Independent Evaluation - Central Land Council

Independent Evaluation of the Central Land Council’s Community Development and Governance Programmes

Prepared by Chris Roche (La Trobe University) & James Ensor (People and Planet Group Pty Ltd) for the Central Land Council March 2014

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Published by the Central Land Council 27 Stuart Hwy, Alice Springs, 0870, Northern Territory, April 2014 Also published on http://www.clc.org.au/ © Central Land Council 2014 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Printed by Impact Digital Pty Ltd. For more information contact the Central Land Council on (08) 8951 6211, or email [email protected]. Photographic credits Cover photo: Kurdiji group in Lajamanu, Central Land Council Other: Central Land Council, Chris Roche, Peter Eve and Tracks Dance Company

INDEPENDENT EVALUATION CLC Community Development and Governance Programmes

Acknowledgements This evaluation was conducted with funding provided to the Central Land Council by the Australian Government through the then Department of Families and Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. We would like to acknowledge and thank a number of people who have assisted us in this endeavour. In particular we would like to recognise the key role of Danielle Campbell and Jayne Weepers, our key interlocutors at the Central Land Council, whose insights, guidance and support were invaluable, as well as David Ross for his leadership. We would also like to thank other staff especially in the Community Development Unit for their time and inputs. Candice Chapman deserves special praise for her logistical help which enabled our work and travel to communities to go so smoothly. Robert Chapman in Lajamanu is also acknowledged for sharing his deep understanding of the governance processes of Lajamanu and how they might be best supported, as well as his excellent coffee. We would also like to thank the members of our reference group: Brian Gleeson, Bill Kruze, Andrea Mason, David Martin, Marc Purcell, Bernie Yates, and Peter Yu, for their time, energy and intellectual generosity. Petronella Vaarzon-Morel, Miles Holmes and Jane Walker played a critical role as part of the evaluation team not only at the community level but also in providing invaluable feedback on a draft of this report. We would also like to thank Sharon Anderson for her key role as part of the team in Lajamanu. Thanks also to Fiona Deppeler for her sterling work on helping to edit various versions of this document, as well as Alex Gyles and Samantha Newton for their research assistance. Finally we would like in particular to recognise the people of the communities of Imanpa, Willowra and Lajamanu, as well as others we talked to in Mutitjulu and Alice Springs. Without their patience, knowledge and experience and their willingness to share this with us, this evaluation would not have been possible. Chris Roche & James Ensor 6 March 2014

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Executive Summary This evaluation was carried out by a team led by Associate Professor Chris Roche of La Trobe University and James Ensor of the People and Planet Group. It was conducted in the second half of 2013. The overall purpose of the evaluation was to assist the Central Land Council (CLC) to ‘explore and improve its development work in order to maximise the benefits for Aboriginal people’ with a particular focus on its community development (CD) and governance programs. The evaluation was focused on assessing the contribution of these programs to the achievement of positive social, cultural and economic outcomes, and to increasing the capacity of people and groups within the communities supported by the CLC.

Methods The evaluation used a ‘mixed method’ approach with a particular emphasis on eliciting the views of Aboriginal people, as well as service providers working with these communities. This involved: t JOUFSWJFXTDPOEVDUFEJOUISFFEJòFSFOUDPNNVOJUJFT*NBOQB 8JMMPXSBBOE-BKBNBOV t 1BSUJDJQBOUPCTFSWBUJPOPGDFSUBJO$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU6OJU $%6 TVCQSPKFDUT PGUIF (PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUBDUJWJUJFTBOEQSPDFTTFT BOEPGBGVMM$-$$PVODJMNFFUJOH t " 'FFECBDL TFTTJPO XJUI ,VSEJKJ HSPVQ JO -BKBNBOV B XPSLTIPQ XJUI $-$ $%6 TUBò BOE B TFTTJPOXJUIUIFGVMM$-$$PVODJM t 4FDPOEBSZEBUBBOBMZTJTPGSFMFWBOUEBUB QSPKFDUEPDVNFOUT SFQPSUT BOESFMFWBOUQPMJDZ EPDVNFOUTBOEBDBEFNJDMJUFSBUVSFBOE t 4PDJBM /FUXPSL "OBMZTJT PG EBUB DPMMFDUFE JO -BKBNBOV PO UIF NFNCFSTIJQ PG UIF WBSJPVT committee and governance structures.

Findings The CLC has made significant financial and human resource commitments in the establishment of its Community Development function over the last eight years. Total Community Development FYQFOEJUVSFGSPNUP FYDMVEJOHTUBòDPTUT JTN HSPXJOHGSPNBCPVUN QFSBOOVNJOUIFöSTUUXPZFBSTPGPQFSBUJPOUPOFBSMZNQFSBOOVNJOUIFMBTUGPVSZFBST5IJT indicates a growing commitment from Aboriginal people to choose to spend their money in a collective manner. It is also significant to note that funds leveraged through other grants take this UPUBMUPN 5IF FTUBCMJTINFOU PG UIF $-$ $PNNVOJUZ %FWFMPQNFOU 1SPHSBN BOE (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU IBT PDDVSSFE EVSJOH B QFSJPE PG SBQJE QPMJDZ DIBOHF BòFDUJOH UIF MJWFT PG 5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST BOE residents of the communities in which the CLC Community Development Unit and Governance QSPKFDU IBWF PQFSBUFE PWFS UIF MBTU FJHIU ZFBST .BOZ PG UIFTF CSPBEFS QPMJDZ DIBOHFT o TVDI BT UIPTFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ*OUFSWFOUJPOBOEUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZA(SPXUI5PXOT model, have generated considerable challenges and complexity for these CLC programs. %FTQJUF UIJT QSPKFDUT TVQQPSUFE CZ $%6 BOE UIF $-$ (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU IBWF DMFBSMZ QSPEVDFE outcomes valued by Aboriginal people. These have included: the generation of employment opportunities, enhanced training and education outcomes, skills development, improved child care, ZPVUIFOHBHFNFOU DVMUVSBMTUSFOHUIFOJOHBOENBJOUFOBODFBOEFOIBODFEIFBMUIBOEPWFSBMMXFMM being for kidney patients. *UJTDMFBSUPUIF3FWJFX5FBNUIBUUIF$%61SPHSBNBOE$-$(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUIBWFBMTPQMBZFE BDSJUJDBMSPMFJOFNQPXFSJOH5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTBOEDPNNVOJUZSFTJEFOUTBDSPTTDFOUSBM"VTUSBMJB within a context of broader disempowerment. The fact that the CDU is located within a statutory agency that is governed by Aboriginal people provides the unit with an important degree of MFHJUJNBDZBOEBVUIPSJUZ XIJDIJUVTFTUPHPPEFòFDU ii


These CLC programs are providing multiple forums and processes through which a critical mass PG "CPSJHJOBM QFPQMF BDSPTT DFOUSBM "VTUSBMJB BSF BCMF UP BOBMZTF JEFOUJGZ BOE BEESFTT UIFJS TFMG determined needs and priorities. These programs occur in a context where a range of other forums serving similar purposes have been disbanded over the last decade. The CLC programs have produced longer term collective benefits for people than individual royalty payments. There are a number of less powerful or influential people who have benefitted from these QSPHSBNTXIPXPVMEIBWFPUIFSXJTFNJTTFEPVUJOUIFJSBCTFODF8FBMTPPCTFSWFEUIBU JOTPNF cases, the community development supported processes seemed to be somewhat insulated from DPNNVOJUZDPOøJDUT0OUIFPUIFSIBOE EFDJTJPOTBCPVUJOEJWJEVBMQBZNFOUTPGUFOFYBDFSCBUFE tensions. There is also some evidence to suggest that individual and collective use of royalties and PUIFSJODPNFTIPVMECFTFFOBTDPNQMFNFOUBSZSBUIFSUIBOBOAFJUIFSPSPQUJPO 5IFNBKPSJUZPGJOUFSWJFXFFTUBLFHSFBUQSJEFJOUIFGBDUUIBU"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFBSFVUJMJTJOHUIFJS own money to address their own priority needs in a manner which maximises their control. There is clear evidence of good development practice by the CLC. Almost universally interviewees were also of the view that a huge range of services initially instigated and funded through Community %FWFMPQNFOU QSPKFDUT BOE OPX CFOFöUJOH "CPSJHJOBM QFPQMF XPVME TJNQMZ OPU IBWF IBQQFOFE without the impetus of CLC CD funding. The subcontracting processes managed by CDU can be time consuming, difficult and challenging. CDU should try and use the leverage that comes with spending several million dollars per annum to improve quality by establishing minimum standards for all subcontractors and engaging in capacity development of subcontractors to meet these standards. The review team concludes that the potential for greater outcomes is constrained by other factors outside the control of the CLC which include the broader social determinants of health, the resourcing of health, education and housing services and associated policies, and the policies and practices of other service providers, subcontractors and government departments. It is clear that many of the activities supported through the CLC’s CD Program are used to help fund IFBMUI BOE FEVDBUJPO TFSWJDFT BOE BDUJWJUJFT 4VDI TFSWJDFT BOE BDUJWJUJFT BSF GVOEFE CZ 'FEFSBM BOE4UBUFHPWFSONFOUTJONVDIPGNBJOTUSFBN"VTUSBMJB*UJTBMTPUIFDBTFUIBUDPNNVOJUJFTBSF using their own resources through CDU to fund programs and services that government has been reluctant to support (i.e. cultural activities and outstation upgrades and access). "U MFBTU XJUIJO UIF DPNNVOJUJFT TBNQMFE UISPVHI UIJT 3FWJFX QPTJUJWF "CPSJHJOBM MFE DIBOHF PVUTJEFPGUIF$%6BOE(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUTQIFSFoTFFNTUPCFMBSHFMZBEIPDBOEPGUFOBUUSJCVUBCMF UPEFUFSNJOFE"CPSJHJOBMMFBEFSTIJQTVQQPSUFECZUIFDPJODJEFODFPGMJLFNJOEFEOPO"CPSJHJOBM actors in communities. The unique characteristics associated with each community in which the CD Program operates demands a highly tailored and context specific response, as well as excellent local LOPXMFEHFBOESFMBUJPOTIJQT5IFBCJMJUZPG$%6TUBòUPXPSLFòFDUJWFMZUPGBDJMJUBUFUIFTFOFUXPSLT of collaboration, elevate Aboriginal voice within them and broker relationships between diverse BDUPSTJTBTLJMMTFUUIBUJTIJHIMZFòFDUJWFJOUIJTDPOUFYU 5IFSFXBTBXJEFMZIFMEWJFXGSPNCPUI"CPSJHJOBMSFTQPOEFOUTBOETFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTUIBUOPO "CPSJHJOBM TUBò XPSLJOH BT TFSWJDF QSPWJEFST BU B DPNNVOJUZ MFWFM OFFE B CFUUFS VOEFSTUBOEJOH of Aboriginal ways of working, community histories and local context and culture. CLC could be playing an important role in developing this understanding.

iii


CLC has amassed an impressive range of data, reports and interviews on both the community EFWFMPQNFOUBOEHPWFSOBODFQSPHSBNT*UIBTBMTPNBEFTUSPOHFòPSUTUPTIBSFJUTMFTTPOTXJUI others. The review team believe that CLC could make more of this data and experience by further JOWFTUNFOUJOSFTFBSDIUPBDDPNQBOZJUT.POJUPSJOHBOE&WBMVBUJPOQSPDFTTFT'PSFYBNQMF UIF$-$ could undertake more in depth analysis of the interview material it has, or explore social network BOBMZTJTNPSFGVMMZ5IFSFJTQPUFOUJBMUPCFTUSFOHUIFOJOHDPNNVOJUZFòPSUTUPHFOFSBUFBOETIBSF data and information, as part of exploring forms of social accountability or community feedback which have been tested elsewhere. Although Aboriginal people and most service providers emphasise similar positive elements of the CLC’s Community Development and Governance work, it is also clear that there are also dimensions XIJDIBSFWBMVFEoBOEXFJHIUFEoEJòFSFOUMZ5IJTJTQBSUJDVMBSMZUIFDBTFGPSXIBUJOCSPBEUFSNT NJHIU CF DBMMFE DVMUVSBM EJNFOTJPOT BOE UP B MFTTFS FYUFOU JTTVFT PG WPJDF BOE DPOUSPM 8IJMTU both Aboriginal people and service providers valued outcomes related to health, education and employment, Aboriginal people were more likely to express the view that strengthening culture, and enhancing voice and control, were central to achieving these outcomes. There is a need to EFWFMPQ NPSF IPMJTUJD FWBMVBUJWF GSBNFXPSLT XIJDI CFUUFS SFQSFTFOU UIF FMFNFOUT UIBU EJòFSFOU TUBLFIPMEFSTWBMVF The CDU’s and Governance ways of working conform well to a set of emerging principles for those working on complex problems in International Development. Their practice is therefore also validated by experience and theory from elsewhere. 5IFSFWJFXUFBNDPODMVEFTUIBUUIFSPMFQMBZFECZ$%6TUBòXJUIJOUIF$-$JTBOFóDJFOUVTFPG öOBODJBMSFTPVSDFT5IFDPTUPGUIF$%6VOJUGPSUIFQFSJPECFUXFFOBOEXBTN XIJDISFQSFTFOUTPGUPUBMFYQFOEJUVSF*UJTPVSWJFXUIBUUIJTSFQSFTFOUTBIJHIMZDPTUFòFDUJWF operation given the outcomes achieved. However there is a looming mismatch between demand for CDU’s services and its ability to finance the supply of these services which poses significant risks for both CDU and the CLC more generally BTXFMMBTUIFFòFDUJWFOFTTPGUIFQSPHSBN

iv


Recommendations The review team has made recommendations for the Community Development Unit, the Governance 1SPKFDUBOEUIF$-$NPSFCSPBEMZ The Community Development Unit should: &YQMPSF XIFSFGFBTJCMF UIFEFDFOUSBMJ[BUJPOPGTPNFTUBòUPUIF$-$SFHJPOBMPóDFT BT QMBOOFEGPS-BKBNBOV

$POUJOVFBOEFOIBODFTUSBUFHJFTUPBUUSBDUBOESFUBJOTUBòXIPIBWFUIFEFTJSFBOEBCJMJUZUP build long term relationships with Aboriginal constituents. 3. Proactively explore complementary funding streams which allow greater sustainability of its operating model. 4. Document its preferred approach to the investment of Aboriginal capital in sectors which are arguably the responsibility of governments. 5. Establish mandatory minimum standards and requirements of subcontractors, and investigate opportunities for training and capacity building of subcontractors. &OTVSFUIBUUIFJTTVFPGSFDVSSFOUDPTUTIBTNPSFQSPNJOFODFJOQSPKFDUEJTDVTTJPOTBOE CVEHFUT BOEUIBUJUJTEPOFTZTUFNJDBMMZBDSPTTBMMQSPKFDUT 6OEFSUBLFBSFWJFXPGUIFBEEFEWBMVFPGCPUI8&55BOE8PSME7JTJPO"VTUSBMJBT 87"T DPOUSJCVUJPOUPUIF&BSMZ$IJMEIPPE$BSFBOE%FWFMPQNFOU1SPKFDU 'BDJMJUBUFBEJTDVTTJPOBNPOHTUUIFQSPKFDUDPNNJUUFFT UIF$-$GVMMDPVODJMBOEDPNNVOJUJFT BCPVUUIFQSPTBOEDPOTPGUIFEJòFSFOUQSPKFDUEFDJTJPONBLJOHBOEUIFHPWFSOBODF structures it supports. #VJMEPOUIFWFSZHPPENPOJUPSJOHBOEFWBMVBUJPOQSPDFTTFTUIBUJUIBTFTUBCMJTIFE BOEUIF data and information that is already at its disposal, by investing in further research on the JNQBDUBOEFòFDUJWFOFTTPGJUTXPSL BTXFMMBTNPSFEBUBHFOFSBUJPOCZ BOEGFFECBDLGSPN community members themselves. The Governance Project should: $POUJOVFUPTVQQPSU,VSEJKJJO-BKBNBOVBOEJOQBSUJDVMBSJOIFMQJOHJUUPCBMBODFJUTOFXSPMF in planning for community lease money, and its ongoing role as a key governance mechanism. 4FFLUPSFEVDFUIFEFQFOEFODFPGUIFQSPKFDUPOUIFDVSSFOUDPPSEJOBUPSQPTJUJPOUISPVHIUIF SFDSVJUNFOUPGMPDBMDPXPSLFSTBOENPSFFOHBHFNFOUPG$%6TUBò 1MBDFNPSFFNQIBTJTPOHSFBUFSFOHBHFNFOUXJUIPUIFSBHFODJFTBOEBDUPSTJO-BKBNBOVJO order to influence their policies and practices. #VJME PO JUT HPPE QSBDUJDF JO NPOJUPSJOH BOE SFDPSEJOH MFTTPOT MFBSOU CZ GVSUIFS BOBMZTJOH UIFNBUFSJBMBOEEBUBJUIBTDPMMFDUFEBOEFOBCMJOHFWFOHSFBUFSTIBSJOHPGUIFQSPKFDUT experience with others. 5. Explore and be responsive to opportunities that contribute to enhanced Aboriginal voice and control in other communities in the CLC region by drawing upon the principles and learnings VOEFSQJOOJOHUIF-BKBNBOV(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU

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The CLC should: 1. Undertake an analysis of the role of the Central Land Council in a largely post land acquisition FSBBOEJUTSPMFJOQSPNPUJOHTPDJBMDIBOHFJOUIFSFHJPOBTQBSUPGBNJEUFSNSFWJFXPGJUT TUSBUFHJDQMBO 4FFLUPEFWFMPQBNPSFIPMJTUJDBOEDPPSEJOBUFEBQQSPBDIUPJUTDPNNVOJUZFOHBHFNFOU work ensuring consistency between the work of CDU and other teams. 4FFLUPEFöOFXIBUJUDPOTJEFSTUPCFAFòFDUJWF$-$TUBòQSBDUJDFJOXPSLJOHXJUI"CPSJHJOBM people and engaging communities, and formalising this institutionally. 4. Ensure in its next iteration of planning and reporting processes that the CLC is creating the right incentives to support the adherence to these practices and principles. 5. Ensure the consistent and systematic use of appropriate language interpreters across constituent facing functions of the organisation. %FWFMPQBUJNFMZJOøVFODJOHTUSBUFHZCBTFEPOUIFöOEJOHTPGUIJTFWBMVBUJPOBOESFMBUFE material and research.

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Acronyms and Glossary AAMC

"CPSJHJOBM"TTPDJBUJPOT.BOBHFNFOU$FOUSF

ABA

"CPSJHJOBMT#FOFöU"DDPVOU

AC

Aboriginal Association

ACER

Australian Council of Education Research

ACFID

Australian Council for International Development

ALRA

"CPSJHJOBM-BOE3JHIUT"DU

APONT

"CPSJHJOBM1FBL0SHBOJTBUJPOT/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ

ATSIC

"CPSJHJOBMBOE5PSSFT4USBJU*TMBOEFS$PNNJTTJPO

BIITE

#BUDIFMPS*OTUJUVUFPG*OEJHFOPVT5FSUJBSZ&EVDBUJPO

CAT

Centre for Appropriate Technology

CD

Community Development

CDEP

$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU&NQMPZNFOU1SPKFDUT

CDS

$FOUSBM%FTFSU4IJSF

CDU

Community Development Unit

CEC

Community Education Centre

CLC

Central Land Council

COAG

Council of Australian Governments

DBS

%FBE#VMMPDL4PBL

DEEWR

%FQBSUNFOUPG&EVDBUJPO &NQMPZNFOUBOE8PSLQMBDF3FMBUJPOT

DET

Department of Education and Training

EAL

English as an Additional Language

ECCD

Early Childhood Care and Development Program

ECRG

Early Childhood Reference Group

FAFT

'BNJMJFTBT'JSTU5FBDIFST

FaHCSIA

%FQBSUNFOUPG'BNJMJFT )PVTJOH $PNNVOJUZ4FSWJDFBOE*OEJHFOPVT"òBJST

GEC

(PWFSONFOU&OHBHFNFOU$PPSEJOBUPST

GMAAAC

(SBOJUFT.JOF"òFDUFE"SFB"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO

ICC

Indigenous Coordination Centre

IDA

Imanpa Development Association

IPA

Indigenous Protected Areas

ITEC

Information Technology Education Centre

LIP

Local Implementation Plan

LPA

-BKBNBOV1SPHSFTT"TTPDJBUJPO

LRG

Local Reference Group

NPA

/BUJPOBM1BSUOFSTIJQ"HSFFNFOU vii


NPYWC

/HBBOZBUKBSSB1JUKBOUKBUKBSB:BOLVOZUKBUKBSB8PNFOT$PVODJM

NTDET

/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ%FQBSUNFOUPG&EVDBUJPO

NTER

/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ&NFSHFODZ3FTQPOTF

NT(G)

/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ (PWFSONFOU

PAW

1JOUVCJ"ONBUKFSF8BSMQJSJ

RJCP

Remote Jobs and Communities Program

ROC

3FHJPOBM0QFSBUJPOT$FOUSF

RSD

3FNPUF4FSWJDF%FMJWFSZ

SBS

4QFDJBM#SPBEDBTUJOH4FSWJDF

SIHIP

4USBUFHJD*OEJHFOPVT)PVTJOHBOE*OGSBTUSVDUVSF1SPHSBN

SNAICC

4FDSFUBSJBUPG/BUJPOBM"CPSJHJOBMBOE*TMBOEFS$IJME$BSF

SSM

4IJSF4FSWJDF.BOBHFST

TAFE

5FDIOJDBMBOE'VSUIFS&EVDBUJPO

TO/s

5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFST

UKTNP

6MVSVo,BUB5KVUB/BUJPOBM1BSL

URM

6MVSV,BUB5KVUB3FOU.POFZ$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPKFDU

WDNWPT

8FTUFSO%FTFSU/HBOBNQB8BMZUKB1BMZBOUKBLV5KVUBLV"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO

WETT

8BSMQJSJ&EVDBUJPOBOE5SBJOJOH5SVTU

WETT AC

8BSMQJSJ&EVDBUJPOBOE5SBJOJOH5SVTU"EWJTPSZ$PNNJUUFF

WpkJ

8BSMQJSJQBUVLVSMBOHV+BSV

WVA

8PSME7JTJPO"VTUSBMJB

WYDAC

8BSMQJSJ:PVUI%FWFMPQNFOU"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO

Anangu:VTFEJOUIJTSFQPSUUPSFGFSUP1JUKBOUKBUKBSB :BOLVOZUKBUKBSBTQFBLFSTBOEOFJHICPVSJOH"CPSJHJOBM peoples. Kardiya:BHFOFSJDUFSNVTFECZ8BSMQJSJQFPQMFUPEFTDSJCFOPO*OEJHFOPVT"VTUSBMJBOT Sorry business: generally refers to complex mourning and funeral practices carried out by Aboriginal people in accordance with their traditions. Yapa:HFOFSBMMZVTFECZ8BSMQJSJQFPQMFUPNFBOBQFSTPOBTPQQPTFEUPBOBOJNBM*OUIJTSFQPSUIPXFWFSJU JTVTFETQFDJöDBMMZUPSFGFSUP8BSMQJSJBOEOFJHICPVSJOH"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFT Aboriginal words used in this report are spelt according to the local orthographies in use at communities XIFSF1JUKBOUKBUKBSBBOE8BSMQJSJMBOHVBHFTBSFTQPLFO

viii


CONTENTS Acknowledgements

i

&YFDVUJWF4VNNBSZ

JJ

Acronyms and Glossary

vii

1 INTRODUCTION

1

2 HISTORICAL AND POLICY CONTEXT

1

3 PROGRAM HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

4

5IF$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBN

5IF$-$$PNNVOJUZ(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU

4 METHODOLOGY

17

4.1

Evaluation Team

17

4.2

Reference Group

17

.FUIPEBOE"QQSPBDI

4FMFDUJPOPG$PNNVOJUJFT

4FMFDUJPOPG1BSUJDJQBOUT

%BUB$PMMFDUJPO

4.7

Data Analysis

24

4.8

Limitations

25

5 FINDINGS – IMANPA, WILLOWRA AND LAJAMANU

27

5.1

Imanpa

27

5.1.1 Context

27

6MVSV3FOU.POFZ0WFSWJFX

63.*NBOQB1SPKFDUT

'FFECBDLPO$%68BZTPG8PSLJOH

5.1.5 Issues for Consideration

8JMMPXSB

34

5.2.1 Context 8&55

37

(."""$

'FFECBDLPO$%68BZTPG8PSLJOH

5.2.5 Issues for Consideration

52

ix


-BKBNBOV

5.3.1 Context

54

8&55 (."""$BOE5BOBNJ%JBMZTJT

$PODMVTJPOTo$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBN

-BKBNBOV(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU

'FFECBDLPO$%6BOE(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU8BZTPG8PSLJOH

*TTVFTGPS$POTJEFSBUJPO

6 OVERALL FINDINGS

0VUDPNFT

$%65IFPSZPG$IBOHF

"DIJFWFNFOUPG0CKFDUJWFTBOE$PTU&òFDUJWFOFTT

7 THEMES AND ISSUES ARISING

103

*NQPSUBODFPG$POUFYU4QFDJöD"QQSPBDIFT

1PXFS "HFODZBOE7PJDF

*OEJWJEVBMT 3FMBUJPOTIJQTBOE0SHBOJTBUJPOBM/FUXPSLT

$SPTTDVMUVSBM6OEFSTUBOEJOHBOE8BZTPG8PSLJOH

4FSWJDF1SPWJEFS$PPSEJOBUJPOBOE"DDPVOUBCJMJUZ

-FWFSBHF $POUSPMBOE4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ

/FFEGPS.PSF)PMJTUJD&WBMVBUJWF'SBNFXPSLT

8 BROADER STRATEGIC ISSUES FOR CDU AND THE CLC

4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIF0QFSBUJOH.PEFM

8.2

The CLC and Government Relations

'VUVSF7JBCJMJUZPG/PO34%$PNNVOJUJFT

0SHBOJTBUJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOU

113

115

$POTJTUFODZBOE"UUSJCVUFTPG$-$&òFDUJWF1SBDUJDF

8.5

Dealing with Complexity and Uncertainty

117

9 RECOMMENDATIONS

120

5IF$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU6OJU

(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU

5IF$-$

10 APPENDICES

123

Appendix 1. References and Documents Consulted

123

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Figures and Tables Figure 1:$%6FYQFOEJUVSFQFSBOOVNPOWBSJPVTQSPKFDUT UP

Figure 2:8&55BOE(."""$1BZNFOU1BUIXBZT #BSOFT

Figure 3:8&55(PWFSOBODF4USVDUVSFBOE%FDJTJPO.BLJOH

Figure 4:4UFQTJOUIF(."""$1MBOOJOH1SPDFTT

Figure 6:8JMMPXSB1MBZ(SPVQ"UUFOEBODF0DU+VOF 87"

Figure 5:8:%"$"DUJWJUZ)PVSTBOE1BSUJDJQBOUT +BOVBSZ+VOF

Figure 7:-BKBNBOV8:%"$"DUJWJUJFTBOE1BSUJDJQBOU/VNCFST +BOVBSZ+VOF Figure 8:-BKBNBOV1MBZ(SPVQ"UUFOEBODF 0DUPCFS+VOF 87"

Figure 9:4PDJBM/FUXPSL"OBMZTJTPG8&55BOE(."""$$PNNJUUFF.FNCFSTIJQ

Figure 10:5PUBM0òFODFT-BKBNBOVQFS%BJMZ$PVSU-JTUT

Figure 11:$%&YQFOEJUVSFBOE6OJU$PTUTUP Table 1: Interviews Conducted by Review Team

21

Table 2:$PNCJOFE*OUFSWJFXTGSPNUIF$-$NPOJUPSJOHBOEUIJT3FWJFX

Table 3: Ages of Interviewees

23

Table 4:"4UBUJTUJDBM4OBQTIPU *NBOQB

Table 5:"HFPG*OUFSWJFXFFTJO*NBOQB

Table 6:"4UBUJTUJDBM4OBQTIPU8JMMPXSB

Table 7:8&55$POUSJCVUJPOTUP8JMMPXSB

Table 8:"DUJWJUJFTBOE1BSUJDJQBOUT8JSMJZBKBSSBZJ-FBSOJOH$FOUSF

Table 10:8:%"$:PVUI%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBNJO8JMMPXSB

Table 12:0OHPJOH8JMMPXSB(."""$QSPKFDUTBOEUIPTFBQQSPWFEJO

Table 9:8:%"$"DUJWJUJFTJO8JMMPXSB

Table 11:8JMMPXSB(."""$1SPKFDUT

Table 13:"4UBUJTUJDBM4OBQTIPU-BKBNBOV

Table 14: "HFPG*OUFSWJFXFFTJO-BKBNBOV

Table 15:8&55$POUSJCVUJPOTUP-BKBNBOV

Table 19: 0OHPJOH(."""$-BKBNBOVQSPKFDUTBOEUIPTFBQQSPWFEJO

Table 20:(."""$4VQQPSUUP"SU$FOUSF

Table 16:8:%"$"DUJWJUZJO-BKBNBOV

Table 17:8:%"$:PVUI%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBNJO-BKBNBOV Table 18:(."""$&YQFOEJUVSFJO-BKBNBOV

Table 21:0òFODFTJO-BKBNBOV

Table 22: "TTFTTNFOUPG$%6TQSPHSFTTBHBJOTUJUTJOUFSNFEJBUFPCKFDUJWFT

xi


1 INTRODUCTION How can Aboriginal people maximise the economic and social benefits of third party use of their MBOEToXIFUIFSUIBUCFUISPVHIUIFVTFPGNJOJOHSPZBMUJFT OBUJPOBMQBSLSFOUPS$PNNPOXFBMUI (PWFSONFOUMFBTFT 8IBUBSFUIFNPTUFòFDUJWFXBZTUPTUSFOHUIFOTPDJBMDPIFTJPOBOEDPNNVOJUZ control in Central Australia? How can government, service providers and other actors support the attainment of social, economic and cultural outcomes that are valued by Aboriginal people? These questions give rise to much discussion, argument and policy debate in Australia. This FWBMVBUJPOFYQMPSFTUIF$FOUSBM-BOE$PVODJM$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBNBOEUIF-BKBNBOV (PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUXIJDIIBWFCFFOSVOOJOHGPSFJHIUBOEUISFFZFBSTSFTQFDUJWFMZ5IFSFTVMUT of this evaluation provide valuable evidence and lessons which we believe to be of value to others concerned with these issues.

2 HISTORICAL AND POLICY CONTEXT The Central Land Council (CLC), a statutory authority set up under the Aboriginal Land Rights "DU /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ JT BO "CPSJHJOBM PSHBOJTBUJPO HPWFSOFE CZ B $PVODJM PG FMFDUFE Aboriginal members. The CLC has been operating for over 30 years, working with Aboriginal people to support them to achieve freehold title to their traditional lands under the ALRA and recognition of OBUJWFUJUMFSJHIUT$FOUSBMUPUIJTXPSLJTBDPNNJUNFOUUPTVQQPSUFòFDUJWFBSSBOHFNFOUTUIBUHJWF "CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFJODSFBTFEDPOUSPMPWFSUIFJSPXOBòBJST5IF$-$BMTPTVQQPSUT"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMF to manage their land and to negotiate agreements with others seeking to use their land, which JODMVEFTQBZNFOUPGSFOUBOESPZBMUJFTUP5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFST *O UIF $-$ XJUI UIF TVQQPSU PG 5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST BOE DPNNVOJUZ SFTJEFOUT XJUIJO UIF CLC region, created the Community Development Unit (CDU) in order to implement community EFWFMPQNFOU $% QSPKFDUTVTJOHGVOETTPVSDFEGSPNSFOUBOESPZBMUJFTGSPNMBOEVTFBHSFFNFOUT BOEBòFDUFEBSFBQBZNFOUT TFFJOTJEFCBDLDPWFSPGUIJTSFQPSUGPSMPDBUJPOPG$%6QSPKFDUT 5IF$%6MFEUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPGUIF$-$$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU'SBNFXPSL $-$ XIJDI articulates community development goals, principles and processes for the CLC. The framework sets PVU UIF $-$T JOUFSDVMUVSBM DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU BQQSPBDI XIJDI JT DIBSBDUFSJTFE CZ B GPDVT on community ownership, Aboriginal control, trust based relationships, respect for local values and QSPDFTTFT BOVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGDVMUVSBMEJòFSFODFT BOENPOJUPSJOHBOEFWBMVBUJPO *O"QSJM UIF$-$JOQBSUOFSTIJQXJUISFTJEFOUTPG-BKBNBOVCFHBOBUISFFZFBSEFWFMPQNFOUBM HPWFSOBODFQSPKFDU XJUIUIFTVQQPSUPGUIF$PNNPOXFBMUIBOE/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ(PWFSONFOUT BOEUIF$PPSEJOBUPS(FOFSBMPG3FNPUF4FSWJDF%FMJWFSZ $(3*4 It is critically important for the context of this Evaluation to understand that the period in which the CLC’s Community Development and Governance programs have been established has coincided XJUI B UJNF PG UVNVMUVPVT DIBOHF JO HPWFSONFOU "CPSJHJOBM QPMJDZ JO UIF /PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ BòFDUJOHUIFTBNFDPNNVOJUJFTJOXIJDIUIF$%1SPHSBNBOE(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUIBWFPQFSBUFE "T UIF $-$T $PNNVOJUZ %FWFMPQNFOU 1SPHSBN BOE (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU BSF POMZ POF PG NBOZ interventions in the lives of Aboriginal people in the communities in which these programs operate, it is important to understand the scale and complexity of government policy changes Aboriginal QFPQMFIBWFCFFOTVCKFDUUPXJUIJOUIFTFTBNFDPNNVOJUJFTEVSJOHUIJTTBNFQFSJPE*OQBSUJDVMBS it is important to understand the increasing dissonance over time between the principles and BQQSPBDIFTVOEFSQJOOJOHUIF$-$QSPHSBNTTVCKFDUUPUIJTSFWJFXBOECPUI$PNNPOXFBMUIBOE /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ(PWFSONFOUQPMJDJFTBOEQSBDUJDFTJOUIFTFTBNFDPNNVOJUJFT

1


5IJTEJòFSFODFIBTCFDPNFBQQBSFOUUISPVHIUIFBOOVBMFYUFSOBMNPOJUPSJOHPG$%6QSPKFDUTCZ the CLC. The 2011 monitoring report found that: “People in many locations readily compare their experience of working with CDU through a community development process with the approach of other agencies and organisations. People are able to identify the greater control they have over resources in CDU-facilitated processes. On the other hand, people feel disempowered by some other processes, and this sense of disempowerment in turn undermines and conflicts with their experience of the CLC’s community development approach.” (Kelly 2012, p. 8) #FUXFFOBOEUIFAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission "54*$ XBTUIF BENJOJTUSBUJWFDFOUSFQJFDFPG"CPSJHJOBMTFMGEFUFSNJOBUJPO XJUIFMFDUFE"CPSJHJOBMDPVODJMMPSTBOE commissioners holding responsibility for funding a range of specific Aboriginal services and giving policy advice to governments. *O"QSJMUIF"VTUSBMJBO(PWFSONFOUBOOPVODFEJUTJOUFOUJPOUPBCPMJTI"54*$BOEEJTUSJCVUFUIF programs and services administered to mainstream Australian Government agencies. The transfer of UIFWBTUNBKPSJUZPGQSPHSBNTPDDVSSFEPO+VMZ*O.BSDIUIF'FEFSBM1BSMJBNFOUQBTTFE UIF"54*$"NFOENFOU#JMMBCPMJTIJOH"54*$ 8JUI UIF BCPMJUJPO PG "54*$ UIF 'FEFSBM (PWFSONFOU JNQMFNFOUFE B OFX QPMJDZ GSBNFXPSL PG Shared Responsibility Agreements5IFTFXFSFBHSFFNFOUTCFUXFFO"CPSJHJOBMBOE5PSSFT4USBJU Islander communities and Australian governments based on the principle of ‘mutual obligation’. The principle of mutual obligation required both parties to contribute towards making the agreements work. *O+VOF UIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ#PBSEPG*ORVJSZJOUPUIF1SPUFDUJPOPG"CPSJHJOBM$IJMESFOGSPN 4FYVBM"CVTFQSPWJEFEJUTSFQPSU -JUUMF$IJMESFOBSF4BDSFE /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ#PBSEPG*ORVJSZJOUP UIF1SPUFDUJPOPG"CPSJHJOBM$IJMESFOGSPN4FYVBM"CVTF

UPUIF$IJFG.JOJTUFSPGUIF/PSUIFSO Territory. 0O+VOF JOSFTQPOTFUPUIF#PBSEPG*ORVJSZTöOEJOHT UIF)PXBSE(PWFSONFOUBOOPVODFE UIFA/BUJPOBM&NFSHFODZ3FTQPOTFUP1SPUFDU"CPSJHJOBM$IJMESFOJOUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ #SPVHI GSPNTFYVBMBCVTFBOEGBNJMZWJPMFODF0OUIBUTBNFEBZUIF'FEFSBM(PWFSONFOUFOBDUFEUIF /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ/BUJPOBM&NFSHFODZ3FTQPOTF /5&3 MFHJTMBUJPO 5IF /5&3 MFHJTMBUJPO BQQMJFE UP B XJEF SBOHF PGAQSFTDSJCFE BSFBT DPJODJEJOH XJUI DPNNVOJUJFT in which the CDU program operates) in which Aboriginal people are the sole or predominant inhabitants, including Aboriginal land, Community Living Areas, declared town camps and other EFDMBSFEBSFBT4PNFPGUIFTJHOJöDBOUGFBUVSFTPGUIF/5JOUFSWFOUJPOQBDLBHFJODMVEFE t $PNQVMTPSZBDRVJTJUJPOCZUIF$PNNPOXFBMUIPGZFBSMFBTFTPWFSEFDMBSFE"CPSJHJOBMMBOE "CPSJHJOBMDPNNVOJUZMJWJOHBSFBTBOEUPXODBNQT t 5IFFYDMVTJPOPGDVTUPNBSZMBXBOEDVMUVSBMQSBDUJDFBTBGBDUPSSFMFWBOUUPTFOUFODJOHBOE CBJMEFDJTJPOT t 5IFBQQMJDBUJPOPGJODPNFNBOBHFNFOUUPSFTJEFOUTPGQSFTDSJCFE BOEPUIFSEFDMBSFE BSFBT t 5IFEFOJBMPGSFWJFXCZUIF4PDJBM4FDVSJUZ"QQFBMT5SJCVOBMPGJODPNFNBOBHFNFOUEFDJTJPOT t .PEJöDBUJPOTUPUIFQFSNJUTZTUFNUPBMMPXHSFBUFSBDDFTTUPDPNNVOJUJFTTJUVBUFEPO "CPSJHJOBMMBOE

t #BOTPOUIFTBMFBOEDPOTVNQUJPOPGBMDPIPMJOQSFTDSJCFEBSFBTBOE t #BOTPOUIFQPTTFTTJPOBOETVQQMZPGQPSOPHSBQIJDNBUFSJBMJOQSFTDSJCFEBSFBT 5IF MFHJTMBUJPO QSPWJEFE UIBU BDUJPOT VOEFSUBLFO BT QBSU PG UIF /5&3 XFSF FYDMVEFE GSPN UIF operation of Part II of the Racial Discrimination Act.

2


*OUIFJODPNJOH-BCPS(PWFSONFOUDPNNJTTJPOFEB3FWJFX#PBSE1 to conduct an independent SFWJFX PG UIF /5&3 /5&33# UP BTTFTT XIFUIFS UIF NFBTVSFT IBE CFFO FòFDUJWF BOE UIFJS impact on individuals and communities. 5IF3FWJFX#PBSESFQPSUSFMFBTFEJO0DUPCFSGPVOEUIBU"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFJOUIF/PSUIFSO Territory felt a sense that their culture was considered responsible for problems which had arisen GSPNEFDBEFTPGOFHMFDUJOHPWFSONFOUTFSWJDFEFMJWFSZ5IF/5&33FWJFXBMTPOPUFEUIBU “The Intervention diminished its own effectiveness through its failure to engage constructively with the Aboriginal people it was intended to help” (NTERRB 2008, p. 10). Consequently the Review concluded that sustained and sustainable improvements in the safety and wellbeing of children and families in remote communities will only be achieved through partnerships between community and government based on mutual respect. .FBOXIJMF TXFFQJOHMPDBMHPWFSONFOUSFGPSNXBTDPODVSSFOUMZBòFDUJOHUIFMJWFTPG"CPSJHJOBM DPNNVOJUJFTUISPVHIPVUUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ0O+VMZUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ(PWFSONFOU EJTCBOEFE NPSF UIBO MPDBMMZ FMFDUFE "CPSJHJOBM $PNNVOJUZ (PWFSONFOU $PVODJMT SFQMBDJOH UIFTFXJUIA4VQFS4IJSFTXJUISFTQPOTJCJMJUZGPSUIFQSPWJTJPOPGMPDBMHPWFSONFOUTFSWJDFTUPSVSBM and remote communities. 'VSUIFS'FEFSBM(PWFSONFOUQPMJDZDIBOHFTFOTVFE'PMMPXJOHUIF-BCPS(PWFSONFOUSFTQPOTF UPUIF/5&3#PBSE3FWJFXBOEBQFSJPEPGDPNNVOJUZDPOTVMUBUJPO JO/PWFNCFSUIF(JMMBSE (PWFSONFOUJOUSPEVDFEUIF4USPOHFS'VUVSFTMFHJTMBUJPO5IJTMBXJOUFOEFEUPBEESFTTLFZJTTVFT UIBUFYJTUXJUIJO"CPSJHJOBMDPNNVOJUJFTPGUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZTVDIBTVOFNQMPZNFOU TDIPPM enrolment and attendance, alcohol abuse, community safety and child protection, food security, BOEIPVTJOHBOEMBOESFGPSNT5IF4USPOHFS'VUVSFTMFHJTMBUJPOXBTBOOPVODFEBTBDPNNJUNFOUCZ UIF"VTUSBMJBO(PWFSONFOUUPXPSLXJUI"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFJOUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZUPCVJMETUSPOH JOEFQFOEFOUMJWFT XIFSFDPNNVOJUJFT GBNJMJFTBOEDIJMESFOBSFTBGFBOEIFBMUIZ.BOZBTQFDUTPG UIF4USPOHFS'VUVSFTQSPHSBNMJOLFEUPUIF'FEFSBM(PWFSONFOUT$MPTFUIF(BQUBSHFUT "DDPNQBOJFECZBCJMMJPOJOWFTUNFOUQBDLBHF 4USPOHFS'VUVSFTJTEJSFDUFEUPJNQSPWJOHUIF MJWFTPG"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFJOUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ QBSUJDVMBSMZUIPTFMJWJOHJOSFNPUFDPNNVOJUJFT and town camps who experience much higher levels of disadvantage than anywhere else in "VTUSBMJB 4USPOHFS 'VUVSFT GPDVTFT PO JNQSPWFE TFSWJDFT MPDBM KPC DSFBUJPO BEESFTTJOH BMDPIPM abuse and education. $VNVMBUJWFMZ UIFTF $PNNPOXFBMUI BOE /PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ (PWFSONFOU QPMJDZ DIBOHFT IBWF DSFBUFE o GPS CFUUFS PS XPSTF B XIJSMXJOE PG DPOTUBOU DIBOHF JO UIF MJWFT PG5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST BOE SFTJEFOUT PG UIF DPNNVOJUJFT JO XIJDI UIF $-$ $% 1SPHSBN BOE (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU IBWF operated for over the last eight and three years respectively. During the course of this review the NBKPSJUZPGJOUFSWJFXFFTIBWFQSPWJEFEUIF3FWJFX5FBNXJUIUIFJSWJFXTBOEFYQFSJFODFTPGUIF CLC Community Development and Governance programs in light of this rapidly changing broader context.

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3


3 PROGRAM HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT2 5IF"CPSJHJOBM-BOE3JHIUT"DU /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ QSPWJEFT"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFXJUIUIFBCJMJUZ to negotiate compensation for granting access to their land successfully claimed or granted under the Act, and also provides for statutory payments by the Commonwealth Government. Under the Act, the Central Land Council is charged with responsibility for identifying and representing UIFJOUFSFTUTPG"CPSJHJOBM5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTJOOFHPUJBUJPOTPWFSUIJSEQBSUZBDDFTTUPBOEVTFPG Aboriginal land, and for the distribution of financial payments associated with third party use of Aboriginal land. 5IF BMMPDBUJPO PG DPNQFOTBUJPO GVOET UP CPUI JOWFTUNFOU BOE UP DPNNVOJUZ CFOFöUT QSPKFDUT preceded the establishment of the Community Development Unit within the Central Land Council JO5IF$%6XBTB$-$SFTQPOTFUPUIFOFFEUPBTTJTUQFPQMFXJUIUIFTFQSPKFDUT)BMGPGUIJSE QBSUZ MBOE VTF SFMBUFE GVOET EJTUSJCVUFE CZ UIF $-$ UP5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFS XFSF VTFE UP FTUBCMJTI JOWFTUNFOUGVOET B$-$QPMJDZ 5IFSFNBJOJOHMBOEVTFSFMBUFEGVOETXFSFVTFEJODPOKVODUJPOXJUI dividends from investment funds, for further investment, individual or immediate family benefit. During this period to 2005 the dominant sources of third party funds were associated with two gold NJOFTJOUIF5BOBNJ%FTFSU BQQSPYJNBUFMZLJMPNFUSFTOPSUIXFTUPG"MJDF4QSJOHToUIF5BOBNJ .JOFBOEUIF(SBOJUFT.JOF Commencing in 2005, the Community Development Unit within the CLC has worked with Traditional 0XOFSBOEDPNNVOJUZSFTJEFOUTXJUIJOUIF$-$SFHJPOXIPIBWFFJUIFSFMFDUFEUPPSCFFOSFRVJSFE by resolutions of the Central Land Council elected delegates to utilise third party payments for collective community benefit. During the eight year period between 2005 and the time of this Review in 2013 both the volume and diversity of sources of funds utilised for community benefit with the support of the CDU has HSPXO FYQPOFOUJBMMZ "T PG UIF $%6 TVQQPSUT UIF GPMMPXJOH QSPKFDUT GPS XIJDI UIJSE QBSUZ financial payments for the use of Aboriginal land are applied wholly or partly for community benefit TFFJOTJEFCBDLDPWFSPGUIJTSFQPSUGPSMPDBUJPOPG$%6QSPKFDUT t 5IF8BSMQJSJ&EVDBUJPOBOE5SBJOJOH5SVTU1SPKFDU 8&55 t 5IF5BOBNJ%JBMZTJT1SPKFDU t 5IF6MVSV,BUB5KVUB3FOU.POFZ$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPKFDU 63. t 5IF(SBOJUFT.JOF"òFDUFE"SFB"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO1SPKFDU (."""$ t 5IF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ1BSLT3FOU.POFZ1SPKFDU /51BSLT BOE t 5IF$PNNVOJUZ-FBTF.POFZ1SPKFDU 'JHVSF QPSUSBZT UIF FYQFOEJUVSF QFS BOOVN GSPN UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF $%6 PO UIFTF EJòFSFOU QSPKFDUT*UJTOPUBCMFUIBU8&55BOE(."""$SFWFOVFTUSFBNTXIJDIEFSJWFGSPNUIF(SBOJUFTNJOF NBLF VQ OFBSMZ PG UIF N UIBU IBT CFFO TQFOU JO UIJT QFSJPE XJUI UIF 6MVSV SFOU NPOFZ QSPKFDUNPTUPGUIFSFNBJOEFS

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4


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Figure 1: CDU expenditure per annum on various projects, 2005/6 to 2012/13 (JWFOUIFEPNJOBODFPG(."""$BOE8&55XJUIJOUIFPWFSBMM$%6QPSUGPMJPEVSJOHUIJTQFSJPE UIF EJBHSBNTIPXOJO'JHVSFJTBVTFGVMSFGFSFODFQPJOUGPSVOEFSTUBOEJOHUIFDPNQMFYOBUVSFPGUIF flow of financial considerations associated with The Granites mine.

5


Figure 2: WETT and GMAAAC Payment Pathways (Barnes, 2013) "TJMMVTUSBUFEJO'JHVSF UXPTUSFBNTPGSFWFOVFøPXUISPVHIUIF$-$UPUIF+BOHBOQBBOE,VSSB BTTPDJBUJPOT BTXFMMBTUPUIF8BSMQJSJ&EVDBUJPOBOE5SBJOJOH5SVTUBOEUIF(SBOJUFT.JOF"òFDUFE "SFB"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO1SPKFDU In addition to these resource flows associated with mining on Aboriginal land, the Community Development Unit now also supports community development processes associated with rental NPOFZGPSUIF6MVSV,BUB5KVUB/BUJPOBM1BSL öOBODJBMDPOTJEFSBUJPOTGSPNUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ (PWFSONFOU BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF TFUUMFNFOU PG /BUJWF5JUMF DMBJNT CZ5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST PWFS /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ/BUJPOBM1BSLT BOEöWFZFBSMFBTFQBZNFOUTCZUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI(PWFSONFOU GPSUIFVTFPG"CPSJHJOBMDPNNVOJUZMBOEBOEJOGSBTUSVDUVSF.PSFEFUBJMJTQSPWJEFEJOUIJTDIBQUFS BCPVUFBDIPGUIFTFQSPKFDUT 3.1 The Community Development Program 5IFPWFSBMMJOUFOUJPOPGUIF$-$T$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBN $-$ JTUPQBSUOFSXJUI "CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFJOQSPDFTTFTUIBUFOBCMFUIFNUPTFUBOEBDIJFWFUIFJSEVBMPCKFDUJWFTPG .BJOUBJOJOH"CPSJHJOBMJEFOUJUZ MBOHVBHF DVMUVSFBOEDPOOFDUJPOUPDPVOUSZ BOE 4USFOHUIFOJOHUIFJSDBQBDJUZUPQBSUJDJQBUFJONBJOTUSFBN"VTUSBMJBBOEUIFNPEFSOFDPOPNZ through improving health, education and employment outcomes. 5IF $PNNVOJUZ %FWFMPQNFOU 6OJU $%6 XPSLT UISPVHI WBSJPVT QSPKFDUT UP TVQQPSU "CPSJHJOBM people. The overarching goal of the work is that Aboriginal people will be strong and resilient and able to live well in both the Aboriginal world and mainstream Australian society.


5IFSFBSFGPVSJOUFSNFEJBUFPCKFDUJWFTPGUIFXPSL5IFTFBSF .BYJNJTFPQQPSUVOJUJFTGPS"CPSJHJOBMFOHBHFNFOU PXOFSTIJQBOEDPOUSPM QBSUJDVMBSMZJO SFMBUJPOUPUIFNBOBHFNFOUPGSFTPVSDFTUIBUCFMPOHUPUIFN 2. Generate service outcomes which benefit Aboriginal people and are valued by them, JODMVEJOHTPDJBM DVMUVSBMBOEFDPOPNJDPVUDPNFT #VJMEBOFWJEFODFCBTFGPSUIF$-$TDPNNVOJUZEFWFMPQNFOUBQQSPBDIBOEUIFWBMVFJUIBT GPSDPOUSJCVUJOHUP"CPSJHJOBMDBQBCJMJUJFTBOE 4IBSFMFTTPOTMFBSOFEXJUIPUIFSHPWFSONFOUBOEOPOHPWFSONFOUBHFODJFT #VJMEJOHPOBXJEFSBOHFPGEPNFTUJDBOEJOUFSOBUJPOBMFYQFSJFODF BTXFMMBTBOFYQFSUSFGFSFODF group, the CLC’s community development framework lays out and defines a number of community EFWFMPQNFOU DPODFQUT BT XFMM BT UIF SBUJPOBMF GPS A8IZ DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU 'PVS NBJO arguments that underpin CDU’s approach are made. These include: a. That greater ownership and participation leads to initiatives which are locally appropriate, NPSFFòFDUJWFBOETVTUBJOBCMF b. That by participating in the process and collectively owning and implementing the solutions QFPQMFCVJMEUIFJSLOPXMFEHFTLJMMTBOEFYQFSJFODFXIJDIIFMQTUIFNUBDLMFPUIFSJTTVFT c. That working together increases community cohesion as people become more aware that UIFZGBDFDPNNPOQSPCMFNTBOEXPSLUPHFUIFSUPSFTPMWFUIFNBOE E5IBUDPNNVOJUZEFWFMPQNFOUCVJMETTUSPOHFSBOENPSFTFMGSFMJBOUDPNNVOJUJFTUIBUBSF better able to identify priorities and meet needs and therefore have greater control over their lives, communities and futures. The CDU’s community development framework also provides an analysis of the history of the BQQMJDBUJPO PG DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU BQQSPBDIFT JO "CPSJHJOBM "VTUSBMJB BOE UIF EJòFSFODFT from other contexts, as well as the challenges. As a number of authors have observed the ‘myth of community’ and naïve understandings of power and social relations can lead to community and participatory development processes merely enhancing the influence of the powerful (Cooke & ,PUIBSJ 3 , or contributing to further marginalisation and disengagement (Jagger 2011). Like many agencies concerned with social change, perhaps the most difficult challenge for the CLC is OBWJHBUJOHUIFDIBMMFOHFPGQSPNPUJOHFRVJUBCMFBOEJODMVTJWFQSPDFTTFTXJUIJODPNNVOJUJFTXIJMTU BU UIF TBNF UJNF TUSFOHUIFOJOH UIF BCJMJUZ PG DPNNVOUJFT BT B XIPMF UP FOHBHF FòFDUJWFMZ XJUI external agencies in a rapidly changing external context. This requires not only an acute knowlede PG MPDBMANJDSPQPMJUJDT CVU BMTP B DBSFGVM BOE DPOTJTUFOU BQQSPBDI UP NPEFMMJOH EFQFOEBCMF BOE inclusive processes. The CD program has grown organically over the last eight years (both in response to increased EFNBOEGPSDPNNVOJUZEFWFMPQNFOUQSPKFDUTBOEUISPVHIBEEJUJPOBMTPVSDFTPGJODPNFBMMPDBUFE for community development purposes) and now represents a material component of the CLC’s PQFSBUJPOT*UFNQMPZTTUBòBOEIBTBUPUBMTUBóOHBOEBOBOOVBMPQFSBUJPOBMCVEHFUPGN BTPG0DUPCFS

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7


5IF $%6 XPSL JT DVSSFOUMZ JNQMFNFOUFE UISPVHI TJY QSPKFDUT 5IFTF QSPKFDUT IBWF EJòFSFOU NBOBHFNFOU BSSBOHFNFOUT EFDJTJPONBLJOH NPEFMT BOE JNQMFNFOUBUJPO QSPDFTTFT UISPVHI B SBOHFPGTVCQSPKFDUT)PXFWFS BMMUIFQSPKFDUTBSFDIBSBDUFSJTFECZUIFOBUVSFPGUIFGVOEJOH XIJDI comes from Aboriginal peoples’ own money, and the fact that they focus on achieving outcomes TPVHIU CZ "CPSJHJOBM QFPQMF *O BEEJUJPO BMM UIF QSPKFDUT BSF HPWFSOFE CZ "CPSJHJOBM EFDJTJPO NBLJOHCPEJFT5IFQSPKFDUTBOEWBSJPVTTVCQSPKFDUTJODMVEFUIFGPMMPXJOH The Warlpiri Education and Training Trust Project (WETT) 5IF8&55QSPKFDUVUJMJTFTSFHJPOBMHPMENJOJOHSPZBMUJFTUPTVQQPSUFEVDBUJPOBOEUSBJOJOHJOJUJBUJWFT JOUIF5BOBNJSFHJPO QSJNBSJMZJOUIFGPVSDPNNVOJUJFTPG:VFOEVNV -BKBNBOV 8JMMPXSBBOE/ZJSSQJ TFF'JHVSF 8&55IBTöWFTVCQSPKFDUTMBSHFMZCBTFEPOBGPVOEBUJPOBMSFQPSUDPNNJTTJPOFECZ UIF$-$BOEQSPEVDFECZ+FSSZ4DIXBCCJO 4DIXBCC t 5IF&BSMZ$IJMEIPPE$BSFBOE%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBN t 5IF:PVUIBOE.FEJB1SPHSBN t 5IF4FDPOEBSZ4DIPPM4VQQPSU1SPHSBN t 5IF-BOHVBHFBOE$VMUVSF4VQQPSU1SPHSBNBOE t 5IF-FBSOJOH$PNNVOJUZ$FOUSF1SPHSBN 5IFTF öWF TVCQSPKFDUT IFMQ TVQQPSU UIF MPOH IFME BNCJUJPOT BOE Fò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Figure 3: WETT Governance Structure and Decision Making "OOVBMNPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUTDPNQMFUFECFUXFFOBOE ,FMMZ öOEUIBU 8&55 IBT TUSPOH TVQQPSU GSPN BMM GPVS DPNNVOJUJFT BOE UIBU QBSUJDJQBUJPO JO8&55 HPWFSOBODF CPEJFTBOEDPNNJUUFFTIBTDPOUSJCVUFEUPUIFTLJMMT FNQPXFSNFOUBOETFMGDPOöEFODFPGNBOZ Aboriginal participants. /PUXJUITUBOEJOHUIJT UIFNPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUTJEFOUJGZBOVNCFSPGJTTVFTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIF8&55 program. These include: The capacity of implementing partners. .VDI PG UIF GPDVT PG $%6 TUBò JT SFQPSUFE UP JOWPMWF GBDJMJUBUJOHUIFXPSLPGOPO"CPSJHJOBMJNQMFNFOUJOHQBSUOFST.POJUPSJOHTVHHFTUTUIBUQBSUOFSJOH with local Aboriginal organisations as implementing partners is preferable to working through external agencies without local Aboriginal governance. Aboriginal organisations are regarded as generally more accountable to Aboriginal people and have access to senior community members through their boards and committees, which facilitates implementing partners’ engagement within Aboriginal communities. Context specific approaches.5IFJNQPSUBODFPGSFDPHOJTJOHUIFTJHOJöDBOUDPOUFYUVBMEJòFSFODFT JOFBDIPGUIFGPVSDPNNVOJUJFTJOXIJDI8&55PQFSBUFTXBTIJHIMJHIUFEJONPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUT BOE in an independent evaluation of the Early Childhood Care and Development Program managed by 8PSME7JTJPO Assumptions about learning models. 8&55 TVQQPSUT TFWFSBM QSPHSBNT GPDVTFE PO FEVDBUJPO


including the Early Childhood Development Program, the Learning Centre Program and the youth EFWFMPQNFOUDPNQPOFOUPGUIF8&55:PVUIBOE.FEJB1SPHSBN.POJUPSJOHGPVOEUIBUXIJMTUFBDI program is based on the assumption that opportunities for people to come together for formal learning will benefit those individuals, each program is struggling to attract people to its formal USBJOJOH PS FEVDBUJPO BDUJWJUJFT *O CPUI UIF -FBSOJOH $FOUSF 1SPHSBN BOE UIF :PVUI BOE .FEJB Program there was emerging evidence that an individual approach might be more successful in engaging people in ongoing learning and identifying individuals’ aspirations and potential learning pathways. The Tanami Dialysis Project 5IJTQSPKFDUGPDVTFTPOQSPWJEJOHSFNPUFEJBMZTJTTFSWJDFTUIBUNFFUUIFJOUFSDPOOFDUFECJPQIZTJDBM BOETPDJBMOFFETPG"CPSJHJOBMJOEJWJEVBMTBOEDPNNVOJUJFT5IFQSPKFDUPDDVSTVOEFSUIFBVTQJDFT PG8FTUFSO%FTFSU/HBOBNQB8BMZUKB1BMZBOUKBLV5KVUBLV"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO 8%/815

XIJDI JTCBTFEJO"MJDF4QSJOHT *O,VSSBNBEFBOJOJUJBMBMMPDBUJPOPG UP8%/815UPFYQMPSFUIFGFBTJCJMJUZGPSTFSWJDFT JO 8BSMQJSJ DPNNVOJUJFT *O ,VSSB TVCTFRVFOUMZ BQQSPWFE N UP TFU VQ UIF :VFOEVNV SFHJPOBMEJBMZTJTTFSWJDF"T#BSOFTOPUFTiIJTJTTJHOJöDBOUCFDBVTF,VSSBIBEEFDJEFEUPVTFJUT PXONPOFZyUIBUXPVMECFPUIFSXJTFBWBJMBCMFGPSJOEJWJEVBMEJTUSJCVUJPOw #BSOFT 5IF QSPKFDUOPXIBTUXPSFNPUFTJUFT :VFOEVNVBOE-BKBNBOV BOEFBDIIBTCFFOUISPVHINVMUJQMF TUBHFTPGEFWFMPQNFOU SFDFJWJOHTVQQPSUGSPNUIF,VSSB"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPOBOE(."""$ TFF below), throughout those stages. The Uluru-Kata Tjuta Rent Money Community Development Project (URM) 5IF63.QSPKFDUDPNNFODFEJOXJUIUIFQVSQPTFPG t %FWFMPQJOHDPNNVOJUZJOJUJBUJWFTUIBUXJMMCFOFöUUIFDPNNVOJUJFTJOXIJDIOVNCFSTPG USBEJUJPOBMMBOEPXOFSTMJWF JODMVEJOH.VUJUKVMV *NBOQB ,BMUVLBUKBSB %PDLFS3JWFS BOE "SFZPOHB6UKVBOE t %FWFMPQJOHQMBOTGPSDPNNFSDJBMFOUFSQSJTFTPGCFOFöUUPUSBEJUJPOBMMBOEPXOFST BOEPSUIF above communities. &BDIZFBSCFUXFFO BOE EFQFOEJOHPOUPVSJTUOVNCFST GSPNUIFSFOUEVFUP 5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTJTTQFOUPOSFHJPOBM DPNNVOJUZBOEPVUTUBUJPOQSPKFDUT5IJTDPNQSJTFTBMNPTU half of the rent payments received.

Right: Patients recieving treatment at dialysis centre, Lajamanu

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Text Box 1: The Annual Uluru Rent Money Process 5IF63.QSPDFTTCFHJOTXJUIBMM6MVSV,BUB5KVUB5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTCFJOHJOWJUFEUPBNFFUJOHBUUIF TUBSUPGUIFZFBS#FUXFFOBOE5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTBUUFOEUIJTNFFUJOHBOEOPNJOBUFBOEQSJPSJUJTF CFUXFFO MPDBUJPO CBTFE QSPKFDUT BOE CFUXFFO SFHJPOBM QSPKFDUT EFQFOEJOH PO UIF GVOET available. The CLC consults with each of the traditional owner family groups and residents for the location based QSPKFDUTBOEUIFQSPKFDUQBSUOFSTGPSSFHJPOBMQSPKFDUT1SPKFDUTBSFEFWFMPQFEBOECVEHFUTöOBMJTFEBT part of this process. "MM6MVSV,BUB5KVUB5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTBSFUIFOJOWJUFEUPBTFDPOENFFUJOHMBUFSJOUIFZFBS#FUXFFO BOE50TBUUFOEUIJTNFFUJOH"UUIJTNFFUJOH50TFOEPSTFCPUIUIFDIPTFOQSPKFDUTXIJDIIBWFCFFO developed and costed, and the allocation of funds to them.

5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST BMMPDBUF UIF DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU GVOET UP B SBOHF PG MPDBM BOE SFHJPOBM JOJUJBUJWFT"OOVBMMZ UIFZTFMFDUVQUPöWFDPNNVOJUJFTPSGBNJMZCBTFEAPVUTUBUJPOTBOE$%6TUBò TVQQPSU UIPTF DPNNVOJUJFT UP EFWFMPQ QSPKFDU QMBOT 'PMMPXJOH BQQSPWBM PG QSPKFDU QMBOT BOE CVEHFUTCZUIF6MVSV,BUB5KVUB5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFST UIF$-$SFMFBTFTSFOUNPOFZUPUIFJNQMFNFOUJOH QSPKFDUQBSUOFST.BOZQSPKFDUTIBWFCFFOJOGSBTUSVDUVSFCBTFE JODMVEJOHXBUFSTVQQMJFT VQHSBEJOH power supplies and renovating and equipping workshops for art, small stores and sporting facilities. 3FHJPOBMQSPKFDUTJODMVEFTVQQPSUGPSBUSJTLZPVUI BTTJTUBODFGPSEJBMZTJTQBUJFOUT DIJMESFOTNFOUBM wellbeing and a cultural history archive. The Granites Mine Affected Area Aboriginal Corporation Project (GMAAAC) 5IFQVSQPTFPG(."""$JTGPSDPNNVOJUZCFOFöUBOEEFWFMPQNFOUJOOJOFDPNNVOJUJFTQPUFOUJBMMZ BòFDUFE CZ 5IF (SBOJUF NJOFT CZ IFMQJOH XJUI IPVTJOH IFBMUI FEVDBUJPO FNQMPZNFOU BOE FTTFOUJBMTFSWJDFTTVQQPSUJOHDVMUVSBMBDUJWJUJFTTVDIBTGVOFSBMT TPSSZCVTJOFTTBOEDPVOUSZWJTJUT BOEQSPNPUJOH"CPSJHJOBMTFMGNBOBHFNFOU (."""$XBTFTUBCMJTIFEJOUPSFDFJWFDPNQFOTBUJPOQBZNFOUTGSPNUIF(SBOJUFTNJOF XJUI 50% to be invested and 50% to be applied as community funds. The community funds also cover the costs of administering the corporation with the balance to be divided to designated communities BDDPSEJOHUPBGPSNVMB XJUIUIFUXPMBSHFTUDPNNVOJUJFT :VFOEVNVBOE-BKBNBOV SFDFJWJOHPOF third each. In initial years a large proportion of community funds were provided to a committee or organisation, who then reportedly spent them on motor vehicles, and to a lesser extent household HPPET #BSOFT *OUIF$%6 CVJMEJOHPOUIF8&55FYQFSJFODF CFHBOXPSLJOHXJUI(."""$JOPSEFSUPUSZ and create more long term community benefit, as well as to ensure compensation payments were BQQMJFEJOBDDPSEBODFXJUIUIFBTTPDJBUJPOTSVMFTBOEPCKFDUJWFT 1SPKFDU EFDJTJPOT BSF NBEF CZ FMFDUFE DPNNVOJUZ (."""$ DPNNJUUFFT GPMMPXJOH DPNNVOJUZ meetings. This process includes consulting with the community on appropriate ‘eligible community PSHBOJTBUJPOTXIPUIFOEFWFMPQQMBOTBOECVEHFUTGPSQSJPSJUJTFEQSPKFDUT TFF'JHVSF

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Figure 4: Steps in the GMAAAC Planning Process 5IF$-$NPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUTCFUXFFOBOE ,FMMZ JOEJDBUFBIJHIEFHSFF PGTBUJTGBDUJPOXJUI(."""$GVOEFETVCQSPKFDUTBDSPTTUIFOJOFDPNNVOJUJFT.PTUQSPKFDUTXFSF JEFOUJöFEBTPGCFOFöUUPDPNNVOJUJFT4PNFQSPKFDUQBSUOFSTIBWFSFQPSUFE(."""$TFFEGVOEJOH PGQSPKFDUTIBTCFFOBCMFUPMFWFSBHFHPWFSONFOUGVOEJOH*OTFWFSBMMPDBUJPOT(."""$GVOEFE vehicles created issues and division within communities associated with poor maintenance and determining rights of vehicle usage. *O UIF $-$ NPOJUPSJOH TVHHFTUFE UIBU UIF (."""$ EFDJTJPO NBLJOH BOE QSPKFDU TFMFDUJPO QSPDFTTFTBSFJNQSPWJOHJONPTUDPNNVOJUJFT ,FMMZ 1FPQMFBSFOPXNPSFMJLFMZUPOPNJOBUF QSPKFDUTUIBUXJMMCFBQQSPWFE QFSDFOUPGOPNJOBUFEQSPKFDUTXFSFBQQSPWFEGPSGVOEJOHJO DPNQBSFEXJUIQFSDFOUJOBOEQFSDFOUJO .POJUPSJOHSFQPSUTTVHHFTUUIBUQFPQMF BSFJODSFBTJOHMZVOEFSTUBOEJOHBOEMBSHFMZPXOJOHUIFQSPDFTTPGQSPKFDUEFDJTJPONBLJOH BOEUIBU UIJTJTBDPOTJEFSBCMFDIBOHFUIBUIBTCFDPNFBQQBSFOUEVSJOHUIFMBTUUISFFZFBSTPGUIFQSPKFDU *UTVHHFTUTUIBUUIFSFJTBQSPDFTTUISPVHIXIJDIDPNNVOJUJFTHP MFBSOJOHBCPVUEFDJTJPONBLJOH and how to work within rules and mutual accountability, which is reinforced through the consistent application of those rules and accountabilities. .POJUPSJOHSFQPSUTMJOLUIFTFDIBOHFTUPUIFIJHIMFWFMTPGTLJMMOPXCFJOHCPVHIUUPCFBSCZUIF $%6TUBò4UBòBSFBCMFUPJEFOUJGZNPSFDPOTDJPVTMZUIFTUFQTJOUIFQSPDFTTUIFZVTFBOEUIFXBZT JOXIJDIUIFZIBWFCFFOBCMFUPOFHPUJBUFXJUIEJòFSFOUDPNNVOJUJFTBOEJOEJWJEVBMT)PXFWFS UIJT QSPHSBNDPOUJOVFTUPUBLFDPOTJEFSBCMF$%6TUBòUJNFBOESFTPVSDFTUPNBJOUBJO5IFSFQPSUTGSPN TUBòJOEJDBUFUIBUDPOTJEFSBCMFUJNFJTTQFOUJONFFUJOHTBOEPUIFSJOGPSNBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOT*O DPNNJUUFFNFFUJOHTBOEDPNNVOJUZNFFUJOHTXFSFIFMEBDSPTTUIFOJOFDPNNVOJUJFT

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The Northern Territory Parks Rent Money Project (NT Parks) 5IJTSFMBUJWFMZOFXQSPKFDUXBTJOJUJBUFECZBSFTPMVUJPOPGUIF$-$&YFDVUJWFJOBOEBQQMJFE UP B OBUJWF UJUMF TFUUMFNFOU JOWPMWJOH UIF MFBTF PG OBUJPOBM QBSLT CZ UIF /PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ Government. The resolution required that lease monies be applied to community development QSPKFDUTEFUFSNJOFECZUIF5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSHSPVQTPGFBDIOBUJPOBMQBSL 5ISFFQSPKFDUTDPNNFODFEJOBOEBGVSUIFSOJOFQSPKFDUTXFSFJOQMBOOJOHJO0WFSBMMUIF $-$IFMENFFUJOHTXJUIWBSJPVT5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSHSPVQTEVSJOH4FWFSBMPGUIFTFQSPKFDUT are supporting infrastructure on outstations, as well as meeting places, shelters, a cemetery and a church. Independent monitoring in four locations in 2012 suggested that initial concerns from 5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST BCPVU B DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU BQQSPBDI JO DPNNVOJUJFT IBE MFTTFOFE BT UBOHJCMFQSPKFDUCFOFöUTTUBSUFEUPBQQFBS ,FMMZQ )PXFWFSUIFNPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUBMTP OPUFEUIFJNQPSUBODFPGPOHPJOHDPNNVOJDBUJPOBCPVUUIFEFDJTJPONBLJOHQSPDFTTBOEQSPKFDUT FTQFDJBMMZUPQFPQMFPVUTJEFPGUIFDPNNVOJUZTUSVDUVSFTXIJDINBOBHFUIFQSPKFDU The Community Lease Money Project. *O BTQBSUPGUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ&NFSHFODZ3FTQPOTF UIF$PNNPOXFBMUI(PWFSONFOU DPNQVMTPSJMZBDRVJSFEöWFZFBSMFBTFTPWFS"-3"DPNNVOJUJFTBOE$PNNVOJUZ-JWJOH"SFBT in the CLC region. In 2008 the Commonwealth Government promised it would pay fair rent for these DPNNVOJUJFT BOEJOBQQSPYJNBUFMZNXBTEJTUSJCVUFEUP5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTPGUIF ALRA communities4'PMMPXJOHQSPUSBDUFEOFHPUJBUJPOTXJUIUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI UIF$-$$PVODJM BOE BMM BòFDUFE "CPSJHJOBM -BOE5SVTUT BOE $PNNVOJUZ -JWJOH "SFBT JO UIF $-$ SFHJPO BDDFQUFE UIF$PNNPOXFBMUITöOBMNVMUJNJMMJPOEPMMBSöWFZFBSMFBTFNPOFZPòFSJOMBUF6OEFSUIJT BHSFFNFOU UIF$-$IBTSFDFJWFEPOFPòBNPVOUTPGCFUXFFO BOENQFSDPNNVOJUZ UPEJTUSJCVUFiUPPSGPSUIFCFOFöUPGw5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFST 4JODFMBUF UIF$-$TUBòNFUXJUI5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTBOEDPNNVOJUZSFTJEFOUTPGUIF"-3" communities to talk about how the rent money could be split between individual distribution, DPNNVOJUZCFOFöUBOEJOWFTUNFOU'PMMPXJOHEJTDVTTJPOTXJUIUIF$-$ CZNJEBUPUBMPG communities had decided to divide their money between individual distribution and community CFOFöU"DDPSEJOHUPUIF$-$NPOJUPSJOHSFQPSU ,FMMZ

UIJTXBTBTUSPOHJOEJDBUJPOPG UIF TVQQPSU GPS DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU BOE B XIPMFPGDPNNVOJUZ CFOFöU BQQSPBDI /PUBCMZ only two communities at that time decided to distribute all their money to individuals. 4JYDPNNVOJUJFTXFSFVOBCMFUPSFBDIBEFDJTJPO JOQBSUCFDBVTFPGEJTQVUFTXJUIJOXJEFSDPNNVOJUZ groups. It was also noted that many of the consultation meetings had been very stressful and EJóDVMUGPS5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTBOEDPNNVOJUZSFTJEFOUT&WFOXIFONBOZQFPQMFEJEXBOUUPVTF the money for overall community benefit, there were still people in communities who wanted to have the money individually distributed.

4$PNNVOJUZ-JWJOH"SFBUJUMFTBSFIFMECZBTTPDJBUJPOTTFUVQVOEFSUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ"TTPDJBUJPOT"DU5IJT"DUQSFDMVEFT JOEJWJEVBMNFNCFSTGSPNCFOFöUUJOHGSPNEJTUSJCVUFESFOUNPOFZBMMGVOETQBJEUPSFTJEFOUTPG$PNNVOJUZ-JWJOH"SFBTNVTUCF applied to community benefit.

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*O/PWFNCFSUIFGVMM$PVODJMPGUIF$-$QBTTFEBSFTPMVUJPOFOTVSJOHUIBUBUMFBTUIBMGPGUIF final valuation of the lease amount for all of the 20 communities would be applied for community QVSQPTFQSPKFDUT$PVODJMBMTPSFTPMWFEUIBUUIPTFDPNNVOJUJFTUIBUTUPPEUPSFDFJWFNPSFUIBON DPVME BMMPDBUF OP NPSF UIBO GPS JOEJWJEVBM EJTUSJCVUJPOT $PVODJM QBTTFE UIJT SFTPMVUJPO with a view to promoting the use of the money for community benefit and reducing disagreement and harm within communities. The Council resolution was passed unanimously, suggesting strong support from the delegates for the community development approach and the recognised benefits for their communities. Annual Monitoring of CDU Projects 'PSUIFQBTUUISFFZFBSTTZTUFNBUJDFYUFSOBMBOEJOEFQFOEFOUNPOJUPSJOHIBTCFFOVOEFSUBLFOPG UIF XPSL TVQQPSUFE CZ UIF $%6 BOE SFQPSUFE JO BO BOOVBM NPOJUPSJOH SFQPSU ,FMMZ %S-JOEB,FMMZPG1SBYJTDPOTVMUBOUTIBTQSPWJEFETVQQPSUJOUIFEFTJHOPGB.POJUPSJOHBOE Evaluation framework for the program, as well as undertaking the annual monitoring. Her work is supported by independent consultants who have local language and cultural skills and cultural understanding, relationships and extensive experience in the region, who collect data and feedback from communities. Exploring appropriate monitoring approaches and data gathering techniques has been an important aspect of the development of this assessment process. Evaluation Focus (JWFOUIFSFMBUJWFMZTIPSUUJNFGSBNFGPSUIFSFWJFX BOEHJWFOUIFGBDUUIBUUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ 1BSLT3FOU.POFZ1SPKFDU /51BSLT BOE$PNNVOJUZ-FBTF.POFZ1SPKFDUXFSFCPUIDPNQBSBUJWFMZ OFX UIFFWBMVBUJPOGPDVTFEPOUIFGPMMPXJOH$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOUTVCQSPKFDUT t 5IF6MVSV,BUB5KVUB3FOU.POFZ$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPKFDU 63. t 5IF8BSMQJSJ&EVDBUJPOBOE5SBJOJOH5SVTU1SPKFDU 8&55 t 5IF(SBOJUFT.JOF"òFDUFE"SFB"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO1SPKFDU (."""$ t &MFNFOUTPGUIF5BOBNJ%JBMZTJT1SPKFDU 3.2 The CLC Community Governance Project In addition to the work outlined above, the scope of this evaluation also encompasses the CLC $PNNVOJUZ(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU5IF1SPKFDUVUJMJTFTBEFWFMPQNFOUBQQSPBDIUP Strengthen legitimate and effective decision-making and implementation processes in Lajamanu. 5IFJOUFOEFEPVUDPNFPGUIFQSPKFDUXJMMCFUIFGPSNBUJPOPGBMFHJUJNBUFHPWFSOBODFNFDIBOJTN within the community and the operationalisation of that mechanism. 5IFPSJHJOTPGUIF(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUJO-BKBNBOVBMJHOXJUISFTFBSDITVHHFTUJOHUIBUUIFDVNVMBUJWF JNQBDUTPGSFDFOUQPMJDJFTPGUIF$PNNPOXFBMUIBOE/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ(PWFSONFOUT NPTUOPUBCMZ UIF/5&NFSHFODZ3FTQPOTF /5&3 BOEUIFBCPMJUJPOPGDPNNVOJUZDPVODJMTUISPVHI4IJSFSFGPSN have resulted in a significant ‘governance vacuum’ in communities, decreasing the capacity for local decision making and control. This problem is exacerbated by excessive government demands on limited community capacities.

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-BKBNBOVJTBSFMBUJWFMZVOJöFEBOEDPIFTJWFDPNNVOJUZXJUIBOFOHBHFEMFBEFSTIJQ3FTJEFOUTIBWF nonetheless expressed a deep level of disempowerment through the loss of its community council and have talked about being on the outside of current processes, with little active involvement and BVUIPSJUZJOMPDBMBòBJST 5IF (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU JT TFFO BT B SFTQPOTF UP EJTFOGSBODIJTFE DPNNVOJUZ NFNCFST MPPLJOH GPS OFX XBZT UP CF BDUJWFMZ FOHBHFE JO EFDJTJPOT BòFDUJOH UIFJS DPNNVOJUZ BOE UIF DIBMMFOHF PG HPWFSONFOUT TUSVHHMJOH UP öOE BO FòFDUJWF NFBOT UP FOHBHF XJUI SFNPUF DPNNVOJUJFT JO UIF /PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ 5IF BTQJSBUJPOT GPS TUSPOH DPNNVOJUZ HPWFSOBODF JO $PNNPOXFBMUI (PWFSONFOU 3FNPUF 4FSWJDF %FMJWFSZ 34% TJUFT XFSF TFFO UP CF GBMUFSJOH JO QMBDFT TVDI BT -BKBNBOVXIFSFUIFSFBSFBNVMUJUVEFPGBEWJTPSZHSPVQT CVUGFXBDUJWFBOESFTPVSDFEDPNNVOJUZ governance mechanisms. 5IF(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUDPNNFODFEJOBOEXBTGVOEFEGPSUISFFZFBST5IFQSPKFDUBJNTUP follow a developmental approach to solving the ‘governance gap’ in remote communities, beginning JO -BKBNBOV 5IF QSPKFDU XPSLT XJUI DPNNVOJUZ SFTJEFOUT BOE5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST UP DSFBUF BO FòFDUJWFBOEMFHJUJNBUFDPNNVOJUZHPWFSOBODFNFDIBOJTNUIBUDBO a. Ascertain and articulate the aspirations of the diversity of community residents, and ensure UIPTFBTQJSBUJPOTBSFSFøFDUFEJOUIF-PDBM*NQMFNFOUBUJPO1MBO C1SPWJEFGPSBTUSPOHDPNNVOJUZAWPJDFBOEJODSFBTFEQBSUJDJQBUJPO D 3FDPHOJTFBOECVJMEMFBEFSTIJQDBQBDJUZ d. Ensure government agencies, and other organisations, consultations and engagement are UBSHFUFEBOEFòFDUJWF F 'VMöMUIF$-$TDPOTVMUBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSNBUUFSTJOTJEFUIFDPNNVOJUZJODMVEJOHT MFBTJOHSFRVFTUTBOEQMBOOJOHDPOTFOUQSPDFTTFTBOE f. Provide a model for successful and legitimate community governance that can be applied more broadly. 5IF(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUXBTBMTPTFFOUPBMJHOXJUIPOFPGUIFöWFNBJOPCKFDUJWFTJOUIF/BUJPOBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ"HSFFNFOU /1" GPS34%DPNNVOJUJFT $0"( UPJNQSPWFUIFMFWFMPGHPWFSOBODF and leadership within Aboriginal communities and Aboriginal community organisations. CLC saw UIBUHFUUJOHUIJTPCKFDUJWFSJHIUXBTDSJUJDBMGPSDPNNVOJUJFTUPCFBCMFUPFOHBHFBOEOFHPUJBUFXJUI governments, and also drive their own development and take the lead in addressing their issues over the longer term. Currently, Local Reference Groups are the main Australian Government engagement interface CFJOH VTFE JO UIF EFWFMPQNFOU BOE JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG -PDBM *NQMFNFOUBUJPO 1MBOT -*1 JO 34% DPNNVOJUJFT TVDI BT -BKBNBOV 5IJT QMBDFT IJHI FYQFDUBUJPOT PO -PDBM 3FGFSFODF (SPVQT UP represent their community, as well as further expectations on Aboriginal community cohesion and capacity (that is, the ability of a community to ‘speak’, ‘decide’, ‘negotiate’ and ‘engage’).

15


5IJT FYQFDUBUJPO JT NBUDIFE JO TPNF DPNNVOJUJFT CZ FòFDUJWF HPWFSOJOH BOE SFQSFTFOUBUJPOBM NFDIBOJTNT JO UIF JOUFSDVMUVSBM BSFOB *O PUIFS DPNNVOJUJFT UIFSF BSF TJHOJöDBOU DIBMMFOHFT BDDPSEJOH UP UIF $-$T PSJHJOBM SBUJPOBMF GPS UIF (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU *O TPNF 34% DPNNVOJUJFT existing local organisations or governance structures are being used as the Local Reference Group, in others the Local Reference Group comprises a combination of organisational representatives BOEDPNNVOJUZNFNCFST*OUIF/5DPOUFYU XIFSFMPDBMDPNNVOJUZDPVODJMTIBWFCFFOBCPMJTIFE under the regionalisation of local government, bringing together a cohesive and legitimate Local Reference Group that can represent community interests and engage in planning has presented difficulties. 5IF(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUJTTUBUFECZUIF$-$UPCFCBTFEPOTVDDFTTGVMBQQSPBDIFTUPDPNNVOJUZ governance building where a developmental and participatory approach to strengthening HPWFSOBODFDBQBDJUZIBTCFFOFNQMPZFE5IJTBQQSPBDIIBTCFFOVTFECZUIF0óDFPGUIF3FHJTUSBS PG*OEJHFOPVT$PSQPSBUJPOT 03*$ BOEPUIFSHPWFSOBODFDBQBDJUZCVJMEFSTJODPNNVOJUJFTXIFSF UIFSF IBWF CFFO NBKPS DIBMMFOHFT GPS MPDBM HPWFSOBODF NFDIBOJTNT *U IBT CFFO TIPXO CZ UIF OBUJPOBM*OEJHFOPVT$PNNVOJUZ(PWFSOBODF3FTFBSDI1SPKFDUUPCFFYUSFNFMZFòFDUJWFJGTVTUBJOFE BT B QMBDFCBTFE JOJUJBUJWF PWFS UJNF 'PVS LFZ QSJODJQMFT VOEFSQJO UIF XPSL PG UIF (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU t Collaboration. If any new governance arrangements are to succeed they must be driven by the DPNNVOJUZCVUTVQQPSUFECZHPWFSONFOUBOEPUIFSBHFODJFT5IFQSPKFDUSFDFJWFTBEWJDFGSPN B(PWFSOBODF"EWJTPSZ$PNNJUUFFDPNQSJTJOHTFOJPSTUBòGSPNUIF3FHJPOBM0QFSBUJPOT$FOUSF '")$4*" UIF /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ (PWFSONFOU 4FSWJDF %FMJWFSZ $PPSEJOBUJPO 6OJU UIF 0óDF PG UIF$PPSEJOBUPS(FOFSBMGPS3FNPUF*OEJHFOPVT4FSWJDFTBOEBTQFDJBMJTUDPNNVOJUZHPWFSOBODF advisor. t Community development approach.5IFQSPKFDUBJNTUPQSPWJEFBQPTJUJWFXBZGPSXBSE utilising the CLC’s community development approach which is articulated in the CLC Community %FWFMPQNFOU'SBNFXPSL $-$

BOEESBXJOHVQPOUIFDPNNVOJUZEFWFMPQNFOUFYQFSUJTF PGQSPKFDUTUBò DPOTVMUBOUTBOENFNCFSTPGUIF(PWFSOBODF"EWJTPSZ$PNNJUUFF t Recognise the rights of both community residents and Traditional Owners. As a statutory BVUIPSJUZVOEFSUIF"CPSJHJOBM-BOE3JHIUT /PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ "DUUIF$-$JTXFMMQMBDFEUP CFBCMFUPBTTJTU5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTBOEDPNNVOJUZSFTJEFOUTUPEJTDVTTBOEDMBSJGZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWF roles and responsibilities within communities. t Local ownership and control. -PDBMPXOFSTIJQBOEDPOUSPMPGUIJTQSPKFDUJTTFFOBTDSJUJDBM*UJT BTTVNFEUIBUQSPKFDUPVUDPNFTXJMMPOMZCFSFBMJTFEBOETVTUBJOFEJGHFOVJOFMPDBMPXOFSTIJQBOE control are achieved. 3FHVMBS NPOJUPSJOH SFQPSUT IBWF CFFO QSPEVDFE CZ UIF QSPKFDU XPSLFS BOE SFWJFXFE XJUI B mentoring group comprised of people with experience in aboriginal policy, indigenous governance, international community development and anthropology. These monitoring reports have produced DPOTJEFSBCMFMFBSOJOHBCPVUFòFDUJWFQSBDUJDF QBSUJDVMBSMZJOSFHBSETUPFOHBHJOHXJUIQFPQMFJO -BKBNBOVBOEGBDJMJUBUJOHBOEJEFOUJGZJOHUIFJSFYJTUJOHTZTUFNTPGHPWFSOBODFBOEEFDJTJPONBLJOH 5IFQSPKFDUNFUIPEPMPHZIBTQBJEDMPTFBUUFOUJPOUPEPDVNFOUJOH SFWJFXJOHBOESFøFDUJOHPOUIF QSPKFDUJNQMFNFOUBUJPOBOEPVUDPNFT JODMVEJOHSFHVMBSJOUFSWJFXTXJUIDPNNVOJUZNFNCFST


4 METHODOLOGY 4.1 Evaluation Team The evaluation was conducted by Associate Professor Chris Roche of La Trobe University and James &OTPS .BOBHJOH%JSFDUPSPG1FPQMF1MBOFU(SPVQ1UZ-UE XIPBSFBMTPUIFBVUIPSTPGUIJTSFQPSU *OBEEJUJPO BOUISPQPMPHJTU1FUSPOFMMB7BBS[PO.PSFMXBTQBSUPGUIFFWBMVBUJPOUFBNJO*NBOQBBOE 8JMMPXSB "OUISPQPMPHJTU %S .JMFT )PMNFT BOE *OEJHFOPVT -BOE .BOBHFNFOU TQFDJBMJTU %S +BOF 8BMLFSXFSFQBSUPGUIFUFBNJO-BKBNBOV1FUSPOFMMB .JMFTBOE+BOFCSPVHIUUIFJSMPOHTUBOEJOH anthropological experience in working with these communities, ensuring the team was able to build on their strong relationships with Aboriginal people and their understandings of local social structure and cultural processes. In addition Petronella had been responsible for conducting many of the Community Development Program monitoring interviews completed as part of the CLC’s annual NPOJUPSJOHQSPDFTT QBSUJDVMBSMZJO8BSMQJSJDPNNVOJUJFT5IFUFBNXBTBTTJTUFECZMPDBMDPNNVOJUZ NFNCFST JOQBSUJDVMBSCZ4IBSPO"OEFSTPOJO-BKBNBOV"UUFNQUTUPFOHBHFMPDBMQFPQMFJO*NBOQB BOE8JMMPXSBXFSFMBSHFMZIJOEFSFECZQFPQMFTBWBJMBCJMJUZEVFUPBTJHOJöDBOUQSPQPSUJPOPGQFPQMF CFJOHPòTJUF PDDVQJFEXJUITPSSZCVTJOFTTPSPUIFSXJTFBMSFBEZFNQMPZFEJOQBJEXPSL 4.2 Reference Group A reference group was established to provide advice and analytical input to the Review Team. .FNCFSTPGUIFSFGFSFODFHSPVQXFSF t #SJBO(MFFTPO GPSNFS$PPSEJOBUPS(FOFSBMGPS3FNPUF*OEJHFOPVT4FSWJDFT t #JMM,SV[F QSJODJQBMBU#BOBSSB t "OESFB.BTPO $PPSEJOBUPSPGUIF/HBBOZBUKBSSB1JUKBOUKBUKBSB:BOLVOZUKBUKBSB /1: 8PNFOT $PVODJM t %BWJE.BSUJO %JSFDUPS"OUISPQPT1UZ-UE t .BSD1VSDFMM $IJFG&YFDVUJWF0óDFSPG"$'*% t #FSOJF:BUFT 'PSNFS%FQVUZ4FDSFUBSZJO'B)$4*" OPX%FQBSUNFOUPG4PDJBM4FSWJDFT BOE t 1FUFS:V %JSFDUPSPG/ZBNCB#VSV:BXVSV BOE#PBSE.FNCFSPG,JNCFSMFZ*OTUJUVUF The reference group met twice during the review to provide advice on the methodology (August BOE GFFECBDL PO JOJUJBM öOEJOHT /PWFNCFS .FNCFST PG UIF 3FGFSFODF (SPVQ XFSF appointed as individuals rather than as representatives of a particular organization. 4.3 Method and Approach 5IF PWFSBMM FWBMVBUJPO VTFE B DSJUJDBM BQQSPBDI 'BVMLOFS

VUJMJTJOH NVMUJQMF TPVSDFT PG EBUB and understandings to explore and examine the outcomes of the CLC’s Community Development and Governance work and to identify what these outcomes mean for Aboriginal people in central Australia. The evaluation also made use of wider international development literature as well as experience of other community development approaches in Aboriginal communities in order to MPDBUFUIFBOBMZTJTPGUIF$-$TXPSLBOEJUTPVUDPNFTJOBCSPBEFSDPOUFYU4FFTFDUJPOTBOEPG this report in particular which attempts to draw these threads together.

17


The approach adopted, in consultation with the CLC, sought to be culturally appropriate and acceptable to Aboriginal people and was designed to meet the ethical standards for evaluation FTUBCMJTIFECZUIF"VTUSBMJBO&WBMVBUJPO4PDJFUZ*UXBTBMTPJOGPSNFECZUIFHVJEFMJOFTGPS&UIJDBM 3FTFBSDIJO"VTUSBMJBO*OEJHFOPVT4UVEJFT "VTUSBMJBO*OTUJUVUFPG"CPSJHJOBMBOE5PSSFT4USBJU*TMBOEFS 4UVEJFT *O QBSUJDVMBS UIF FWBMVBUJPO TPVHIU OPU UP JNQPTF DVMUVSBM BOE DPODFQUVBM GSBNFT through narrowly focused extractive questioning, but rather to elicit people’s own ‘valuation’ of the PVUDPNFTPGEJòFSFOUQSPKFDUTBOEQSPDFTTFT In line with the critical approach outlined above, the evaluation team used qualitative and participatory approaches to collecting data, as well as exploitation of existing secondary data in the public domain, where relevant. The approach was designed to test the underlying assumptions of the CLC’s development approach and identify positive and negative outcomes using a ‘theory based’ NFUIPE 8IJUF JFBNFUIPEUIBUBUUFNQUTUPUFTUUIFUIFPSZBOEBTTVNQUJPOTVOEFSQJOOJOH the programs being assessed. These theories and assumptions then informed the key evaluation RVFTUJPOTVTFEJOUIFTFNJTUSVDUVSFEJOUFSWJFXT 5FYU#PYFTBOETVNNBSJTFUIFUIFPSZBOEBTTVNQUJPOTPGUIF$-$TDPNNVOJUZEFWFMPQNFOU approach and Governance programs. These were distilled by the Review Team from program EPDVNFOUBUJPOBOEMJUFSBUVSF BOEUIFOUFTUFEXJUI$-$TUBò

Bottom Right: Community member ratings showing most popular community projects Bottom Left: Community interviews in Lajamanu using visual aids

18


Text Box 2: Community Development Theory of Change 5IFFYDMVTJPOBOEMBDLPGPXOFSTIJQPG"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFJOUIFQSPDFTTFTBOEQSPKFDUTXIJDIBòFDUUIFN has led to disempowerment, and poor outcomes. At the same time individual royalty payments have not led to collective benefits. The CLC’s community development processes seek to support community NFNCFST UP FMBCPSBUF UIFJS WJTJPO GPS B CFUUFS DPNNVOJUZ BOE UP JEFOUJGZ QSPKFDUT BOE QSPDFTTFT UIBU need to be addressed to achieve it, using Aboriginal people’s own money. In so doing the CLC assists in JEFOUJGZJOH LFZ TUBLFIPMEFST EFWFMPQJOH QBSUOFSTIJQT BOE PWFSTFFJOH UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG QSPKFDUT drawing on local and external resources. The CLC also supports monitoring and evaluation, of both the process and outcomes of the actions, in order to improve performance and learning over time. Key Assumptions: t 5IBUNPOJFTVTFEDPMMFDUJWFMZBSFVTFENPSFFòFDUJWFMZCZDPNNVOJUJFTUIBOUIPTFEJTUSJCVUFE JOEJWJEVBMMZ

t 5IBUUIF$-$T$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBNBEETWBMVFUPSPZBMUJFTDPOUSPMMFECZ"CPSJHJOBM QFPQMF

t 5IBUUIFQSPDFTTPG"CPSJHJOBMDPOUSPMPGJEFOUJGZJOH TFMFDUJOHBOEJNQMFNFOUJOHUIFJSPXO QSPKFDUTJTJOJUTFMGFNQPXFSJOH

t 5IBUUIFQSPDFTTCVJMETJOEJWJEVBMBOEDPMMFDUJWFDBQBDJUZBTXFMMBTCSPBEFOJOHUIFCFOFöUTCZ FOHBHJOHMFTTQPXFSGVMDPNNVOJUZNFNCFSTJOQMBOOJOHBOEEFDJTJPONBLJOH

t 5IBUQSPKFDUTJEFOUJöFEBOEJNQMFNFOUFEJOUIJTXBZNBLFBUBOHJCMFEJòFSFODFUPQFPQMFTMJWFT t 5IBUUIFDPNCJOBUJPOPGUIFQSPDFTTBOEUIFQSPKFDUTDPOUSJCVUFTUPPVUDPNFTUIBU"CPSJHJOBM QFPQMFWBMVFJODMVEJOHUIFJSPXOTFMGFTUFFN TLJMMTBOELOPXMFEHF TPDJBMDPIFTJPO DVMUVSBM NBJOUFOBODFBOEFNQPXFSNFOU

t 5IBUDPNNVOJUJFTBSFPGUFOVTJOHUIFTFGVOETUPBEESFTTOFFETQSJPSJUJFTUIBUBSFOPUCFJOHNFU CZ(PWFSONFOUPSPUIFST

t 5IBUUIFTFJOJUJBUJWFTDPNQBSFGBWPVSBCMZXJUIPUIFSBUUFNQUTUPJNQSPWFDPOEJUJPOTGPS"CPSJHJOBM people, as they seek to address the ownership, empowerment and inclusive JOTUJUVUJPOTOFDFTTBSZUPESJWFQPTJUJWFMPOHUFSNDIBOHFBOE t 5IBUUIFCFIBWJPVSPGPUIFSBDUPST JODMVEJOHTVCDPOUSBDUPSTPG$%6QSPKFDUT

BMUIPVHITPNFUJNFT VOIFMQGVM EPFTOPUTVóDJFOUMZVOEFSNJOF$%6TXPSLUPUIFFYUFOUUIBUJUNBLFTJUJOFòFDUJWF


Text Box 3: Governance Project Theory of Change In a climate of disempowerment, where Aboriginal people feel they have limited control of or influence PWFSEFDJTJPOTBòFDUJOHUIFJSMJWFT UIFGPSNBUJPOPGBMFHJUJNBUFHPWFSOBODFNFDIBOJTNDBOQSPWJEFB means for the community to regain a voice, and provide lessons for elsewhere. Key Assumptions: t $PNNVOJUZNFNCFSTXBOUPXOFSTIJQBOEDPOUSPMPGHPWFSOBODF t 8JUIJOUIFDPNNVOJUZUIFSFFYJTUTTVóDJFOUDBQBCJMJUJFTBOEBHFODZUPDSFBUFFòFDUJWFHPWFSOBODF t 5IF$-$JTBCMFUPTFOTJUJWFMZGBDJMJUBUFUIFFNFSHFODFPGBHFOVJOFBOEMFHJUJNBUFHPWFSOBODF NFDIBOJTN

t 5IBUPUIFSCPEJFTXJMMFOHBHFXJUIUIFHPWFSOBODFNFDIBOJTN t 5IBUPUIFSCPEJFTXJMMOPUTFFLUPoPSJOBEWFSUFOUMZVOEFSNJOFUIFHPWFSOBODFNFDIBOJTNBOEXJMM CFBUNJOJNVNOFVUSBMUPJU t 5IBUUIFSFJTUIFDBQBDJUZUPFYFSDJTFTUSPOHBEWPDBDZPOCFIBMGPGUIFNFDIBOJTNPODFJUJT GPSNVMBUFE CZUIFDPNNVOJUZPSUIF$-$ BOE

t 5IBUMFTTPOTMFBSOUJO-BKBNBOVDBOCFVTFGVMMZBQQMJFEFMTFXIFSF

4.4 Selection of Communities A community selection framework was developed in order to sample a range of locations based POBOVNCFSPGJTTVFTJODMVEJOHTJ[F SFNPUFOFTT MBOHVBHFBOEDVMUVSBMEJòFSFODFT MPDBUJPOBOE QSPKFDUT"TBSFTVMUUIFGPMMPXJOHDPNNVOJUJFTXFSFTFMFDUFE Lajamanu 5IJT XPVME BMMPX UIF 8BSMQJSJ &EVDBUJPO 5SBJOJOH 5SVTU 8&55 FTUBCMJTIFE

5BOBNJ %JBMZTJT 4VQQPSU4FSWJDF1SPKFDU FTUBCMJTIFEJO (SBOJUFT.JOF"òFDUFE"SFBT"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO (."""$ FTUBCMJTIFE JO CVU XPSLJOH XJUI UIF $%6 TJODF

BOE (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDUT FTUBCMJTIFE UPCFSFWJFXFEJOBO34%TJUF8IJMTUMPDBUFEPO(VSJOEKJMBOE UIFNBKPSJUZPG -BKBNBOVSFTJEFOUTBSF8BSMQJSJQFPQMF Willowra 5IJTXPVMEBMMPXUIF8BSMQJSJ&EVDBUJPO5SBJOJOH5SVTUBOE(SBOJUFT.JOF"òFDUFE"SFB"CPSJHJOBM $PSQPSBUJPOQSPKFDUTUPCFSFWJFXFEJOBOPO34%TJUF5IFNBKPSJUZPG8JMMPXSBSFTJEFOUTJEFOUJGZBT 8BSMQJSJPS8BSMQJSJ"ONBUKFSSFQFPQMF Imanpa 5IJTXPVMEBMMPXUIFPUIFSMPOHTUBOEJOH$-$TVQQPSUFEQSPHSBNUIF6MVSV,BUB5KVUB3FOU.POFZ $PNNVOJUZ %FWFMPQNFOU 1SPKFDU 63. FTUBCMJTIFE JO UP CF SFWJFXFE 5IF DPNNVOJUZ JT QSFEPNJOBOUMZ 1JUKBOUKBUKBSB BOE:BOLVOZUKBUKBSB BMUIPVHI8BSMQJSJ -VSJUKB BOE "SSFSOUF TQFBLFST also live there.

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All three communities are also receiving community lease money (i.e. monies owed from compulsory öWFZFBSMFBTFTFTUBCMJTIFEBTQBSUPGUIF/5JOUFSWFOUJPO "MUIPVHIUIJTTVCQSPKFDUXBTOPUBGPDVT of the evaluation it did allow the team to explore if, and how, prior engagement in community EFWFMPQNFOUBDUJWJUJFTIBTBòFDUFEIPXQFPQMFBSFBQQSPBDIJOHUIFDPNNVOJUZMFBTFNPOFZ 1SJPSUPUIFFWBMVBUJPOUFBNBSSJWJOHUIF$-$TUBòWJTJUFEDPNNVOJUJFTUPHFUUIFJSQFSNJTTJPOGPS the evaluation and to inform them of who would be visiting as part of the review team and when. Posters with picture of the evaluation team members were distributed and placed on boards on prominent sites e.g. at stores and Learning Centres. 4.5 Selection of Participants *U XBT PSJHJOBMMZ QSPQPTFE UP JOUFSWJFX CFUXFFO UP BEVMU "CPSJHJOBM TUBLFIPMEFST people in each of the selected communities) who would be able to comment on the processes, PVUDPNFTBOEGVUVSFEJSFDUJPOTPGUIF$-$$PNNVOJUZ%FWFMPQNFOUBOE(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUT In order to ensure that as many community members as possible were able to contribute, the FWBMVBUJPO UFBN TQFOU CFUXFFO EBZT JO FBDI DPNNVOJUZ 5IJT FOBCMFE UIF UFBN UP GPMMPX up leads and be available to talk with people informally about the evaluation process, as well as to discuss initial findings with community members. In order to obtain a representative sample of interviewees attention was paid to ensuring that there XBT B SFBTPOBCMF CBMBODF PG HFOEFS BHF BOE DPNNVOJUZ SPMFT 5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST DPNNVOJUZ MFBEFST BOE SFTJEFOUT QSPKFDU QBSUJDJQBOUT QSPKFDU SFDJQJFOUT QPMJDF HPWFSONFOU FNQMPZFFT TIPQLFFQFST IFBMUIXPSLFST BOEJEFOUJöDBUJPOPGPUIFSTXIPIBWFOPUCFFOJOWPMWFEJOEFDJTJPO making, or who may feel they have not benefited from the Community Development Program or (PWFSOBODF1SPKFDU 5IFUFBNFOEFEVQJOUFSWJFXJOHQFPQMF JOJOEJWJEVBMPSTNBMMHSPVQTFUUJOHT5IJTJODMVEFE Aboriginal women, 40 Aboriginal men and 37 service providers (see Table 1). Table 1: Interviews Conducted by Review Team

Project/ Location Willowra Lajamanu Imanpa

Female community members 13 25 13

Male community members

Service providers

Total

7 25 9

15 16 6

35 66 28

Total 52 40 37 129 5IFTFJOUFSWJFXTCVJMUPOJOUFSWJFXTVOEFSUBLFOCZFYUFSOBMDPOTVMUBOUTCFUXFFOGPSUIF CLC, as part of its ongoing independent monitoring of the CD program. As such the findings of this review are therefore informed by almost 500 interviews.There is some overlap in the interviewees, therefore the total number of people interviewed is somewhat less than this figure. Table 2 summarises the numbers and locations of these interviews. Those communities visited as part of the current review are shown in bold.

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Table 2: Combined Interviews from the CLC monitoring and this Review (2010-13)

Project/ Location WETT and GMAAAC Yuelamu (Mt Allen) Nyirrpi Yuendumu Lajamanu Willowra Sub Total NT Parks Rent Money Ewaninga Rock carvings Conservation Reserve Iyltwelepentye/Davenport Range Karlu Karlu/ Devils Marbles Chambers Pillar Historical Reserve Sub Total UKT Rent Money Mutitjulu Imanpa Ulpanyali Kenmore Park Sub Total Dialysis Project (Yuendumu & Alice Springs) Total Percentage of total (%)

Female community members

Male community members

Service Total providers

8 19 47 46 52 172

10 8 17 51 26 112

1 9 15 30 24 79

3

7

10

4

2

6 1

8

1 14

1

6 30

7 30 4 7 48

2 13 0 1 16

6 7 2 2 17

15 50 6 10 81

18

2

4

24

253 51

144 29

101 20

498 100

3 5 15

4

10 36 79 127 102 363

"O FòPSU XBT BMTP NBEF UP JOUFSWJFX QFPQMF GSPN BDSPTT BHF SBOHFT5BCMF JOEJDBUFT UIBU UIJT SFTVMUFEJOBSFMBUJWFMZFWFOCBMBODFBDSPTTBHFHSPVQT8IJMTUUIJTTBNQMFJTDMFBSMZOPUOVNFSJDBMMZ representative (over 40% of the population in these communities are under 18), and those over BSF UIFSFGPSFAPWFSSFQSFTFOUFE JU BSHVBCMZ EPFT SFQSFTFOU B UIPTF BDUJWF PO UIF DPNNJUUFF TUSVDUVSFT PG 8&55 (."""$ 63. BOE %JBMZTJT 1SPKFDU BOE C NPSF TFOJPS NFO BOE XPNFO JO these communities.

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Table 3: Ages of Interviewees

Project/ Location Willowra Lajamanu Imanpa Total Percentage of total (%)

18-25 3 10 0 13 14

25-44 8 12 11 31 33

Age (years) 45-64 7 16 9 32 35

65+ 2 12 2 16 18

Total 20 50 22 92 100

*UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUBHSFBUFòPSUXBTBMTPNBEFUPUSZBOEDPWFSUIFGBNJMZ QBUSJDPVQMF PSTLJO HSPVQTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIEJòFSFOUDPVOUSJFTBOE%SFBNJOHTSFQSFTFOUFEJOFBDIDPNNVOJUZ5IJTXBT NPSFTVDDFTTGVMJO-BKBNBOVUIBOJO8JMMPXSBBOE*NBOQBXIFSFBNBKPSGVOFSBM POHPJOHDPOøJDU and associated absences made this more problematic. 4.6 Data Collection Key informant interviews "GUFSUIFTUVEZXBTFYQMBJOFEBOEDPOTFOUDPOöSNFE TFNJTUSVDUVSFE GBDFUPGBDFJOUFSWJFXTXFSF conducted. These varied from 20 minutes to one hour in length. A limited number of telephone interviews with service providers were also conducted. The evaluation team, including the SFTFBSDIFSTXJUIQSJPSSFMBUJPOTIJQTXJUIUIFDPNNVOJUJFT DPOEVDUFEUIFJOUFSWJFXT0UIFSQFPQMF XFSFQSFTFOUBUUIFJOUFSWJFXTBTEFTJSFECZUIFJOGPSNBOUUIJTPGUFOJODMVEFEGBNJMZNFNCFST PS colleagues working on the same committee or group. 5IF JOUFSWJFXT VTFE WJTVBM QSPNQUT PG UIF DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU QSPDFTT BOE QSPKFDUT VTJOH B DPMMBHF PG (."""$ 8&55 BOE 63. QIPUPHSBQIT *O MJOF XJUI B OVNCFS PG WJTVBM FWBMVBUJWF techniques (see Price et al. 2012) this permitted a) interviewees to make links and associations CFUXFFO EJòFSFOU QSPKFDUT BOE BDUJWJUJFT C QSPWJEFE B GPDVT GPS UIF EJTDVTTJPO XIJDI MFTTFOFE the interviewer/interviewee dynamic, and c) allowed participants to further their understanding PGQSPDFTTFTBOEQSPKFDUTUIBUUIFZXFSFMFTTBXBSFPG BOEJOTPEPJOHHBJOTPNFUIJOHGSPNUIF process. This method allowed the review team to gauge: t 1BSUJDJQBOUTLOPXMFEHFPGJOEJWJEVBMQSPKFDUTUIBUIBECFFOVOEFSUBLFOJOUIFJSDPNNVOJUZ t 8IBUQBSUJDJQBOUTWBMVFEBCPVUUIFTFQSPKFDUT BOEXIBUUIFZEJEOPUWBMVF t 1BSUJDJQBOUTLOPXMFEHFBOEVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFQSPDFTTFTCZXIJDIUIFTFQSPKFDUTIBWF been selected, managed, implemented and reviewed i.e. the governance and community EFWFMPQNFOUQSPDFTTFTUIBUMBZACFIJOEUIFQSPKFDUTBOE t 1BSUJDJQBOUTVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFSPMFPGUIF$-$BOEXIBUUIFZGFMUUIF$-$NJHIUEP EJòFSFOUMZJOUIFGVUVSF

All interviews were recorded in field notes with crosschecking of meanings by Aboriginal people in Aboriginal languages where necessary.

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Group interviews 8IFSF EFTJSFE XF BMTP DPOEVDUFE HSPVQ JOUFSWJFXT 5IFTF HSPVQ JOUFSWJFXT GPMMPXFE UIF TBNF structure and topics as in the key informant interviews. Participant Observation 0CTFSWBUJPOT XFSF DPOEVDUFE PG $%6 QSPHSBNT BU UIF TVCQSPKFDU MFWFM BOE PG UIF (PWFSOBODF 1SPKFDU BOE JUT QSPDFTTFT 5IJT JODMVEFE CFJOH MPDBUFE JO UIF -FBSOJOH $FOUSFT BOE 1MBZHSPVQ MPDBUJPOTJO8JMMPXSBBOE-BKBNBOVGPSTPNFJOUFSWJFXTBOEEJTDVTTJPOT WJTJUJOH8:%"$MPDBUJPOT EVSJOHBDUJWJUJFT BOEBUUFOEJOH,VSEJKJEJTDVTTJPOTBTPCTFSWFST"TXFTPVHIUUPCFJODPNNVOJUJFT BUUJNFTXIFO$%6TUBòXFSFOPUQSFTFOUJOPSEFSUPNBJOUBJOJOEFQFOEFODFXFXFSFVOBCMFUP BUUFOEQSPDFTTFTGBDJMJUBUFECZ$%6TUBò5IJTNFBOTPVSJOUFSQSFUBUJPOPGTPNFPGUIFTFQSPDFTTFT DPNFT JOEJSFDUMZ UISPVHI EJTDVTTJPOT XJUI DPNNVOJUZ NFNCFST BOE UIF $-$ TUBò SBUIFS UIBO through participant observation except at the full Council meeting (see below). /FWFSUIFMFTTUIFTFPCTFSWBUJPOTFOBCMFEUIFUFBNUPEFUFSNJOFMFWFMTPGDPNNVOJUZQBSUJDJQBUJPO and ownership, as well as the relationship between service providers and community members. 'VSUIFSNPSFJUBMMPXFEUIFUFBNUPHFUBGFFMPGUIFBUNPTQIFSJDTPGEJòFSFOUBDUJWJUJFTBOEQSPKFDUT Workshop with the CLC CDU staff " EBZ MPOH XPSLTIPQ XBT IFME XJUI UIF $-$ DPNNVOJUZ EFWFMPQNFOU TUBò PO 0DUPCFS XIJDIBMMPXFEUIFUFBNUPHBJOBCSPBEFSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPG$%6TUBòTXPSLBDSPTTBXJEFSSBOHF PGDPNNVOJUJFTBOEQSPKFDUT Session with Full CLC Council 5IF&WBMVBUJPO5FBNBUUFOEFEUIFGVMM$-$$PVODJMNFFUJOHPOUI/PWFNCFS"UUIJTNFFUJOH the team provided feedback to the delegates on their findings to date, and gathered information from them on their perceptions of the CLC’s Community Development work, what they thought might be improved, and what role the Council should play in order to ensure the long term success of this work. 4.7 Data Analysis The evaluation team has undertaken analysis of the findings from secondary data sources, observations and its own interviews. This data has been analysed deductively to consider the relevance of themes identified by broader literature review and inductively to consider emergent themes that were identified during the interview process. An iterative approach to data analysis has CFFOVTFEXIFSFUIFNFTBSFESBXOGSPNUIFEBUB SFWJFXFEBOEUIFOSFFYBNJOFEUPTZOUIFTJ[F the findings. 5IJTBOBMZTJTIBTCFFOGVSUIFSUFTUFEXJUI"CPSJHJOBMQFPQMFoEVSJOHJOJUJBMGFFECBDLTFTTJPOTJOUIF DPNNVOJUZoGPSFYBNQMFXJUIUIF,VSEJKJHSPVQJO-BKBNBOVoXJUIUIF$-$GVMM$PVODJMBOEXJUI PUIFSJOGPSNFETUBLFIPMEFSTTVDIBTNFNCFSTPGUIF$%63FGFSFODF(SPVQ BOESFMFWBOU$-$TUBò to add and deepen that analysis.

24


Secondary data analysisPGTPDJBM DVMUVSBMBOEFDPOPNJDEBUBGPSUIF/5UIF$-$QSPKFDUEPDVNFOUT CVEHFUTBOENPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUTTUBòSFQPSUTPGUIF(PWFSOBODF1SPKFDUEBUBPOSPZBMUZQBZNFOUT FWJEFODF QSPWJEFE CZ TUBLFIPMEFST BOE SFMFWBOU QPMJDZ EPDVNFOUT BOE DPOUFYUVBM EBUB 5IJT process has also sought to minimise additional burdens on stakeholders whilst maximising efficient synthesis of existing data sources, as well as helping in locating the outputs of the CDU in a broader context. Stakeholder interview and observation analysis has occurred in three stages: a. Content analysis has been used to classify the data according to the domains of change related to the evaluation questions and the working hypotheses/theory of change. b. Thematic analysis has been undertaken using ‘open’ coding. Data from notes, observations and transcriptions has been analysed to identify the processes and relationships between QSPKFDUTFMFDUJPO NPOJUPSJOHBOEPVUDPNFT c. Each researcher has read the transcripts and notes several times to identify any additional UIFNFT"UUFOUJPOIBTCFFOQBJEUPEJòFSFODFTJOPQJOJPOTBDSPTTBOEXJUIJODPNNVOJUJFT and between researchers. Social Network AnalysisPGEBUBDPMMFDUFEJO-BKBNBOVPOUIFNFNCFSTIJQPGUIFWBSJPVTDPNNJUUFF and governance structures is being trialled. This potentially will allow an assessment of the degree of overlap of membership between groups and a greater understanding of the networks of governance UIBUFYJTU4PNFFYBNQMFTPGUIJTBSFQSFTFOUFEJOUIF-BKBNBOVöOEJOHTTFDUJPOPGUIJTSFQPSU 4.8 Limitations There are a number of limitations to this review that it is important to recognise: Limited availability of data: a recent study commissioned by the CLC (Doran & Ling 2012, p. 3) noted: “In spite of the comprehensive nature of available data sources, from the authors’ perspective these data sources will be of limited use to the CDU for one of more of the following reasons: available data is out of date; available data is not dis-aggregated below the state/territory levels; access to relevant community level data, where possible, is restricted and requires application, approval and payment; and, National and state survey data is generally collected with very little inclusion of participants in areas covered by CLC CDU operations.” This has meant that it proved difficult to triangulate findings in a number of areas with reported PVUDPNFTFYQSFTTFECZJOGPSNBOUT8IJMTUNPSFEBUBTFFNTUPCFDPMMFDUFEGPS34%TJUFTUIJTJTOPU always available, nor in a form that would allow for causal inferences to be drawn.

25


Community Coverage: the resources available and the timeline for this review has meant that XF IBWF IBE UP MJNJU UIF OVNCFST PG DPNNVOJUJFT XIFSF XF IBWF VOEFSUBLFO JOEFQUI XPSL UP UISFFPVUPGUIF/5DPNNVOJUJFTXIFSFUIF$-$$%6QSPHSBNJTQSJNBSJMZFOHBHFE58IJMTUXF believe that the triangulation of the review findings with the broader monitoring data and literature provides for some confidence in the findings being more broadly generalised, the heterogeneity of the communities and contexts means that this should be treated with caution. Addressing the Counterfactual: one of the main challenges of impact evaluation in particular is IPXUPBEESFTTUIFDPVOUFSGBDUVBMJFXIBUXPVMEIBWFIBQQFOFEXJUIPVUUIFQSPKFDUPSQSPHSBN This review has relied upon a number of techniques for causal inference which are suitable for a small sample size of heterogeneous communities (see Rogers 2010). In particular we are seeking ADPOHSVFODF JF UIF EFHSFF UP XIJDI UIF öOEJOHT NBUDI UIF QSPHSBN UIFPSZBTTVNQUJPOT ADPVOUFSGBDUVBMDPNQBSJTPOXIBUXPVMEIBWFIBQQFOFEXJUIPVUUIFQSPHSBNBOEADSJUJDBMSFWJFX i.e. are there other plausible explanations of the findings. However given the number of actors intervening, the heterogeneity of communities involved, and the non-linear nature of the change processes that these multiple drivers produce it should be recognised that this review is in many areas reducing uncertainty about what is happening, as opposed to proving causality.

5$%6JTBMTPFOHBHFEJOOVNFSPVTPVUTUBUJPOTBTXFMMBTDPNNVOJUJFTJO8FTUFSOBOE4PVUIFSO"VTUSBMJB


5 FINDINGS – IMANPA, WILLOWRA AND LAJAMANU This chapter outlines findings (and background context) in relation to each community visited. 'PMMPXJOHTFDUJPOTQSFTFOUUIFPWFSBMMöOEJOHT FNFSHFOUUIFNFTBOETUSBUFHJDJTTVFT

5.1

Imanpa

5.1.1

Context

*NBOQBXBTFTUBCMJTIFEBTBIFDUBSFFYDJTJPOGSPN.U&CFOF[FSQBTUPSBMMFBTFJOGPMMPXJOH B MPOH QFSJPE PG BEWPDBDZ GPS B DPNNVOJUZ MJWJOH BSFB CZ 5SBEJUJPOBM 0XOFST BOE QFPQMF MPOH associated with the area (such as those who previously worked on cattle stations in the area). It JT MPDBUFE BCPVU TFWFO LN OPSUI PG UIF -BTTFUFST )JHIXBZ BOE LJMPNFUSFT GSPN .U &CFOF[FS 3PBEIPVTF DVSSFOUMZDMPTFE 5IFDPNNVOJUZJTQSFEPNJOBOUMZ1JUKBOUKBUKBSBBOE:BOLVOZUKBUKBSB speaking, with essential services including a primary school, secondary school annex (part of /ZBOHBUKBUBSSB$PMMFHFCBTFEBU6MVSV

BIFBMUIDMJOJD QPMJDFTUBUJPOBOEDPNNVOJUZTUPSF#FJOH a relatively small community of approximately 180 people, Imanpa is not designated as a Remote 4FSWJDF%FMJWFSZ 34% TJUFCZUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI(PWFSONFOU OPSB(SPXUI5PXOCZUIF/PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ(PWFSONFOU5BCMFTIPXTTFMFDUTPDJPFDPOPNJDEBUBGPS*NBOQB Table 4: A Statistical Snapshot, Imanpa6

Socio-economic Indicator Total Number of Residents Indigenous Residents Residents > 15 years of age Population Median Age Average Household Size

Employment

Income Household Language

Education 9

Total 185 172 136 22 5.7

Employed Full Time Employed Part Time Labour Force Participation Rate 7

12 11 25%

Median Family Income ($/week) 8

633

English Indigenous

6% 94%

Year 9 or less Years 10-12 Unstated

76% 10% 14%

64PVSDF"VTUSBMJBO$FOTVT 75IFOVNCFSPGFNQMPZFEQFSTPOTFYQSFTTFEBTBQFSDFOUBHFPGQFSTPOTBHFEZFBSTBOEPWFS/#UIJTJODMVEFTQFPQMFFNQMPZFE CVU BXBZGSPNXPSLA/#*OBEEJUJPO UIJTJODMVEFTiQFPQMFFNQMPZFE CVUBXBZGSPNXPSLw 8.FEJBOUPUBMGBNJMZJODPNFJTBQQMJDBCMFUPGBNJMJFTJOGBNJMZIPVTFIPMET*UFYDMVEFTGBNJMJFTXIFSFBUMFBTUPOFNFNCFSBHFEZFBST BOEPWFSEJEOPUTUBUFBOJODPNFBOEGBNJMJFTXIFSFBUMFBTUPOFNFNCFSBHFEZFBSTBOEPWFSXBTUFNQPSBSJMZBCTFOUPO$FOTVT/JHIU 9 Count of persons aged 15 years and over who are no longer attending primary or secondary school.

27

Above: Arrival of a new community computer, Imanpa Right: Tanya Luckey and Julia Burke (Ara Irititja support worker) reviewing newly installed iMAC in 2008

2


Three notable contextual factors were at play in Imanpa at the time the Review Team visited the DPNNVOJUZ'JSTUMZ BTJHOJöDBOUOVNCFSPGGPSNFSDPNNVOJUZSFTJEFOUTIBENPWFEUP.VUJUKVMV BU MFBTUJOQBSUJOSFTQPOTFUPUFOTJPOTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDPOøJDUXJUIJOUIFDPNNVOJUZ4FDPOEMZ UIF SFDFOUDMPTVSFPG.U&CFOF[FS3PBEIPVTFXBTSFQPSUFEUPIBWFJNQBDUFEUIFDPNNVOJUZ UISPVHI SFEVDFEBSUTBMFT MPDBMKPCTBOEBDDFTTUPGVFM #PUIPGUIFTFGBDUPST UPHFUIFSXJUITPSSZCVTJOFTT led to community members estimating that up to 50% of the normal population of Imanpa was not in the community at the time of the Review Team visit. #FDBVTFBTJHOJöDBOUOVNCFSPG*NBOQBSFTJEFOUTIBWFNPWFEUP.VUJUKVMV UIF3FWJFX5FBNBMTP WJTJUFE.VUJUKVMVUPJOUFSWJFXBOVNCFSPGGPSNFS*NBOQBSFTJEFOUTBCPVUCPUIUIF$%6QSPKFDUT in Imanpa and to better understand the reasons for such significant population movement. As XFMM BT GBDUPST JODMVEJOH DPNNVOJUZ DPOøJDU BOE DMPTVSF PG UIF .U &CFOF[FS 3PBEIPVTF CFUUFS FNQMPZNFOUPQQPSUVOJUJFTBU:VMBSBXFSFJEFOUJöFEBTBTJHOJöDBOUSFBTPO XJUIGPSNFS*NBOQB SFTJEFOUTIBWJOHCFFOQMBDFEJOXPSLCZ"OBOHV+PCT NPTUMZBU:VMBSB3FTPSU An important third contextual factor was that the Review Team encountered very limited continuity BOEDPSQPSBUFNFNPSZPGTFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTJOUIFDPNNVOJUZJOSFMBUJPOUP63.QSPKFDUTJO*NBOQB ,FZ QFSTPOOFM BDSPTT FEVDBUJPO IFBMUI QPMJDF BOE TIJSF TFSWJDFT IBE CFFO JO QPTUT GPS QFSJPET spanning one week through to a maximum of nine months. 5IF3FWJFX5FBNDPOEVDUFEJOEFQUIJOUFSWJFXTXJUIMPDBMDPNNVOJUZNFNCFST XJUIXPNFO BOEXJUINFO XJUISFQSFTFOUBUJPOBDSPTTBHFHSPVQTBTPVUMJOFEJO5BCMF Table 5: Age of Interviewees in Imanpa

Age group (years)

Number of Interviews

Percentage of Interviews

18-24

0

0%

25-44

10

45%

45-64

9

41%

65+

3

9%

"GVSUIFSTJYJOUFSWJFXTXFSFDPOEVDUFEXJUITFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTBOESFQSFTFOUBUJWFTPG-PDBM /PSUIFSO Territory and Commonwealth Government agencies operating in Imanpa. These interviews built on the 25 interviews that have been conducted in Imanpa as part of the POHPJOH JOEFQFOEFOU NPOJUPSJOH VOEFSUBLFO CZ UIF $-$ CFUXFFO 5IJT BMMPXFE VT UP DSPTTDIFDLEBUBBOESFTQPOTFTBDSPTTNPSFUIBOJOUFSWJFXT 5.1.2 Uluru Rent Money Overview "UPUBMPG IBTCFFOSFDFJWFECZ*NBOQBUISPVHIUIF6MVSV3FOU.POFZQSPKFDUTJODFJUT inception comprising: t " DPOUSJCVUJPO UPXBSET B OFX DPNNVOJUZ TUPSF CFUXFFO BOE 5IF"VTUSBMJBO(PWFSONFOUDPOUSJCVUFE BOEUIF/5(PWFSONFOUUIFCBMBODFGPSUIFTUPSF PG 1SPKFDUEFTJHOBOEDPOTUSVDUJPOXBTTVCDPOUSBDUFEUPMPDBMBSDIJUFDU4VF%VHEBMFBOE "TTPDJBUFT5IFTUPSFPQFOFEFBSMZJOBOEIBTCFFOSVOTJODFCZ0VUCBDL4UPSFT5IF*NBOQB %FWFMPQNFOU"TTPDJBUJPO *%" PXOTUIJTBTTFU


t GPS BO BEEJUJPOBM DPPM SPPN GPS UIF DPNNVOJUZ TUPSF BOE SFTVSGBDF PG øPPSJOH CFUXFFOBOE0VUCBDL4UPSFTXFSFUIFQSPKFDUNBOBHFSPOCPUIKPCT t " DPOUSJCVUJPO UP B WJTJUPST BOE TQPSUT BCMVUJPO CMPDL CFUXFFO BOE "1SPKFDU"HSFFNFOUXBTFOUFSFEJOUPXJUI$"5UPEFTJHOBOEDPOTUSVDUEJTBCMFENBMFBOEGFNBMF TIPXFSTBOEUPJMFUTTJUFEOFBSUIFTQPSUTPWBM*%"PXOTUIJTBTTFUBOE t GPSCBOEFRVJQNFOU"1SPKFDU"HSFFNFOUXBTFOUFSFEJOUPXJUI/1:8$ XIJDISVOT the youth program at Imanpa) to source and manage the equipment which is used in the IDA owned Recreation Hall. *NBOQBIBTBMTPCFOFöUUFEGSPNUIF"SB*SJUJUKBSFHJPOBMQSPKFDUXIJDIPQFSBUFTJOPWFSDPNNVOJUJFT JO4PVUI"VTUSBMJB UIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZBOE8FTUFSO"VTUSBMJB"SB*SJUJUKB ATUPSJFTGSPNBMPOHUJNF BHP PóDJBMMZDPNNFODFEJOBOEIBTCFFOBMMPDBUFE CZ63.UPSFQBUSJBUFIVOESFET of thousands of historical and cultural items and makes them available to Anangu through a digital EBUBCBTF5IF"SB*SJUJUKBJOUFSBDUJWFEJHJUBMBSDIJWFJTBWBJMBCMFJOBOVNCFSPG"OBOHVDPNNVOJUJFT BMMPXJOHUIFNUPOBWJHBUFUIFEJHJUBMBSDIJWF XSJUFBOEVQMPBEJOGPSNBUJPO TUPSJFTBOESFøFDUJPOT and use passwords to restrict access to specific items. "SB *SJUJUKB IBT CFFO GVOEFE PO UXP TFQBSBUF PDDBTJPOT CPUI XJUI 1JUKBOUKBUKBSB $PVODJM BT UIF TVCDPOUSBDUPS5IFöSTUTUBHFPG63.GVOEJOHXBTGPS GSPNo GPSJNQMFNFOUJOH JO"QVUVMB 'JOLF

,BMUVLBUKBSB %PDLFS3JWFS

.VUJUKVMV BOE*NBOQB5IFTFDPOETUBHFPGGVOEJOH XBTGPS GSPNoGPSGVSUIFSJNQMFNFOUBUJPOJOUIFBCPWFDPNNVOJUJFT BTXFMM BTFYUFOEJOHUPUIF8BUBSSLBTDIPPMBU-JMMB XIJDITFSWFT-JMMB 6MQBOZBMJ BOE8BONBSSB

5JUKJLBMB :JSBSB$PMMFHFJO"MJDF4QSJOHTBOE6UKV "SFZPOHB 5.1.3 URM Imanpa Projects *NBOQBIBTCFFOUIFTVCKFDUPGQSFWJPVTNPOJUPSJOHPG$%6QSPKFDUT ,FMMZ 5IF key themes which emerge from this monitoring include: Community Benefit from URM Projects. Previous monitoring found that both Anangu community NFNCFSTBOETFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTSFHBSE63.TVQQPSUFEQSPKFDUTBTCFOFöUJOHUIF*NBOQBDPNNVOJUZ In particular, monitoring reports indicate overwhelmingly positive comments about the new store GSPNCPUI"OBOHVSFTJEFOUTPG*NBOQBBOETFSWJDFQSPWJEFST#FOFöUTUPUIFDPNNVOJUZBUUSJCVUFE UPUIFOFXTUPSFJODMVEFEBOJODSFBTFESBOHFPGHPPETBWBJMBCMF 57T CMBOLFUT DMPUIFT UIBUUIFOFX TUPSFJTXFMMNBOBHFECZ0VUCBDL4UPSFT FNQMPZJOH"OBOHV SFUBJOJOHDIJMESFOTTBWJOHTCPPLTBOE proactively discouraging unhealthy food choices) and that the store is able to provide higher quality BOEGSFTIFSGPPEBTBSFTVMUPGUIFVQHSBEF8IJMTUUIFSFXBTMFTTLOPXMFEHFPG63.BTBGVOEJOH TPVSDF PWFSBMMPUIFSQSPKFDUTXFSFSFQPSUFEBTCFOFöUJOHUIFDPNNVOJUZ5IFCBOEFRVJQNFOUXBT reported as keeping young people occupied, developing skills and reducing conflict.

Right: Using the Ara Irititja (‘Stories from a long time ago’) interactive digital archive, Imanpa

2


Limited knowledge of URM as a funding source.8JUIUIFFYDFQUJPOPGUIFOFXTUPSF UIFSFXBT WFSZMJNJUFE"OBOHVLOPXMFEHFPG63.BTUIFTPVSDFPGGVOEJOHGPSDPNNVOJUZQSPKFDUT FTQFDJBMMZ BNPOHTU ZPVOH QFPQMF ,OPXMFEHF IPXFWFS XBT SFQPSUFE JO UIF NPOJUPSJOH SFQPSUT BT CFJOH higher amongst service providers, although the reasons for this are unclear. Project delivery speed.5IFNBKPSJUZPGJOUFSWJFXFFT CPUI"OBOHVSFTJEFOUTBOETFSWJDFQSPWJEFST SFHBSEFEUIF63.QSPKFDUTBTCFJOHEFMJWFSFEUPPTMPXMZ OPUJOHUIBUJOBOVNCFSPGJOTUBODFTUIJT was beyond the control of both Anangu and the CLC and instead associated with subcontractors FHEFMBZTXJUIUIFBCMVUJPOCMPDLSFQPSUFEMZBTTPDJBUFEXJUI4IJSFQSPDFTTFT Sustainability. " OVNCFS PG JOUFSWJFXFFT TVHHFTUFE UIBU 63. GVOEFE QSPKFDUT BSF MJLFMZ UP CF more sustainable in Imanpa because of the community development process whereby community NFNCFSTFOHBHFNFOUJOUIFEFTJHO QMBOOJOHBOETPNFUJNFTEFMJWFSZPG63.QSPKFDUTGPTUFSTB TFOTFPGPXOFSTIJQ5IJTXBTDPOUSBTUFEXJUIBSFDFOU4*)*1IPVTFSFOPWBUJPOQSPKFDUXIJDIXBT claimed to have involved no community consultation, poor design and execution and which provided no employment or training opportunities for Anangu. Against this background outlined in monitoring reports, feedback from community members to the 3FWJFX5FBNJO*NBOQBPOUIFJNQBDUBOECFOFöUPGUIF63.GVOEFEQSPKFDUTJOUIFDPNNVOJUZ was very positive and mirrored the conclusions reached in earlier monitoring. 5IFOFX*NBOQB4UPSFHFOFSBUFEVOJWFSTBMMZQPTJUJWFGFFECBDL5IFTUPSFJTWBMVFEGPSQSPWJEJOHB larger range of goods and better quality of fresh food, and is seen as a hub for the community for which people have a sense of ownership. “The store has made things better. Not enough room before. More room. New shop is better. A lot of tinned food in the old shop. A lot of fresh vegetables here now with the cool room now.” “I was there when they opened the store. It has been a good for the community.” “We had an old store, this one better, we are happy.” “Those things were really important to community because they were operating from an old store for a long time. It’s a lot bigger than old store; we can get more stuff in it. It’s better with new cool room.” The new ablution block is seen as valuable for visitors, especially visiting sports teams and school DIJMESFOGSPN.FMCPVSOFXIPDPNFVQFWFSZZFBSBOEIFMQJOUIFDPNNVOJUZ “When people come for the football they can have toilet & shower. When people come from Melbourne they using toilet block and they sleep over there”. "SB *SJUJUKB JT TFFO BT WBMVBCMF CZ UIPTF XIP IBWF VTFE JU CVU JU XBT OPUBCMF UIBU TPNF GBNJMJFT dominated its use and that some interviewees had not used it because of conflict in the community. “Ara Irititja that’s good one, see all old photos, old people. Recently they’ve added more photos. I’ve added more names. They’ve got a block for people who have passed away. Other family members— whoever have got password can look at it and print photo. Old people’s ideas—all Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara people had old photos”. “That’s the one they love. We are looking after that, it’s a popular space. I used to sit there all day long and use it.” “People use it. People here like to get copies of photos of deceased relations, so they can show it to their people, so that they can understand history. Now they got photos of their grandmothers and grandfathers.”

31

Above: General store funded by URM, Imanpa

Above: Seal of approval for general store at Imanpa, 2009 Right: Young people practice with new Imanpa band equipment, 2010

2


The band equipment is valued by community members as something which engages young people in particular, although it was suggested that lack of access to the equipment was an issue. “And band we are happy. Friday, Saturday we have dance and is good fun on the weekend”. “Plenty band instruments in the building. When we feel happy we can dance”. “Sometimes young fellas use the band instruments—the instruments are in the Youth Centre.” 5.1.4 Feedback on CDU Ways of Working 0WFSBMM UIF $%6 TUBò SFTQPOTJCMF GPS 63. GVOEFE QSPKFDUT JO *NBOQB BSF TFFO BT XPSLJOH WFSZ FòFDUJWFMZ JO B DPNNVOJUZ FYQFSJFODJOH TJHOJöDBOU DPOøJDU CFUXFFO EJòFSFOU GBNJMZ HSPVQT 'FFECBDLUPUIFSFWJFXUFBNGSPNJOUFSWJFXFFTJO*NBOQBTVHHFTUTUIBUUIF$-$JTTFFOBTMJTUFOJOH BOEFOHBHJOHFòFDUJWFMZXJUIDPNNVOJUZNFNCFST “I’m happy with the Land Council, all the work they are doing here. They are working here right way.” “Before Land Council was doing all these things here people went away from Imanpa when nothing was happening. It’s been a good help, Anangu money.” “I think it’s all right, it’s good how they are working with people here.” 0OFJOUFSWJFXFFDPOTDJPVTMZEJTFOHBHFTGSPN$%6QSPDFTTFTCFDBVTFPGUIFDPNNVOJUZDPOøJDU “There are a lot of arguments, that’s why I stay out of it. We didn’t know about meetings.” This community member suggested that the best way for the CLC to work in this conflict context is UPUBMLUPFBDIPGUIFEJòFSFOUHSPVQTBCPVUUIFJSJEFBT BOEJGUIFZEJTBHSFFUPCSJOHUIFNUPHFUIFS to talk about it and make decisions. .PSFCSPBEMZ FYUFSOBMTUBLFIPMEFSTBOETFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTJO.VUJUKVMVBSFFYUSFNFMZQPTJUJWFBCPVU UIFSPMFQMBZFECZ$%6JO*NBOQBBOEUIFCSPBEFSSFHJPO"UUSJCVUFTPGUIFFòFDUJWFOFTTPG$%6BSF cited as including: t 5IFIJTUPSJDBMLOPXMFEHFBOEMPOHUFSNSFMBUJPOTIJQTLFZTUBòIBWFXJUIMPDBM"CPSJHJOBM people. t 5IFBCJMJUZPGTUBòUPTIBSFJOGPSNBUJPO KPJOUMZQMBOBOEQBSUOFSXJUIPUIFSBHFODJFT CPUIPO $%6CVTJOFTTBOEPUIFSJTTVFTTVDIBTBKPJOUUBTLGPSDFMPPLJOHBUMBOESFGPSNJTTVFTJO .VUJUKVMV t 4USPOHHPWFSOBODFBSSBOHFNFOUTGPS$%6XPSL t %FMJWFSZi$%6QVUBUJNFGSBNFJOQMBDFBOEEFMJWFS%FMBZTXJUIUIFTXJNNJOHQPPMXFSF OPU$-$TGBVMUw SFGFSSJOHUPUIF63.GVOEFE.VUJUKVMVDPNNVOJUZTXJNNJOHQPPMPQFOFEJO 4FQUFNCFS “I think they do a great job. I applaud and the team. She has been an absolute saint. She does get the best outcome for the community at the end of the day.” “CLC CDU do outstanding work and deserve accolades for their achievements.” “CLC CDU is doing great work in a difficult situation. It has been a really important role.”

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5.1.5 Issues for Consideration 4FWFO TQFDJöD JTTVFT FNFSHFE GSPN PVS JOUFSWJFXT JO *NBOQB BOE .VUJUKVMV XIJDI XF CFMJFWF warrant consideration by CDU. 'JOBODJBM 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ *O MJOF XJUI UIF 3FWJFX 5FBNT PCTFSWBUJPOT B OVNCFS PG JOUFSWJFXFFT suggest it is important for the CLC to find ways to ensure the ongoing longer term financial viability PGQSPKFDUT FTQFDJBMMZDBQJUBMJOUFOTJWFQSPKFDUTXJUITJHOJöDBOUPOHPJOHSFDVSSFOUPQFSBUJOHDPTUT It was suggested that particular attention should be paid to maximising the requirement for HPWFSONFOUUPBUMFBTUDPDPOUSJCVUFUPSFDVSSFOUPQFSBUJOHDPTUTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIQSPKFDUTXIJDIJO NBJOTUSFBN"VTUSBMJBBSFöOBODFEUISPVHIMPDBM TUBUFPS'FEFSBMHPWFSONFOUT&OTVSJOHQMBOOJOH processes incorporate ongoing operating or flow on costs was seen as important by interviewees, XJUI UIF .VUJUKVMV TXJNNJOH QPPM DJUFE BT BO FYBNQMF IFSF *U JT PVS VOEFSTUBOEJOH DPTUT IBWF CFFOBMMPDBUFECZ5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTUPDPWFSZFBSTSFDVSSFOUDPTUTBOEUIF$-$XJMMCFTFFLJOH government funding to add to this. This issue is made more important given the number of interviewees who regarded Imanpa BT CFJOH BU B EJTBEWBOUBHF JO UFSNT PG $PNNPOXFBMUI BOE /PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ (PWFSONFOU JOWFTUNFOUCFDBVTFUIFDPNNVOJUZJTOFJUIFSB3FNPUF4FSWJDF%FMJWFSZTJUFOPSB(SPXUI5PXO These interviewees cited a lack of new housing and employment opportunities as particular areas of community need which are not being adequately addressed because of the community’s lack PG TUBUVT FTQFDJBMMZ JO DPNQBSJTPO UP UIF MBSHFS DPNNVOJUZ PG .VUJUKVMV5IJT UPHFUIFS XJUI UIF DMPTVSFPGUIF.U&CFOF[FS3PBEIPVTF XBTDJUFEBTDPOUSJCVUJOHUPTJHOJöDBOUNPWFNFOUPGQFPQMF UP.VUJUKVMVBOE"MJDF4QSJOHT “A lot of Anangu are leaving Imanpa because of a shortage of housing. All the town camps are crowding up—people every way. We been ask Government…remember intervention time? We showed them houses and nothing happened.” “Houses are the worst thing in Imanpa. Shire will not look after small places like Imanpa, will only build in growth towns.” “There’s hardly no employment at Imanpa—no employment, no housing. We are struggling. A lot of employment at Mutitjulu. [People have moved there.] But got to remember these people have now got houses and jobs—something we can’t provide at Imanpa.”

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"TOPUFEFMTFXIFSFJOUIJTSFQPSU JOUFSWJFXFFTJO8JMMPXSB BMTPBOPO34%TJUF FYQSFTTFETJNJMBS concerns about the social impacts of a strongly perceived lack of investment in essential services and infrastructure. This raises a broader issue touched on later in this report of the implications of a QPUFOUJBMMZXJEFOJOHHBQJOHPWFSONFOUJOWFTUNFOUCFUXFFO34%BOEOPO34%TJUFTGPSUIFSJHIUT PGDPNNVOJUZNFNCFSTJOOPO34%TJUFT Early Joint Planning. 4FSWJDF QSPWJEFST EJSFDUMZ PS JOEJSFDUMZ BòFDUFE CZ $%6 QSPKFDUT TVHHFTU JU XPVME CF WBMVBCMF UP VOEFSTUBOE FBSMZ PO JO $%6 QMBOOJOH QSPDFTTFT XIJDI QSPKFDUT BSF CFJOH DPOTJEFSFEUISPVHIUIF$%6GPSUIFSFBTPOUIBUNBOZQSPKFDUTIBWFMPOHFSUFSNøPXPOJNQMJDBUJPOT GPSPUIFSBHFODJFT&YBNQMFTDJUFEJO.VUJUKVMVJODMVEFEUIFIPVTJOHSFRVJSFEGPSTXJNNJOHQPPM TUBòBOEUIFOFFEGPSBOJOUFHSBUFEPVUTUBUJPOQMBOOJOHQSPDFTTXIJDIBMTPJODPSQPSBUFTUIFEFTJSF PG5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTUPFTUBCMJTIBOFDPOPNJDCBTFUISPVHIPVUTUBUJPOCBTFEUPVSJTNFOUFSQSJTFT Knowledge of URM Decision Making Processes8IJMTUDPNNVOJUZNFNCFSTJO*NBOQBTFFDMFBS CFOFöUGSPN63.GVOEFEQSPKFDUTJO*NBOQBBOEBSFTVQQPSUJWFPGUIF$-$QSPDFTTFTXJUIJO*NBOQB once money has been allocated to the community, understanding of the broader decision making processes which lead to the allocation of funds to Imanpa appears to be limited to those very few JOEJWJEVBMTEJSFDUMZFOHBHFEJOCSPBEFS63.NFFUJOHT 0G UIPTF JOUFSWJFXFE POMZ UXP SFTJEFOUT PG *NBOQB FYQSFTTFE LOPXMFEHF PG NFFUJOHT JO XIJDI EFDJTJPOTXFSFNBEFBCPVUQSPKFDUQSPQPTBMTGPS*NBOQB5IJTNBZSFMBUFUPUIFDPOøJDUJO*NBOQB BOELFZBCTFODFT IPXFWFSUIFSFXBTBMTPOPFWJEFODFPGBOZHPWFSOBODFTUSVDUVSFGPS$%6TUBòUP XPSLXJUIJO*NBOQBBT VOMJLF(."""$GPSFYBNQMF UIF63.QSPKFDUIBTOPUTFUVQDPNNVOJUZ CBTFEHPWFSOBODFBSSBOHFNFOUT$%6TUBòTVHHFTUUIJTJTJOQBSUCFDBVTFUIF63.EFDJTJPONBLJOH process means that communities do not receive an annual allocation, and therefore maintaining local governance arrangements would be difficult as there might be several years between allocations. However in the absence of such arrangements, the risks of exacerbating conflict become TJHOJöDBOUMZIJHIFSBOEUIFSFJTBOFOIBODFESFMJBODFPOUIFTLJMMTPGFYQFSJFODFE$-$TUBòXJUIMPDBM networks and knowledge. This lack of understanding of the broader processes may contribute to a minority perception that *NBOQBJTOPUFRVJUBCMZEFBMUXJUIUISPVHI63.EFDJTJPONBLJOHQSPDFTTFT FWFOUIPVHI*NBOQB IBTSFDJFWFEIJHIFSBMMPDBUJPOTUIBOBMMPUIFSDPNNVOJUJFTBQBSUGSPN.VUJKVMV

“Sometimes when we get rent money from Land Council for something we need here, they all rush in from Docker River and Mutitjulu and grab the money. Mutitjulu and Areyonga taking the money. We need something here so we can make a plan to grow up the community.”

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Awareness of Use of Anangu Money. Community members are largely positive that Anangu money JTCFJOHVTFEGPSQSPKFDUTBMJHOFEUP"OBOHVOFFETBOEQSJPSJUJFT BOEUIBUNPOFZJTCFJOHVTFEGPS community purposes. However interviews by the Review Team confirmed the conclusions of previous NPOJUPSJOHSFQPSUTUIBUUIFLOPXMFEHFPG63.BTBGVOEJOHTPVSDFGPSBMMQSPKFDUTJO*NBOQBXJUI UIFFYDFQUJPOPGUIF4UPSFJTWFSZMJNJUFE5IFMBDLPGWJTJCJMJUZPGVTFPG"OBOHVNPOFZGPS$%6 QSPKFDUTNBZOPUCFIFMQGVMJOUIFCSPBEFSDPOUFYU BOEDPOTJEFSBUJPOTIPVMECFHJWFOUPFOTVSJOH UIBUQBSUOFSTBOETVCDPOUSBDUPSTBSFDPNNVOJDBUJOHUIJTJOUIFJSQVCMJDJUZNBUFSJBMTBOECSBOEJOH Understanding Local Context. Imanpa appears to be an example of a community in a constant state of changing dynamics driven by factors both within the community (such as conflict) and FYUFSOBM GBDUPST TVDI BT FNQMPZNFOU PQQPSUVOJUJFT FMTFXIFSF 5IF BQQBSFOU FòFDUJWFOFTT PG $%6TUBòJOUIJTDPOUFYUJTBSHVBCMZBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIFLFZTUBòNFNCFSIBWJOHBIJTUPSZBOE detailed understanding of the social and cultural contexts of the region combined with long term relationships with community members through which understanding is enhanced. Timelines. Interviewees reconfirmed the views expressed in previous monitoring reports that QSPKFDUTBSFQFSDFJWFEBTUBLJOHUPPMPOHi*UIJOLUIFQSPDFTTMJLFHFUUJOHUIFTFQSPKFDUTBQQSPWFE QSPDFTTUBLFTUPPMPOH5IFZIBEUPXBJUBGFXZFBSTGPSTUPSFHPJOHCBDLBOEGPSUIw *UJTOPUBCMFIPXFWFSUPUIF3FWJFX5FBNUIBUNBOZPGUIFGBDUPSTEFMBZJOHQSPKFDUJNQMFNFOUBUJPO BSFCFZPOEUIFEJSFDUDPOUSPMPG$%6TUBòBOEBSFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIGPSFYBNQMFUIFDPNQMFYJUJFTPG the subcontracting process (e.g. for the store) or government assessment processes for infrastructure (e.g. for connecting the ablutions block to the community water and sewerage systems). Use of Professional Interpreters. Interviewees encouraged CDU to give greater thought to the selection and use of interpreters for meetings in Imanpa. “We are constantly talking to CLC telling them “you guys have to provide an interpreter”. I’m requested [to work as interpreter] but some meetings are important for me to be involved in as part of meeting as a community member. The information is new to me as well. I find it hard being a Chairperson and ending up being interpreter as well. I had to decide who I’m really there for.” 5IJTXJMMBTTJTUJODPNNVOJUZNFNCFSTIBWJOHBHSFBUFSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGQSPKFDUEFDJTJPONBLJOH BOEQMBOOJOHQSPDFTTFT8FEPIPXFWFSOPUFUIBUUIF$-$EPBMXBZTVTFBOJOUFSQSFUFSGPS63.50 meetings, but they do acknowledge some of the challenges in finding suitably qualified interpreters who are willing to interpret for contested meetings which involve discussion about money which can become heated.


5.2 Willowra 5.2.1 Context

8JMMPXSB PS8JSMJZBKBSSBZJ JTTJUVBUFEPOUIF-BOEFS3JWFS TPNFLNTOPSUIXFTUPG"MJDF4QSJOHT -PDBUFE XJUIJO -BOEFS 8BSMQJSJ DPVOUSZ UIF MBOE XBT UBLFO VQ GPS B DBUUMF TUBUJPO JO UIF T 4VCTFRVFOUMZ JO NBOZ-BOEFS8BSMQJSJ"ONBUKFSSFXFSFLJMMFEJOUIFBSFBGPMMPXJOHUIFNVSEFS PGBEJOHPUSBQQFS BOFWFOULOPXOBTUIF$POJTUPO.BTTBDSF TFF"MCFSUGPSJOGPSNBUJPOPG recent commemoration of event). *OUIFTDPNNVOJUZNFNCFSTBQQMJFEGPSBMPBOUPQVSDIBTF8JMMPXSBTUBUJPOPOCFIBMGPGUIF MPDBM"CPSJHJOBMDPNNVOJUZ*O TPPOBGUFSUIFFMFDUJPOPGUIF8IJUMBNHPWFSONFOU UIFMPBO XBT HSBOUFE BOE UIF $PNNPOXFBMUI %FQBSUNFOU PG "CPSJHJOBM "òBJST QVSDIBTFE 8JMMPXSB GPS UIF-BOEFS8BSMQJSJQFPQMF5IF8JMMPXSBDPNNVOJUZUPPLPWFSUIFNBOBHFNFOUPGUIFTUBUJPOJO BT QBSU PG UIF8JMMPXSB $BUUMF $PNQBOZ "MBOEDMBJNVOEFSUIF"CPSJHJOBM-BOE3JHIUT"DU XBTMPEHFEJO BOEUIFMBOEXBTIBOEFECBDLUPJUT5SBEJUJPOBM0XOFSTJO GPSNPSFPO UIF IJTUPSZ PG8JMMPXSB TFF7BBS[PO.PSFM BOE $PPNCT 5BCMF TIPXT TFMFDU TPDJP FDPOPNJDEBUBGPS8JMMPXSB Table 6: A Statistical Snapshot: Willowra10

Socio-economic Indicator

Population

Employment

Income Household Language

Total Number of Residents Indigenous Residents Residents > 15 years of age Median Age Average Household Size

Total 221 202 145 20 5

Employed Full Time Employed Part Time 11 Labour Force Participation Rate11

16 23 30.6%

12 Median Family Income ($/week)12

900

English Indigenous

5% 95%

Year 9 or less 43% Years 10-12 34% Unstated 23% 5IFDPNNVOJUZJTDPNQSJTFEPGQFPQMFPGQSFEPNJOBOUMZ8BSMQJSJBOE8BSMQJSJ"ONBUKFSSFEFTDFOU Essential services include a school which covers early to middle years, a medical clinic, a store and BOBJSTUSJQ5IFSFIBTCFFOBQFSNBOFOUQPMJDFQSFTFODFJO8JMMPXSBTJODF"TBSFMBUJWFMZTNBMM community of approximately 220 people14 8JMMPXSBJTOPUEFTJHOBUFEBTB3FNPUF4FSWJDF%FMJWFSZ 34% TJUF CZ UIF $PNNPOXFBMUI (PWFSONFOU OPS B (SPXUI 5PXO CZ UIF /PSUIFSO 5FSSJUPSZ Government. 13 Education13

1ĥ4PVSDF"VTUSBMJBO$FOTVT 115IFOVNCFSPGFNQMPZFEQFSTPOTFYQSFTTFEBTBQFSDFOUBHFPGQFSTPOTBHFEZFBSTBOEPWFSA/#*OBEEJUJPO UIJTJODMVEFTiQFPQMF employed, but away from work”. 12.FEJBOUPUBMGBNJMZJODPNFJTBQQMJDBCMFUPGBNJMJFTJOGBNJMZIPVTFIPMET*UFYDMVEFTGBNJMJFTXIFSFBUMFBTUPOFNFNCFSBHFEZFBST BOEPWFSEJEOPUTUBUFBOJODPNFBOEGBNJMJFTXIFSFBUMFBTUPOFNFNCFSBHFEZFBSTBOEPWFSXBTUFNQPSBSJMZBCTFOUPO$FOTVT/JHIU 13 Count of persons aged 15 years and over who are no longer attending primary or secondary school. 14$FOTVTPG1PQVMBUJPOBOE)PVTJOH "#4C

CVUJUJTBMTPDMFBSUIBUQPQVMBUJPOOVNCFSTøVDUVBUFEVFUPTFBTPOBMDIBOHFT ceremonial activities and community conflict.

37


The review took place in the week leading up to an important funeral for a senior man. His family NVDIPGUIFDPNNVOJUZ XFSFUIFSFGPSFMBSHFMZQSFPDDVQJFEXJUITPSSZCVTJOFTT JFGVOFSBMBOE HSJFWJOH DFSFNPOZ 0OHPJOH DPOøJDU JO UIF DPNNVOJUZ BMTP NFBOU UIBU TPNF GBNJMJFT XFSF OPU DVSSFOUMZMJWJOHJO8JMMPXSB5IF$PPSEJOBUPSPGUIF-FBSOJOH$FOUSFXBTBMTPBXBZUIJTXFFLXIJDI NFBOUUIFDFOUSFXBTPOMZPQFOGPSBGFXIPVSTFBDIEBZ/FWFSUIFMFTTUIJTEJEBMMPXVTUPPCTFSWF UIF $FOUSF CFJOH SVO CZ MPDBM QFPQMF &BSMZ WPUJOH GPS UIF 'FEFSBM FMFDUJPO B NFFUJOH PG8BSMQJSJ teachers from across the region, and the opening of the Playgroup building also meant that there was a lot going on during our visit which meant that many people were unusually busy. %FTQJUFUIJTUIFUFBNNBOBHFEUPDPOEVDUJOEFQUIJOUFSWJFXTXJUIMPDBMDPNNVOJUZNFNCFST (13 with women and 7 with men) and a further 12 with service providers. These interviews built PO UIF JOUFSWJFXT UIBU IBWF CFFO DPOEVDUFE JO8JMMPXSB BT QBSU PG UIF POHPJOH JOEFQFOEFOU NPOJUPSJOHDPNNJTTJPOFECZUIF$-$CFUXFFO5IJTBMMPXFEVTUPDSPTTDIFDLEBUBBOE responses across nearly 100 interviews, with 72 individuals, as well as ensuring good coverage of age HSPVQTBOEUIFNBKPSGBNJMZHSPVQTJO8JMMPXSB 5.2.2 WETT "MMöWF8&55TVCQSPKFDUTBSFGVOEFEBOEPQFSBUJOHJO8JMMPXSB5IFTFJODMVEF t 5IF-FBSOJOH$PNNVOJUZ$FOUSF1SPHSBN t 5IF-BOHVBHFBOE$VMUVSF4VQQPSU1SPHSBN t 5IF:PVUIBOE.FEJB1SPHSBN t 5IF&BSMZ$IJMEIPPE$BSFBOE%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBNBOE t 5IF4FDPOEBSZ4DIPPM4VQQPSU1SPHSBN Table 7: WETT Contributions to Willowra

Year 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 Total

WETT Contribution - Willowra $73,729 $231,758 $260,239 $316,019 $394,714 $461,859 15 $873,21115 $2,611,530

Wirliyajarrayi Learning Centre 5IF-FBSOJOH$FOUSF XIJDIPQFOFEPO"QSJMBOEJTSVOCZ#*55& JTBMNPTUVOJWFSTBMMZTFFO BTUIFKFXFMJO8JMMPXSBTDSPXO*UIBTUBLFONBOZZFBSTPGTUSVHHMF MPCCZJOHBOEIBSEXPSLUPDPNF UPGSVJUJPO/FBSMZBMMSFTQPOEFOUTTFFUIF$FOUSFBTBAZBQB16 place, that is, owned and governed by Aboriginal people. It is felt to provide a safe and culturally appropriate space, despite the conflict between some families in the community.

15 5IJTJODMVEFTNDBQJUBMDPTUTGPSUIF-FBSOJOH$FOUSF 16i8FDBMMXIJUFQFPQMFLBSEJZBABOEXFDBMMPVSTFMWFTZBQBw 1FHHZ3PDLNBO/BQBMKBSSJFUBM YYJJ

38

Above: Community artworks at Wirliyatjarrayi Adult and Learning Centre, Willowra Left: Walpiri skin names, Wirliyatjarrayi Adult and Learning Centre, Willowra

1


“The Learning Centre is the best. We use it for Facebook. We see family, old pictures and photos and read books.” “At the moment everyone’s going to the learning centre. Its (trouble) free to go in, when you’ve got a problem we say leave it outside.” People believe that this is because the Centre has been designed, planned, funded and managed UISPVHIUIF8&55DPNNJUUFFTUSVDUVSFTXIJDIIBTDSFBUFEIJHIMFWFMTPGPXOFSTIJQ BTXFMMBTB building that ‘works’ in ways which maintain appropriate social and cultural relations. The fact that four local people were employed in helping to build the Centre, and four are now employed to help run the facility also helps create a sense of ownership, as well as providing direct social and FDPOPNJD CFOFöUT UP MPDBM "CPSJHJOBM QFPQMF 5IFTF TUBò IBWF DPNQMFUFE B -BOHVBHF -JUFSBDZ /VNFSBDZ --/ BTTFTTNFOUBOEFOSPMMFEJOBQSPHSBNPGGPSNBMTUVEZ “Learning Centre is here for people to learn. It is a yapa place. It’s been built by WETT mob. They’re the ones been helping build the centre here for yapa.” 5IF OPO"CPSJHJOBM $FOUSF DPPSEJOBUPS XIP IBT QSJPS FYQFSJFODF PG XPSLJOH PO "CPSJHJOBM HPWFSOBODF JTTFFOCZNBOZSFTQPOEFOUTBTQMBZJOHBOJNQPSUBOUSPMFJOUIFFòFDUJWFNBOBHFNFOU of the Centre whilst at the same time nurturing local ownership and control. Three well attended reference group governance meetings were held in the first six months of operation, however due to conflict in the community the reference group has not met since August 2013. Despite this most people see the reference group as a functioning and inclusive governance mechanism. “The Reference Group are the boss of the Centre. They make the rules. They close down the Centre if someone breaks the rules. They talk to parents if the rules are broken. The Centre belongs to everyone – the paintings from each family tell this story.” “Design is good and Reference Group make the decisions and rules for the Learning Centre. The Committee is the boss of the Coordinator.” In its first six months of operation the centre has run eight formal learning courses for educational certificates as well as informal learning sessions and events involving 127 participants (Table 8). Another 10 participants are in discussion with the Coordinator about enrolling in formal study in 2014. In the brief period between its opening in April 2013 and 30 June 2013, 115 people have used UIF$FOUSFTDPNQVUFSTPOWJTJUT5IF#**5&TJYNPOUIMZSFQPSUTUBUFTUIBUATJODFUIFOBOBWFSBHF PGNFOBOEXPNFOVTFUIFDPNQVUFSTFWFSZXFFL BCPVUBRVBSUFSPGUIFNVTFUIFDPNQVUFST NPSFUIBOUISFFUJNFTBXFFL 0OBWFSBHFUISFFQFPQMFVTFUIFMJCSBSZFWFSZEBZXIJDIIBTBSBOHF PG8BSMQJSJMBOHVBHFBOE&OHMJTINBUFSJBMT5IF-FBSOJOH$FOUSFJTFRVJQQFEXJUIDPNQVUFSTBOE an internet connection which enable the local community to access the outside world. As such, it provides an important learning and technology space otherwise not available in the community.

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Table 8: Activities and Participants - Wirliyajarrayi Learning Centre (Feb-Sept 2013) (BIITE 2013)

Willowra Learning Centre Activities Cert I Visual Arts Screen Printing Cert I Indigenous language and Knowledge Cert II Indigenous language and knowledge work Cert I Education and Skills Development Beanie Workshop Computer/i-pad Skills Drink Driver Education Cert I Visual Arts Colour and Painting Cert I Visual Arts Quilting Total

Male 2 44 6 4 56

Number of Participants Female Total 5 5 6 6 1 1 6 6 12 14 14 58 2 8 14 14 11 15 71 127

"OVNCFSPGTFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTJO8JMMPXSBDPNNFOUFEPOQPTJUJWFPVUDPNFTTJODFUIFDFOUSFIBT PQFOFE5IJTJODMVEFETUBòJOUIF4IJSFPóDFSFNBSLJOHPOIPXTVQQPSUQSPWJEFECZUIF$FOUSF to people had lessened demands upon them, and the person responsible for the Remote Jobs $PNNVOJUZ1SPHSBN 3+$1 o"DUJWJUZ$FOUSFOPUJOHBOPCTFSWBCMFJNQSPWFNFOUJOQFPQMFTBCJMJUZ and confidence in filling in forms and applications. It seems that both the formal training provided by the centre as well as the informal learning that comes from greater familiarity with computers BOEPOMJOFBDUJWJUZ TVDIBTJOUFSOFUCBOLJOHBOEVTFPG'BDFCPPL IBTDPOUSJCVUFEUPUIFGVODUJPOBM literacy of some regular attendees at the Centre. Plans for the Learning Centre to build linkages with the Activity Centre have been thwarted by the fact that the Activity Centre was at the time of this review open only one day per week owing to a lack of resources and the fact one person is responsible for the RJCP across multiple communities. The limited capability of the Activity Centre means that potential synergies between the two institutions IBWFOPUCFFOGVMöMMFE'PSFYBNQMF ZPVOHQFPQMFSFDFJWJOHZPVUIBMMPXBODFIBWFOPUCFFO referred by the RJCP to the learning centre for enrolment in formal training. Country Visits 8IJMFMPPLJOHBUUIFQJDUVSFTPG8&55BOE(."""$GVOEFEQSPKFDUTUIFNPTUDPNNPOSFBDUJPOGSPN interviewees was to note that ‘school country visits’17XFSFOPUIBQQFOJOH/FBSMZFWFSZ"CPSJHJOBM respondent noted this and lamented the fact. “Still waiting for country visits. Used to have country visits that went for a week. Took kids out camping overnight – got WETT money for elder payments telling stories and working with kids.” “They used to have country visits but probably closed now. Every year we used to go country visit taking kids to different country. Past few years we never go on country visits, but we want to.” “We used to follow our culture and country visits are important to teach our kids. Shire stopped it, probably with the school. We really want to carry on our culture. Young people are forgetting the old people. We need support so we can go on country visit.”

17i$PVOUSZWJTJUTCZTDIPPMTJOWPMWFELOPXMFEHFBCMF"CPSJHJOBMFMEFSTXIPTFSPMFXBTUPFMVDJEBUFBOEFYQMBJOUIFDVMUVSBMTJHOJöDBODFPG DPVOUSZUISPVHIUSBEJUJPOBMTUPSJFTBOETBDSFETJUFTw #BSOFT Q

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'PSUIFNBKPSJUZPGJOUFSWJFXFFTUIFSFBTPOGPSUIFEFDMJOFJODPVOUSZWJTJUTXBTEVFUPUIFTDIPPMOP longer actively supporting them. They argued that for country visits to be done well required the TDIPPMUPQMBZBMFBESPMF BMPOHXJUIPUIFSTTVDIBT8:%"$BOEUIF$-$SBOHFST ”Country visits a fantastic opportunity for kids…. A lot of effort goes into this from yapa and kardiya. Depends on goodwill of teachers and not getting hung up on OH&S.” 8IJMTUJUXBTSFDPHOJTFEUIBUUIFDPNNVOJUZBOEUIFSBOHFSTDPVMEBSSBOHFWJTJUToJOEFFEBNFOT WJTJUUPTBDSFETJUFTIBESFDFOUMZCFFOGBDJMJUBUFECZUIF$-$PSUIBU8:%"$PSHBOJTFCVTIUSJQTUIJT was not sufficient. This was because the school not only had the resources and logistical capacity to organise longer and more comprehensive visits, but equally importantly was responsible for education in the community which interviewees firmly believe country visits need to be an integral part. This is because interviewees regarded country visits as providing a significant opportunity to teach children about Dreamings, country and interconnections among families. Interviewees also associated this lack of support from the school as linked to the ongoing issue PG8BSMQJSJMBOHVBHFUFBDIJOHBUUIFTDIPPMXIJDIIBTCFFOBCPOFPGDPOUFOUJPOGPSTPNFUJNF " HPPE TVNNBSZ PG UIFTF WJFXT DBO CF GPVOE JO UIF TVCNJTTJPO CZ UIF 8BSMQJSJQBUVLVSMBOHV +BSV"TTPDJBUJPOUPUIFSFDFOU/BUJPOBM*ORVJSZPO-BOHVBHF-FBSOJOHJO*OEJHFOPVT$PNNVOJUJFT 8BSMQJSJQBUVLVSMBOHV+BSV *UJTPGOPUFUIBUPOFPGUIFTVCNJTTJPOTRVPUFEJOUIFJORVJSZ recognised that: “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages need to be recognised, valued and supported in schools, and in developing relationships with families and communities. Initiatives that develop culture and language have been found to be significant factors increasing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students’ participation, attendance and achievements in schools” (Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs 2012, p. 80)”. Indeed the inquiry made the following recommendation: “The Committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to provide adequately resourced bilingual school education programs for Indigenous communities from the earliest years of learning, where the child’s first language is an Indigenous language (traditional or contact).” (ibid p.xix) Recent changes of personnel at the school suggest that some of the challenges experienced in the past few years of building a strong relationship between the community and the school may begin UPCFBEESFTTFE*OEFFEB8BSMQJSJSFBEJOHFWFOJOHUIBUXBTIFMEBUUIFTDIPPMEVSJOHPVSWJTJUXIJDI BUUSBDUFEBMBSHFDPNNVOJUZUVSOPVUQFSIBQTJOEJDBUFTBCSJHIUFSGVUVSF

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WETT Youth and Media Program 5IF BJN PG UIF8&55:PVUI BOE .FEJB QSPHSBN NBOBHFE CZ8:%"$ JO8JMMPXSB JT UP TVQQPSU 8BSMQJSJZPVUIJOUIFDSFBUJPOPGQPTJUJWFBOENFBOJOHGVMGVUVSFTBTJOEJWJEVBMT BOEGPSUIFCFOFöU of their communities 5IFQSPHSBNJTSVOCZUIF8BSMQJSJ:PVUI%FWFMPQNFOU"CPSJHJOBM$PSQPSBUJPO 8:%"$ 8:%"$ XBTTUBSUFECZUIF:VFOEVNV$PNNVOJUZJOUPBEESFTTDISPOJDQFUSPMTOJóOHBU:VFOEVNV TFFIUUQNUUIFPPSHIPNF 5IF8:%"$QSPHSBNJTBMTPLOPXOBT.U5IFPCBTFEPOUIFMPDBUJPO of the original youth diversionary program designed to address this problem. 8JUIUIFTVQQPSUPG8&55GVOEJOH UIFQSPHSBNIBTTJODFCSPBEFOFEJOOBUVSFBOETDPQFUPQSPWJEF a comprehensive program of youth development and leadership, diversion, respite, rehabilitation BOEBGUFSDBSFTFSWJDFTUISPVHIPVUUIF8BSMQJSJSFHJPO XJUIQSPHSBNTOPXPQFSBUJOHJO-BKBNBOV /ZJSSQJBOE8JMMPXSBBTXFMM “All these projects is making Willowra a good place. Yuendumu was only one to have Mt Theo, but it’s – WYDAC—spread out to other communities. We included two little towns and now we are all growing up. We are speeding up.” 8:%"$XBTDPNNPOMZDJUFECZJOUFSWJFXFFTBTBOJNQPSUBOUTFSWJDFUPUIF8JMMPXSBDPNNVOJUZ /FBSMZFWFSZPOFoJODMVEJOHTFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTBOEUIF1PMJDFGFMUUIBUJUQMBZFEBOFTTFOUJBMSPMFJO LFFQJOHZPVOHQFPQMFPDDVQJFE BOENBOZCFMJFWFEUIBUUIFDPNNVOJUZIBETFFOMFTTBOUJTPDJBM CFIBWJPVSBTBSFTVMUoBMUIPVHIJOUIFXFFLTGPMMPXJOHUIFFWBMVBUJPOWJTJUJO"VHVTU UIFSF have been some incidents of vandalism, which most people associate with the spike in community DPOøJDU5IFTUPSFTUBòGPSFYBNQMFSFNBSLFEVQPO8:%"$TTVQQPSUJOIFMQJOHUPPSHBOJTFDIJMESFO BOEZPVOHBEVMUTJOVOMPBEJOHTUPSFTVQQMJFTBSSJWJOHCZSPBEUSBJO “Happy with WYDAC and Youth Centre. [I am on the] committee. No petrol sniffing now. Took kids to Mt Theo for a couple of weeks to stop petrol sniffing. Mt Theo led to Youth Centre led to Learning Centre.” “WYDAC running well. Taking elders to get bush medicine, kids to Yuendumu for swimming, Disco night, new screen for movies. Fri & Sat night disco. Used to give out food purchase orders and kids took turns to serve food in youth centre. Have computers, games and toys and computer to listen to music. Kids make own CD’s & act out videos (monsters and donkeys).” Youth Diversionary Program 8:%"$ XJUI 8&55 GVOEJOH SVO CPUI B:PVUI %JWFSTJPOBSZ 1SPHSBN BOE B:PVUI %FWFMPQNFOU 1SPHSBN8IJMTUUIFSFXBTTPNFSFEVDUJPOJOBDUJWJUJFT SFEVDUJPOJOUPUBMIPVST JOUIFöSTUTJY months of 2013 compared to the previous period, total participants were slightly higher. However IPVSTBOEQBSUJDJQBOUOVNCFSTXFSFTJHOJöDBOUMZVQDPNQBSFEUPUIFTBNFQFSJPEMBTUZFBS 8:%"$ suggest that “[t]his reinforces the fact that the youth program remained not only neutral amidst this community tension but especially active and important in providing positive diversionary activity” (WYDAC 2013, p. 13). 5IFNPTUSFDFOUQSPKFDUSFQPSUTJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFZPVUIEJWFSTJPOBSZQSPHSBNDPOUJOVFTUPQSPWJEF XJEFSBOHJOHBOEIJHIMZGSFRVFOUFEBDUJWJUJFTBTJMMVTUSBUFEJO5BCMF XIJDITVNNBSJTFTBDUJWJUJFT between January and June 2013.

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Table 9: WYDAC Activities in Willowra

Activity Type Activity Hours Activity Numbers Activity Events Youth Program Activities Home Economics 7.50 38 5 Arts & Crafts 286.25 1138 125 Basketball 13.00 85 11 Bush Swimming 16.00 50 4 Computers 294.75 714 117 Disco 92.67 1824 33 Family/Movie Night 11.75 254 7 Football 0.75 9 1 Games 9.00 32 6 Music 3.00 5 2 Other 14.00 137 7 Softball 15.03 104 6 Youth Centre 323.25 3856 129 Youth Program Support 53.75 75 23 Total 1140.70 8321 476 Cultural Activities Bush Trips 29.50 32 6 Camps 39.50 25 2 Special Event 9.50 300 2 Total 78.50 357 10 #FUXFFO+BOVBSZBOE+VOF8:%"$IBWFGPSUIFöSTUUJNFUSJFEUPBTTFTTUIFOVNCFSPGJOEJWJEVBM participants accessing their services, despite the very real challenges of doing so. They estimate that OFBSMZBMMZPVUIJOUIFDPNNVOJUZIBWFEPOFTPBUTPNFUJNFJOUIFQFSJPEGSPN+BOVBSZ+VOF *OEFFEJUJTTVHHFTUFEUIBUOFBSMZBMMZPVOHQFPQMFJO8JMMPXSBVTFTPNFBTQFDUPGUIFTFSWJDFFWFSZ XFFL5IFBWFSBHFOVNCFSPGUPUBMQBSUJDJQBOUTQFSXFFLXBT PGXIJDIXFSFGFNBMF "DDFTTJOHUIF:PVUI$FOUSF DPNQVUFSTBOEBSUTBOEDSBGUT QBSUJDVMBSMZGPSZPVOHFSHJSMT DPOTUJUVUFT UIFCVMLPGUIFBDUJUJWJUZIPVSTTVQQPSUFECZ8:%"$ XJUIUIFZPVUIDFOUSFBOEEJTDPBUUSBDUJOHUIF most numbers of participants. Computers seem to attract a smaller proportion of dedicated users in BXFMMSFTPVSDFETQBDFXJUIHPPEJOUFSOFUBDDFTTUIPVHI/5MJCSBSJFT.VTJDIBTBMTPQSPWFEQPQVMBS XJUIUSBJOJOHJOTPOHXSJUJOH TJOHJOHBOEJOVTJOHUIFDPNQVUFSSFDPSEJOHTPGUXBSFSFTVMUJOHJOUIF SFDPSEJOHPGTPOHT"MUIPVHITQPSUTBDUJWJUZTFFNTUPIBWFEFDMJOFE 8:%"$SFQPSUTTVHHFTUUIBU UIJTJTCFDBVTFUIF4QPSUT$MVCTBOEUFBNTSVOUIFJSPXOBDUJWJUJFTXJUIPVU8:%"$TVQQPSU0OF TFSWJDFQSPWJEFSGFMUUIBUUPPNBOZPG8:%"$TBDUJWJUJFTXFSFUPPQBTTJWFBOEUIFZTIPVMEJODMVEF NPSFQIZTJDBMBDUJUJWJUJFT8:%"$BMTPDPOUJOVFUPTVQQPSUDVMUVSBMBDUJWJUJFTBOEPSHBOJTFETJYTIPSU CVTIUSJQT IBMGUPPOFEBZQFSUSJQ EVSJOHUIF+BOVBSZ+VOFQFSJPE

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Figure 5: WYDAC Activity Hours and Participants, January-June 2013

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5IF 8:%"$ TUBò BSF TFFO UP IBWF DSFBUJWFMZ BEBQUFE UIFJS TFSWJDFT BT B SFTVMU PG DIBOHJOH DJSDVNTUBODFT'PSFYBNQMFJOPSEFSUPBEESFTTQSPCMFNTDSFBUFECZZPVOHFSDIJMESFOOPUCFJOH BCMFUPBUUFOEFWFOJOHFWFOUT UIFTUBòOPXBMMPXUIFNUPBUUFOEVOUJMQN4UBòUIFOESJWFUIFTF children home, helping to ensure they are less likely to be roaming the community late at night. 5IF MPDBUJPO PG8:%"$ OFYU UP UIF -FBSOJOH $FOUSF BOE 1MBZHSPVQ JO UIF FNFSHJOHAQSFDJODU JO UIFDFOUSFPG8JMMPXSBTFFNTUPQSPWJEFBLFZIVCPGMJOLFETFSWJDFTXJUIBDMFBSEJòFSFOUJBUJPOGPS EJòFSFOUBHFHSPVQT5IJTJTXIBUXBTPSJHJOBMMZFOWJTBHFEJOUIFSFQPSUCZ+FSSZ4DIXBC Youth Development Program "TQBSUPG8:%"$T:PVUI%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBNEFTJHOFEUPIFMQDSFBUFQPTJUJWF NFBOJOHGVMBOE GPSNBMMJGFQBUIXBZTGPS8BSMQJSJZPVUI ZPVOHQFPQMFoLOPXOBTAKBSVUSBJOFFTBSFQSPWJEFEXJUI training, mentoring and support. Through this program young people take responsibility for running 8:%"$DPNNVOJUZFWFOUTJODMVEJOHUIFEJTDP GPPUCBMMBOETPGUCBMM*UJTSFQPSUFEUIBUUIFHSPXUIJO TFMGDPOöEFODFBOEXPSLFUIJDGPSQBSUJDJQBOUTJOUIJTQSPHSBNJTWFSZTJHOJöDBOU Table 10 shows the number of activity hours, and number of activities and events undertaken as QBSUPGUIF8:%"$:PVUI%FWFMPQNFOU1SPHSBN5IFOVNCFSTPG+BSVUSBJOFFTIBTSFEVDFEGSPNB high of 37 involved in 270 hours of training in 2011 to 22 involved in 111 hours of training in 2013. 8:%"$TVHHFTUUIBUUIJTNBZCFEVFUPUIFDPNNVOJUZUFOTJPOTBOEUIFMBUFSUIBOVTVBMPOTFUPG UIFGPPUCBMMUPVSOBNFOU.PSFQPTJUJWFMZUIF8:%"$AMJGFQBUIXBZTJOJUJBUJWFTBXUXPOFXUSBJOFF A(SBEVBUFTEVSJOHUIJTQFSJPE CPUIPGXIPNXFSFTVCTFRVFOUMZFNQMPZFEBUUIF8JMMPXSBTIPQ 5IJTCSJOHTUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPG8JMMPXSB(SBEVBUFTUP GPVSPGXIPNIBWFGPVOEXPSL5IJTJTBO important contribution given the challenges of youth unemployment in remote communities.

45

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Table 10: WYDAC Youth Development Program in Willowra

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8:%"$TUBòBMTPQSPWJEFGVOEJOHTVQQPSUGPSBDUJWJUJFTJO8JMMPXSBUIBU(."""$TVQQPSUT TVDI BTUIFTQPSUTDMVCT8:%"$TUBòXPOEFSFEJGUIFSFNJHIUOFFEUPCFCFUUFSDPPSEJOBUJPOXJUIUIF 8&55(."""$SFHBSEJOHBDUJWJUJFTUIBUCPUIPSHBOJTBUJPOTXFSFGVOEJOHJOPSEFSUPBWPJEQPTTJCMF duplication. They suggested that clearer signposting of who was funding what might help. WETT Early Childhood Care and Development Program The goal of the Early Childhood Care and Development Program which has now operated for more UIBO UISFF ZFBST JO8JMMPXSB JTiUP JNQSPWF UIF IFBMUI BOE XFMMCFJOH PG DIJMESFO BHFE ZST CZ building a foundation for children to reach their social, intellectual, spiritual and physical needs UISPVHI UIF TVQQPSU PG QBSFOUT BOE DBSFST BOE CFUUFS FBSMZ DIJMEIPPE TFSWJDFT JO GPVS 8BSMQJSJ communities”. The outcomes sought by the program are: 1. The capacity of parents and carers to support children’s health, development and wellbeing has increased. 2. Increased capacity of existing and new Indigenous Early Childhood services to provide high RVBMJUZDVMUVSBMMZTUSPOHFBSMZMFBSOJOHBOEDBSFTFSWJDFTGPSDIJMESFOZFBST *ODSFBTFEDPNNVOJUZDBQBDJUZUPFòFDUJWFMZHPWFSO&$$%QSPHSBNTXJUIJOUIFJSDPNNVOJUZ BOEXJUIJOUIF8BSMQJSJSFHJPO 4. Increased capacity of parents/carers to access and utilise culturally relevant parenting materials and early learning resources. .BOZSFTQPOEFOUTXFSFFOUIVTFECZUIFOFXCVJMEJOHXIJDIDPOUBJOFEUIFQMBZHSPVQ5IJTXBT directly contrasted with a small inconvenient space which the playgroup had previously occupied CFIJOEUIF4IJSF0óDF5IJTDIBOHFIBTDPOUSJCVUFEUPUIF$FOUSFCFJOHPQFOPONPSFEBZTBOEBO JODSFBTFJOUIFOVNCFSPGDIJMESFOBUUFOEJOHQMBZHSPVQGSPNBCPVUUPBOBWFSBHFPGBCPVU5IJT JODMVEFTDIJMESFOXIPBUUFOEQSFTDIPPMBOEUIFODPNFUPUIF$FOUSFBGUFSXBSET*UXBTSFQPSUFEUP us that all but three of the eligible children in the community have attended the playgroup.


Figure 6: Willowra Play Group Attendance Oct 2012-June 2013 (WVA 2013)18

Community members also suggest that there are a number of other factors which explain the increase, which go beyond the physical improvement of the surroundings. These included :19 t 5IFEJTUBODJOHPGUIFDFOUSFGSPNUIF4IJSF BOEUIFGBDUUIBUJUJTBAOFVUSBMTQBDF t $IBOHFTJOQFSTPOOFM BOEHSFBUFSQSFTFODFPGLBSEJZB OPO"CPSJHJOBM TUBò t $IBOHFTJOUIFNBOBHFNFOUBSSBOHFNFOUTXJUI$FOUSBM%FTFSU4IJSFOPMPOHFSSVOOJOHUIF TFSWJDFBOEBOFXQBSUOFSTIJQXJUI#**5&BOE87"IBWJOHCFFOFTUBCMJTIFEBGUFSBOJOUFSJN QFSJPEXIFO87"SBOUIFDFOUSF#**5&JTOPXSVOOJOHUIFQMBZHSPVQBOE87"JTGPDVTFEPO outreach support. 5IF $FOUSF IBT BMTP SFDFOUMZ SFDSVJUFE GPVS MPDBM TUBò *O PSEFS UP BWPJE FYBDFSCBUJOH DPNNVOJUZ DPOøJDUBOEDMBJNTPGGBNJMZCJBT UIFTFMFDUJPOQSPDFTTXBTSVOJODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUIUIF8&55&BSMZ $IJMEIPPE3FGFSFODF(SPVQJO:VFOEVNV5IJTJTBHPPEFYBNQMFPGBOJOOPWBUJWFTPMVUJPOUPB DIBMMFOHJOHJTTVFBEESFTTFEUISPVHIDBMMJOHPODSPTTDPNNVOJUZTVQQPSU 87"BMTPSFQPSUUIBUTJODFUIFDFOUSFIBTCFFOFTUBCMJTIFEUIF8JMMPXSB&BSMZ$IJMEIPPE3FGFSFODF (SPVQ &$3( IBTBMTPNFUNPSFGSFRVFOUMZ BMUIPVHIJUXBTSFQPSUFEUIBUUIFUVSOPVUJTOUBMXBZT great, and they were involved in developing the recruitment strategy described above as well as BUUFOEJOHUIF4/"*$DPOGFSFODFJO$BJSOT)PXFWFSJUXBTSFQPSUFECZQMBZHSPVQTUBòUIBUUIFHSPVQ JTTUJMMSFMBUJWFMZXFBLBOETUBòEPOUZFUGFFMBDDPVOUBCMFUPUIJTHSPVQ8&55"EWJTPSZ$PNNJUUFF NFNCFSTBMTPQSPWJEFEJSFDUTVQQPSUUPTUBò

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47


There were some concerns expressed to the team about the need to develop further links between UIFQMBZHSPVQBOEUIFQSFTDIPPM8FXFSFUPMEUIBUUIFSFBSFJOTVóDJFOUOVNCFSTPGQSFTDIPPM DIJMESFOUPKVTUJGZBTUBòQPTJUJPOBUUIFTDIPPM8FVOEFSTUBOEUIFSFBSFTPNFNPWFTUPFYQMPSF JG UIFSF NJHIU CF NPSF JOUFHSBUJPO PG QSFTDIPPM BOE QMBZHSPVQ TFSWJDFT HJWFO UIF TJ[F PG UIF community. This would seem sensible. (JWFOUIFSFMBUJWFMZMPXMFWFMTPGPWFSBMMHPWFSONFOUJOWFTUNFOUJO8JMMPXSBFTQFDJBMMZDPNQBSFE UP34%TJUFTJUJTOPUJNQSPCBCMFUPTVHHFTUUIBUXJUIPVU8&55BOE87"GVOEJOHUIFSFXPVMECF OPQMBZHSPVQJO8JMMPXSB The fourth evaluation progress report of this program undertaken by the Australian Council of &EVDBUJPO3FTFBSDI "$&3 JO4FQUFNCFS "SNTUSPOH -POTEBMF4UPKBOPWTLJ DPODMVEFE UIBUXIJMTU87"GBDJMJUBUPSTXFSFWJFXFEQPTJUJWFMZCZDPNNVOJUJFT BOEUIFQSPHSBNXBTXPSLJOH SFMBUJWFMZXFMMJO:VFOEVNV UIFSFXFSFBOVNCFSPGUIJOHTUIBUXFSFOPUXPSLJOHTPXFMM5IFTF included, amongst other things, the view that: t 5IFTFSWJDFTXFSFOPUZFUSPCVTUPSTVTUBJOBCMFJO8JMMPXSB -BKBNBOVBOE/ZJSSQJ XJUIMPX OVNCFSTPGDIJMESFOBUUFOEJOH t 87"TNPEFMPGTVQQPSUXBTCFTUTVJUFEUPDPNNVOJUJFTXIFSFTFSWJDFTXFSFBMSFBEZDBQBCMF BOECFJOHEFMJWFSFE BOEUIBUUIF87"GBDJMJUBUPSTOFFEFEUPMJWFJOUIFDPNNVOJUZ t 5IFQSPHSBNOFFEFEUPCFCFUUFSUBJMPSFEUPUIFEJòFSFOUDPNNVOJUJFT BOECVJME SFMBUJPOTIJQTXJUIPUIFSTFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTBOE

t 5IFQSPHSBNOFFEFEUPEFWFMPQBAUXPXBZTNPEFMPGDIJMEEFWFMPQNFOUBOEBTJNQMF evaluation framework with a smaller set of indicators identified by the communities.

4JODFUIFGPVSUIFWBMVBUJPO 87"IBWFDIBOHFEUIFJSNPEFMPGTVQQPSUBOEUIFSFJTBQFSNBOFOU QMBZHSPVQDPPSEJOBUPSFNQMPZFECZ#**5&BOEB87"QSFTFODFJOUIFDPNNVOJUZGPSUXPXFFLTB NPOUI*UXBTOPUFWJEFOUUPUIFFWBMVBUJPOUFBNUIBUUIFQSPHSBNXBTNBSLFEMZAUXPXBZ20 yet, and therefore tailored to the community, however it is recognised that this is likely to take some time to achieve. School Visits and Support 1BSFOUTBOEZPVOHQFPQMFXFSFVOJWFSTBMMZQPTJUJWFBCPVUJOUFSTUBUFTDIPPMWJTJUT*OUIFMBTUUISFF ZFBSTUSJQTUP$BOCFSSB 4ZEOFZBOE$BJSOTIBWFCFOFöUUFETUVEFOUTGSPN8JMMPXSB4DIPPM1BSFOUT emphasised both the learning potential as well as the incentives they created for improved school attendance. “People who go on excursions go to school every day. My father would growl at me to go to school.” “In 2011 we started kids excursion and took some to Canberra with WETT money. Last year we went to Sydney. This year we are going to take kids to Cairns, in four weeks time. They are chosen by attendance. Kids who go everyday—we choose those kids.”

205IJTEFTDSJCFTIPX8BSMQJSJMBOHVBHFBOEDVMUVSBMMFBSOJOHJTFNQIBTJTFE BUUIFTBNFUJNFBTNPSFNBJOTUSFBNWPDBUJPOBMTLJMMT education and training.

48


In particular interviewees stressed the importance of young people being exposed to the world CFZPOE8JMMPXSBBOEUIFPQQPSUVOJUJFTBOEQPTTJCJMJUJFTUIBUNJHIUFYJTU:PVOHFSQFPQMFXIPXFOU POUIFWJTJUTUFOEFEUPUBMLNPSFPGUIFFYDJUFNFOUPGUSBWFM BOEUIFGVOBOEKPZPGUIFFYQFSJFODF However they also talked about the learning they had experienced for example in visiting Canberra, BOEUIFJNQPSUBODFPGUIFGBDUUIBUUIF$POJTUPONBTTBDSFXBTSFDPHOJTFEBUUIF/BUJPOBM.VTFVN “I feel proud of it when kids go on school excursion. Not enough jobs here in this little place.” “Went to Sydney with upper primary. New principal. First to Canberra… then Sydney…. It is good to learn new things: old money and shillings. Endeavour Ship and Captain Cook. Taxi boat on the harbour. Kids had to attend school, came every day, attendance is better.” 4UBòBUUIFTDIPPMXFSFNPSFTDFQUJDBMPGUIFJNQBDUPGUIFWJTJUTPOBUUFOEBODF TVHHFTUJOHUIBU PUIFS UIJOHT TVDI BT TPSSZCVTJOFTT GPPUCBMM UPVSOBNFOUT BOE DPOøJDU XFSF UIF NBJO ESJWFST PG the ups and downs experienced. They also believed that there should be a stronger educational component to the visits. *OUIFQBTUGPVSZFBSTTFWFSBMDIJMESFOGSPN8JMMPXSBBUUFOEJOHTFDPOEBSZTDIPPMIBWFCFFOBTTJTUFE CZUIJTTVQQPSUQSPHSBN4UVEFOUTBU,PSNJMEB

BOE4U+PIOT DPMMFHFTJO%BSXJOIBWFCFOFöUUFE GSPNHSBOUTPGVQUP 5IPTFXJUIJOUIFFEVDBUJPOEFQBSUNFOUXJUISFHJPOBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZGPS8BSMQJSJTDIPPMTGFMUUIBUUIF DPOUSJCVUJPOPG8&55UPTDIPPMWJTJUTBOEUIFCSPBEFSTVQQPSUCPUI8&55BOEUIF$-$QSPWJEFUP 8BSMQJSJTDIPPMT UISPVHIGPSFYBNQMF $-$3BOHFSTBOEWFIJDMFTVQQPSUGPSDPVOUSZWJTJUT JTFYUSFNFMZ JNQPSUBOUHJWFOUIFöOBODJBMDPOTUSBJOUTPGUIF/PSUIFSO5FSSJUPSZ%FQBSUNFOUPG&EVDBUJPO5IFSF XBTDMFBSSFDPHOJUJPOUIBUXJUIPVU8&55NBOZPGUIFTFBDUJWJUJFTXPVMETJNQMZOPUPDDVS 5.2.3 GMAAAC 4JODFUIFSFIBWFCFFOQSPKFDUTBHSFFEGPSGVOEJOHJO8JMMPXSBVTJOH(."""$NPOFZ*O BOEPOMZPGQSPKFDUQSPQPTBMTXFSFBQQSPWFEGPSGVOEJOHCFDBVTFUIFZEJEOPUNFFU UIF DSJUFSJB XIFSFBT JO BOE UIF QSPQPSUJPOT IBWF SJTFO UP BOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ *U was suggested in 2012 monitoring report that this is a sign that communities have an increased VOEFSTUBOEJOHPG(."""$TQVSQPTFBOEBQQSPBDI ,FMMZ 5PUBMFYQFOEJUVSFJOUIFQFSJPEBNPVOUTUPOFBSMZ TFF5BCMF "CPVUPG UIJTIBTCFFOTQFOUPONFOBOEXPNFOTTQPSUJOHBDUJWJUJFT KVTUPWFSPOJNQSPWJOHPVUTUBUJPO infrastructure, 18% on support to the school and clinic, and some 14% on youth activities through 8:%"$


Table 11: Willowra GMAAAC Projects 2009-13

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(SBOUT BSF HFOFSBMMZ SFMBUJWFMZ TNBMM JF CFMPX BOE GPDVTFE PO QSBDUJDBM BOE DPODSFUF BDUJWJUJFT 8IBU JT SFNBSLBCMF JO 8JMMPXSB JT UIBU (."""$ QSPDFTTFT BQQFBS UP CF TPNFXIBU RVBSBOUJOFEGSPNUIFPOHPJOHUFOTJPOTXJUIJOUIFDPNNVOJUZ XJUINFFUJOHTBOEEFDJTJPONBLJOH process having been maintained relatively well. This is testament to the value that the community QMBDFT PO CPUI UIF (."""$ QSPKFDUT BOE UIF DMBSJUZ BOE SPCVTUOFTT PG UIF EFDJTJPO NBLJOH QSPDFTTFT5IJTJTBMMUIFNPSFSFNBSLBCMFHJWFOUIFIJTUPSZPG(."""$CFGPSFJUDBNFVOEFSUIF CDU, when expenditure had been largely on vehicles and household items. “It was hard before with GMAAAC. Then everyone came and worked together. We put bore on Jarra Jarra road and one on Mt Barkly road.” *OUIFDPNNVOJUZDIPTFUPFMFDUB(."""$DPNNJUUFFCZDPOTFOTVT XJUIBNBMFBOEGFNBMF SFQSFTFOUBUJWF GSPN FBDI PG UIF GPVS NBJO GBNJMZ HSPVQT5IJT FòPSU UP FOTVSF UIBU UIFSF JT HPPE representation across family groups is a deliberate attempt to reduce tension between families BOEGPS(."""$EFDJTJPONBLJOHUPCFTFFOBTFRVJUBCMFBOEMFHJUJNBUF5IJT DPNCJOFEXJUIUIF VOEFSTUBOEJOH $%6 TUBò PG EZOBNJDT XJUIJO UIF DPNNVOJUZ NJHIU BMTP FYQMBJO XIZ (."""$ processes seem to be somewhat immune to some of the conflict experienced in the community. *OUIFSFXFSF(."""$QSPKFDUBQQMJDBUJPOTJO8JMMPXSB PGXIJDIFJHIUXFSFGVOEFEGPSB UPUBMPG 5IJTJTUPHFUIFSXJUIQSFWJPVTQSPKFDUGVOEJOHGPSQSPKFDUTJO B number of which are still ongoing, as indicated in Table 12. Below: Willowra school visit - learning to surf at Manly Beach

Below: Having fun at a school visit to Luna Park, Melbourne

Below: School visit to Sydney Cricket Ground to meet former Sydney Swans coach Paul Ross

2


Table 12: Ongoing Willowra GMAAAC projects and those approved in 2012

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