Sep 24, 2015 - Sciences, Institute for Computer Science and. Control (HUN) ... Kreiner Jesa, California State Universitiy, Fullerton. (USA). ⢠LaliÄ Bojan, FTS ...
6th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE, SERBIA & STEINBEIS ADVANCED RISK TECHNOLOGIES, STUTTGART, GERMANY & INNОVATION CENTER OF THE FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
Editors: Vesna Spasojević-Brkić Mirjana Misita Dragan D. Milanović
24th-25th September 2015 Belgrade, Serbia
Editors Vesna Spasojević-Brkić Mirjana Misita Dragan D. Milanović 6th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING - SIE 2015, PROCEEDINGS Publisher Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade Printing firm ''Penda d.o.o.'' Beograd Published 2015 ISBN 978-86-7083-864-2 CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 005.22(082) 658.5(082) 006.83:338.45(082) INTERNATIONAL Symposium of Industrial Engineering (6th ; 2015 ; Beograd) Proceedings / 6th International Symposium of Industrial Engineering SIE 2015, 24th-25th September, 2015, Belgrade ; [organizers] Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade [and] Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies, Stuttgart, Germany [and] Innоvation Center of The Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade ; editors Vesna Spasojević-Brkić, Mirjana Misita, Dragan D. Milanović. - Belgrade : Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 2015 (Beograd : Penda). - [9], 358 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm Tekst štampan dvostubačno. - Tiraž 100. - Str. [4]: Preface / editors. Bibliografija uz svaki rad. ISBN 978-86-7083-864-2 1. Spasojević-Brkić, Vesna [уредник] [аутор додатног текста], 19712. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Beograd). Industrial Engineering Department a) Производња - Организација - Зборници b) Индустријски менаџмент Зборници c) Индустрија - Систем квалитета - Зборници COBISS.SR-ID 217321228
Sponzored by Government of the Republic of Serbia Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development
Organizers of SIE 2015: INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE, SERBIA & STEINBEIS ADVANCED RISK TECHNOLOGIES, STUTTGART, GERMANY & INNОVATION CENTER OF THE FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE Program Advisory Committee Chairperson: Milanovic D. Dragan, FME, Belgrade, SERBIA; Jovanovic Aleksandar, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, GERMANY • • • • • •
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Babić Bojan, FME, BU (SRB) Spasojević-Brkić Vesna, FME, BU (SRB) Buchmeister Borut, University of Maribor (SLO) Bugarić Uglješa, FME, BU (SRB) Casadesus Marti, Universidad de Girona (ESP) Csetverikov Dmitrij, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Computer Science and Control (HUN) Cvijanović Janko, Economics Institute, Beograd, (SRB) Dondur Nikola, FME, BU (SRB) Dźwiarek Marek, Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (POL) Engh Erik, HCR (NOR) Filipović Jovan, FOS, BU (SRB) Grozdanović Miroljub, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Nis (SRB); Karapetrovic Stanislav, University of Alberta (CAN) Kirin Snežana, IC, FME (SRB) Klarin Milivoj, TF "Mihajlo Pupin", UNS (SRB)
• Kreiner Jesa, California State Universitiy, Fullerton (USA) • Lalić Bojan, FTS, UNS (SRB) • Lisjak Dragutin, Polytechnic of Zagreb (HRV) • Lučanin Vojkan, FME, BU (SRB) • Majstorović Vidosav, FME, BU (SRB) • Milanović Lj. Dragan, FME, BU (SRB) • Milazzo Francesca Maria, UM (ITA) • Milovančević Milorad, FME, BU (SRB) • Minovski Robert, FME, Skoplje, (MKD) • Misic Dimic Katarina, Aalto University, (FIN) • Misita Mirjana, FME, BU (SRB) • Nunes Lopes Isabel, FCTUNL, Lisbon (PRT) • Petrović Dušan, FME, BU (SRB) • Pokrajac Slobodan, FME, BU (SRB) • Popović Predrag, Institute Vinča (SRB) • Putnik Goran, Universidade de Minho, (PRT) • Sajfert Zvonko, TF "Mihajlo Pupin", UNS (SRB) • Shuman Rutar Teodora, Seattle University (USA) • Uzunovic-Zaimovic Nermina, FME, Zenica (BIH) • Valis David, UD (CZE) • Váncza József, MTA SZTAKI (HUN) • Veljković Zorica, FME, BU (SRB) • Živković Živan, TFB, Bor (SRB) • Žunjić Aleksandar, FME, BU (SRB)
Organizing Committee • • • •
Vesna Spasojevic-Brkic, PhD, Associate Professor, FME, Belgrade, Serbia, Chairperson Mirjana Misita, PhD, Associate Professor, FME, Belgrade, Serbia Sonja Josipović, MSc, FME, Belgrade, Assistant, Serbia Tamara Golubović, MSc, FME, Belgrade, Assistant, Serbia
- CONTENTS – PLENARY SESSION - CHAIRPERSONS: Maria Francesca Milazzo, John Weiss, Paolo Bragatto, Michael Löscher, Goran Putnik 1. Maria Francesca Milazzo EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL VARIABLES IN RISK ASSESSMENT 2. John Weiss COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT BANKS 3. Paolo Bragatto, Patrizia Agnello, Silvia Ansaldi, Emanuele Artenio, Corrado Delle Site REVIVING KNOWLEDGE ON EQUIPMENT FAILURES AND IMPROVING RISK MANAGEMENT AT INDUSTRIAL SITES 4. Aleksandar Jovanovic, Michael Löscher, Flor Angela Quintero SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION IN GERMANY - THE STEINBEIS APPROACH 5. Goran Putnik EDUCATION 3.0 AND SOCIAL NETWORK-BASED EDUCATION FOR EFFECTIVE LEARNING AND INTEGRATION WITH INDUSTRY 6. Teodora Rutar Shuman, Gregory S. Mason, Yen-Lin Han, Kathleen E. Cook FACILITATING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING WITH AN INVERTED CLASSROOM
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SESSION A - CHAIRPERSONS: Maria Francesca Milazzo, Vesna Spasojevic Brkić, Srdjan Vulanović 7. Maria Francesca Milazzo, Giuseppa Ancione, Vesna Spasojević Brkić SAFETY IN CRANE OPERATIONS: AN OVERVIEW ON CRANE-RELATED ACCIDENTS 8. Zorica Veljković, Vesna Spasojević Brkić, Aleksandar Brkić CRANE CABINS’ SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS CHARACTERISTICS EVALUATION BASED ON SWEDEN PORT DATA 9. Sanja Mandic RISK MEASURING WITH RISK ANALYSIS AND RESPOND TOOLS 10. Srđan Vulanović, Vojislav Vulanović, Vladan Radlovački, Milan Delić RISK BASED AUDIT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 11. Emina Džindo, Uroš Lukić RISK BASED INSPECTION PLANNING AND INSPECTION RESULTS EVALUATION 12. Jasna Markovic-Petrovic, Mirjana Stojanovic A HYBRID SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR SCADA NETWORKS
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13. Đorđe Mitrović, Sonja Josipović AFFORDABILITY OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES – CASE OF BROADBAND ADOPTION IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES 14. Branislav Stevanov, Zdravko Tešić, Sanja Bojić, Milosav Georgijević INTEGRATING PORT EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE PROCESS INTO PORT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (PMIS) 15. Snezana Pavićević, Božo Vukašinović MODIFIED KINNEY METHOD FOR RISK MANAGEMENT OF IMPARTIALITY AND INDEPENDENCE IN INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION BODY FOR PRODUCTS, PROCESSES AND SERVICES 16. Jelena Rusov, Mirjana Misita THE USE OF FUZZY LOGIC IN RISK MODELING OF INSURANCE COMPANIES OPERATIONS 17. Dragan Lj. Milanovic, Dragan D. Milanovic, Mirjana Misita THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING BEST ALTERNATIVE PROJECT IN TERMS OF RISK
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SESSION B - CHAIRPERSONS: Aleksandar Žunjić, Milica Gerasimović, Zvonko Sajfert 18. Aleksandar Zunjic, Lidija Matija, Jelena Muncan, Ivana Mileusnic, Ljubisa Petrov OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN DENTISTRY - APPLICATION OF THE NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IN DIAGNOSTICS OF FATIGUE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 19. Ahmed Ali Essdai, Nuri Mohamed Saad DENTISTS’ WORKSPACE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS PREVENTION: PRELIMINARY STUDY 20. Ljubiša Petrov, Jelena Munćan, Ivana Mileusnić, Lidija Matija ERGONOMIC DESIGN PROPERTIES OF DENTISTRY EQUIPMENT 21. Nuri Mohamed Saad Algheriani, Ahmed Ali Essdai IDENTIFICATION OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS’ FACTORS OF SERBIAN ADMINISTRATIVE WORKERS: PRELIMINARY STUDY 22. Aleksandar Zunjic, Jelena Muncan, Lidija Matija, Ljubisa Petrov, Ivana Mileusnic GENERAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF DESIGN OF A TELEROBOTIC SYSTEM 23. Aleksandar Žunjić, Dragana Žakić Nedeljković ERGONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS IN THE COCKPITS OF LIGHT SINGLE-ENGINE PISTON AIRCRAFTS 24. Ljiljana D. Ristić REVIEW OF THE ON-SCREEN READABILITY RESEARCHES 25. Milica Gerasimovic, Tanja Sijakovic, Ugljesa Bugaric CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR ENGINEERS - VOCATIONAL TEACHERS IN MECHATRONICS 26. M. Jocanovic, V. Karanovic, M. Velickovic DIDACTIC EQUIPMENT FOR EDUCATION OF STUDENTS IN AUTOMATED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS 27. Marko Arsenovic, Srdjan Sladojevic, Darko Stefanovic ONE SOLUTION OF TRAINING COURSE FOR IMPROVING EMPLOYEES SKILLS IN IT DEVELOPMENT COMPANY 28. Sanja Stanisavljev, Milivoj Klarin, Dragan Ćoćkalo, Dejan Đorđević, Zvonko Sajfert SUCCESSFUL CHANGE MANAGEMENT 29. Reza Shafiezadehgarousi, Mohammad Omid, Mohammad Shahverdy EMPOWERMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN JOB ENVIRONMENT
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SESSION C - CHAIRPERSONS: Vidosav Majstorović, Robert Minovski, Zorica Veljković 30. Vidosav Majstorovic, Jelena Macuzic, Slavenko Stojadinovic, Srdjan Zivkovic, Tatjana Sibalija, Valentina Marinkovic CYBER PHYSICAL MANUFACTURING – INTEGRATED QUALITY APPROACH 137 31. Milovan Medojevic, Jovan Petrovic, Nenad Medic, Milana Medojevic ISO 50001 AS A TOOL TO ESTABLISH AN ADEQUATE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 141 32. Marija Stanojeska, Robert Minovski, Zvonko Sajfert, Dragan Ćoćkalo, Sanja Stanisavljev, Bojan Jovanoski EMPLOYEES MOTIVATION AND TRANSITION OF ISO 9001 QMS TOWARDS TQM 145 33. Branislav Tomic OVERVIEW OF ISO/DIS 9001:2015 CHANGES 154 34. S. Risteska, M. Stefanovska, B. Samakoski FACTORIAL DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT VS. TAGUCHI APPROACH IN FILAMENT WOUND COMPOSITES 158 35. Zorica A. Veljković, Slobodan Lj. Radojević METHOD FOR COLUMN CONSTRUCTION OF FULL FACTORIAL DESIGNS FOR FACTORS ON TREE LEVELS USING TAGUCHI'S ORTHOGONAL ARRAYS 162 36. Hrvoje Puskaric, Marija Zahar Djordjevic, Aleksandar Aleksic THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 166 37. Slobodan Morača, Jelena Grujić, Angela Fajsi CREATING THE AGILE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT: DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE AGILE TEAMS 170 38. Milovan Lazarević, Nemanja Sremčev, Gordana Ostojić, Đorđe Lazarević LEAN PRINCIPALS AND RFID USAGE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF DISASSEMBLY EFFICIENCY 174 39. Moshe Eben-Chaime DEFECTIVE ITEMS, INSPECTION ERRORS AND YIELD 178 40. Ljiljana Pecić MARKET ORIENTATION AS A PREDICTOR FOR ENGINEERING AND REENGINEERING COMPANY 182
SESSION D - CHAIRPERSONS: Danijela Tadić, Nikola Dondur, Vlatko Cingoski 41. Danijela Tadić, Slavko Arsovski, Aleksandar Tomović, Milan Pavlović THE FUZZY MODEL FOR EVALUATION WASTE IN PRODUCTION PROCESS OF RECYCLING DEVICE 42. Danijela Tadić, Snežana Nestić, Miladin Stefanović THE EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT PERFORMANCES OF MARKETING PROCESS 43. Marko S. Jarić, Mirko M. Dobrnjac, Nikola J. Budimir, Tamara S. Bajc COST ANALYSIS OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS WITH CONCENTRIC HELICAL TUBE COILS 44. Andrea Ivanišević, Branislav Marić, Alpar Lošonc CONCEPTUALIZATION OF COMMON PARAMETERS WHICH ARE REQUIRED FOR TECHNICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENTS
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45. N. Dondur, A. Jovovic, V. Spasojević-Brkić, D. Radić, M. Obradović, D. Todorovic, S. Josipović, M. Stanojevic USE OF SOLID RECOVERED FUEL (SRF) IN CEMENT INDUSTRY – ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS 46. Biljana Petrevska, Vlatko Cingoski ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONCEPT IN FIVE STAR HOTELS IN MACEDONIA 47. Jamal Mohamed Ben Sasi, Ramadan Ahmed Abugeddida THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN INDUSTRIES BASED ON IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS A CASE STUDY: STEEL ANGLES & FLATS FACTORY 48. Frosina Geceva Kocova, Ljubomir Drakulevski BUSINESS PROCESS REINGENEERING IN MERGED COMPANY 49. Branislav Stevanov, Nemanja Sremčev, Đorđe Lazarević, Danijela Gračanin PRODUCT LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT DATA INTEGRATION FOR THE OVERHAUL OF RAILWAY BRAKING DEVICES 50. Leposava Grubić-Nešić, Slavica Mitrović, Vladimir Ivanković ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN ENGINEERING 51. Tamara Golubović, Nebojša Manić, Nikola Dondur ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF USING DIFFERENT FUELS FOR HOUSEHOLD HEATING IN SERBIA 52. Petar Kefer, Dragan D. Milanovic, Mirjana Misita, Dragan Lj. Milanovic MANAGEMENT FOR COMPANIES WITH MULTIPLE LOCATIONS ACCORDING TO EXCEPTIONS 53. Janko M. Cvijanović, Jelena Lazić ORGANIZATIONAL PATHOLOGY 54. Gordana Čolović, Danijela Paunović, Goran Savanović, Slobodan Pokrajac IMPORTANCE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND INNOVATIONS FOR THE FASHION INDUSTRY 55. Slobodan Pokrajac, Nikola Dondur, Sonja Josipović RE-INDUSTRIALIZATION OR THE ROAD THAT MUST BE TRAVELLED
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SESSION E - CHAIRPERSONS: Bojan Lalić, Dragan D. Milanović, Predrag Popović 56. Ping-Hui Hsu, Hui-Ming Teng OPTIMAL PRICING STRATEGIES FOR INTERNET MARKETING ON TIME-SENSITIVE PRODUCTS 57. Dejana Popović, Predrag Popović SMART METER - READY TO MARKET SOLUTION ANALYSIS 58. Maja Novak, Sanja Stanisavljev INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONIC BUSINESS FOR ACHIEVING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES 59. Svetlana Dabić Ostojić, Momčilo Miljuš, Dragan D. Milanović THE IMPACT OF NEW IT ON FORKLIFTS ON SCM 60. Marija Rakic-Skokovic, Darko Stefanovic, Bojan Lalic GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESFUL CLOUD SELECTION 61. Nebojša Lapčević, Dragan Lj. Milanovic, Marija Milanovic ERP IMPLEMENTATION INDICATORS 62. Svetomir Simonović SOFTWARE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR GLOBAL PRODUCT ENGINEERING 63. Zlatko Langović, Brankica Pažun, Duško Tomić PROCESSOR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES AND SECURITY 64. Miloš Jovanović, Bojan Lalić, Antonia Mas, Antoni-Lluís Mesquida THE AGILE APPROACH IN INDUSTRIAL AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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65. Marko S. Jarić, Nikola J. Budimir, Igor Svetel PREDICTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION USING CURRENT BIM SOFTWARE 287 66. Marko S. Jarić, Nikola J. Budimir, Igor Svetel PREPARING BIM MODEL FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION SIMULATION 291
SESSION F - CHAIRPERSONS: Katarina Dimić Misic, Ilija Ćosić, Andrey A. Pazyak 67. Hui-Ming Teng, Ping-Hui Hsu OPTIMAL SALE NUMBER OF KIND FOR SPECIALIZED SHOP WITH INCREASING DEMAND 296 68. Radoslav Rajkovic, Nenad Zrnic, Đorđe Stakic, Aleksandar Sedmak, Snežana Kirin AN APPROACH TO DETERMINE OPTIMAL NUMBER OF CONTAINERS FOR CARGO STACKING IN FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION COST 300 69. Nemanja Sremčev, Đorđe Lazarević, Ilija Ćosić, Milovan Lazarević, Aleksandar Rikalović IMPROVEMENT OF MATERIAL FLOW IN SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING OF COOLING AND COOKING DEVICES 304 70. Katarina Dimic-Misic, Patrick Gane, Tatiana Budtova, Christophe Pradille, Herbert Sixta, Lovikka Ville, Thad Maloney INFLUENCE OF XYLAN ON NANOCELLULOSE (NFC) SUSPENSION RHEOLOGY AND AEROGEL MORPHOLOGY 308 71. Dimitrios Tsalagkas, Katarina Dimic-Misic, Patrick Gane, Orlando J Rojas, Thaddeus Maloney, Levente Csoka RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SONOCHEMICALLY PREPARED BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS 316 72. Dimic-Misic Katarina, Alp Karakoc, Merve Ozkan, Syed Ghufran Hashmi, Tuomo Salo, Patrick Gane, Thad Maloney, Jouni Paltakari FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF INK-JET INKS USED FOR FUNCTIONAL PRINTING 320 73. Vule Reljić, Laslo Tarjan, Stevan Stankovski, Milovan Lazarević, Gordana Ostojić FOOD PRODUCT SHELF-LIFE PREDICTION 326 74. Arsić Miodrag, Srđan Bošnjak, Mladen Mladenović, Nebojša Milovanović, Zoran Savić RECOMMENDATION FOR A NEW MODEL OF THE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM OF TURBINE AND HYDROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AT THE HYDRO POWER PLANT DJERDAP 1 330 75. Vladimir N. Syzrantsev, Kseniya. V. Syzrantseva, Andrey A. Pazyak CALCULATING GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE SEMI-ROLLED STRAIGHT PAN GEAR 334 76. Predrag Živković HEAT BALANCE OF LOSSES IN PLANETARY GEAR DRIVES 338 77. Nermina Zaimović-Uzunović, Narcisa Jarović-Bajramović, Edin Terzić INFLUENCES TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION DURING CALIBRATION OF CONTACT THERMOMETERS AIMED FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE OF A SOLID SURFACE 341 78. Nina Anđelić, Vesna Milošević-Mitić, Taško Maneski, Milorad Milovančević, Đorđe Đurđević OPTIMUM DESIGN OF OPEN SECTION THIN-WALLED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO STRESS CONSTRAINT 345 79. Nataša Trišović, Wei Li, Ljubica Milovic SIMULATIONS IN REANALYSIS PROCEDURES 349 80. Jelena R. Jovanovic, Radisav D. Djukic ESTABLISHING TECHNOLOGICAL CYCLE TIME LENGTH OF THE PRODUCTION PHASE IN THE COMBINED MODE OF WORKPIECE MOVE 355
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONCEPT IN FIVE STAR HOTELS IN MACEDONIA Biljana Petrevska1, Vlatko Cingoski2 Faculty of Tourism and Business Logistics, “Goce Delcev” University - Stip, Macedonia 2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, “Goce Delcev” University - Stip, Macedonia
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Abstract. The paper assesses the application of the concept of environmental protection and energy efficiency in hotel industry, by elaborating the case of Macedonia. It investigates the extent of environmental protection practices in terms of current level of involvement. For that purpose, the research was consisted of an online survey conducted among managers of five star hotels. The results point that large number of hotels lack policies and practices related to environmental protection and energy efficiency. Finally, the paper allows increased understanding of the way hotel industry in Macedonia operates when referring environmental protection issue, and identifies challenges the hotels are faced with in their attempt to decrease operating costs towards energy efficiency. At the same time, the research poses new challenges that urgently need to be brought to hotel management and tourism development planning. Key words: Environmental protection; Energy efficiency; Five star hotels; Macedonia.
This study is designed to provide information on the nature and the extent how the hotel industry meets the environmental and energy efficiency issues, due to fact that this is relatively unexplored topic in Macedonia. The research topics are: (i) to determine the extent of environmental protection practices in the hotels in Macedonia; (ii) to assess the current level of the involvement of Macedonian hotels in applying environmental protection practices; and (iii) to pose valuable findings to hotel management for cutting the operational costs based on saving energy. In order to meet the three-fold objectives, the paper covers several sections. After the introductory part, Section 2 provides a brief overview on literature addressing environmental performance and benefits for hotel industry. Section 3 encompasses the methodology and research framework. Section 4 presents the main analysis, discussion and findings, while the future challenges and recommendations are noted in the last section. Generally, the contribution of this paper lies in the fact that it enriches poorly developed academician work in Macedonia addressing this issue.
1. INTRODUCTION Hotels are one of the most energy intensive facilities with correspondingly high energy costs. They are ranked among top five in terms of energy consumption in the tertiary building sector (minor only to food services and sales, health care and certain types of offices) (Hotel Energy Solutions, 2011). So, there is an inevitable relationship between hotel industry development and environmental and energy efficiency impacts. The main intention of the management is to focus its activities in the line of reducing operating costs by introducing new sources of energy that a priory preserves the environment by creating an eco-friendly establishment. Due to the fact that clean and well preserved environment is one of the main preconditions for high quality service generally in the hospitality-oriented facility, one may conclude the dependent nature of the hotel development.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW There is a large body of literature arguing the necessity of always having in mind the environments, thus introducing environmental protection programs in hotel activities in terms of reducing energy consumption, recycling, composting food scraps etc. (Bowe, 2005; Bruns, 2000; Chen, Legrand, & Sloan, 2005; Dodd, Hoover, & Revilla, 2001; Karagiorgas et al, 2006). Furthermore, many academics note that hotels have noticed the benefits from improving environmental performance generally by reducing the operational costs (Forbes, 2001; Kirk, 1998) and sustaining competitive advantage, increased demand for ecofriendly hotels etc. (Bohdanowicz, 2005a, b; Le et al., 2006; Vazques, Santos, & Alvarez, 2001). 210
Additionally, various regulations serve as primary instruments of action for hotels in the line of fulfilling obligatory regulations for health and safety, environmental taxes, building standards etc. This leads to necessity of developing industry benchmarking (Kozak, 2004; Pyo, 2001; Wöber, 2001).
Falcón, 2000). The statistical evaluation of obtained data was performed by SPSS program. KayserMeyer-Olkin measure (Kayser, 1974) and Bartlett’s test (Bartlett, 1954) were applied. 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The study found that generally, the surveyed five star hotels have almost the same attitudes toward questions although they differ in terms of working history, from relatively young hotels existing up to 5 years on tourism market, to well positioned hotels with over 15 years of working experience. It is hard to determine precise number of employees in the surveyed hotels since some of them have up to 50 employees, but some have even more than 100 employees. So, we have generalized the responses towards application of environmental protection activities and energy saving concept. The reliability of the survey instrument is satisfactory since the Cronbach’s Į is relatively high (0.7759). The Kayser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy is 0.675 and the Bartlett’s test of Sphericity is significant at 0.000. Table 1 poses summarized results from the survey addressing the sections Environmental protection, Resources and Perception. The results from the questions covering the section on Environment policy are interpreted in only descriptive manner. Namely, it is found that 7080% of surveyed hotels hold a Certificate for energy efficiency, prepare written plans for environmental protection and have an employee responsible for activities related to environmental protection. Although this is in favor of supporting the European environmental impact assessment regulation yet, there is a certain risk in the interpretation of these findings. Namely, the possession of such documents may reflect only the appearance of social responsibility of the hoteliers and still to have doubts in the environmental protection concept. In this line is the understanding for the questions related to the term “personnel for environmental protection’ which might be understood as a ‘personnel in charge for cleaning the environment’ which in most cases is a job of the housekeeping staff. Half respondents stated to have Eco certificate, Eco label, prepare reports on environmental protection and provide info to guests related to environment protection. Despite the high level of existence of environmental concern and policy, yet only one of the surveyed hotels have received an award related to environmental protection. This strongly supports the general finding concerning environmental policy in Macedonia that still needs to be done. The questions related to Environmental protection actually addressed the indicators for interventions and knowledge. It was found that five star hotels do not have any interest in environmental education by providing extremely limited or no staff environmental training at all, thus this has low impact. Half managers stated to have considerable amount of environmental pollution around the hotel,
3. METHODOLOGY The study took qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative approach included literature review on main publications of interest addressing application of environmental protection programs and hotel energy efficiency in other countries. Furthermore, a number of publications of interest were carefully followed, along with websites for updates on environmental initiatives. The quantitative approach covered data obtained from an online survey. The data were collected via questionnaires administered to managers of five star hotels in Macedonia. To determine the sampling frame, a list of five star hotels was provided by the Sector of Tourism within the Ministry of Economy. Based on the list, a total of 16 five star hotels were identified. According to the bylaw on categorization of hotels in Macedonia, a five star hotel should have more than 20 rooms and at least 570 points obtained from minimum fulfillment of 120 criteria. These criteria encompass three main sections referring rooms (cleanness, public spots, parking etc.), furniture (sanitary comfort, sleeping comfort, equipment, entertainment, telecommunication etc.), services (room service, drinks and beverage, reception, additional services etc.), and free activities (additional equipment, spa and wellness facilities, animation, child care etc.). Yet, no criteria related to environmental protection activities are noted. The questions were structured in four interrelated parts: Environmental policy, Environmental protection, Resources and Perception indicators. The questionnaire was consisted of two types of questions, whereas for the first section covering issues on Environmental two-choice questions were applied, while for other three sections a 5-point Likert scale (1=very low, 2=low, 3=medium, 4=strong, 5=very strong). The following scheme was applied when interpreting the mean range of results in the line of quantifying the factors impact: 1.001.80 (very low); 1.81-2.60 (low); 2.61-3.40 (medium); 3.41-4.20 (strong); and 4.21-5.00 (very strong). No pilot study was performed due to financial constraints. The survey was conducted during MayJune 2015 with a follow-up reminder to each nonrespondent approximately each week. The response rate was 62.5% which is relatively high and untypical for online survey when usually the response rate is between 16-25% due to lack of personal contact and less binding (Bohdanowicz, 2005b; Jeong et al, 2003; Medina-Munoz & Garciá211
but they performed many interventions to prevent it. So, this is the only factor that had strong influence when assessing the extent of activities related to environmental protection. On the other hand, the hotel managers reported to have adequate knowledge on ISO 14000 (environmental protection standard) resulting with medium impact. Consequently, we found this group of question completely congruent with previously interpreted results where it was found limited environmental awareness and concern. Third section of questions addressed resources in the line of assessing the nature of energy use and resource conservation. Due to fact that the use of energy is a cost factor, it was expected that hotels takes measures to reduce and replace it with renewable sources of energy. The findings are alarming since they point to extremely limited use of geothermal energy, biofuel and photocell lighting. Moreover, the treatment of the waste water and ‘smart rooms’ have no meaning in terms of energy efficiency. The energy saving light bulbs were found as a resource with medium impact, along with the minimal usage of solar energy and the dimming system. On the other hand, hotels pay large attention to use energy saving systems that control every appliance in the room and key-card control system that provides no power unless the room key is inserted. This is being assessed as strong factor. Guest demands for linen and towel changes are seriously taken into consideration being assessed as very strong factor of influence along with central cooling/heating system. The summarized results (Table 1) confirm the findings as in Cunningham (2005), Erdogan & Baris (2007), Mbaiwa (2003) as well as Trung and Kumar (2005) that although being aware of importance of the environmental protection, yet its stewardship is not a top priority. This is most probably because Macedonian hotels are driven by increasing the number of tourists regardless the environmental concerns and with little or no environmentally friendly practices. Consequently, the five star hoteliers in Macedonia are less concerned about environmental protection per se, except for economic and legal interest. Macedonia faced many economic and socio-political problems after its independence in 1991, so environmental issues have only just recently come to attention. This is completely opposite to other countries, like the Scandinavian where environmental protection is of high quality and importance and has long received political and financial support at local and national level. The presented findings in Table 1 indicate that increase of costs is the most powerful limiting factor for applying the concept of energy efficiency, while the lack of subsidies has the lowest impact. Although the sample was consisted of five star hotels which should have advanced knowledge in
different fields, yet the hotel management is not well informed about the energy efficiency concept, thus evaluating it as an indicator with medium impact. In this line, the respondents have intermediate interest in this concept, and the technical limitations of hotel facility are perceived as a factor with medium influence. Table 1. Summary of findings Type of indicator
Mean
Std.
2.40 2.80 3.33 2.80
2.826 3.912 4.183 2.966
2.90 1.33 1.22 1.22 1.40 2.90 1.60 2.90 4.10
5.357 0.577 1.826 3.536 2.082 7.274 2.630 4.919 10.145
4.90 4.50
28.991 17.578
2.80 2.80 3.40 2.89 2.67
2.236 2.881 3.416 2.380 3.266
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Employees training Hotel’s surrounding pollution Prevention interventions ISO 14000 RESOURCES
Solar Geothermal Biofuel Photocell lighting Use of treated water Energy saving light bulbs Smart rooms Dimming system Key-card control Demand for linen and towel changes Central control cooling/heating PERCEPTION (limiting factors)
Not informed Not interested Costs increase Technical limits Lack of subsidies
5. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK Hotels consume substantial quantity of energy, water and other non-durable products, thus provoking substantial environmental impacts. On the other hand, they rely on clean nature and unpolluted environment as a core value for hotel industry. Tourists more often abandon tourism destinations in poor environmental condition and trace for hotels with eco label, eco certificate and certificate for energy efficiency. Consequently, hotel industry is becoming increasingly environmentally responsible by taking care of energy efficiency. The study found that Macedonian five star hotels are aware of the negative influences on the natural surrounding that arise due to their specific function. They are also aware that hotels may benefit from environmental pro-activeness, which is important for the performance and development of tourism. Yet, their top managements are lacking interest in the energy efficiency concept blaming the increased costs for its successful implementation. This implies that environmental concerns and the willingness to act are strongly dependent on the hotel manager’s knowledge. Furthermore, the restricted financial resources and high operation costs due to low and limited application of renewable resources, generally 212
reduces the hotels to be more active in environmental issues. Based on surveys findings, the paper recommends that managers of the five star hotels in Macedonia should be focused on shifting professional ethics, developing and exerting wide range of environmental protection programs and activities in the first line by introducing renewable sources of energy which will result in reducing energy consumption. Finally, the paper urges need for applying environmental protection as well as the energy efficient concept and more frequent penalizing of environmentally unsound concepts practiced in hotels in Macedonia. Instead of being focused on quick economic benefits, the five star hotels should induce more pro-environmental attitudes among managers. During the research, several limitations occurred which might be addressed in some future work. Namely, although the presented data is reliable, it is difficult to establish to what extent it is representative of the overall hotel industry in Macedonia. Therefore the study may be enhanced by extending the sample by including four and three star hotels in Macedonia, as well as to spread the target location within other countries. On the other hand, it must be taken into consideration that the goal of the study was to identify indicators that can be overcome by hoteliers requiring minimum information input which is easily available.
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