Indian Forester, 138 (12) : 1160-1163, 2012
ISSN 0019-4816
INFLUENCE OF SYNTHETIC PLANT GROWTH STIMULANT, MIRACULAN ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPODOPTERA LITURA (FAB.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) SHIWANI BHATNAGAR, ARVIND KUMAR1 AND A. K. KARNATAK2 Forest Protection Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Raod, Jodhpur, Rajasthan email:
[email protected] ABSTRACT Plant growth stimulants 'Miraculan' gradually decreased survival of the larvae of Spodoptera litura from 86.67 to 46.67 per cent at 3.22 to 100 ppm. Similar trend was also observed in adult emergence. Growth indices were lower in all treated diets as compared to control. The results of the experiment showed that artificial diet fortified with different levels of Miraculan (plant growth stimulant) has adverse effect on the survival and development of Spodoptera litura. Reduction in per cent pupation, adult emergence and larval survival of S.litura indicates the role for these growth regulators in IPM. Key words : Spodoptera litura (Fab.), Miraculan
Introduction Synthetic plant growth substances imitate natural growth substances in plants and are marketed specifically for the purpose of enhancing or reducing plant growth. However, several studies have demonstrated non target effects of different plant growth substances on insects (Posnova, 1974; Kristiansen et al., 1992; Coffelt et al., 1993; Ahmad et al., 2003). When combined with insecticides, plant growth substances cause additive or synergistic effects on insects (Pasqualini et al., 1997; Iob 2000; Paulson et al., 2005). In some cases, they increase the resistance of the plants to insects (Zummo et al., 1984; Attah and Emden 1993; Ahmad et al., 2003). When larvae of Bactrocera cucurbitae were treated with gibberellic acid, indole-3acetic acid, kinetin and coumarin, quantitative changes in protein and carbohydrate content were observed in conjunction with impaired moulting/metamorphosis (Kaur and Rup, 2003). Likewise, treatment of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) nymphs treated with gibberellic acid, alar B-9, indole-3- butyric acid and chlorogenic acid exhibited both reduction in carbohydrate content (Rup et al., 2000) and inhibition of emergence (Rup et al., 2002). Gibberellic acid also suppressed the reproductive potential of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Hussein, 2005). The plant growth regulators uniconazole and paclabutrazole inhibited microsomal cytochrome P450s from the midgut of larvae of the noctuid, Spodoptera eridania (Brattsten et al., 1994). Spraying groundnut plants with maleic hydrazide, chlormequat
chloride or naphthalene acetic acid suppressed populations of the thrips Caliothrips indicus (Nandagopal and Vasantha, 1991). When oxydemeton-methyl was mixed with Siapton 10L (a mixture of amino acids and short-chain peptides), its ability to control apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea was prolonged (Pasqualini et al., 1997). Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly known in Asia as the tobacco caterpillar. It is a polyphagous pest of numerous important crops, including vegetables, pulses and oil seeds. Its reproductive capacity and migration ability over long distances has made it an economically important pest of many agricultural crops, with a wider geographic range throughout Asia, from North Africa to Japan, Australia and New Zealand (Feakin, 1973). Indiscriminate use of toxic insecticides for the management of this pest (Kundu, 1991; Jaglan and Sircar, 1997) causes environmental pollution, inflicts a hazard to beneficial organisms and leads to develop resistance (Perry et al., 1998). Consequently, a comprehensive integrated pest management (IPM) programme is needed to reduce insecticide use (Luckmann and Metcalf, 1994). If plant growth regulators have insecticidal activity, then their use may reduce the need for other insecticides for the control of S.litura. In view of the above, present study was undertaken with the objective to understand the effect of Miraculan (Plant growth regulator) on the survival and
Reduction in survival and adult emergence of Spodoptera litura larvae fed on the diet treated with plant growth stimulant 'Miraculan' indicate its role in IPM. 1
Forest Protection Division, Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi (Jharkhand) Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S.Nagar (Uttarakhand)
2
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fine brass mesh for aeration. Food was changed two times in eight days with a gap of four days after which the larvae were reared individually and food was provided ad libitum. Finally larvae were pupated in sterilized soil. This experiment was conducted at 28+ 1OC and 75+ 5 per cent RH. Various diets were compared on the basis of survival of the larval at 24 hrs. intervals, larval and pupal period, per cent pupation, adult emergence, growth and success indices (Pant, 1956; Tripathi et al., 1982). Result and Discussion Fig. 1 : Growth and development of S. litura on diet fortified with different concentrations of Miraculan
development of S. litura larvae which fed a fortified artificial diet supplemented with this compound. Material and Methods Six concentrations (3.12ppm, 6.25ppm, 12.5ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm) of Miraculan (1-hydroxytriacontane; DE-Nocil Agrochemicals Ltd.,Mumbai) were incorporated in chickpea based artificial diet of S. litura. Composition and method of preparation of diet was same as followed by Bhattacharya (1993). Nucleus culture of test insect was maintained in the laboratory at 28+ 1OC and 75+ 5 per cent RH on castor leaves. Each treatment was replicated three times and ten larvae (024hr old) were reared in each replication. Artificial diets without PGR and castor leaves were used for comparison. Initially larvae were reared in groups of ten in plastic vials (2.5x7.5cm) with screw caps which had
The survival of the larvae ranged from 46.67 to 86.67 per cent in artificial diets fortified with different doses of Miraculan. A gradual reduction in larval survival was recorded with increase in the concentration of Miraculan in the diet. A marked decrease in larval population was observed at two doses, 0.05 and 0.10 per cent (Fig. 1). A little increase in larval and pupal periods was observed at higher concentration of Miraculan. Per cent pupation and adult emergence revealed the adverse effect of Miraculan as they showed a clear decrease in population with increase in concentration. Growth and success indices also showed similar trend (Table 1). These observations indicate that this agrochemical when sprayed in the field may also cause mortality in S.litura. Such adverse effect of plant growth stimulant on insect was also reported by Singh and Bhattacharya (2001). They revealed that Miraculan at 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10 per cent reduced survival of larvae of S.litura. Antifeedant activity of three plant growth retardants on S.litura was
Table 1 : Growth and development of S. litura on diet fortified with different concentrations of Miraculan
Artificial diet
AD+3.12ppm AD+6.25ppm AD+12.5ppm AD + 25ppm AD + 50ppm AD +100ppm AD Castor leaf Sem± CD at 5(%)
Larval Period (d) 13.53 (21.58) 13.8 (21.81) 13.73 (21.75) 14.03 (21.99) 14.03 (21.99) 14.17 (22.11) 13.27 (21.36) 13.1 (21.22) 0.135 (0.113) 0.406 (0.339)
Pupal Period (d) 8.93 (17.39) 9.17 (17.62) 9.3 (17.75) 9.5 (17.95) 9.93 (18.37) 10.07 (18.50) 8.77 (17.22) 8.53 (16.98) 0.110 (0.110) 0.330 (0.330)
Pupation (%) 86.67 (68.85) 76.67 (61.22) 73.33 (59.00) 66.67 (54.70) 46.67 (43.11) 46.67 (43.11) 96.67 (83.80) 100 (90.00) 0.312 (0.364) 0.935 (1.09)
Adult emergence (%) 86.67 (68.85) 76.67 (61.22) 70 (56.90) 66.67 (54.70) 46.67 (43.11) 46.67 (43.11) 96.67 (83.80) 100 (90.00) 0.289 (0.341) 0.865 (1.022)
Growth index (%)
Success index (%)
3.858
0.939
3.338
0.876
3.035
0.848
2.833
0.812
1.947
0.699
1.925
0.693
4.386
1.00
*Data in parentheses are angular transformed except for Growth and Success indices which indicate ranking
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also reported by Tahori et al. (1965). The compound (29oxodotriacontanol) extracted from Convolvulus microphyllus (Convolvulaceae) was bioassayed by the leaf disc method for feeding deterrence using Spilosoma obliqua Walker as a test insect, produced 85.74% inhibition at 8,000 ppm concentration (Bhakuni et al., 1996). However, triacontanol enhances the economic yield of silk
[December
by increasing the larval period in the silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Nair et al., 1998) and also found as feeding stimulant in adult cottonwood leaf beetles, Chrysomela scripta (Lin et al., 1998). Results suggest that, when forming a pest management program for S.litura, the role of specific plant growth regulators should be evaluated so that the amount of insecticide used can be reduced.
L i k sM k sI V h j k f y V wj k ( i Q Sc ) ( y h f i M k sI V h j k % u k Wf D V M k ) d h m Ù k j t h f o r k v k Sj f o d k l i j l af ' y " V i k n i o `f ¼ i zsj d ] f e j k d wy k u d k i zH k k o f ' k o k u h H k V u k x j ] v j f o U n d qe k j v k Sj , d sd u k ZV d l k j k a' k i k n i o `f ¼ i szj d ^ f e j k d wy k u * u s3 2 2 l s1 0 0 i h i h , e i j 8 6 6 7 l s4 6 6 7 i zf r ' k r r d L i k sM k sI V h j k f y V wj k d sy k o k Zd h m Ù k j t h f o r k d k s / h j s& / h j s? k V k ; k A b l h r j g d k : > k u o ; L d f u x Ze u e sa H k h n s[ k k x ; k A f u ; a= k . k d h r qy u k e sa l H k h m i p k f j r M k b V e sa o `f ¼ l wp d k ad f u E u F k sA i j h { k . k d si f j . k k e k sa u sn ' k k Z; k f d f e j k d wy k u ( i k n i o `f ¼ i szj d ) d sf o f H k U u L r j k sa d sl k F k l qn `< +h d `r d `f = k e M k b V d k L i k sM k sI V h j k f y V wj k d h m Ù k j t h f o r k , o af o d k l i j i zf r d wy i zH k k o i M +k A L i k sM k sI V h j k f y V wj k d si zf r ' k r d k sf ' k r v o L F k k ] o ; L d f u x Ze u v k Sj y k o Zy m Ù k j t h f o r k e sa d e h v k b Zi h , e e sa b u o `f ¼ f u ; a= k d k sa d h H k wf e d k d k sn ' k k Zr k g SA References Ahmad, N., Rashid , S. M. and Rajput, A. (2003). Efficacy of plant growth regulators to manage the insect pests of cotton. Asian J Plant Sci., 2:544–547. Attah, P. K. and Emden H. F. (1993). The susceptibility to malathion of Metopolophium dirhodum on two wheat species at two growth stages, and the effect of plant growth regulators on this susceptibility. Insect Sci Appl., 14:101–106. Bhakuni, R. S., Tripathi, A. K., Shukla Y. N. and Singh,S. C. (1996). Insect Antifeedant Compounds from Convolvulus microphyllus (L.) Sieb. Phytother Res., 10:170–171. Bhattacharya, A. K. (1993). Screening of soybean germplasm with special reference to losses caused by major pests. Research Bulletin 112, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture G. B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, India. 226p. Brattsten, L. B., Berger D. A. and Dungan L. B. (1994). In vitro inhibition of midgut microsomal P450 s from Spodoptera eridania caterpillars by demethylation inhibitor fungicides and plant growth regulators. Pestic Biochem Physiol ,48:234–243. Coffelt, M. A., Schultz P. B. and Banko T. J. (1993). Tree growth regulator influences orangestriped oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) development and survival. J Econ Entomol., 86:1446–1452 Feakin, S. D. (1973). Pest Control in Groundnuts. PANS Manual, 3rd edn. London: Centre for Overseas Pest Research, Overseas Development Administration. Hussein, K. T. (2005). Suppressive effects of Calendula micrantha essential oil and gibberelic acid (PGR) on reproductive potential of the Mediterranean fruit Xy Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 35:365–377. Iob, M. (2000). Trials to control the grey aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) on apple with neem-based extracts. Notiziario ERSA, 13:67–70. Jaglan, R. S. and Sircar P. (1997). Relative toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid emulsion formulations against larvae of Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.). J Insect Sci., 10:52–54 Kaur, R. and Rup P. J. (2003) Influence of some plant growth regulators (PGR) on biochemical proWle in the larvae of melon fruit Xy Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Trypetidae). Entomon, 28:89–95 Kristiansen, L. M., Saxe,H., Kjojholt J. and Eilenberg, J. (1992). Effect of isoproturan and ethephon on the abundance of cereal aphids. Tidsskr Planteavl 2179(Special):75–83 Kundu, G.G. (1991). Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on soybean. Indian J Entomol, 53:491–493. Lin, S., Binder, B. F. and Hart, E. R. (1998). Insect Feeding Stimulants from the Leaf Surface of Populus. J Chem Ecol 24:1781–1790. Luckmann, W. H. and Metcalf, R. L. (1994). The pest management concept. In: Introduction to Insect Pest Management ( Metcalf RC, Luckmann WH (eds). Wiley, New York, pp 1–31. Nair, K. S., . Nair, J. S and Trivedy, K. (1998). Plant growth regulator enhances economic yield in silkworm Bombyx mori L. Insect Environ, 3:101–104. Nandagopal, V. and Vasantha, S. (1991). Influence of plant growth regulators on the population of thrips Caliothrips indicus (Bagnall) and damage in groundnut. Entomon, 16:87–89. Nazir Ahmad, S. M., Rashdi, M. S. and Rajput, A. A. (2003). Efficacy of plant growth regulators to manage the insect pests of cotton. Asian J Plant Sci 2:544–547.
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