Dec 9, 1983 - Atlantic salmon. (University of. Rhode. Island. Accession. No. M112, ..... City,. New. Jersey,. 158 pp.;. Ellis et al., 1983,. J. Fish. Dis. 6: 511-.
RESEARCH
propriate the test.
positive
MG The
and
negative
controls,
RPA is a reliable, effective presence of HI antibody
diagnostic
prerequisite,
but
cate the occurrence posure. Unfortunately,
of
would
a very
the
Control
field is not a indi-
recent
tween detectable antibody and the carrier state of mycoplasma in wild turkeys is unknown. Until more research is conducted, it can only be assumed that an MG reactor is a carrier of the disease and may be infectious
for
other
wild
and
domestic
be instituted
tion. Research Wisconsin
be-
for
similar to Wyoming,
should
ex-
relationship
programs
turkeys, Michigan,
of Exophiala and
E. J. Otis Kingston, Medicine,
R. E. Wolke,
sources, Wildlife
There
have
been
salmonis Department
three
monids
in
chael, Ajello,
1966, 1975,
fresh
Publ. 304: 126-130; Richards Fish Dis. 1: 357-368), one
llo,
pers.
comm.).
first report the United
This
of infection States.
120-123; Organ. Sci.
et al., in error
note
describes
by
E. salmonis
1978, (Ajethe in
Over a 4-mo-period (April-June 1982), three adult Atlantic salmon (University of Rhode Island Accession No. M112, M151, and M657) with similar lesions were necropsied
at
the
Comparative
Aquatic
Pa-
thology (CAP) Laboratory, University of Rhode Island. Originally obtained from hatcheries in East Orland, Maine and New Brunswick, Canada, these fish had been held at the University Aquaculture Center in a partial reuse system for up to 20 mo
publication
9 December
precau-
provided of Natural
by
the Re-
the Welder Texas, and
Agricultural and of Wisconsin,
Life SciMadison,
of Wildlife
1983.
Diseases. 21(1), © Wildlife Disease
(Salmo
1985, pp. Association
salar
and Pathology, University of of Medical Microbiology, College
to death.
City
at 12 to 18 ppt rock salt. Fish
61-64 1985
L.)
Rhode
Island,
of Veterinary
water
salinity were
was
by the fed raw
maintained addition calf’s
of liver
supplemented with vitamins. Tissues from fish were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, paraffin embedded, sectioned at 6 tm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Special stains included periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) and Grocott’s silver of Histologic Armed Forces Washington, Accession
stain (Luna, 1968, Manual Staining Methods of the Institute of Pathology, D.C., 258 No. M112
coloration
3.0
mm
pp.). had a reddish
in diameter
dis-
on the
sur-
face of the liver which extended into the parenchyma. Postmortem examination of M151 revealed petechial hemorrhages throughout the viscera. The pyloric cecae contained approximately todes (Eubothnium capsule
parenchyma for
Wisconsin, California
USA
kidney Received
in and
Wisconsin, Sinton
Salmon
Department
prior
(Carmi5:
J.
30602,
in sal-
saltwater
Sabouraudia Pan Am. Health
Blazer,
reports
salmonis
and
in Atlantic
of Fisheries, Aquaculture
previous
of Exophiala
of infections
61
in translocated
as a necessary
Madison, Foundation,
the College of ences, University Wisconsin.
REPORTS
birds.
USA; and V. S. Athens, Georgia
Rhode Island 02881, University of Georgia,
MG those
funds were Department
Journal
Infection
NOTES/CASE
M657
was
sp.).
was
thickened
mottled cachexic.
50 adult cesThe posterior
gray. An
and Accession
ulceration
the No.
(1.0
cm
62
JOURNAL
OF WILDLIFE
1.
FIGURE
branching
Central
fungal
DISEASES,
portion
hyphae
of
VOL.
two
(arrows),
21, NO
1, JANUARY
microabscesses masses
of
1985
in the
posterior
polymorphonuclear
kidney cells,
and
of an
Atlantic
salmon.
macrophages
are
Septate,
present.
PAS
stain. x400,
diameter) was right pectoral were present
present just posterior to the fin. Petechial hemorrhages on the ventral surface be-
tween
the
pectorals.
tained
four
adult
sp.). The its capsule raised When The black
posterior opaque.
gray areas cut a white
The
hindgut
cestodes kidney The
was kidney
swollen had
1.0 cm in opaque fluid
Accession
No.
eosinophilic the submucosa.
Ml
12
had
red
to
liver. and and
inflammation lesions consisted
tubular
and a nephritis
in
necrosis,
nephrocalcinosis
diffuse granulomatous interstitial reminiscent of bacterial kidney
disease
(Wolke,
Fishes, Wisconsin
Ribeln and Migaki Press, Madison,
1975,
There
of fungal filtrated
etiology. Necrotic with polymorphonuclear
(PMN’s)
cytes
up 10.0
to
30.0
a focal
(70%),
m apart.
Grocott positive. Accession No. ic granulocytic
was
In
33-116).
and numerous septate hyphae.
microscopic
intestine, kidney and mucosa was sloughed hemorrhage, necrosis
granulocytic Kidney
and three
diameter. appeared.
surrounding parenchyma was and of a watery consistency.
changes in the The intestinal there was focal
con-
(Eubothriuni
of focal
light Hyphae wide. The M151 gastritis
Pathology
acute
Septae
had and
Univ. pp.
hepatitis
tissue
macrophages brown, were
fungus
of
(eds.), Wisconsin,
was inleuco-
(30%) branching frequently were
was an
8.0 PAS
to and
eosinophil-
enteritis,
p05-
RESEARCH
sibly
in
response
to
the
cestodiasis.
NOTES/CASE
REPORTS
63
The
posterior kidney contained masses of fungal hyphae identical to M 1 12, most often within multifocal microabscesses. The center of percentage
the
abscesses contained polymorphonuclear
of
a high leuco-
‘1
cytes (90%), while the periphery was characterized by fibroblastic proliferation and mononuclear cell infiltration. Focal congestion occurred in the liver, spleen,
and
cinosis, orrhage
abscesses, and large
kidney
of
anin were present vessels frequently and zone
in the contained
PMN’s. The of liquefactive
ments
and
this
zone
The
Nephrocal-
leucocytes were
hemmel-
1).
of
PMN’s
(70%), (10%), tubular
cells. Mononuclear at the periphery. was scant. of
M657
cells preFibroblastic was
cultured
Raised, mouse mm in diameter incubation at
C. Microscopic ined by the slide
morphology was examculture method (Riddell,
1950,
42:
Mycologia
characteristic and Stewart, Handbook, York, 436 accumulated
265-270).
pp.) in
produced balls at
For monis 25
experimental was grown
C for
sions Wolke Three gairdneni) 24.0 (IP) Two 15.5
3 wk.
Hyphal
cm) with
juvenile (total
rainbow lengths
were injected 0.2 ml of the
juvenile and 17.0
as
inoculations in the dark
were prepared (1979, J. Fish
and
to 25
(Campbell Mycology Sons, New
conidia the tips
The fungus was identified salmonis Carmichael.
on
Annellides
of Exophiala sp. 1980, The Medical John Wiley and
which (Fig. 2). Exophiala
on spore
E. salCMA at suspen-
as by Blazer and Dis. 2: 145-152). trout 13.0,
(Salmo 15.4, and
intraperitoneally hyphal suspension.
rainbow trout (total cm) were injected
lengths IP with
2.
FIGURE
Bordering
and lymphocytes interstitial and
Corn Meal Agar (CMA). dark gray colonies 7-10 appeared after 10 days
‘I
kidney. Blood histiocytes
(Fig.
masses
kidney
of
abscesses had a central necrosis, fungal ele-
histiocytes (20%) as well as necrotic epithelial dominated proliferation
M657.
focal interstitial accumulations
Eight-day-old
phiala
salmonis
nidia
accumulating
cytoplasmic
protrusion and
aqueous
phloxine,
ml
(1.6
of
x
10
Center. Twelve fish were killed, tissues fixed for
gal
elements
the
stain.
1966,
any
tissue.
infections
salmon
op. The
the
spore
sus-
of experof fun-
CMA
after inability
of
E.
to produce lesions
cit.;
Richards
lesions were
the 1.0%
x 1,000.
examination no evidence
negative C. The
been reported ic granulomatous cit.).
of
(m).
kidney
1 mo incuto experi-
mentally infect fish is consistent vious reports (Carmichael, 1966, Natural
Note
apex
cells
of
co-
annellide.
days post-inoculation the the kidneys cultured, and light microscopic exami-
in
were at 25
at
spores)
Histological fish revealed
cultures bation
an
Exo-
clavate
fish were kept in a flow in the CAP laboratory with source as the Aquaculture
pension.
nation. imental
of
KOH
of
to
moniliform
10.0%
The through system the same water
tip
(arrow)
a chain
culture
cylindrical
at the
annellide
0.2
slide
showing
acute
found and
with op.
salmonis
precit.). have
systemic chron(Carmichael, et
al.,
in
these
are
best
1978,
op.
Atlantic described
as abscesses, with the predominant cell type the polymorphonuclear leucocyte. There has been some debate as to whether fish are able to produce a purulent exudate. However, abscesses and purulent exudates have been previously reported in fish (Fijan, 1968, Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 5: 109-110; Finn and Nielson, 1971, J. Fish
JOURNAL
64
Biol.
OF WILDLIFE
3: 463-478;
op.
DISEASES,
Blazer
and
VOL
21, NO.
Wolke,
1, JANUARY
1979,
Exophiala from soil
cit.).
A review fish (Ajello,
of the 1975,
phaeohyphomycoses op. cit.; Neish
1985
cology
of and
salmonis (DeHoog, No.
15,
Schimmelcultures, The rock salt
Hughes, 1980, Fungal Diseases of Fishes, Snieszko and Axelrod (eds.), TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 158 pp.; Ellis et al., 1983, J. Fish Dis. 6: 511-
stored
dividuals that are immunosuppressed or otherwise compromised are predisposed to these opportunistic pathogens. The Atlantic salmon in this study had not fed well in captivity, and had just undergone
Jersey, The
an unsuccessful spawning period. The cestode infections could have weakened the fish, and provided a route of entry for the fungus with subsequent hematogenous spread to the kidney.
Control
in
(Canis
latrans
Brent L. Carison and
Natural
The creasing United tional
many
Received
from
and Svend
University
coyote has frequency States and
been
wild
the
fish,
species
for
Northeastern of Connecticut, Storrs,
diseases
and
par-
to man and domestic osleri (=Filaroides osnematode reported from
of wild
canids
and
domestic
in North America, Europe, Africa, and Australia (Mills, 1967, J. Small Pract. 8: 37-43; Pence, 1978, Proc.
for
publication
28
February
with
Dr. R.
lation of the organism and A. Padhye of the for
Contribution Experiment
103-104). salinity was
0.
soil.
The
the system via in water of inwater for osCech, 1982, Ichthyology, Cliffs, New
L.
T.
Smith
Bennett
for
for
iso-
and Drs. L. Ajello Center for Disease
identification
of
No. 2173 of the Station, University
the
fungus.
Agricultural of Rhode
Island.
1879)
of Wildlife Diseases, 21(1), © Wildlife Disease
1985,
64-65 1985
pp.
Association
in Coyotes
Connecticut
observed with inin the northeastern may serve as an addi-
reservoir
pp.
contact
593 pp.). authors thank
providing
(Cobbold,
W. Nielsen,
Resources,
asites transmissible animals. Oslenus len) is a tracheal dogs Asia, Anim.
Say)
osleri
voor
(Moyle and Introduction to Inc., Englewood
Journal
of Oslerus
Baarn, to maintain
used
outdoors
moregulation Fishes: An Prentice-Hall,
isolated in My-
Centraalbureau
fungus could have entered the salt. Fish when placed creased salinity will swallow
523) shows interesting parallels to the cases herein reported. The mycoses are systemic in nature and occur only in captive or hatchery-raised fishes. It appears that in-
Prevalence
has been 1977, Studies
1984.
Research Center for Wildlife Connecticut 06268, USA
Helminthol. Morrison
and
314-316;
1979,
Dunsmore and tol. 5: 275-286; In
Worldwide
Soc. Gier,
J.
College of
Diseases,
Wash. 1978,
J.
Wildl.
Agriculture
45: 103-110; Wildl. Dis.
Dis.
14:
15: 557-559;
Spratt, Pence
1979, Vet. and Custer,
Parasi1981,
Furbearer
Conference
Pro-
ceedings, Vol. II, Chapman (eds.), Worldwide Furbearer Inc., Frostberg, Maryland, Foreyt and Foreyt, 1982,
J.
and Pursley Conference, pp. 760-845; Parasitol. 67:
284-286; Seesee et al., 1983, J. Wildl. Dis. 19: 54-55). Since there are no previous reports of 0. osleni infection in coyotes in the northeastern United States, the pres-
