Indigenous Knowledge and Documentation of Ethno-Medicinal Plants ...

The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 122 (2014) 868-876 https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/the-journal-of-ethnobiology-and-traditional-medicine Case Study. ISJN 6642-3194: Impact Index: 3.17

The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine

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Indigenous Knowledge and Documentation of Ethno-Medicinal Plants of Panna District, Central India: A Case Study Daulat Ram Gwalwanshi*, Onkar Salunkhe, Ashok Shukla, Amit Jugnu Bishwas, Deepak Vyas Department of Botany, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar 470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India Article history: Received: 18 February, 2014 Accepted: 21 February, 2014 Available online: 14 April, 2014 Keywords: Medicinal plants, knowledge

Flora,

Panna

Vyas D. Associate Professor Email: [email protected] Phone: +919425031930

district,

Traditional

Corresponding Author: Gwalwanshi D.R. Research Scholar Email: [email protected] Phone: +919424663327 Salunkhe O. Research Scholar Email: [email protected] Phone: +91888973557 Shukla A. Post Doctorate Fellow Email: [email protected] Phone: +919889695813 Bishwas A.J. Assistant Professor Email: [email protected] Phone: +919753729090

Abstract The main aim of present study is to explore the Indigenous Knowledge and Documentation of Ethno-medicinal Plants of Panna district of Bundelkh and region of Central India, because medicinal and herbal utility of this region has not been explored yet. The questionnaire method followed for documentation. The ethno-medicinal data on 88 plant species belonging to 75 genera of 37 families were recorded during field trips (February, 2012 to January, 2013). On the basis of our finding it is a great asset for herbal drug industries. Citation: Gwalwanshi D.R., Salunkhe O., Shukla A., Bishwas A.J., Vyas D., 2014. Indigenous Knowledge and Documentation of Ethno-Medicinal Plants of Panna District, Central India: A Case Study. The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 122, 868-876. All Rights Reserved with Photon. Photon Ignitor: ISJN66423194D662314042014

1. Introduction 1.1 Biodiversity of study area Biodiversity is a part of our daily lives and livelihood. It is not easy to define its value and often difficult to estimate it (Mukherjee, 1984). Every country has the responsibility to conserve, restore and sustainably use the biological diversity within its jurisdiction (Ahmad et al., 2006). Out of the total 4, 22,000 flowering plants from the world (Govaert, 2001), around 50,000 plant species are believed to be used medicinally in the world (Schippmann et al., 2002). In India, almost 95% of the prescriptions are plant-based in the traditional systems. 1.2 Medicinal importance of plants Medicinal plants play vital roles in human health care. They are pharmaceutically important and form an important sector of Ph ton

industry having a potential trade value of over Rs. 3,500 crores (Vyas et al., 2012). Due to growing recognition of natural products, nontoxicity and easy availability, its demand is increasing and thereby, its cultivation has also been increased (Nayak et al., 2000). In India, many rural communities particularly the tribals obtain considerable part of their daily food from the wild plants. Some examples are: Ceropegia bulbosa in Central India and Western Ghats; Codonopisis ovata in Himalayan region; Ardisia sp. and Meliosma pinnata in the North-East; Eremurus himalaicus, Origanum vulgare and Urtica hyperborea in Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh; Allium carolinianum and Cicer microphyllum in Kashmir and Sesuvium portulacastrum in Coastal areas. Moreover people living in tribal

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localities and in villages are using indigenous plants as medicines from long ago because this knowledge reaches to them through generation to generation, and is based on the experiences (Pathak and Mishra, 2011). Also the tribe localities and villages are far away from cities and mostly there are no health facilities. Furthermore, the inhabitants are poor or middle class and the price of synthetic drugs are increasing day by day. Hence, they cannot withstand the sharply rising price of synthetic drugs, so as a consequence, nonavailability of expensive synthetic drugs (Shinwari and Khan, 1998). 1.3 Indigenous knowledge of region Bundelkhand region of Central India housed number of tribal communities and their tribal’s are poor living in hardship but many have good knowledge of indigenous medicinal plants. Since forever of Panna (Madhya Pradesh) harbors many wild species of plants which have immerse medicinal potential. The inhabitants of the area are mainly using traditional means to cure diseases and this asset of indigenous knowledge is transferring from generation to generation only through the verbal means of communication (Sharma, 1990). Therefore, in this paper an attempt has been made to document and preserve this folk asset. The present research work mainly aims at: the exploration of ethno-medicinal knowledge of local people of selected villages of Panna; the documentation of the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for common ailments; and the collection of native medicinal plants of sites for identification and future references. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Benchmark area and geographical location The present study was carried out at selected villages of Panna district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The area has rich cover of forest and important river tributaries. It is located in North-Eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. The district extends from altitude 23° 45' 35" N to 25° 10' North and longitude 79° 45' to 80° 40' East (Kumar, 2005). Panna is bounded by Banda district of Uttar Pradesh in North, Satna in East, Jabalpur in South, and Damoh and Chhatarpur districts in West. The whole district lies on Vindhyachal plateau with an average height of 350 meters (Richhariya, 2010). Various parts of Panna district are enriched with useful medicinal plants. Therefore, to begin with, three different remote villages, namely Ranipura, Vishramganj and Aaramganj

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of Panna district, Madhya Pradesh were selected. 2.2 Experimental work The indigenous knowledge and documentation of medicinal plants were recorded during February, 2012 to January, 2013. Frequent field trips were arranged in order to collect information about the folk/culinary knowledge of medicinal plants used by the local people to cure them from various diseases. During field trips, the questionnaire (Medicinal Plants Datasheet) was used to interview the local inhabitants (tribal’s, old age villagers and some vaidhya/hakeem), which included the men and women both, who were familiar with traditional uses of indigenous plants. In total, 90 informants (30 persons at each site; 20 men and 10 women per each site) were interviewed, during the study. Interviews were conducted with local peoples in different villages individually. Repeated queries at two month intervals were made to get the data confirmed. 2.3 Collection, identification and herbarium preparation Throughout the field trips, the plants were collected and brought to the laboratory. Collected specimens were pressed and dried for preparation of herbarium (Jain and Rao, 1976). Plants were identified with the help of flora of Madhya Pradesh and available literature (Kumar, 2005), (Verma et al., 1993; Mudgal et al., 1997; Khanna et al., 2001; Jain and Rao, 1976; Dushing and Patil, 2010) and compared with already identified plant specimens at herbarium of Department of Botany, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar and deposited there for future references. Ethno-medicinal inventory was developed consisting of botanical name followed by their local name, family, part used and ethno-medicinal uses. 3. Results and Discussion The data on 87 plant species belonging to 74 genera of 36 families, during summer, rainy and winter seasons were collected (Table 1). Among the 36 families, Fabaceae (23%) was the dominant, followed by Liliaceae (6%), Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae and Rubiaceae were represented by 5% each (Fig. 1).

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Figure 1: Ethnomedicinal plant based on number of species as plant part used

Out of 88 plant species, 28 were belonging to trees (31.8%), 3 to small trees (3.4%), 19 to shrubs (21.6%), 32 to herbs (36.4%) and 6 to climbers (6.8%) (Figure2). Figure 2: Number of plant species belonging to different habits

Data presented on the basis of plant parts used by the local people, leaves (31%) represented the most usable part, followed by seed (15%) and root (12%), whereas only 2% was represented by tubers, bulb and rhizome each. Information obtained from the present study suggested about some therapeutic uses of 88 plant species. The plants are either used singly or in combinations with some other plants or plant parts. Some plant species such as claimed to be quite effective remedies for snakebite (Acacia leucophloea, Euphorbia hirta, Elaeodendron glaucum, Amaranthus viridis), diarrhea (Coriandrum sativum), malaria (Calotropis procera, Carica papaya, Eucalyptus globulus), cough (Terminalia bellerica, Acacia arabica, Acacia leucophloea, Cassia tora, Datura stramonium), cold (Cassia

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tora, Ficus religiosa, Aegle marmelos), and stomach troubles (Acacia leucophloea, Albizia procera, Cucumis melo, Ocimum sanctum) etc. Since the uses are based on empirical knowledge, the scientific study of all these herbal drugs is highly desirable to establish their efficacy for safe use. Various areas of Panna region are enriched with useful medicinal plants. However, resource based areas are facing severe biotic interference and requires protection and conservation by community participation. Community participation can be initiated by creating awareness about the useful properties of medicinal plants and their commercial values. Survey showed that all the members of community of the area are using various medicinal plants for their ailments. Different plant parts are being used in curing kind of diseases. Results clearly suggested that the medicinal plant wealth of Panna district was not fully exploited. Some medicinally important plant species (such as Achyranthes aspera, Azadirachta indica, Allium cepa, Aloe barbadensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Calotropis procera, Gloriosa superb, Phoenix sylvestris, Terminalia bellerica) are fast dwindling, mainly due to human interference. So, the area needs proper protection for the conservation and survival of bio-resources. It is worth mentioned that the medicinal plants can be protected by the conservation programme by help of local peoples. Moreover regular chemical screening of medicinal plants and their useful parts collected from the fields in different seasons should be done. The oil bearing medicinal plants should be fenced for chemical and biological investigations, as well as for preventing overgrazing, cutting and use as a fuel wood. To prevent the extinction of medicinal species, efforts can be made to grow the sensitive species by acclimatizing them and if required, in situ conservation can also be consider (Hamayun et al., 2003). Further research works should be formulized on base line of indigenous studies because there are still some diseases like “Cancer” and “AIDS”, for which there are no identified cures. So, ethno-directed studies can help in these research works.

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Table 1: Indigenous Knowledge and Documentation of Ethno-Medicinal Plants of Panna District, Central India: A Case Study S. No. Family Botanical name Local name Habit Parts used Ethno-medicinal uses Monocot plants 1 Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Bramhi Herb Leaves Enhance memory and reduce headache Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania Herb Seed Diarrhoea and constipation 2 Arecaceae Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Khajoor Tree Fruit, root, gum Toothache, tonic, cooling and laxative 3 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus (L.) Dellia ghas Herb Tuber Anthelmintic, stimulant, diuretic 4 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera L. Varahakand Climber Tuber Diabetes , skin diseases, burns 5 Liliaceae Allium cepa L. Pyaz Herb Bulb Ear pain, headache, high blood pressure Allium sativum L. Lahsun Herb Bulb Joint pain Aloe barbadensis Mill. Gheekwar Herb Whole plant Boils, piles and fever Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satavar Shrub Root Diuretic, uterus disorders Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari Climber Rhizome, seed Chronic ulcer, skin diseases 6 Poaceae Cymbopogon martinii (Jones) Palmarosa Herb Whole plant Fever and phlegmatic pains Schult Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Doob ghas Herb Roots Diuretic and laxative Hordeum vulgare L. Jawa Herb Leaves Cataract Dicot plants 7 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera (Mill.) Addhajhara Herb Whole plant Diuretic, dropsy, piles, skin eruptions Amaranthus viridis (L.) Chaulai Herb Leaves Emollient, snake and scorpion bite 8 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Aam Tree Leaves Diarrhoea. 9 Apocynaceae Cathranthus roseus (L.) G.Don Sadabahar Herb Flower, leaves Diabetes 10 Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Wild) R.Br. Madar Shrub Whole plant Malaria and cholera 11 Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Mahakaua Herb Leaves To stop bleeding & nose bleeding. Ageratum conyzoides L. Eclipta alba Bhrangraj Herb Plant (Linn.) Hassk. Ageratum conyzoides L. Tagetes minuta Genda Herb Leaves L. 12 Brassicaceae Brassica compestris L. Sarso Herb Seed Fever, joint pain and jaundice Raphanus sativus L. Mooli Herb Rhizome Piles , jaundice, diabetes 13 Canabaceae Cannabis sativa L. Bhaang Shrub Seed, leaves Fever and bronchitis 14 Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Papita Small Fruit, seed, leaves Dysentery, vomiting, expelling intestinal tree worm, ring worm, malaria 15 Celastraceae Elaeodendron glaucum Roxb. Jamrasi Tree Root Snake bite 16 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album (L.) Bathua Herb Whole plant Laxative and anthelmintic Spinacea oleracea L. Palak Herb Leaves, stem Anemia, bone's tonic and produce fresh blood 17 Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna W. & A. Prod. Arjun Tree Leaves, bark Cardiac tonic, earache. Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Bahera Tree Bark, fruits Anaemia and leucoderma curing cough, Roxb. bronchitis, insomnia, dropsy, dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting, skin diseases, leprosy

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18 19

20

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Cucurbitaceae Euphorbiaceae

Fabaceae

Terminalia tomentosa W. & A. Prod. Cucumis melo varagrestis Nudin Emblica officinalis L. Euphorbia hirta Linn. Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thom. Ricinus communis Linn.

Saaj

Tree

Bark

Diarrhoea

Kharbooja Aonla Dudhi Bhuiamla

Climber Tree Herb Herb

Fruit Fruit Gum Whole plant

Digestive and stomach problems Diabetes , eye problems, body weakness Snake bite Jaundice

Arandi

Shrub

Abrus precatorious L. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd Acacia catechu (L.) Willd., Oliv.

Ratti Babool Khair

Climber Tree Tree

Seeds, leaves, bark Root Leaves, fruits Stem

Acacia leucophloea Willd.

Reonja

Tree

Barks, gum, leaves

Albizia procera Benth.

Safed siris

Tree

Whole plant

Bauhenia variegata L. Bauhinia vahlii W. & A. Bauhinia racemosa Lam.

Kachnar Mahuli Asto

Buds Root Leaves, bark

Butea monosperma Lamk.

Palas

Tree Climber Small tree Tree

Boils, swelling, laxative and to start labour pain Ulcer, rheumatic pain. Cough, dysentery Diarrhoea, eruptions of the skin, leprosy, leucoderma and wounds, anaemia, diabetes, inflammations and intermittent fever An anthelmintic an antipyretic an antidote for snake bites, bronchitis, cough, vomiting, wounds, ulcers, diarrhoea, dysentery, internal and external haemorrhages, dental caries, stomatitis, and intermittent fevers and skin diseases Problems of pregnancy, stomach-ache, ulcers Piles, dysentery and worm infestation. Pyorrhoea Blood pressure, skin diseases

Cassia aungustifolia L.

Sena

Shrub

Cassia tora L. Crotolaria juncea L. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Powar San Dhobin

Herb Shrub Tree

Leaves, branches, fruit Seed Flower Leaves, roots , stem

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Shisam

Tree

Glycine max (L.) Merr Indigofera prostrata Willd. Mimosa pudica L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Tephrosia puppurea L.

Soybean Neel Lajwanti Bakala -

Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb

Seeds, gum

Leaves, Roots, stem Seed Seed Leaves, seed Leaves Whole plant

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Worm infestation and in the treatment of ringworm, boils and pimples Headache, brain tonic and intestinal diseases Stomach ache, cough & cold High nutrious and worm repellent. Dyspepsia, diarrhoea, leprosy, obesity and worms Leprosy, boils, eruptions and stop vomiting Eye tonic Piles and fistula. Jaundice Skin irritation Skin treatment, anthelmintic, anti-pyretic

21

Flacourtiaceae

22 23

Gentianaceae Lamiaceae

24 25 26

Lythraceae Malvaceae Meliaceae

27

Menispermaceae

28

Morcaeae

29

Myrtaceae

30 31

Nyctaginaceae Rhamnaceae

32

33

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Rubiaceae

Rutaceae

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Methi Katai

Herb Shrub

Leaves Fruits, barks, roots, gum

Flacourtia ramontchi L’Herit.

Kaker

Shrub

Whole plant

Swertia chirata Grisebach Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Ocimum sanctum L. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Melia azedarachta L. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Th. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Ficus racemosa L.

Chirayita Paudina Tulsi Dhawai Kanghee Neem Bakain Giloya

Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Tree Tree Climber

Root Leaves Seeds Flower Leaves, stem Leaves Seed, leaves Root

Kathal Umar

Tree Tree

Leaves Root, bark, fruits

Ficus religiosa (L.) Eucalyptus globulus Sm. Psidium guajava L. Syzygium cumini L. Boerhavia diffusa L. Zizyphus jujuba Lamk.

Pipal Safeda Amrood Jamun Punarnava Ber

Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Shrub

Seeds, fruits Seeds, leaves Leaves Seed Root Leaves, fruits

Skin diseases like ring worm and itching. Leucorrhoea, blood disorders, burning sensation, fatigue, urinary discharges, leprosy, menorrhagia, epistaxis, intestinal worms, asthma and piles Laxative, cooling and alterative Malaria, antibacterial and antiseptic Dysentery, cholera Diabetes , kidney stone Cut & wound Blood sugar, Diarrhoea

Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.

Jangli beri

Shrub

Fruit, leaves, roots

Jaundice

Kadamba

Tree

Bark, leaves

Gardenia latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. Mitragyna parvifolia Korth.

Papara

Tree

Leaves, Roots, gum

Kaim

Tree

Root, bark, leaves

Murraya koeningii Spreng. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.

Meethi neem Bel Bada neembu

Shrub Tree Small

Leaves Fruit Fruit

Inflammation, urinary retention, fever, cough, diarrhoea, menorrhagia, burning sensation, wounds, ulcer and general debility Antispasmodic, anthelmintic plenomegaly, foul ulcers, wounds and obesity Internal or external haemorrhages, muscle pain, skin diseases, fever, inflammations, infections Blood pressure, diabetes Fever & cold Gastric disorders, vomiting, acidity

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Rheumatism Appetizing and digestive, diuretic, in jaundice intermittent fever cholera, nephritic colic Appetizing, diuretic, digestive, in jaundice, intermittent fever nephritic colic cholera Blood purifier, fever Liver disorder, vomiting Stomach and vomiting dysentery To treat boils Skin diseases and blood purification Diabetes, blood purification and skin tonic High blood pressure, weakness

Datura Dhatura Makoy Aswagandha

tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub

Leaves, seeds Flowers , seed Whole plant Whole plant

Hydrophobia and earache Bronchitis, asthma, cough Phthisis, dropsy, for enlargement of spleen Leucoderma, diuretic and analgesic

Ulmaceae

Datura innoxia (Linn.) Miller Datura stramonium L. Solanum nigrum Miller. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.

Chirol

Tree

Bark, Seed , leaves

Verbenaceae

Vitex nirgundo L.

Nirgundi

Shrub

Leaves

Oedema, diabetes, leprosy and other skin diseases, intestinal disorders, piles and spruce Wounds

34

Solanaceae

35

36

Limitations

Author’s Contribution and Competing Interests

Firstly, the study is limited to a small area of Bundelkhand region. Further, the plants were screened only on the basis of questionnaire done with the local people and on the basis of literature survey. Secondly, the plants were not screened for their phytochemical content and medicinal properties either in vitro or in vivo activities.

Amit Jugnu Bishwas and Deepak Vyas provided guideline for selecting the area for survey which was rich in medicinal plant diversity and also provided guidelines for proper drafting of manuscript. Daulat Ram Gwalwanshi, Onkar Salunkhe and Ashok Shukla surveyed the site and completed the above mentioned research work.

Recommendations

Conclusion

The plants may be identified on the basis of their genetic makeup. Also, they may be screened for their medicinal value by practical examination of their phytochemical content and performing various activities related to immunological, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial effects etc. by using respective experimental models.

Thus, it can be concluded that a survey of medicinal flora should be conducted to investigate and update the inventory of existing natural plant’s resources of the area. In view of plentiful occurrence of number of plant species in Panna and its surroundings, it is suggested that National Medicinal Plant Board, India may be persuaded to prepare a comprehensive report for the establishment of small scale processing units for the valued drugs. On the basis of our finding Bundelkhand region has wide varieties of Medicinal Plant which is a great asset for herbal drug industries and such plants can be explored for their medicinal properties.

Justification of Research Herbal medicines are the source of alternative medicine which is now used worldwide due to their lower side effects. For this our study was conducted to explore more variety of herbal plants with several medicinal properties. Funding and Policy University Grant Commission, New Delhi, India for Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.), India.

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Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Er. R.S. Julaniya (The Principal Secretary) and Er. Shrivastava (Command Area Division) of Water Resource Department, Madhya Pradesh for financial support through project. Authors are also thankful to the D.F.O., North Panna for allowing us to survey the forests and villagers of Ranipura, Vishramganj and Aaramganj for providing their

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Table 2: Human ailments that are treated by traditional healers and the number of plant species used Ailment Number Frequency S. Ailment Number of S. No. of mentioned No. species species (%) used used 1 Anaemia 3 6.21 29 Inflammation 3 2 Anthelmintic 4 8.28 30 Jaundice 8 3 Antibacterial 1 2.07 31 Join pain 2 4 Antiseptic 1 2.07 32 Kidney stone 1 5 Asthma 2 4.14 33 Laxative 5 6 Bleeding 1 2.07 34 Leprosy 6 7 Blood 35 pressure 4 8.28 Leucoderma 3 8 Blood sugar 1 2.07 36 Liver disorder 1 9 Body 37 weakness 2 4.14 Malaria 3 10 Boils 5 10.35 38 Obesity 2 11 Bronchitis 4 8.28 39 Phlegmatic pain 1 12 Burn 1 2.07 40 Piles 7 13 Cataract 1 2.07 41 Pregnancy 1 14 Cholera 4 8.28 42 Pyorrhoea 2 15 Cold 6 12.42 43 Rheumatism 1 16 Cough 5 10.35 44 Ringworm 3 17 Diabetes 9 18.63 45 Scorpio bite 1 18 Diarrhoea 6 12.42 46 Skin treatment 13 19 Diuretic 7 14.49 47 Snake bite 4 20 Dropsy 3 6.21 48 Stomached 5 21 Dysentery 6 12.42 49 Swelling 1 22 Dyspepsia 2 4.14 50 Teeth ache 2 23 Earache 4 8.28 51 Tonic 5 24 Eye problem 2 4.14 52 Ulcer 5 25 53 Urinary Fever 11 22.77 retention 2 26 Headache 3 6.21 54 Vomiting 7 27 Haemorrhage 2 4.14 55 Worms 8 28 Hydrophobia 1 2.07 56 Wounds 4

useful knowledge. Ashok Shukla gratefully acknowledges to Dr. D.S. Kothari PDF Scheme, New Delhi, India. Research Highlights 1. Survey of Medicinal Plants in Panna district for biodiversity. 2. Explore the medicinal plants. 3. Identification and documentation of medicinal plants based on taxonomic classification. References Ahmad M., Khan M.A., Manzoor S., Zafar M., Sultana S., 2006. Check List of Medicinal Flora of Tehsil Isakhel, District Mianwali-Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10, 41-48. Dushing Y.A., Patil D.A., 2010. Studies on ethnomedicine in Buldhana district of Maharashtra (India). Journal of Phytology, 2(12), 35-41. Govaert R., 2001. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 50, 1085-1090. Ph ton

Frequency mentioned (%) 6.21 16.56 4.14 2.07 10.35 12.42 6.21 2.07 6.21 4.14 2.07 14.49 2.07 4.14 2.07 6.21 2.07 26.91 8.28 10.35 2.07 4.14 10.35 10.35 4.14 14.49 16.56 8.28

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