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The Journal of Immunology

Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Destruction by Inducing IFN-␤ Production1 Takahiro Nakamura,* Toshio Kukita,‡ Takeo Shobuike,* Kengo Nagata,‡ Zhou Wu,‡ Kenji Ogawa,† Takao Hotokebuchi,† Osamu Kohashi,* and Akiko Kukita2* Osteoclasts are bone-resorptive multinucleated cells that are differentiated from hemopoietic cell lineages of monocyte/macrophages in the presence of receptor activator of NF-␬B ligand (RANKL) and M-CSF. Downstream signaling molecules of the receptor of RANKL, RANK, modulate the differentiation and the activation of osteoclasts. We recently found that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs), known as anticancer agents, selectively suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism underlying inhibitory action of HDIs in osteoclastogenesis and the effect of HDIs on pathological bone destruction are still not remained to be elucidated. In this study, we show that a depsipeptide, FR901228, inhibited osteoclast differentiation by not only suppressing RANKL-induced nuclear translocation of NFATc1 but also increasing the mRNA level of IFN-␤, an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. The inhibition of osteoclast formation by FR901228 was abrogated by the addition of IFN-␤-neutralizing Ab. In addition, treatment of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats revealed that FR901228 inhibited not only disease development in a prophylactic model but also bone destruction in a therapeutic model. Furthermore, immunostaining of the joints of therapeutically treated rats revealed significant production of IFN-␤ in synovial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that a HDI inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction by a novel action to induce the expression of osteoclast inhibitory protein, IFN-␤. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 5809 –5816.

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steoclasts are multinucleated bone resorbing cells that are differentiated from hemopoietic cell lineages of monocyte/macrophages (1). Receptor activator of NF-␬B ligand (RANKL)3 is expressed on the surface of osteoblast/ stromal cells and is a key molecule for differentiation into osteoclasts and for bone resorption activity (2, 3). RANKL, a member of the TNF family, regulates osteoclastogenesis through its receptor, RANK, which is expressed on the osteoclast progenitor. RANK recruits and/or activates downstream signaling proteins, leading to activation of transcriptional factors. Important specific signals in osteoclastogenesis include p38/MAPK and NF-␬B, as well as NFATc1 (4 – 6). Inhibitors specific for the activation of these molecules have successively suppressed osteoclastogenesis or bone destruction (5–7). c-Fos, also an essential molecule for osteoclastogenesis, is induced by RANKL-RANK signals (8, 9). On the other hand, recent findings show that osteoclast precursor cells themselves induce expression of the inhibitor for osteoclas-

*Department of Pathology and Biodefense and †Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; and ‡Department of Oral Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Received for publication December 30, 2004. Accepted for publication August 11, 2005. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1 This work is supported in part by a Grant for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Project 15591970). 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Akiko Kukita, Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan. E-mail address: [email protected]

Abbreviations used in this paper: RANKL, receptor activator of NF-␬B ligand; SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling; HDI, histone deacetylase inhibitor; TSA, trichostatin A; NaB, sodium butyrate; MKP-M, MAPK phosphatase expressed in macrophage; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; AA, adjuvant-induced arthritis; sRANKL, soluble RANKL; 1␣,25-(OH)2D3, 1␣,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; MNC, multinucleated cell; CTR, calcitonin receptor; HCO60, 10% polyoxyethylated hydrogenated castor oil 60; OPG, osteoprotegrin; HDAC, histone deacetylase.

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Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

togenesis such as IFN-␤. IFN-␤ is induced by RANKL and inhibits RANKL signals by down-regulating c-Fos protein level via an autoregulatory mechanism (10). RANKL also induces the expression of both suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and -3, which counteracts the inhibitory effect of IFN-␣␤ (11). Likewise, osteoclastogenesis and its activity are regulated by downstream signaling molecules of RANK. Recently, we reported that two histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs), trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (NaB), specifically suppressed RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis from mouse macrophage RAW 264 cells (12). We also found that TSA suppressed the activation of downstream signals such as p38/MAPK and NF-␬B. However, the detailed mechanism of the inhibition and whether HDIs affect bone destruction in vivo still have not been characterized. HDIs are a new class of anticancer therapeutic agents and induce growth arrest, differentiation, or apoptosis of the transformed cells (13, 14). They are considered to increase overall acetylation of histones and induce the expression of subsets of genes regulated by the level of histone acetylation (15). There are several classes of HDIs, including butyrates, hydroxamic acids, benzamides, and cyclic peptides. Depsipeptide, FR901228 (also known as FK228), is a member of the cyclic peptide group of HDIs (16, 17). FR901228 displays more enhanced inhibitory activity when the disulfide bond is reduced in the cell (18). FR901228 has been shown to be effective in the treatment of T cell lymphoma (19, 20). Several lines of evidence indicate that some HDIs induce gene expression by directly affecting the promoter of genes in vitro. HDIs, NaB and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, induced the derepression of promoter regions of cell cycle kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 that reduces cell proliferation (21). Recently, it has been reported that the promoter of genes for MAPK phosphatase expressed in macrophage (MKP-M) is also activated by a HDI, TSA (22). The IFN-␤ gene is constitutively repressed without the stimulation such as infection by a virus. Interestingly, the inhibition of histone deacetylation by TSA induces the derepression of IFN-␤ 0022-1767/05/$02.00

5810 promoter (23). In contrast, HDIs also repress the expression of several genes, although the molecular mechanism is still not known. Among those genes, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-␣ and IFN-␥ are suppressed by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (24). In addition, NaB and TSA have also been found to suppress NF-␬B activation in colon cells (25), suggesting that HDIs may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether HDIs have such an effect in vivo and their target genes are still not well understood. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by chronic inflammation of synovial joints and concomitant destruction of cartilage and bone (26). Studies of RA indicate that osteoclasts play a central role in bone destruction (27, 28). Several studies also have shown that RANKL and RANK are expressed in synovial cells involved in bone destruction in RA (29 –31). Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) is a rat RA model that mimics many of the clinical and pathological features of human RA. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a HDI, FR901228, on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption and its molecular mechanism using in vitro culture and examined whether FR901228 has an effect on inflammatory bone destruction using a rat AA model. FR901228 inhibited not only osteoclastogenesis in vitro but also bone destruction in AA. FR901228 suppressed the activation of RANKL-mediated signals such as NFATc1. Moreover, we show here that FR901228 induces the production of IFN-␤ in macrophage cell line in vitro and the synovial cells of AA.

Materials and Methods Animals and chemicals FR901228 was kindly provided by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical. ␣-MEM was purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies. FCS was purchased from BioWhittaker. Recombinant human TNF-␣ was purchased from Boehringer Mannheim. Recombinant human soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and human M-CSF were obtained from PeproTech. 1␣,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1␣,25-(OH)2D3) was purchased from BIOMOL. Anti-NF␬B p65, NFATc1, actin, and anti-rat IFN-␤ Abs were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Anti-p38/MAPK and phosphorylated p38/MAPK (pT180/ pY182) Abs were obtained from BD Biosciences. Anti-mouse IFN-␤-neutralizing Ab was purchased from Yamasa Shoyu. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Ra and IFA were purchased from Difco. Male SpragueDawley rats (aged 5–7 wk) were obtained from Seac Yoshitomi. Female Lewis rats were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. All experiments were conducted under clean room facilities in accordance with the Saga University Guidelines for Animal experiments.

Osteoclast formation in the cell cultures Cultures of rat bone marrow cells were conducted as described by Kukita et al. (32). Briefly, whole bone marrow cells were cultured for 5 days in ␣-MEM containing 15% FCS in the presence of 10⫺8 M 1␣,25(OH)2D3 and 10% (v/v) heat-treated conditioned medium derived from rat osteoblastic cell line ROS17/2.8. Various concentrations of FR901228 were added after 24 h of culture. For the formation of bone marrow macrophages, cells were cultured in the presence of M-CSF (50 ng/ml) for 3 days. At the end of the culture, the cells were fixed and then stained with a commercial kit for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) or nonspecific esterase using maker enzymes for osteoclasts or macrophages. TRAPpositive cells with more than three nuclei were counted as MNCs. A murine macrophage cell line, RAW-D, is a subclone of RAW264 and has high potential to differentiate into osteoclasts (33). RAW-D cells were cultured in ␣-MEM containing 10% FCS. For osteoclast differentiation, cells were cultured at a density of 1.5 ⫻ 105 cells/ml in the presence of sRANKL (30 ng/ml) for 3 days.

Resorption assay Dentine resorption assays were performed according to the method of Hata et al. (34). Rat bone marrow cells were cultured for the formation of TRAP-positive MNCs. After 4 days of culture, cells were detached from the culture plates with 0.05% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA in PBS and were

HDI-INDUCED IFN-␤ INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTOGENESIS replated onto dentine slices, which were then further incubated in ␣-MEM containing 15% FCS for 3 days in the presence of 10⫺8 M 1, 25-(OH)2D3 with or without FR901228 (0.8 ng/ml). After culture, the slices were subjected to ultrasonication to remove attached cells. Resorption pits on the slices were examined using a Jeol JSM-5200LV scanning electron microscope.

RT-PCR analysis RAW-D cells were cultured in the presence or absence of sRANKL and/or FR901228 for 3 days. Total RNA was extracted by using a commercial kit (Isogen; Nippon Gene) and subjected to PCR using a RT-PCR kit (Takara). The following primers were used for RT-PCR analysis: mouse calcitonin receptor (CTR) (sense, 5⬘-TTTCAAGAACCTTAGCTGCCAGAG-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-CAAGGCACGGACAATGTTGAGAAG-3⬘); mouse cathepsin K (sense, 5⬘-ATGTGGGGGCTCAAGGTT-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-CCA CAAGATTCTGGGGACTC-3⬘); mouse p21WAF1 (sense, 5⬘-TCCAGAC ATTCAGAGCCACAGG-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-GTTTTCGGCCCTGAG ATGTTCC-3⬘); mouse MKP-M (sense, 5⬘-CTCCAAACTGATGAAGC GAAGG-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-GTAGGCAATAGCAATAGTGGCG-3⬘); mouse IFN-␤ (sense, 5⬘-TTACACTGCCTTTGCCATCC-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-TGCAACCACCACTCATTCTG-3⬘); mouse c-Fos (sense, 5⬘TGACAGATACACTCCAAGCG-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-AGATGATGCC GGAAACAAGA-3⬘); and mouse SOCS-3 (sense, 5⬘- GGAGATT TCGCTTCGGGACTAG-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-CACCAGCTTGAGTAC ACAGTCG-3⬘). PCR products were separated on a 1.5% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. As an internal control for RNA quantity, the same cDNA was amplified using primers specific for mouse GAPDH mRNA (sense, 5⬘-CATGGAGAAGGCTGGGGCTC-3⬘, and antisense, 5⬘-AACGGATACATTGGGGTAG-3⬘).

Protein isolation and Western analysis RAW 264 cells were grown on 10-cm dishes in the presence or absence of sRANKL and FR901228. For isolation of cell extracts, the cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and suspended in SDS buffer (0.125 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 2% SDS, and 10% glycerol). Nuclear extracts were prepared according to methods as described previously (35). Briefly, the cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and incubated at 4°C for 15 min in buffer containing 10 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.9), 10 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl2, and 5 ␮M amidino-PMSF. The cell were then added with Nonidet P-40 at the concentration of 0.3% and gently mixed. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 1 min at 4°C, and supernatant was used as cell extract. The nuclear pellet was resuspended in buffer containing 20 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.9), 0.4 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, and 5 ␮M amidino-PMSF and mixed at 4°C for 30 min. Protein concentrations of nuclear extracts were determined using BCA protein assay kits (Pierce). Equal amounts of proteins were loaded and fractioned on 10% PAGE and then transferred to a nitrocellurose membrane (Schleicher and Schuell). The filters were washed with PBST (PBS, 0.05% Tween 20), blocked in PBST containing 5% low-fat milk at room temperature for 1 h, and probed with anti-NF-␬B p65 (1/500 dilution), anti-NFATc1 (1/500 dilution), anti-p38/MAPK (1/2500 dilution), anti-phosphorylated p38/MAPK (1/2500 dilution), and anti-actin (1/ 500 dilution) for 1 h. The filters were then incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse or anti-rabbit Ab. Ab detection reaction was performed with a ECL Western blotting system (Amersham Biosciences).

Induction of AA All animal procedures were conducted with the approval of the Saga University Animal Research Ethics Committee. AA was induced as described by Zhang et al. (36). Briefly, CFA, emulsion of H37Ra in incomplete adjuvant (10 mg/ml), was prepared. LEW rats were intradermally injected at the base of the tail with 0.1 ml of CFA. FR901228 was dissolved and diluted with 10% polyoxyethylated hydrogenated castor oil 60 (HCO60) in saline. Rats were divided into groups of four or five rats each. FR901228 were injected i.v. into the tail veins of the rats. In the prophylactic protocols, FR901228 (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg) or 10% HCO60 saline as control was injected simultaneously with CFA. In the therapeutic protocol, administration of 10% HCO60 saline or FR901228 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) was initiated after the onset of arthritis (day 11). Swelling in the hind paw and body weight were monitored every 3 days as described. The severity of arthritis was also evaluated every 3 days according to a previous article (37). In brief, each paw was graded from 0 to 4 at intervals of 0.5, where 0 was no obvious arthritis and 4 was equal to full swelling of almost all paw joints. The highest achievable clinical score would be 16. The rats were observed and scored in blinded fashion.

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Radiological and histological studies

Results

At the end of the experiment (day 21), the hind paws of rats were imaged on ultra-speed radiographic film (Kodak), and the level of bone destruction was analyzed by a soft x-ray analysis system (SOFRON: SRO-M-I; Sofron). Tissue sections were prepared as described previously (38). The sections were scored at low and high power for bone erosion according to the method described by Bendele et al. (39) with minor modifications. Briefly, bone erosion was scored 0 to 5 according to the following criteria: 0, none; 1, minimal (not readily apparent on low magnification); 2, mild (more numerous areas of resorption, not readily apparent on low magnification); 3, moderate (obvious foci of resorption, numerous osteoclasts); 4, marked (large erosions extending into bone cortices, more numerous osteoclasts); and 5, extensive erosions (markedly disrupted joint architecture). Four to eight H&E sections were scored for each animal, and the mean score for each histopathological parameter was calculated for each animal. The sections were also stained with TRAP.

FR901228 inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vitro

Immunocytochemistry Immunostaining was performed as described previously (40). After decalcification, the tissue blocks were washed overnight in PBS containing 30% sucrose, embedded in OCT compounds, and frozen in dry ice/isopentane. Sections (10-␮m thick) of joints including tarsal areas were prepared by using Frigocut 2800N (Leica). Sections were incubated with goat polyclonal anti-rat IFN-␤ Ab (1/200 dilution) in a humidified chamber overnight at 4°C after blocking nonspecific binding with 10% donkey serum for 30 min at room temperature. Sections were incubated with biotinylated anti-goat IgG (1/200 dilutions) for 1 h at room temperature followed by reaction with peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin-biotin complex (1/300 dilution) for 1 h at room temperature. Color development was performed with a DAB substrate kit (Vector Laboratories).

In this study, we used a despsipeptide, FR901228, which is a structurally unrelated compound of HDIs, TSA or NaB. Therefore, we first examined the effect of FR901228 on osteoclastogenesis in rat bone marrow cultures. In these cultures, the formation of TRAPpositive MNCs is inhibited by the addition of osteoprotegrin (OPG), thereby dependent on RANKL (Fig. 1A). As shown in Fig. 1, B and D, FR901228 strongly inhibited the formation of TRAPpositive MNCs in a dose-dependent manner. An inhibitory effect was observed as low as 0.2 ng/ml FR901228. We then examined whether FR901228 inhibited the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts formed in rat bone marrow culture. Typical resorption pits were formed in the absence of FR901228, whereas formation was markedly reduced in the presence of FR901228 (Fig. 1, F and G). We further examined the effect of FR901228 on osteoclastogenesis using a clone of macrophage cell RAW264, RAW-D, that efficiently differentiates into osteoclasts in the presence of sRANKL. FR901228 inhibited TRAP-positive MNC formation from this cell line (Fig. 1, C and E). We then determined, using semiquantitative RT-PCR, whether the inhibitory effect of FR901228 correlates with expression of osteoclast-specific phenotypes such as CTR and cathepsin K. The level of CTR and cathepsin K mRNA was decreased in the culture treated with FR901228 (Fig. 1H). In the previous study, we found that HDIs suppressed differentiation into

FIGURE 1. Inhibition of RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and its resorption activity by FR901228 in vitro. Effect of OPG (A) and FR901228 (B) on the number of TRAP-positive MNCs formed in rat bone marrow culture. C, Effect of FR901228 on the formation of TRAP-positive MNCs from RAW-D cells stimulated with 50 ng/ml sRANKL. D, Demonstration of TRAP-positive MNCs formed in rat bone marrow cultures in the presence or in the absence of 0.8 ng/ml FR901228. E, Demonstration of TRAP-staining of MNCs formed from RAW-D cells stimulated with 50 ng/ml sRANKL in the presence or in the absence of 0.8 ng/ml FR901228. F, Reduction in the number of resorption pits formed on dentine slices in the presence of FR901228. Rat osteoclasts formed in bone marrow culture were cultured for 3 days in the presence or in the absence of 0.8 ng/ml FR901228. Resorption pits on dentine slices were processed for scanning electron microscopy. G, Inhibition of dentine-resorbing activity of osteoclasts by FR901228. Total resorption area was measured for each dentine slice. H, Suppression of osteoclast-specific mRNA expression by FR901228. RAW-D cells were stimulated with 50 ng/ml sRANKL and treated with or without 0.8 ng/ml FR901228, and then total RNA was prepared and analyzed by RT-PCR using specific primers designed for genes of CTR, cathepsin K, and GAPDH. Each value represents the mean ⫾ SEM of three cultures. Data were analyzed by Student’s t test. ⴱ, p ⬍ 0.05 and ⴱⴱ, p ⬍ 0.01 compared with the culture without FR901228. Bars indicate 300 ␮m in D and E and 200 ␮m in F, respectively.

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osteoclasts but not into macrophages (12). Therefore, we also analyzed the effect of FR901228 on the expression of macrophageassociated phenotypes such as Mac-1 (CD11b) and F4/80 in bone marrow macrophages induced by M-CSF. FR901228 had no effect on the expression of either Mac-1 or F4/80 (data not shown). These results indicate that like TSA and NaB, FR901228 selectively inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro and that HDAC plays a key role in differentiation of osteoclasts. Effect of FR901228 on the activation of signaling proteins of sRANKL and the expression of possible target genes To understand the molecular mechanism by which FR901228 inhibit osteoclastogenesis, we analyzed the effect of FR901228 on the activation of the downstream signals stimulated with sRANKL using RAW-D cells. RANKL stimulates the nuclear translocation of transcription factors such as NF-␬B and NFATc1. Nuclear extracts of RAW-D cells stimulated with sRANKL for 30 min or 24 h were analyzed using Abs to NF-␬B p65 subunit or NFATc1, respectively. Pretreatment of RAW-D cells with FR901228 did not affect the nuclear translocation of NF-␬B p65 but strongly inhibited that of NFATc1 as shown in Fig. 2A. Activation of p38/ MAPK is another important pathway activated by RANKL (5). However, FR901228 did not affect phosphorylation levels of p38/ MAPK protein (Fig. 2B). Treatment with HDIs may affect the mRNA levels of target genes, which may be involved in osteoclast signaling. It is reported that TSA affects the promoter of genes for p21WAF1, MKP-M, and IFN-␤. Activation with RANKL affects the expression of cell cycle inhibitors such as p21WAF1 or p27KIP1 (41). In addition, MKP-M is a member of the MKP family, which regulates the activity of MAPKs (42). Furthermore, IFN-␤ is known to be an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis (10, 11). Therefore, we analyzed the expression levels of these mRNAs in RAW-D cells stimulated with or without sRANKL in the presence or in the absence of FR901228 by RT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 2C, FR901228 (0.8 ng/ ml) did not affect the expression of p21WAF1 or MKP-M in the presence and in the absence of sRANKL. In contrast, FR901228 strongly stimulated gene expression of IFN-␤ mRNA in RAW-D cells, both in the presence and in the absence of sRANKL. The expression of IFN-␤ was also increased by RANKL alone. It is reported that IFN-␤ inhibits osteoclastogenesis by affecting c-Fos expression (10). In the presence of FR901228, the level of c-Fos mRNA decreased both in the presence and in the absence of sRANKL (Fig. 2C). SOCS-3 is known to block signaling of IFNs and is also induced by sRANKL (11). FR901228 decreased the expression of SOCS-3 mRNA. These data together indicate that FR901228 not only suppresses the activation of RANKL-mediated signals, it also stimulates RANKL-counteracted signals. We further analyzed whether the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by FR901228 is mediated by the production of IFN-␤. As shown in Fig. 3, the addition of neutralizing Ab against IFN-␤ did not increase the formation of TRAP-positive MNCs in the culture, whereas it dose-dependently decreased the inhibitory effect of FR901228. The addition of control rat IgG to the culture had no effect on the inhibitory effect of FR901228. These data indicate that induction of IFN-␤ production is a central action of FR901228-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. FR901228 prevents the development of AA in rats To investigate the effect of FR901228 in vivo, we analyzed whether FR901228 affects bone destruction or inflammation of AA. We first studied the effect of FR901228 on development and severity of arthritis by injecting FR901228 into rats simultaneously with CFA. In rats immunized with CFA, onset of arthritis appeared

FIGURE 2. FR901228 affect RANKL-mediated signals. A, Effect of FR901228 on the nuclear translocation of NF-␬B and NFATc1. RAW-D cells were preincubated with or without FR901228 (0.8 ng/ml) for 24 h and stimulated with sRANKL 150 ng/ml for 30 min for NF-␬B/p65 or 24 h for NFATc1. After stimulation, the nuclear extracts were analyzed by NF-␬B/ p65 or NFATc1 Abs. B, Effect of FR901228 on the activation of the p38/ MAPK pathway. RAW-D cells were preincubated with or without FR901228 (0.8 ng/ml) for 24 h and stimulated with sRANKL 150 ng/ml for 30 min. After stimulation, total cell extracts were analyzed by phosphorylated p38/MAPK (p-p38/MAPK), p38/MAPK, and actin Abs. C, Effect of FR901228 on mRNA expression of potential target genes or signaling proteins of RANK or IFNs. RAW-D cells were stimulated with or without 50 ng/ml RANKL in the presence or in the absence of 0.8 ng/ml FR901228 for 3 days. Total RNA from RAW-D cells was prepared and analyzed by RT-PCR using specific primers.

around day 11. FR901228 dose-dependently suppressed the development and severity of AA as measured by arthritis score (Fig. 4A) and hind paw swelling (data not shown). Complete suppression was seen at a dose of FR901228 (0.5 mg/kg). The average body weight of rats decreased after onset of arthritis in CFA immunized rats (Fig. 4B). The treatment with rats with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg FR901228 markedly improved the reduction of their body weight. At the end of the experiment (day 21), we examined gross appearance and radiographs of hind paws. As shown in Fig. 4C, joint bone destruction of CFA-immunized rats was severe, whereas in CFA-immunized rats treated with FR901228, bone destruction was completely prevented. We further analyzed H&E and TRAPstained section of joint tissues of rats. CFA-challenged rats developed severe arthritis characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and bone destruction (Fig. 5B). In contrast, inflammation and bone destruction were markedly suppressed in rats treated with

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FIGURE 3. Neutralizing anti-IFN-␤ Ab abrogates the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in RAW-D cells by FR901228. RAW-D cells were cultured in the presence or in the absence of 50 ng/ml sRANKL, 0.8 ng/ml FR901228, and different concentrations of neutralizing anti-IFN-␤ Ab or control IgG. At the end of culture, the number of TRAP-positive MNCs was counted. Each value represents the mean ⫾ SEM of three cultures. Data were analyzed by Student’s t test. ⴱ, p ⬍ 0.05 and ⴱⴱ, p ⬍ 0.01 compared with the culture without FR901228.

FR901228 (Fig. 5C). To investigate whether decreased bone loss on FR901228 treated rats is based on decreased osteoclast formation, TRAP staining of joints sections was compared. A number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts were seen in the edge of bone erosion in CFA-immunized rats (Fig. 5, E and F), but in the section of FR901228-treated, CFA-immunized rats, no osteoclasts were seen (data not shown). These results indicate that FR901228 is a strong inhibitor of disease development and bone destruction in AA. Therapeutic treatment with FR901228 suppresses bone destruction in AA To investigate whether FR901228 has therapeutical effect on inflammation and bone destruction in AA, we started to inject FR901228 into rats after onset of arthritis (day 11). Therapeutic treatment with FR901228 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) did not significantly decrease the arthritis score of AA (Table I and Fig. 4C). At the end of the experiment, we compared radiographs of hind paws of CFA immunized rats treated with and without FR901228 (Fig. 4C). Surprisingly, the bone destruction of rats treated with FR901228 1.0 mg/kg was less severe than in nontreated rats. We further performed histological studies to know the effect of FR901228 on bone destruction and osteoclast formation. As shown in Fig. 5, G and H, bone destruction and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts significantly decreased. Pathology of the sections of both joints (ankle, tarsal bone, and calcaneus) was evaluated according to the method as described previously. The average bone erosion score was significantly reduced by therapeutic treatment with 1.0 mg/kg FR901228 (Fig. 5I). We performed this experiment three times and obtained same results (data not shown) Detection of IFN-␤ production in the synovial cells of AA in rats To understand the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of bone destruction by FR901228, we further analyzed whether FR901228 treatment induces the production of IFN-␤, using immunohisto-

FIGURE 4. Effect of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with FR901228 on the development and severity of AA in rats. A, Prophylactic treatment with FR901228 dose-dependently reduces the arthritis score of rats injected with CFA. FR901228 (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected to CFA-immunized rats i.v. on day 1. Injections were given twice a week until the end of experiments. B, Prophylactic treatment with FR901228 improves the reduction of body weight of AA rats. C, Comparison of representative appearances and radiographs of hind paws of normal rats, CFA-immunized rats, and CFA-immunized rats prophylactically (FR901228P) or therapeutically (FR901228T) treated with FR901228. Prophylactic treatment with FR901228 (0.5 mg/kg) completely suppressed the paw swelling and bone destruction of rats injected with CFA. Therapeutic treatment with FR901228 (1.0 mg/kg) did not suppress paw swelling but markedly suppressed bone destruction.

chemistry. Fig. 6 indicates the comparison of the staining of synovial cells with anti-IFN-␤ Ab in both nontreated and FR901228treated AA rats. In AA control rats, there were few positive staining cells, whereas in FR901228 treated AA rats, there are a number of positively stained cells in the synovial membrane, and some mononuclear cells were strongly stained with IFN-␤.

Discussion HDIs results in hyperacetylation and modify gene expression either positively or negatively in a cell-specific manner (13). In the

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HDI-INDUCED IFN-␤ INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTOGENESIS Table I. Effect of the therapeutic treatment of CFA-immunized rats with FR901228 on arthritis scorea Days after Injection (day)

14 17 20

FR901228 Treatment (mg/kg)

Arthritis Score

Vehicle 0.5 1.0 Vehicle 0.5 1.0 Vehicle 0.5 1.0

6.1 ⫾ 1.8 4.7 ⫾ 1.3 6.9 ⫾ 2.1 7.6 ⫾ 2.1 8.1 ⫾ 2.1 11.9 ⫾ 2.1 9.3 ⫾ 2.4 9.5 ⫾ 2.2 12.1 ⫾ 2.1

a FR901228 (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (10% HCO60 saline) was injected into CFA-immunized rats i.v. on day 11. Injections were given twice a week until the end of the experiment. Data are shown as mean ⫾ SEM of four rats.

induction is a central feature in the suppressive effect of osteoclastogenesis by FR901228. The IFNs are a family of glycoproteins that consist of type I, IFN-␣␤, and type II, IFN-␥. The gene for type I IFN, IFN-␤, is maintained silence without specific extracellular signals. The virus-responsive element in promoter region is required for the virus-induced transcriptional activation of the IFN-␤ gene. The region is consist of a complex enhancer comprising DNA binding sites for several transcription factors such as NF-␬B, IFN regulatory factors, and activating transcription factor 2 (23). IFN-␤ is induced by LPS and TNF-␣, and the induction is mediated by proteins such as IFN-␤ regulatory factor 3 in in vitro cultures (43, 44). Recently, Takayanagi et al. (10) and Hayashi et al. (11) showed that IFN-␤ is also induced by RANKL in bone marrow macrophage cells. We also found that IFN-␤ expression is induced by RANKL in RAW-D cells. On the other hand, there are some negative regulatory domains in IFN-␤ promoter, which contributes constitutive repressed state of the promoter (45). However, the mechanism of negative regulation of the IFN-␤ gene remains less well understood. Shestakova et al. (23) showed that the silent state of the promoter correlates with the state of hypoacetylation of histone H4 using TSA. The data suggest that FR901228 treatment

FIGURE 5. H&E and TRAP staining of joints. Tarsal area of normal rats (A), CFA-immunized rats (B, E, and F), and CFA-immunized rats prophylactically (C) or therapeutically (D, G, and H) treated with FR901228 were histologically analyzed. Representative sections stained with H&E (A–E and G) or TRAP (F and H) are shown. E–H show high magnification. (Bars indicate 500 ␮m in A–D and 5 ␮m in E–H). CFAimmunized rats developed severe arthritis characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration (asterisk) (B), bone destruction (arrowheads) (B), and the induction of a number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts (arrows) (F). Therapeutic treatment of rats with FR901228 1.0 mg/kg did not prevent the infiltration of inflammatory cells (asterisk) (D) but prevented bone destruction and the formation of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. I, Histological bone erosion score was reduced in CFA-immunized rats prophylactically treated with FR901228 (0.5 mg/kg) and also in rats therapeutically treated with FR901228 (1.0 mg/kg). Each value represents the mean ⫾ SEM of bone erosion score of four rats. Data were analyzed by Student’s t test. ⴱ, p ⬍ 0.05 and ⴱⴱ, p ⬍ 0.01 compared with a group of CFA-immunized rats.

previous study, we found that HDIs such as TSA and NaB inhibited differentiation into osteoclasts specifically (12). These results suggest that the expression of genes regulated by HDAC may be involved in osteoclastogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrate that IFN-␤ is a target gene for HDI FR901228, and IFN-␤

FIGURE 6. Detection of IFN-␤-positive synovial cells in AA rats therapeutically treated with FR901228. Representative immunostaining of synovial cells with anti-IFN-␤ Ab is shown. In the group with CFA-immunized rats, few slightly positive cells were observed in synovial cells (A and C), whereas in the group with CFA-immunized rats therapeutically treated with 1.0 mg/kg FR901228, a number of strongly IFN-␤-positive cells are seen (arrows) (B and D). Bars indicate 100 ␮m in A and B and 50 ␮m in C and D, respectively.

The Journal of Immunology derepresses the negative regulation of IFN-␤ by affecting acetylation state of IFN-␤ promoter. In this study, the treatment with both of FR901228 and RANKL stimulated IFN-␤ expression more strongly than RAKL alone. It is interesting how RANKL counteracts the inhibitory effect of IFN-␤. Hayashi et al. (11) have shown that RANKL also induced the expression of SOCSs, a suppressor of the IFN signaling. In our study, the mRNA expression level of SOCS-3 was increased by RANKL but decreased by FR901228 in RAW-D cells. Down-regulation of SOCS-3 by FR901228 seems to strengthen IFN-␤ expression in the presence of RANKL. In contrast, Takayanagi et al. (10) have reported that IFN-␤ decreases the expression of c-Fos induced by RANK. In our study, FR901228 decreased mRNA expression levels of c-Fos, which was thought to be down-regulated by IFN-␤. TSA and NaB inhibited the activation of p38/MAPK and NF-␬B in our previous study (12), and several HDIs are shown to inhibit NF-␬B activation (24, 25). Unlike TSA and NaB, FR901228 did not inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-␬B and activation of p38/MAPK. However, FR901228 strongly inhibited the nuclear translocation of NFATc1, which is activated by RANKL. NFATc1 was recently reported as a regulator of osteoclastogenesis, which is involved in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts (6). NFATc1 binding sites are present within the promoter region of the osteoclast-specific genes such as TRAP and cathepsin K (6, 46). Translocation of NFATc1 to nuclei is regulated by Ca2⫹/calcineurindependent phosphatase pathway (47). Recently, it is shown that HDI NaB inhibited IL-2 transcription by affecting cellular localization of NFATc1 protein (48). Interestingly, it is reported that in addition to calcium-mediated signals, the TRAF6 and c-fos pathways were required in RANKL-induced NFATc1 expression (6). The data suggest that the down-regulation of c-fos gene by FR901228-induced IFN-␤ may reduce NFATc1 expression. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibition of NFATc1 activation by FR901228, further study is necessary. Thus, we found some differences in the inhibitory signals by TSA and NaB and FR901228. In addition, some genes whose expression is affected by FR901228 were different from those of TSA and NaB. HDACs comprise a family and are grouped into two classes, class I and class II (49). Several structural classes of compounds in HDIs have shown different specificity to HDAC subtypes. TSA inhibits all HDACs of both class I and II, whereas trapoxin cannot inhibit HDAC6, class II HDAC (50). The reduced form of FR901228 inhibited class I enzymes, HDAC1 and HDAC2, more strongly than class II enzymes, HDAC4 and HDAC6 (18). The difference in the response genes between TSA and FR901228 may be caused by the specificity of HDI. In vitro studies have suggested that HDIs have antiinflammatory actions (24). In addition, several reports suggest that IFN-␤ has anti-inflammatory effect because IFN-␤ enhances the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1R antagonist in chondrocytes and synovial cells (51). Treatment of collagen-induced arthritis rats with IFN-␤ reduced inflammation and bone destruction (52). However, we couldn’t observe the inhibition of inflammation of AA by therapeutic treatment with FR901228. Recent reports show that earlier treatment of AA with TSA and phenylbutyrate before the onset of AA inhibited the inflammation, but late therapeutic treatment had no significant effect (53). HDI treatment may not enough for the suppression of active inflammation like AA. In contrast, FR901228 strongly suppressed bone destruction in AA. Because osteoclast formation was markedly decreased, the inhibition of bone destruction is thought to be caused by inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Immunostaining studies provide the evi-

5815 dence that IFN-␤ is produced by some mononuclear cells in the synovial membrane. Because synovials infiltrate includes RANKpositive cells (30), IFN-␤-positive cells might be macrophage osteoclast precursor cells. Alternatively, IFN-␤ might be produced by T lymphocytes, which affect osteoclastogenesis. Although further study is required to determine the details of IFN-␤-producing cells, IFN-␤ produced in synovial cells by FR901228 is thought to affect osteoclastogenesis from RANK-positive cells. However, we can’t exclude the possibility of parallel effect of FR901228 in AA model. Several inflammatory cytokines are also involved in bone destruction of RA (30). FR901228 may reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines directly or indirectly via IFN-␤, which affects osteoclastogenesis. FR901228 also strongly suppressed disease development and severity of AA. AA is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, whose progression is dependent on the expression of Th1 type cytokines. NFATc1 is required for activation of T cell. Recently, Mishra et al. (54) showed that HDIs downregulated not only Th1 cytokine but also Th2 cytokine using MRLlpr/lpr mouse, which is a model for human systemic lupus erythematosus. Inhibition of AA development by FR901228 may be mediated by the inhibition of NF-ATc1-dependent signal. In conclusion, we show that inhibition of HDAC inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo by not only suppressing osteoclast-specific signal but also inducing production of IFN-␤, an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. This study demonstrates that HDI has a novel action to induce IFN-␤ production selectively and has therapeutic benefit in the treatment of bone destruction of inflammatory diseases such as RA. Type I IFNs are known to inhibit tumor cell growth and stimulate the immune system (55), and systemic IFN-␤ therapy results in long-term survival in mice with colorectal liver metastases (56). Induction of IFN-␤ might be a part of the efficacy of cancer therapy by FR901228. Our data provide insight for treatment of not only rheumatoid arthritis but also cancer.

Acknowledgments We are grateful to Fujisawa Pharmaceutical for providing FR901228. We also thank Drs. K. Tou and Q. Y. Tang for helpful discussions and expert technical assistance.

Disclosures The authors have no financial conflict of interest.

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