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5th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2017)
Improving Learning about Sustainable Design in Architectural Education: The NZEB’s Project as a Case Study
Ezequiel Uson Guardiola / PhD School of Professional & Executive Development Polytechnic University of Catalonia, (UPC) Barcelona Tech, Spain
Elisabet Uson Maimo / M.Arch PhD student Polytechnic University of Catalonia, (UPC) Barcelona Tech, Spain
Nuria Ferrer Prat / M.Arch School of Professional & Executive Development Polytechnic University of Catalonia, (UPC)
Building (NZEB) (2) and to thereby minimise emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) during the operational phase of the working life of the building. The most practical approach to this challenge involves constructing nearly NZEBs “Fig. 1”. According to the EU definition of the Energy Performance of Buildings: EU Directive (2010/31/EU), these are buildings with very high levels of energy efficiency whose very low energy requirements must be met by energy from renewable sources; as a result, the balance between the energy consumed and the energy produced is almost zero (3). Another objective is to reverse the current process in which the growth of urbanisation has implied an increase in the consumption of energy derived from fossil fuel sources. The primary challenge with NZEBs is therefore how to minimise the ever–growing energy demand (4). The MS programme has been designed to promote learning about sustainable design and clearly focuses on this objective. It therefore incorporates integrated energy design into all the different phases of the project; this is explained in detail in the following chapters.
Abstract— The Special report on strategies for greenhouse gas mitigation published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 5th Assessment Report (AR5) urges us to address pressing issues related to global warming and climate change. In the construction sector of the EU, action has already begun to help Minimise Carbon Emissions and reverse their current negative impact on the environment. These initiatives have so far been based on introducing the mandatory construction of “nearly Net-Zero Energy Buildings” (NZEBs) from 2018 onwards, in compliance with an EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (2010/31/EU). This legislation applies to the building sector and covers the design and future construction of all new public and privately owned buildings. The NZEB project not only constitutes a technical challenge but also a challenge for the design process. It must be addressed by the introduction of new, specialised programmes at Schools of Architecture. This document describes how this pedagogical content has been introduced into the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) MSc in “Architecture & Sustainability: Design Tools & Environmental Control Techniques” (1). As an example of the results obtained, we present a project for a Multi-Storey Hotel in Guangzhou, China. This was developed by a team of students from the MSc course and presented as their final project. Keywords-components; NZEB; MSc Architecture & Sustainability: Design Tools & Environmental Control Techniques; Master Final Project; Software tools.
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INTRODUCTION
Learning programmes for sustainable design are based on approaches that allow students to analyse complex systems in order to achieve concrete learning outcomes. One of these complex systems is the built environment and its associated CO2 emissions. One increasingly common objective for sustainable architecture is to produce a Net-Zero Energy
5th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2017) Copyright © GSTF 2017 ISSN 2301-394X doi: 10.5176/2301-394X_ACE17.61
Figure 1. Nearly-zero, Net-Zero and Energy-Plus Buildings. (Source VOSS K, SARTORI I, LOLLINI R)
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MODULE B: Climate Building Control Subjects: B1. Energy efficiency: Active techniques B2. Indoor Environmental Quality B3. Renewable energy sources B4. Passivhaus method B5. Water Efficiency B6. Life Cycle Analysis B7. The three Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle B8. Energy modelling software B9. Renewable energy software B10. Practical exercise
II. THE MSC IN ARCHITECTURE & SUSTAINABILITY: DESIGN TOOLS & ENVIONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES A. Pedagogical objectives This Master’s Degree started from the premise that architecture is now subject to two important types of influence: Ecology and High Technology. This Master’s Degree provides training in sustainable architecture and urbanism with the following pedagogical objectives: •
To provide academic training Architecture and Urbanism.
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Sustainable
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To teach strategies for reducing the environmental impact of urban development considering the complete life cycle and ecological footprint.
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To make young professionals familiar with the latest technologies, technical and software tools for calculation and evaluation and design techniques for saving energy and to provide them with a knowledge of the different energy certifications currently used across the European Union.
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To learn from innovative experiences in this field relating to both Spain and other countries throughout the world.
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To foster the exchange of knowledge within a multidisciplinary group.
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To help make the course participants more professional and to provide them with skills that will be highly valued in the management and administration of projects related to the use and application of new technologies in architecture
MODULE C: Control and regulation (home automation and smart buildings). Subjects C1. Telecommunication infrastructure C2. Automatisation and power saving, calculations and the amortisation of facilities. C3. Home automation systems, applications and the calculation of energy and thermal behaviour. C4. Control and regulation: centralised management. C5 Specific software MODULE D: Studio project Subjects D1. Nearly Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB). This module will include a workshop on projects. This will be aimed at getting participants to apply all of the knowledge that they have previously obtained in an architectural project. C. Pedagogical content The course includes a varied pedagogical content: • Theoretical classes given by the teaching staff responsible for each module and by invited lecturers.
The training in sustainable strategies applied to construction and urbanism is structured into four learning modules. The MSc programme has been designed to increase students’ comprehension, improve their capacity to solve problems and, most importantly, to improve their ability to apply the principles learned in the design of nearly NZEBs. B. Structure The MSc provided by the School of Professional & Executive Development of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) of Barcelona, Spain, is divided into two postgraduate degree programmes. Each of these consists of two modules, with each module being subsequently divided into different subjects.
MODULE A: Bioclimatic design Subjects: A1. Environmental history of architecture. A2. Energy efficiency: passive techniques. A3. Bioclimatic software. A4. Practical exercises A5. Case studies.
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Software classes in which participants will learn how to use design and calculation software related to sustainable architecture.
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Practical exercises for the application of the theory.
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Visits to buildings and facilities constructed using sustainable strategies.
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Product presentation sessions with the collaboration of specialised companies.
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A seminar that will serve as an introduction to the Passivhaus standard, which was first developed in the city of Brussels.
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A personal research thesis consisting of individual work on an unpublished subject related to the course programme.
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A bioclimatic building project that will form part of Module A and entail applying passive design strategies.
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•
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A main project on NZEBs which will involve the application of theoretical concepts and environmental design tools, controls and techniques picked up during the course.
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A study trip (Green Tour) to a European city to visit buildings and ecological neighbourhoods constructed using sustainable strategies.
On finishing the programme, students who complete all of the tests to a satisfactory level will receive a diploma accrediting their Master’s Degree in Architecture and Sustainability which will be awarded by the School of Professional & Executive Development of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. Barcelona Tech (UPC).
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Figure 3.
FINAL MSC PROJECT: MULTI-STOREY HOTEL IN GUANGZHOU (CHINA)
B. Site and Micro-Climate Analysis: the impact of local climate The climatic data and diagrams showing its development were obtained using the Meteonorm, Weather Tool and Climate Consultant programmes. This made it possible to obtain data about temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, solar radiation and cloud cover and to produce stereometric diagrams showing solar radiation and a psychometric chart showing the boundary of the comfort zone “Fig 4”. A series of different passive design strategies were proposed. A plot of local climatic data revealed that the local DBT ranged from 6 to 37°C for different periods of the year. The cloud cover is relatively high “Fig. 5”; this made it difficult to generate electric power from photovoltaic systems.
For the MSc course taught in 2015-16, the theme of the final project was a draft for a multi-floor hotel in the city of Guangzhou (China). This was to be located at the NE end of the city’s Master Plan “Fig 2”. The project was presented with its different design phases and was developed by team Nº4, formed by MSc students Secilia Lopez-Yanez Mijares, Diana Marcela Patino, Jose Enrique Rivera, Milagros del Pilar Santoyo and Daniel Tenorio.
Functional programme (source MSc students’ project)
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Figure 2. Site, Panyu, Guangzhou ,CHINA, latitude 23.13º, longitude 113.32 E, altitude above sea level 7m (source MSc students project).
A. Functional Programme This was a 20-storey building with a square base. The hotel had a total of 221 rooms, with 13 rooms per floor, spread over 17 floors. On the first floor, there was a restaurant with capacity for 270 people. The main access for guests, a lobby, a reception area and all the administrative services were located on the ground floor. This area also had a controlled access for the service personnel. The building also had a technical floor where the building systems and facilities were located “Fig. 3”.
Figure 4. Psychometric chart analysis showing the boundary of the comfort zone and different passive design strategies (Source: Climate Consultant, Meteonorm and Autodesk Weather Tool 2011 Analysis)
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D. Building Envelope The envelope “Fig. 7” is the main interface between a building and its external environment. It therefore has a critical role in relation to the thermal comfort of its users and in minimising energy consumption. It also has an influence on CO2 emissions. A good design implies managing in order to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases. The correct selection of façade closures, building systems, and external carpentry is of great importance for achieving thermal comfort and for implementing strategies for saving water and energy. Appropriately controlling heat and humidity, providing good acoustic insulation and using natural lighting strategies may all make a significant contribution to reducing reliance on climatic control systems and substituting them with mechanical systems. The Design Builder programme was used to simulate dynamic models. In the case of the humid tropical climate of Guangzhou, when applying passive design, it was particularly important to prevent external solar heat gain, eliminate thermal bridges, and obtain maximum tightness in order to restrict airflow “Fig. 8”.
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Figure 5. Solar geometry, pluviometry and external cloud cover (Source: Climate Consultant, Meteonorm and Autodesk Weather Tool 2011 Analysis).
C. Building Form and Orientation The shape of a building has a critical impact on the welfare of its users, the use of resources and the consumption of water and energy. The choice of the shape includes its volume, mass, scale and building configuration. Selecting the most appropriate form is one of the most important decisions to be taken when designing NZEBs. The environmental performance of the building with respect to its formal configuration can be determined with reference to a number of different factors. These include the geometry of the floor space, the ratio between the surface area and the volume of the building, the orientation of the building, the control of solar radiation “Fig. 6”, the availability of natural light and ventilation and the location of the structural core and circulation spaces. In this case, the design decisions taken were based on the volume determined by the Master Plan. In the design of the project using passive strategies, the aim was to reduce the demand for cooling, heating, ventilation and electric light.
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Figure 7. Constructive solution of the envelope and calculation of transmittance. The U-value (W/m2-K) of the external wall was 0.310 (source: MS student project and Archiwizard Analysis)
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Figure 6.
Solar radiations at the solstices (source: Archiwizard Analysis) Figure 8. Airtightness (source: Therm Analysis)
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E. Passive Climate Control Systems Designing efficient buildings using passive, active or hybrid systems to achieve climate comfort requires a thorough knowledge of local climatic conditions, the use of the building and the availability of resources. There is a wide range of mechanical air conditioning systems that can be used to control the Indoor Environmental Quality of buildings. However, exclusively using these systems would imply a high level of energy consumption and pose significant problems with respect to the use of natural resources and the impact of the building on the natural environment. On a case-by-case basis, it would seem rather unrealistic to consider completely replacing active systems with climatic controls. However, the use of passive systems, such as ventilation and natural lighting, for the heating and cooling of buildings can notably improve their energy behaviour “Fig. 9”. In the project, the proposed passive climatic control systems were: 1) Controls for solar radiation, 2) Vegetation, 3) Passive cooling, 4) Reducing airflow, and 5) Insulating the building.
Figure 10. Air conditioning systems (Source: MSc students’ project)
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Figure 11. Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) systems can offer energy savings of from 5 to 10 %. (Source: MSc students’ project), Design Builder Analysis
Figure 9. Optimizing passive design strategies; cooling demand can provide up to 50% energy savings (Design Builder Analysis)
F. Active Climate Control Systems Active climate control systems include: 1) Production Systems, 2) Means of distribution, 3) Methods of Distribution (Fig 13) and 4) Recovery Systems. For conditioning fresh air the VRV air-source heat pump reversible system offers high efficiency because of its higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) than previous systems “Fig. 10”. Distribution methods for delivering conditioned air include Variable Air Volume (VAV) fan coils. Ventilation systems include enthalpy Heat Recovery Ventilation (HVR) for cooling or heating air entering the building from outside “Fig. 11”. The system uses the energy of the air drawn from a room to heat water without any additional energy consumption.
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Figure 12. Distribution methods for delivering conditioned air include Variable Air Volume (VAV) fan coils, (Source MSc students’ project)
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G. Renewable Energy Fossil fuels are not renewable as they are based on finite resources that will eventually be exhausted. These fuels are increasingly expensive and cause irreparable damage to the natural environment. They also have a negative effect on human health and threaten the long-term survival of the human species by causing climate change. In contrast, renewable energy resources are constantly being replenished and their capacity to replace conventional fuels has increased significantly over the past decade. In their various forms, renewable energy sources include natural elements such as sunlight, wind, biomass, tidal and geothermal energy. The energy obtained from these sources can be used to produce the electricity, central heating and cooling required for the effective functioning of the building. The draft project used thermal solar energy as a form of renewable energy (Fig 13). The use of photovoltaic solar energy was discarded due to the high percentage of cloud cover at this location which meant that the energy yield would have been very low. The use of geothermal energy had to be similarly discarded due to the small size of the site and the fact that it was impossible to use ground source heat pumping systems with underground exchanges. As a consequence of the strategies proposed, a saving of 51.27% of the energy consumed by the building would have been possible “Fig. 14”.
Figure 14. Energy saving (Source: Design Builder Analysis)
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Figure 15. System of Infrastructure for Telecommunications (Source: MSc students’ project)
I. Control Systems Users often inadvertently overuse electrical devices and the effects are often significant in terms of energy consumption; systems of control and regulation are therefore crucially important “Fig. 16”.
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Figure 13. Renewable: solar thermal energy (Source: MSc students’ project)
H. System of Infraestructures for Telecomunications, Control and Automation For the telecommunications system, it was decided to have a rack for each flat with rooms in order to centralise all of the systems. The corresponding wiring would lead out of each room to the different supply, data, Wi-Fi, telephone and security camera connection points. The room containing this rack would be located next to the lifts at the central core of the building. In turn, these racks would be interconnected from flat to flat throughout the building “Fig. 15”.
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Figure 16. Control systems in a standard room (Source: MSc students’ project)
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runoff from buildings. In this project, the vegetation was located on the covers and on the terraces of the rooms. Native species of vegetation typical of tropical climate were used. Irrigation was carried out using rainwater that was collected and accumulated in the same building for this specific purpose “Fig. 18”.
J. Lighting systems Artificial lighting is one of the biggest internal demands. Optimising the design of the building envelope to improve natural lighting levels can help reduce the demand for indoor lighting. High-efficiency lighting systems such as LEDs with integrated lighting controls reduce energy consumption by half in comparison with traditional luminaries. Advanced lighting control includes occupancy sensors and daylight sensors. Additionally, it is also possible to create different environments in the rooms. For this project, 5 main lighting environments were created:
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1 General room lighting “Fig. 17” 2 Reading in bed 3 Room entrance 4 Sink area in the bathroom
5 Desk area and TV It has been found that reading environments require 500 lux and that other environments need around 200
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Figure 18.
Reuse of rainwater for the irrigation of vegetation (Source: MSc students’ project)
M. Waste Management The UNE-ISO14001 environmental management system was used for the management of the hotel waste (Fig 19). - Programme of selective waste collection - Labelling of containers for different types of waste - Spaces for the collection of waste. - Guests are to be provided with accurate information about how to manage the waste generated. - Classification into recyclable and dangerous waste
RECYCLABLE WASTE: Glass: reuse and recycling of glass PET Plastic Containers Cans: recycling of aluminium for transformation Paper and paperboard Oil and grease: fuel generation Other office waste DANGEROUS WASTE: Products with organic content should be used in order to avoid and/or reduce the generation of hazardous waste.
Figure 17. Simulation of general room lighting (Source: DIALux analysis)
K. Water Efficiency Another fundamental component of the building is the water management system. Fresh drinking water is a limited resource and must be treated and reused before disposing of it via sewers or storm drains. Blackwater from baths will require more intense water treatment than greywater from washbasins, showers and kitchens. Treated water can then be reused for washing or irrigation. In this case, the project reduced the total demand for potable water by half and complemented the other half with the reuse of grey water, and/or rainwater to achieve an almost zero net demand for potable water for irrigation. L. Vegetation Green roofs on building tops provide pleasant views, serve for relaxing activities and help to mitigate the urban heat island effect. Green roofs can also help to reduce general storm water
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incorporate vegetation. Materials and technical solutions were efficiently used to obtain the airtightness and insulation required on both the opaque and transparent surfaces. The HVAC system consisted of an air renewal system fitted with an exhaust air heat exchanger. A VRV heat pump with a reversible system was used. Fresh air was used for air conditioning because of its higher Coefficient of Performance (COP). Due to the shape of the building and the form of the building plot, it was not possible to take advantage of geothermal energy. However, management by regulation and control systems provided a high degree of thermal comfort. The active solar thermal system was able to supply hot water throughout the year without GHG emissions. Vegetation was incorporated on the green roof and the facades of the building used rainwater and recycled greywater for irrigation. A plan was also established for managing waste in line with ISO 14000 environmental management norms (5). The use of a comprehensive package of software programmes was also a determining factor because it made it possible to add rigour to the process of passive design and permitted the assessment of energy behaviour in an active system. As in other building design instruction methodologies (6), when using software tools the solutions adopted for the design made a significant contribution to energy saving. Probably the most effective contribution from the pedagogical perspective was the integration of building technology and design into architectural education (7). As a result of this process, it was evident that this should not be an obstacle to design in architectural practice but rather an opportunity for creativity “Fig. 20”.
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Figure 19: Waste management (Source: MSc students’ project)
N. Integrated System Design In the final NZEB project of the MSc in “Architecture & Sustainability: Design Tools & Environmental Control Techniques” described in this paper, sustainable strategies were implemented via an Integrated System Design. This aggregation process simultaneously incorporated passive design and the optimisation of the building envelope, highly efficient Building Systems, renewable energy sources, the water cycle, waste management and vegetation.
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DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
In current architectural practice, incorporating sustainable strategies should be a key issue within the process of designing a building. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to develop an integrated design approach from the very start of the design process. The project presented here was drawn up according to a specific educational programme that had been taught in the Master’s Degree course delivered at the UPC’s School of Professional & Executive Development. This programme was designed to teach graduates with degrees in architecture and engineering the basic concepts and strategies required for sustainable design and particularly those needed for designing NZEBs and nearly NZEBs. The result is presented in this paper in the form of a specific project designed by the students. The design of this particular multi-storey hotel was conditioned by a previously defined volume and a precise orientation that had been determined by a previous plan. Despite this, the whole planning process was followed. In summary, the project outlined describes a step-by-step pedagogical programme designed to teach basic resource conservation and concepts for designing nearly NZEBs. The design process began with the students considering the climatic environment in order to establish the most appropriate design strategies and passive design concepts. Starting from the pre-determined orientation, the interior space was then distributed. The design of the envelope made it possible to regulate solar radiation and
Figure 20. Rendering of the resulting project (Source: MSc student’s project)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank: Secilia López-Yañez Mijares, Diana Marcela Patiño, Jose Enrique Rivera, Milagros del Pilar Santoyo and Daniel Tenorio.
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MS Architecture & Sustainability: Design Tools and Environmental Control Techniques Retrieved from http:// www.arquitecturaysostenibilidad.com VOSS K, SARTORI I, LOLLINI R. “Nearly-zero, NetZero and Plus Energy Buildings-How definitions & regulations affect the solutions.” REHVA journal- December 2012, p.24 http://task40.leashc.org/publications.pdf All new buildings to be zero energy from 2019 (Nov. 16, 2012). Retrieved from , http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides Vives-Rego J., Uson E.,Fumado J., Passive Designed Buildings for active citicens became scools of sustainability: a proposal for sustainable Architecture . Journal of Green Building, volume 10, number 1, (2015) pp. 85-96. ISO 14000-Environmental management reetrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso14000. Vassigh Shahin, Ozer E., Spiegelhalter Thomas (2012). Best Practices in Sustainabe Building Design, J. Ross Publishing, Fort Lauderdale, Har/DVD first edition Schlaich, J. (1991). Practices Which Integrate Architecture and Engineering, In Bridging the Gap: Rethinking the Relationship of Architect and Engineer, Webster, A. (Coord. Ed), Van Nostrand Reinhold , New York, p. 122.
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