Improving Exposure of Intrusion Deception System through ...

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worm based and directed at windows based hosts and services. Keywords: IDS, server honeypot, client honeypot, hybrid honeypot. Received April 27, 2010; .... crawl into web servers, visit websites, and monitor activities to determine if a.
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