electricity to consumers, who are equipped with smart meters. Smart meters exchange information between consumers and the utility company and schedule the household energy consumption for consumers. The information gathered through smart meters can be used by the utility company to adjust the electricity prices. [1] [6]. Demand Side Management (DSM) commonly refers to programs implemented by utility companies to control energy consumption at customer side of the meter [5]. These programs are employed to use the available energy more efficiently without installing new generation and transmission

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http://www.ijsat.com (ON and OFF) and in principle can be depicted with a variable load profile over time [4]. Recently, the technologies of smart grids are quickly developed to coordinate and control power systems via ICT infrastructures (e.g. power shedding, peak shaving). In order to achieve the local power balance, the time shift-able power sources and loads are driven by microeconomics. The main advantages of smart grids (coordination and control power system via ICT infrastructure) are to create a platform for the implementation of financial incentive and for efficiently using the existing resources in electric power networks (e.g. energy storages). However, the power balance based on the ICT infrastructures is to balance the average power within each time interval (e.g. 5 min, 10min, 15 min), and it can have a long response time. Distributed storage includes personal electric transportation and a variety of electric-energy storage systems (e.g., battery systems and uninterruptible power-supply systems primarily designed to improve power quality and reliability), thermal-energy storage, and ice storage systems in buildings. Highly advanced controls and communications capabilities will enable Distributed Energy Management not only at the building level, but also at the neighborhood, business parks, city, area, and regional level. This integrated architecture must be open-standards-based systems architecture for data communications and distributed computing. Elements in the architecture must include: data storage and networking, communications over a wide variety of physical media, and computing technologies embedded in

devices [3]. Smart meters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home. Early forms of such demand side management technologies were dynamic demand aware devices that passively sensed the load on the grid by monitoring changes in the power supply frequency. Devices such as industrial and domestic air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters adjusted their duty cycle to avoid activation during times the grid was suffering a peak condition. 2 MATERIALS AND METHOD A comparative analysis of power consumption is been carried out using the power network of Abuja campus in the University of Port Harcourt, River State as a case study. The prospect of Demand Side Management is not fully implemented in this region as there are no Smart Meters (SM) and Smart Distribution Boards (SDB) with which the utility company can regulate the load consumption at various consumer units within the campus. Fig 3.1 shows the schematic diagram of power distribution in Abuja campus. As shown in Figure 1, the 33kv line coming from Rumuola sub-station into the campus is been stepped down to 11kV at the Abuja campus Substation where it is finally distributed to different transformer units which supplies the consumers situated within the campus. Table 1 is the list of the transformers in Abuja Campus, their rating and the areas they supply on campus.

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http://www.ijsat.com 500kVA Water Factory

500kVA Ghana-Ama

300kVA Swimming Pool 500kVA Petroleum Engineering

500kVA Alex Oti Rd

500kVA Clinicals 500kVA Ofrima

500kVA Senate Building

500kVA Library

1,000kVA Delta Park

C

500kVA Choba Park

1.5mVA Gymnasium

Abuja SubStation Gang Isolator

33kVA Line

7.5mVA Gang Isolator

Figure 1: High Tension 11kVA Power Distribution in Abuja Campus. Table 1: S/N 1. 2.

List of Transformers, Ratings and Supplies. Description Ratings Uniport Sub Station 7.5MVA Gymnasium 1.5MVA

3.

Senate Building

500KVA

4. 5 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11

Alex Oti Road Ghana – Ama Library Petroleum Engineering Ofrima Uniport Water ETF Student Hostel Clinicals

500KVA 500KVA 500KVA 300KVA 500KVA 500KVA 300KVA 500KVA

Area Supplied Abuja, Choba, Delta Campuses Mandela Hostels, NUH Hostels, Post Graduate Hostels, Dan Etete, Goodluck Jonathan, Graduate School, Presidential Hostels, Mini Market, NetExpress, Basic Building, Humanities, ICTC, English House, French, Intercontinental & UBA Hostels Senate Building, Management Sciences, Goodluck Jonathan Building and Patience Jonathan Building Social Sciences, Agriculture, Ebitimi Hall, e.t.c Lecturer Quaters Library Complex Petroleum and Gas Department, ETF Building Ofrima Complex Uniport Water Complex, Pharmacy Swimming Pool Clinical Hostel, Dentistry, Clinical Science.

2.1 Comparison between Existing Power Consumption and Smart Grid Power Consumption. 2.1.1 The Existing Power Consumption Tables 2 – 6 shows different consumer structures in the Abuja campus with their various load consumption for each time there is power supply.

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http://www.ijsat.com Table 2: Net Load Consumption for Offices Description Air Conditioners (kW) French 15.0 Pharmacy 55.0 Agric 30.0 Ofrima 149.2 Senate 354.0 Management 104.5 Petroleum Engineering 30.0

Light Fittings (kW) 0.4 1.5 0.8 4.0 8.5 2.8 0.8

Fans (kW)

Sockets (kW)

Security Light(kW)

1.2 4.5 2.4 12.0 25.5 8.4 2.4

10 37.0 20.0 100.0 212.0 70.0 20.0

1.6 3.2 1.6 6.3 8.4 3.2 2.1

I.C.T.C

95.5

8.4

6.7

56.0

12.6

English House

89.5

2.4

7.2

60.0

3.2

Humanities

116.4

3.1

9.4

78.0

5.3

Basic Complex

74.6

2.1

6.0

50.0

4.2

Post Graduate

29.8

0.8

2.4

20.0

2.9

Social Sciences E.T.F Goodluck Jonathan Patience Jonathan Library Clinical Sciences

69.7 89.5 59.7 14.9 316.3 149.2

1.6 1.6 1.6 0.4 8.0 4.0

4.8 7.2 4.8 1.2 24 12.0

40.0 40.0 40.0 10.0 200.0 100.0

3.2 5.3 3.2 2.1 6.3 6.3

Dentistry

119.4

2.8

8.4

17.0

6.3

Ebitimi Banigo Total

35.8 1998.0

1.2 56.8

1.2 145.7

1.0 1181.0

4.2 83.0

From table 2, the total power consumption by offices in Abuja campus is 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖 + 𝟓𝟔. 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟏 + 𝟖𝟑 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝒌𝑾 Net power consumption = Total power Consumption x Power factor of 0.7. i.e 3464.5 × 0.7 = 2425.15kW

Assumptions In table 2, it is assumed that the number of air conditioners is equal to the number of offices, each of the air conditioner is 2hp, the number of light fittings are 2 per office at 20watts each, each of the offices has a fan at the rate of 120watts and that the total load on the sockets in each of the offices is 1500watts.

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http://www.ijsat.com 2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 Air Conditioner

Light Fittings

Fans

Sockets

Security Light

Figure 2: Bar Chart Showing Average Power Consumption for Offices. From the Chart above, it is observed that the bulk of consumption for office complexes at any point in time when there is adequate power supply without Table 3: Net Load Consumption for Hostels:Description Electric Cooker(KW) Mandela Blocks 360.0 Nuh Blocks 237.6 Clinical Blocks 384.0 Post Graduate Blocks 720.0 U.B.A Hostel 72.0 Intercontinental Hostel 72.0 Dan Etete Hostel 96.0 Goodluck Jonathan Hostel 96.0 Presidential Hostel 1 48.0 Presidential Hostel 2 48.0 Total 2133.6

the use of smart grid comes from the air conditioners followed by the sockets, fans security light and light fittings in descending order.

Fans(K W) 14.4 23.8 19.2 28.8 7.2 7.2 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 139

Bulb (KW) 22.1 7.9 12.8 30.6 2.4 2.4 3.2 3.2 1.6 1.6 87.8

Sockets(KW) 720.0 148.5 240.0 360.0 45.0 45.0 60.0 60.0 30.0 30.0 1738.5

Security Light (KW) 5.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 30.0

From table 3.3, the total power consumption by hostels in Abuja campus is 2133.6 + 139 + 87.8 + 1738.5 + 30 = 4128.9𝑘𝑊 Net power consumption = Total power Consumption x Power factor of 0.7 will be 4128.9 × 0.7 = 2890.23kW

Assumptions In table 3, it is assumed that in a room of 4 students, 2 electric cooker will be in use rated 1.2kW each, the number of light fittings are 4 per room at 20watts each, each of the room has a fan at the rate of 120watts and that the total load on the sockets in each of the room is 1500watts.

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2000

1500

1000

500

0 Electric cooker

Light fittings

Fans

Sockets

Security Lights

Figure 3: Bar Chart Showing Average Power Consumption for Hostels. From the Chart above, it is observed that the bulk of consumption for hostels at any point in time when there is adequate power supply without the use of

smart grid comes from the Electric cooker followed by the sockets, light fittings, fans and security lights in descending order.

Table 4: Net Load Consumption for Business Centers Description Air Conditioner Light (kW) Fittings (kW) Net Express 11.9 0.5 Mini Market 9.0 4.8 Ematex & co 12.0 4.0 Uniport Water 14.9 4.0 Total 47.8 13.3

Fan (kW)

Sockets (kW)

Security (kW)

0.9 7.2 1.8 1.8 11.7

7.0 100.0 50.0 75.0 232.0

1.3 4.2 3.2 1.3 10.0

Light

Net power consumption = Total power Consumption x Power factor of 0.7 will be 314.8 × 0.7 = 220.36kW

Assumptions In this Table, it is assumed that the net load on each sockets is 2kW due to the computers and photocopy machines been connected to each of them From table 4, the total power consumption by business centers in Abuja campus is 47.8 + 13.3 + 11.7 + 232 + 10 = 314.8𝑘𝑊

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200

150

100

50

0 Air Conditioners

Light Fittings

Fans

Sockets

Security Lights

Figure 4: Bar Chart Showing Average Power Consumption for Business Centers. From the Chart above, it is observed that the bulk of consumption for business centers at any point in time when there is adequate power supply without the use

of smart grid comes from the sockets followed by the air conditioners, light fittings, fans and security lights in descending order.

Table 5: Net Load Consumption for Lecturers Quarters Description Nos of Air Conditioners Light Houses (kW) (kW) Gambiama Quarters Ghanama Quarters Total

Fan (kW)

Sockets (kW)

107

478.9

25.7

38.5

395.9

Security Light (kW) 44.9

100 207

447.6 926.5

24.0 49.7

36.0 74.5

370.0 765.9

42.0 86.9

came about considering that each of the houses has a fridge, an electric pressing iron, deep freezer, radios and televisions and also computers, etc. From table 5, the total power consumption for lecturer’s quarters is 926.5 + 49.7 + 74.5 + 765.9 + 86.9 = 1903.5𝑘𝑊 Net power consumption = Total power Consumption x Power factor of 0.7 will be 1903.5 × 0.7 = 1332.45𝑘𝑊

Assumptions It is assumed that each of the houses in the Lecturer’s quarter has averagely 3 air conditioners each. Although some houses have more e.g. the duplexes while some have less e.g. the boy’s quarters. It is also assumed that each of the houses contains 3 rooms each and each of the rooms has a minimum of 4 energy saving bulb and an electric fan at 20W and 120W respectively. Finally it is assumed that each of the houses exacts a total load of 3.7kW on the network through the sockets. This figure (3.7kW)

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http://www.ijsat.com 1000 900 800

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Airconditioner

Light Fittings

Fans

Sockets

Security Light

Figure 5: Bar Chart Showing Average Power Consumption for Lecturer’s Quarters. From figure 5, it is observed that the bulk of consumption for lecturer’s quarter at any point in time when there is adequate power supply without

the use of smart grid comes from the air conditioner followed by the sockets, security lights, fans and light fittings in descending order.

Table 6: Net Load Consumption for Security Lights/Street Lights Description kW Offices 83 Hostels 30 Business Premises 10 Street lights 54 Lecturer’s Quarters 86.9 Total 177 In the Abuja campus, demand for electricity can be From tables 2 – 6, the total power consumed in Abuja varied throughout the day with the implementation of campus each time there is power supply is 9865.7kW and the Net power Consumption is Total power DSM using smart grid technology e.g. during the day, Consumption x Power factor of 0.7 will be 9865.7kW the hostels is expected to consume less as compared x 0.7 = 6905.99kW to offices because at this time, most students residing This value results from the fact that the power in the hostels are expected to be in their various consumption in Abuja campus is not been regulated lecture rooms hence the total load can be reduced hence imposes a high load demand on the system during office hour. But presently reverse is the case which might have an adverse effect on the because students most times leave these appliances transformer with time. ON either deliberately or in-deliberately. Also at night, it is expected that the total load 2.2 Proposed Smart Grid Power Consumption Electricity system infrastructure is best designed to consumption should be reduced because at this time, meet the highest level of demand, so during non-peak the offices ought to have closed for the day and all times, the system is typically underutilized. Building appliances are switched OFF. In contrast this is not the system to satisfy occasional peak demand the case as most lecturers leaves their appliances ON, requires investment in capacity that would not be which might have resulted due to power outage needed if the demand changes. before leaving office. For this reasons, smart grids is introduced in order to help reduce peak demand by

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http://www.ijsat.com providing information and incentives to consumer to enable them shift consumption away from periods of peak demand. Demand side management using the concept of smart grid cannot be achieved without changes or moderation to the present grid system. 2.3 Component of a Smart Grid Smart grid comprises of three major components which are: (1.) Demand side management, (2.) Distributed electricity generation, (3.) Transmission and distribution grid management, but this research work focuses on demand side management. 2.3.1 Demand Side Management Demand Side Management works to reduce electricity consumption in homes, offices and factories by continually monitoring electricity consumption and actively managing how appliances consume energy. It consists of demand-response programs, smart meters and variable electricity pricing. Some of the components of demand side management are:(1.) Demand Response:- during peak periods of energy use, the utility companies may send electronic alert asking consumers to reduce their energy consumption by turning OFF non-essential appliances. When the smart grid is fully developed, alert signals can be automatically sent to appliances, eliminating the need for manual intervention. If enough consumers comply with this approach, the reduction in power consumption could be enough to keep the typical utility company

(2.)

(3.)

(4.)

Figure 6: Picture of a Smart Meter

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from building an additional power station or plant. In order to make consumers comply with this initiative, utility companies will need to design different programs such as lower tariffs, reduce consumer electric bills and so on. Variable Pricing:- Electricity prices currently are volatile because they are determined by different factors which includes demand and supply, generation capacity, fuel prices, weather conditions and also demand fluctuations over time. Despite price fluctuations, most consumers are currently charged a flat rate for electricity regardless the time of the day or actual demand, hence consumers have no visibility into when energy is in short supply and little incentives to lower their energy use in order to reduce their energy bill while helping the utility companies meet demand. To solve this problem, there will be need for electric utility companies to initiate different tariffs for peak and off-peak periods or initiate other tariff platform. Smart Meters In order to have full implementation of smart grid in homes, offices and factories, utility companies need to replace traditional mechanical electric meters with smart meters. Figures 6 and 7 show a typical electric smart meters and electric smart distribution board respectively used by the consumers to regulate their power consumption.



http://www.ijsat.com

Figure 7: Picture of a Smart Distribution Board These devices allow utility companies to monitor consumer usage frequently and more importantly, gives consumers the ability to choose variable rate pricing based on the time of the day. By seeing the real cost of energy, consumers can respond accordingly by shifting their energy consumption from high price to low price period. This process is called load shifting or load shedding and it can have the joint benefit of reducing cost for typical consumers while lowering demand peaks for utility companies. 2.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in Abuja Campus From tables 2 – 6, it is observed that the bulk of power consumption whenever there is power supply comes from the hostels, offices, lecturer’s quarter, business centers and street lights in descending order. Hence to apply smart grid technique, there will be need to do load shedding or load shifting among the offices, hostels, business centers, lecturer’s quarters and street lights through the use of smart meters and smart distribution boards installed in all the buildings situated on the campus. This process can be achieved by considering two basic periods of the day namely; Peak Period and off Peak period. Peak Periods From table 3, during the peak period which falls within the range of 8am – 4pm, the usage of electric cookers, bulbs and security lights in the hostels can be shifted to 5pm - 7am which can be regulated by

the utility company with the help of smart meters and smart distribution boards. Power consumption by Electric cooker= 2133.6kW Power consumption by Bulbs= 87.8kW Power consumption by security light= 30.8 Total power = 2133.6 + 87.8 + 30.8= 2252.2kW Net power saved = 2252.2 x 0.7= 1576.54kW Hence power saved= 1576.54kW. Also from table 3.5 and table 3.6, the usage of air conditioners can be reduced to one out of the three air conditioners available in each of the houses. The bulbs, security lights and street lights can also be switched OFF by the utility company during the peak period and then switched on by 5pm – 7am Power consumption by air conditioners= (926.5 / 3) = 308.8kW Power consumption by bulbs= 49.7kW Power consumption by security lights= 86.9kW Power consumption by street lights= 54kW Total power = 308.8 + 49.7 + 86.9 + 54= 499.4kW Net power saved = 499.4 x 0.7= 349.58kW The total net power saved during peak period of 8am – 4pm is 1576.54 + 349.58= 1926.12kW. This load shifting arises from the fact that during the peak period, most students residing in the hostels would be in the lecture rooms and would not be around to make use of the available power supply in the hostels. In addition to this, most of the lecturers residing in the lecturer’s quarter as well are also assumed to be in the offices at this periods and would not be in much need of the power been supplied to

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http://www.ijsat.com the lecturer’s quarter. Finally, since the working hour falls within 8am – 4pm, the bulbs and security lights would not be needed as this time range falls in the day. The saved power during the peak periods can hence be channeled to other sections of the network. Off Peak period The Off Peak period in this case would fall within the time range of 5pm – 7am. From table 3.2, the air conditioners, bulbs, fans and sockets except the security light for offices can be regulated by been switched OFF. Power consumption by air conditioners= 1998kW Power consumption by bulbs= 56.8kW Power consumption by fans= 145.7kW Power consumption for sockets= 1181kW Total power = 1998 + 56.8 + 145.7 + 1181= 3381.5kW Net power saved = 3381.5 x 0.7= 2367.05kW Also from table 3.4, the air conditioners, bulbs, fans and sockets can all be turned OFF with exception to the security lights. Power consumption by Air conditioners= 47.8kW Power consumption by bulbs= 13.3kW Power consumption by fans= 11.7kW Power consumption by the sockets= 232kW Total power = 47.8 + 13.3 + 11.7 + 232= 304.8kW Net power saved = 304.8 x 0.7= 213.36kW The total power thus saved during the non-working period is 2367.05 + 213.36 = 2580.41kW. This shifting arises from the fact that at this period, offices and business centers would have closed, hence there would be less need for power been supplied to this places. The saved power during the peak periods can hence be channeled into other sections of the grid system outside the campus where more power is needed. From the analysis carried out, it is observed that during the peak period, the total power thus consumed in Abuja campus with the concept of demand side management using smart grid is difference between the Net Power consumed without the implementation of demand side management and the power saved with the implementation of DSM for this period which is equal to 6905.99 – 1926.12 =4979.87kW hence reducing power consumption by 27.9%. Also during the off peak period, the total power thus consumed in Abuja campus with the concept of demand side management using smart grid is difference between the Net Power consumed without the implementation of demand side management and the power saved with the implementation of DSM for this period thus power consumed in Abuja campus is equal to 6905.99 – 2580.41 = 4325.58kW thus reducing the power consumption by 37.4%.

Therefore, it can be said that with the implementation of DSM using Smart Grid Technology, more power can be saved. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The concept of demand side management in relation to smart grid provides various benefits which includes constant power supply, optimum use of supplied power and appropriate fault finding technique, compared to existing grid. It also ensures safety and security of the utility company and consumers. Constant power supply Generally, a reliable power system is the one that delivers electricity to consumers when desired and needed. Also, the supplied power should be able to support the consumer’s requirement. In Nigeria, the power system has not been able to meet this standard due to the fact that demand for power in the country has far exceeded power generated. This has brought about the need for power rationing resulting to power interruptions at different parts of the country for different time periods Application of demand side management with relation to smart grid will reduce the power interruptions that is currently been experienced with the current power management system. From the analysis done in chapter 3, a good percentage of power can be saved during peak and off peak period. This saved power can be channeled to supply more consumers in full capacity. With the current power management system, it is observed that a large amount of power is been wasted on daily bases. This is due to the fact that there is no appropriate regulation and incentives for the consumers to manage the supplied power. But with this concept coupled with the utility company’s program designed to incentivize consumers, optimum use of power supply can be ensured. Some of the programs might include charges based on peak and off peak period i.e. different charges would apply during peak period and off peak period thereby encouraging consumers who have less use of power during peak period to shift their consumption to off peak period. Other programs can be different pricing platform which can be based on consumption per unit time. This means the consumers with lower power consumption which could range from 0 – 50KW are charged lower than consumers with the consumption range of 51 – 500KW of power. Appropriate Fault Finding Technique Implementation of demand side management in relation to smart grid will help in finding an appropriate fault finding solution to the current problems that occur on the current power systems in the country on daily bases. This will be achieved with

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http://www.ijsat.com the help of smart meters and smart distribution boards which operates by reporting on regular basis to the utility company, the consumption at all times. These smart devices will also report if there is a fault on any part of the network to the utility company indicating the exact location of fault occurrence and appropriate steps can be taken bringing about quicker response to solving fault problems. 4 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION It can be concluded that demand side management with relation to smart grid is the most effective means to address the current power situation in Abuja campus and in Nigeria at large. This concept will ensure constant power is been provided to consumers, it would also ensure that quick response to faults is achieved by reducing the time it takes to find and resolve faults on the network. In addition to these, it can also reduce power theft situation currently been encountered in the country. Recommendation It is highly recommended that the concept of smart grid technology be embraced by power utility companies in Nigeria from power generating companies to power transmission companies and power distribution companies so that full implementation of power management can be achieved. REFERENCE [1] Amin, M. and Wollenberg, B. (2005): Towards a Smart Grid Power Delivery for 21st Century. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 3(5): 3441. [2]

Cleveland, M. (2006): Demand Side Management and Energy Efficiency: Serving the Energy Needs of the Circle. The Medical Center, Ohio. 16-18.

[3]

Zhong, H., Xie, L. and Xia, Q. (2013): Coupon Incentive-Based Demand Response: Theory and Case Study, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 28(2): 1266-1276

[4]

Qixun Yang, Board Chairman, Beijing Sifang Automation Co. Ltd., China and .Bi Tianshu, Professor, North China Electric Power University, China.

[5] "WAMS Implementation in China and the Challenges for Bulk Power System Protection" Panel Session: Developments in Power Generation and Transmission — Infrastructures in China, IEEE 2007 General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA. [6]

www.wikipedia.org visited 25/02/2012

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