Insects of Mount Wilhelm

Tony Robillard, Frédéric Legendre and Claire Villemant are Maîtres de conférences and curators of insects at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, and Maurice Leponce is tropical ecologist at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels. All four have been involved at various stages of the project supervision, including the sampling protocol design, field collection, and the sorting and identification of specimens involving an international network of taxonomists.

Insects of Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea

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apua New Guinea possesses among the most remarkable ecosystems in the world in terms of plant species richness and marine biodiversity. During the biotic survey “Our Planet Reviewed – Papua New Guinea 2012-2013” more than two hundred people have explored these ecosystems, from the bottom of the Bismarck Sea to the summit of Mount Wilhelm, its highest peak. Assisted by both local communities and local parataxonomists, researchers, technicians, amateur naturalists and students from 21 different countries have gathered a large amount of specimens and data to attempt answering fundamental questions such as how many living species inhabit our planet or how much biodiversity is generated by elevational turnover of arthropod species. The Mémoires du Muséum publish the first major outcomes of the terrestrial part of the expedition, focusing on the insect fauna of Mount Wilhelm. This volume comprises 20 contributions dealing with diverse groups of insects, with the description of 144 species and 6 genera new to Science.

Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle

Tome 209

Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Tome 209 ISBN: 978-2-85653-784-8 ISSN: 1243-4442

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9 782856

537848

2016

Insects of Mount Wilhelm Papua New Guinea edited by Tony ROBILLARD, Frédéric LEGENDRE, Claire VILLEMANT & Maurice LEPONCE

Hymenoptera: Pireninae of Papua New Guinea

Pireninae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Papua New Guinea: key to genera and description of new taxa

Mircea-Dan Mitroiu Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bd. Carol I 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania [email protected]

ABSTRACT The paper provides an illustrated key to the five genera of Pireninae known so far from Papua New Guinea, all newly recorded, including one described as new to science: Gastrancistrus Westwood, 1833, Keesia Mitroiu, 2011, Macroglenes Westwood, 1832, Papuaglenes n. gen., and Trigonoderopsis Girault, 1915. In addition, four new species collected in Wanang and Mount Wilhelm areas are described and illustrated: Keesia nana n. sp., Macroglenes longiclava n. sp., Papuaglenes villemantae n. sp., and Trigonoderopsis enduwaensis n. sp.

RÉSUMÉ Pireninae (Hymenoptères : Pteromalidae) de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée : clé des genres et description de nouveaux taxons.

L’article comprend une clé illustrée pour les cinq genres de Pireninae connus jusqu’à présent en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, tous nouvellement mentionnés dans cette région, dont un genre nouveau pour la science : Gastrancistrus Westwood, 1833, Keesia Mitroiu, 2011, Macroglenes Westwood, 1832, Papuaglenes n. gen. et Trigonoderopsis Girault, 1915. De plus, quatre nouvelles espèces collectées dans les régions de Wanang et du Mont Wilhelm sont décrites et illustrées : Keesia nana n. sp., Macroglenes longiclava n. sp., Papuaglenes villemantae n. sp. et Trigonoderopsis enduwaensis n. sp.

MITROIU M- D. 2016 — Pireninae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Papua New Guinea: key to genera and description of new taxa, in ROBILLARD T., LEGENDRE F., VILLEMANT C. & LEPONCE M. (eds), Insects of Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris : 307-320 (Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle ; 209). ISBN : 978-2-85653-784-8.

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INTRODUCTION The Pireninae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) are small parasitoid wasps (usually 1–2 mm, rarely larger), often with superficial sculpture and often faint or no metallic colour. For a brief history of the group, see Mitroiu (2011). The known hosts of Pireninae include gall midges and gall gnats (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). All individuals being collected with a malaise trap, biology is unknown for all the species described in this study. According to Noyes (2015), no genera of Pireninae have been recorded so far from the island of New Guinea. This paper provides a first key to five genera of Pireninae identified during this study in Papua New Guinea, including one described as new: Gastrancistrus Westwood, 1833, Keesia Mitroiu, 2011, Macroglenes Westwood, 1832, Papuaglenes n. gen. and Trigonoderopsis Girault, 1915. In addition, four new species are described and illustrated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIAL All the material examined during this study was collected using malaise traps (MAL) at various altitudes in Wanang and Mount Wilhelm area of Papua New Guinea (PNG) during 2012. The collected specimens were kept in ethanol. Prior to mounting on rectangular cards, they were transferred for half an hour in absolute ethanol and then in two baths of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for half an hour each time. The specimens listed under the examined material are deposited in Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN) and the Mitroiu collection, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iasi, Romania (MICO). DESCRIPTIVE METHODS Observations were made using a Krüss MSZ5400 stereomicroscope with a maximum magnification of 180×. Images were taken using a Leica M205A automated research stereomicroscope with planapochromate objective connected to a Leica DFC500 high-resolution digital camera. The acquired images were then processed using Zerene Stacker® and Adobe® Photoshop® 7.0. Terminology follows Gibson (1997) regarding general morphology, Graham (1969) regarding the hind leg pecten, and Burks (1938) regarding the obsolete fore wing veins. Because in Pireninae the true anelli are sometimes absent or invisible under frequently used magnification and the proximal funicular segments are often anelliform (see Mitroiu 2010: 4, Fig. 6), the term flagellomere is used here for all visible segments beyond pedicel; they are abbreviated fl1-fl11 starting from the pedicel; the last three flagellomeres form the clava. The wing veins are abbreviated as follows: M = marginal vein; S = stigmal vein; P = postmarginal vein. The gastral tergites are abbreviated gt1-gt7. The mesosoma, metasoma and ovipositor sheaths are measured in lateral view, the latter along their ventral edge. The length of metasoma includes the usually protruding ovipositor sheaths, when not stated otherwise. Other abbreviations: OOL = ocello-ocular line; POL = posterior ocellar line; IOD = minimum distance between inner orbits. Together with the above mentioned genera, others may be present in New Guinea, especially those found in other regions of Australasia. To identify these genera the key of Bouček (1988) can be used. The following key is designed primary for females, males being unknown for several genera.


SYSTEMATIC PART Family PTEROMALIDAE Dalman, 1820 Subfamily PIRENINAE Haliday, 1844 Key to the genera of Pireninae of Papua New Guinea 1. Gaster with petiole longer than broad (Figures 7, 10); pronotal collar with sharp transverse carina (Figure 7); clypeal margin shallowly emarginate (Figure 9); antenna with five flagellomeres between pedicel and clava (Figure 9) ...................................................................................................................... Papuaglenes Mitroiu, n. gen. – Gaster with petiole inconspicuous or very short (Figures 1, 3, 5, 11); if with a long petiole (the Australian genus Petipirene Bouček), then pronotal collar without any indication of carina, clypeal margin with broad rounded tooth and antenna with only two flagellomeres between pedicel and clava ............................................ 2 2(1). Marginal vein at most 3× as long as stigmal vein (Figure 1); female antenna with six flagellomeres before clava, of which one is anelliform (Figure 1) ........................................................................................................................ ..................................................... Gastrancistrus Westwood [and Premiscogaster Girault, see the remarks below] – Marginal vein at least 3.5×as long as stigmal vein (Figures 3-8, 11-12); antennal structure different, with at least two anelliform flagellomeres (Figures 2, 5, 9) ......................................................................................................... 3 3(2). Postmarginal vein much longer than stigmal vein, the latter forming an acute angle with marginal vein (Figures 11-12); female antenna with eight flagellomeres between pedicel and clava, of which six are large and with longitudinal sensilla (Figure 11); male antenna with seven large flagellomeres (Figure 12) .......................... ............................................................................................................................................................ Trigonoderopsis Girault – Postmarginal vein at most about as long as stigmal vein (Figs 3-6); antenna in both sexes with at most seven flagellomeres between pedicel and clava, of which at most three are large and with longitudinal sensilla (Figures 3-6) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 4(3). Wings except marginal fringe almost entirely bare (Figures 3-4); dorsellum very long, flat, slightly overlapping anterior part of propodeum (Figure 4); all flagellomeres before clava anelliform (Figure 2) ................... ............................................................................................................................................................................ Keesia Mitroiu – Wings except marginal fringe with distinct pilosity (Figures 5-6); dorsellum short, not flat, not overlapping anterior part of propodeum (Figure 6); usually some flagellomeres before clava not anelliform (Figure 5) ....... ........................................................................................................................................................... Macroglenes Westwood

Genus GASTRANCISTRUS Westwood, 1833 Figure 1 Gastrancistrus Westwood, 1833: 444.

Type species. Gastrancistrus vagans Westwood, 1833; by monotypy. REMARK – According to Bouček (1988) the genus Gastrancistrus can be separated from Premiscogaster Girault, 1933 by the shape of the antenna: Premiscogaster has a conspicuously asymmetric clava and pedunculate flagellomeres, whereas Gastrancistrus has a symmetric clava and not or hardly pedunculate flagellomeres. However, according to Bouček (1988) and my personal observations, Premiscogaster is very close to Gastrancistrus, some diagnostic characters overlapping in the two genera. For example, Bouček (1988: 475) wrote that “all [Premiscogaster] species examined have […] a deep round or oval fovea on the upper part of the scrobes (at least in the females) and at least some coarse punctures on the

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sides of the frons. […] The deep fovea on the scrobes is present also in Gastrancistrus punctatiscutum, which also has coarse punctures on the head and is similar in colour to the typical Premiscogaster. However, the antennal flagellum in that species is simple and compact, with a normal, symmetric, 3-segmented clava”. Moreover, in many species from the PNG material examined, the flagellomeres before the clava are distinctly pedunculate, a deep scrobal fovea is present, but the clava is virtually symmetric (Figure 1). According to Noyes (2015), there are 18 species of Gastrancistrus and two species of Premiscogaster described from the Australasian region, mostly by Girault. Without a revision of both genera, I therefore hesitate to describe any new species.

Genus KEESIA Mitroiu, 2011 Keesia Mitroiu, 2011: 2.

Type species. Keesia dorsellata Mitroiu, 2011; by original designation.

Keesia nana n. sp.

(Figures 2-4)

TYPE MATERIAL – Female holotype, Papua New Guinea. PNG, Wanang, 18-19.11.2012, PNG MAL-WAN03-D01, P4932 /9227 (MNHN). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea, 2 ♀, PNG, Wanang, 3-4.12.2012, PNG MAL-WAN02-D16, P4931 /11078 (MNHN); 1♀, idem, P4915 /11066 (MNHN); 1♀, PNG, Wanang, 28-29.11.2012, PNG MAL-WAN01-D11, P4910 /2113 (MNHN); 1♀, PNG, Wanang, 21-22.11.2012, PNG MAL-WAN01-D04, P4903 /9047 (MICO); 2♀, PNG, Wanang, 29-30.11.2012, PNG MAL-WAN01-D12, P4911 /982 (MICO). ETYMOLOGY — The name of the species points to the small size of this insect. DIAGNOSIS — Female. Mesosoma flattened, but pronotum moderately steep (Figure 2); obsolete r-m vein with at most two setae on upper side of fore wing (Figures 3-4); metasoma slightly longer than mesosoma (Figs 3-4); first three gastral tergites larger, last ones partly retracted (Figure 4); ovipositor sheaths slightly less than half length of hind tibia; hypopygium reaching tip of metasoma (excluding ovipositor sheaths) (Figure 3). DESCRIPTION — FEMALE: Holotype (Figures 2-4). Body length. 1.25 mm. Color. Body blackish-brown, with slight bronze reflections. Eyes and ocelli pale red. Mandibles reddish-yellow. Antenna dark brown. Legs brown; extreme apices of tibiae and tarsi except last segment yellowish; last tarsal segment and claws brown. Wings hyaline, tegulae and venation brown (Figures 2-4). Head mostly smooth and shiny except slightly coriaceous lower face, between scrobes and eyes, and with several erect setae mostly on lateral sides of face and vertex. Antenna with all flagellar segments before clava anelliform, strongly transverse and gradually increasing in diameter. Clava large, conspicuously wider than fl5 (Figure 2). Relative measurements: head length: 15, width: 32, height: 40; POL: 10; OOL: 5; eye height: 25, length: 15; IOD: 25; malar space: 6; scape length: 16; pedicel length: 7, width: 4; pedicel plus flagellum: 28; fl1-5 combined length: 5; clava length: 16, width: 8. Mesosoma smooth and shiny, with several long sparse erect setae on dorsal side (Figure 2). In lateral view mesosoma appearing almost flat, except moderately steep pronotum and inclined frenal area (Figure 3). Dorsellum semicircular, overlapping for a short length the base of propodeum (Figure 4). Relative measurements: mesosomal length: 49, width: 32, height: 21; mesoscutum length: 15; scutellum length: 15, width: 20; dorsellum length: 10; propodeum length: 5; fore wing length: 100, width: 35; M: 30; S: 2; P: 1; hind tibia length: 22. Metasoma elongate, moderately compressed laterally and dorsally flat (Figures 3-4). Posterior margin of gastral tergites almost straight except for gt2, where it is conspicuously curved backwards (Figure 4); gt4-gt7 with a few long erect setae on lateral sides. Hypopygium


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FIGURES 1-6 1, Gastrancistrus sp., female, habitus, lateral view; 2-4, Keesia nana n. sp., female holotype, head and anterior part of mesosoma in lateral view (2), habitus in lateral (3) and dorsal views (4); 5-6, Macroglenes longiclava n. sp., female holotype, habitus in lateral (5) and dorsal views (6). Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

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reaching tip of metasoma (Figure 3). Relative measurements: metasomal length: 71, width: 29; gt1 length: 15; gt2 length: 15; gt3 length: 16; gt4-gt7 length: 20; ovipositor sheaths length: 12. MALE: unknown. VARIATION — Females. Body length: 0.60-1.25 mm. Colour of eyes from pale to bright red. Most of the female paratypes have various body parts (especially the head) more or less collapsed, thus preventing accurate measurements. In most examined specimens the mesoscutum is completely flattened (probably the result of the drying process), but in one female it is slightly convex. Mesosoma length about 2.0-2.3× height. REMARK — In the female holotype the pecten could not be measured, but it was observed to occupy about 2/3 length of hind tibia in several female paratypes. Previously, two species of Keesia have been described and keyed (Mitroiu 2011). The newly described species can be separated from them as follows: 1. Mesosoma convex, length about 1.6× height; dorsellum about 1.7× as long as median length of propodeum; ovipositor sheaths about half length of hind tibia ..................................................................... K. dorsellata Mitroiu – Mesosoma flattened, length about 2.00-2.75× height; dorsellum about 2.0-2.4× as long as median length of propodeum; ovipositor sheaths sometimes shorter ....................................................................................................... 2 2. Pronotum more or less horizontal, not steep; mesosoma length 2.75× height; obsolete r-m vein with seven setae; dorsellum about 2.4× as long as median length of propodeum; ovipositor sheaths about 1/3 length of hind tibia ................................................................................................................................................ K. tripotini Mitroiu – Pronotum steep; mesosoma length about 2.0-2.3× height; obsolete r-m vein with at most two setae; dorsellum about twice as long as median length of propodeum; ovipositor sheaths about half length of hind tibia .............................................................................................................................................................................. K. nana n. sp.

Genus MACROGLENES Westwood, 1832 Macroglenes Westwood, 1832: 127.

Type species. Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, 1832; by monotypy.

Macroglenes longiclava n. sp.

Figures 5-6

TYPE MATERIAL — Female holotype, Papua New Guinea. PNG, Mount Wilhelm 1700m, 30-31.10.2012, PNG MALMW1700A-06/16-d06, P2173 / 8766 [on rectangular card] (MNHN). ETYMOLOGY — The name of the new species refers to the characteristic shape of the clava. DIAGNOSIS — Female. Pedicel, coxae and hind tibiae mainly dark brown. The last two flagellomeres before clava large, with longitudinal sensilla, the rest anelliform; mesosoma moderately convex; ovipositor sheaths slightly less than half length of hind tibia; pecten about 2/3 length of hind tibia. DESCRIPTION — FEMALE: Holotype (Figures 5-6). Body length.1.3 mm. Color. Body mostly blackish brown, without metallic reflections. Eyes and ocelli whitish. Mandibles brown. Antenna with scape brown, getting darker apically on dorsal side; pedicel and flagellum blackish-brown. Legs mostly dark brown; extreme apices of tibiae and tarsi yellow-


ish except brown last segment. Wings hyaline, tegulae and venation brown (Figures 5-6). Head in dorsal view deeply concave both anteriorly and posteriorly. Temples virtually absent. Clypeal margin rounded, clypeal area with several long setae. Eyes setose. Antenna with fl1-fl3 anelliform, without longitudinal sensilla and progressively increasing in diameter; fl4 and fl5 large, quadrate, with one row of longitudinal sensilla each (Figure 5). Relative measurements: head length: 23, width: 44, height: 45; POL: 9; OOL: 4.5; eye height: 28, length: 21; IOD: 24; malar space: 12; scape length: 23; pedicel length: 10, width: 5; pedicel plus flagellum: 50; fl1-fl3 combined length: 5; fl4 length: 7, width: 7; fl5 length: 6, width: 6; clava length: 20, width: 6. Mesosoma in lateral view arched dorsally (Figure 5). Mesoscutum and scutellum virtually smooth, with extremely fine alutaceous sculpture, visible only in very strong light. Notauli very deep. Dorsellum and median area of propodeum smooth. Fore wing with marginal fringe longer than stigmal vein; basal cell bare, basal vein with four setae; speculum narrowing towards stigmal vein and reaching the latter; two irregular rows of admarginal setae present below marginal vein on ventral side of the wing (Figures 5-6). Relative measurements: mesosomal length: 59, width: 41, height: 40; mesoscutum length: 25; scutellum length: 23, width: 20; dorsellum length: 6; propodeum length: 9; fore wing length: 135, width: 60; M: 37; S: 7; P: 6; hind tibia length: 43; pecten length: 30. Metasoma elongate, slightly longer than head plus mesosoma (Figure 5). Posterior margin of gt1 shallowly emarginate in the middle (Figure 6). Hypopygium reaching about 2/3 length of metasoma (Figure 5). Relative measurements: metasomal length: 86, width: 32; gt1 length: 25; ovipositor sheaths length: 20. MALE: Unknown. REMARK — Similar to M. sulawensis Mitroiu, 2011 (Indonesia, Sulawesi), from which it differs mainly in having only two large flagellomeres before clava (three in M. sulawensis), a more elongated and less clavate antenna, a denser fore wing pilosity, and a shorter pecten (about 2/3 length of hind tibia in M. longiclava versus about 4/5 length in M. sulawensis). It is also similar to M. kuwatus Mitroiu, 2011 (Indonesia, Mangole), from which it differs mainly in the more elongated body, the different colour of legs and the longer pecten (about 2/3 length of hind tibia in M. longiclava versus about half length in M. kuwatus).

Genus PAPUAGLENES n. gen. Figures 7-10 Type species. Papuaglenes villemantae n. sp. ETYMOLOGY — The generic name is derived from Papua, with reference to Papua New Guinea and the Greek word glene, meaning eye, which is also part of Macroglenes, one of the most common genera of Pireninae. The name is of masculine gender. DIAGNOSIS — Female. Body black, mostly without metallic reflections (Figures 7-10). Clypeal margin shallowly emarginated (Figure 9). Pronotal collar with sharp transverse carina (Figure 7). Gastral petiole longer than broad, mostly smooth (Figures 7, 10). DESCRIPTION — FEMALE: Body black, mostly without metallic reflections. Head and mesosoma mostly with superficial sculpture, mainly bare except several long setae; metasoma mainly smooth (Figures 7-10). Head in frontal view triangular due to long and strongly converging genae and very short in dorsal view (Figure 9). Ocellar triangle slightly raised (Figure 9). Clypeal margin broadly emarginate in the middle (Figure 9). Left mandible with four teeth. Eyes bare, oval, posterior margin very shallowly emarginate (Figure 7). Toruli with lower margins below lower eye margins, head surface slightly raised between them. Scrobes shallow (Figure 9). Malar sulcus distinct. Gena laminate at mouth corner. Temple short round. Vertex abrupt behind posterior ocelli, although not carinate. Antenna with two anelliform flagellomeres

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followed by three large ones bearing longitudinal sensillae. Clava 3-segmented, symmetric, rather strongly narrowing towards apex (Figure 9). Mesosoma mostly flattened dorsally (Figure 7). Pronotum short, abrupt, collar margined anteriorly by sharp transverse carina preceding a row of long setae (Figures 7-8). Notauli deep and complete (Figure 8). Scutellum with frenal line barely impressed and sinuate in the middle, frenal area smoother than rest of scutellum; axillulae large (Figure 10). Dorsellum slightly inclined, shiny, longer than frenal area in the middle and about half as long as propodeum, its hind margin not extending above the base of the latter (Figure 10). Propodeum (Figure 10) long, in the same plan as dorsellum, mostly shiny; median carina complete but shallow anteriorly; adpetiolar strip separated from propodeal median area by transverse carina; spiracles round, near posterior margin of metanotum; spiracular sulcus long and deep, reaching posterior margin of propodeum, where it forms a deep oval fovea between adpetiolar strip and thin supracoxal flange. Prepectus very large, triangular and uniformly sculptured. Mesopleura long, fore and mid coxae wide apart (Figure 7); mesepisternum and lower mesepimeron uniformly sculptured; upper mesepimeron smooth. Metapleura narrow, with parallel margins. Hind coxa long and bare except a single seta distally (Figure 10). Tarsi with five segments. Fore wing hyaline, extensively bare in the proximal third; venation not unusually thick, M long, S and P very short, with S almost perpendicular on M; parastigma narrowing towards M and leaving a small hyaline area between its distal end and proximal end of M (Figures 7-8). Metasoma petiolate, laterally compressed, more strongly so in anterior part (Figures 7-8). Petiole longer than broad, conical in anterior half and with parallel sides in posterior half, smooth except a lateral longitudinal carina on each side, and without any setae (Figure 10). Gt1-gt3 the largest (Figures 7-8). MALE: Unknown. REMARK — Papuaglenes presents a unique combination of characters among the subfamily Pireninae (see diagnosis), to which it clearly belongs due to the following characters: body black, almost smooth (Figures 7-10); toruli in lower part of the face (Figure 9); reduced number of large flagellomeres (Figure 9); complete notauli (Figure 8); long marginal and short stigmal and postmarginal veins (Figures 7-8). Papuaglenes belongs to the group of pirenine genera with long marginal vein and very short stigmal and postmarginal veins. From all these genera it differs as follows: from Keesia Mitroiu mostly in the carinate pronotum, setose wings, shorter dorsellum, differently shaped propodeum, and long petiole; from Macroglenes Westwood mostly in the shallowly emarginate clypeal margin, carinate pronotum, moderately long dorsellum, differently shaped propodeum, and long petiole; from Petipirene Bouček mostly in the shallowly emarginate clypeal margin, carinate pronotum, smoother and longer petiole, and differently shaped flagellum, mesosoma and gastral tergites; from Velepirene Bouček mostly in the smoother body surface, shallowly emarginate clypeal margin, carinate pronotum, differently shaped dorsellum, and long petiole; from Watshamia Bouček mostly in the smoother and darker body surface, shallowly emarginate clypeal margin, carinate pronotum, longer dorsellum, thin parastigma, and long petiole. The two important characters that both Papuaglenes and Petipirene share, the elongated petiole and the abrupt vertex, may indicate that the two genera are sister groups. Papuaglenes seems also close to Keesia, both sharing a shallowly and broadly emarginated clypeal margin and a larger than usual dorsellum (although considerably smaller and not exceeding anterior part of propodeum in the former genus).

Papuaglenes villemantae Mitroiu, n. sp.

(Figures 7-10)

TYPE MATERIAL — Female holotype, Papua New Guinea. PNG, Mount Wilhelm 2700m, 27-28.02.2012, PNG MALMW2700A-12/16-d12, P2959 / 8849 [on rectangular card, left wings glued near the specimen] (MNHN). ETYMOLOGY — The new species is dedicated to Claire Villemant, for her efforts in collecting and processing the Hymenoptera material used in this study.


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FIGURES 7-12 7-10, Papuaglenes villemantae n. sp., female holotype, habitus in lateral (7) and dorsal views (8), head in frontal view (9), and posterior part of mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma in latero-dorsal view (10); 11-12, Trigonoderopsis enduwaensis n. sp., female holotype, habitus in lateral view (11), and male allotype, habitus in lateral view (12). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

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DESCRIPTION — FEMALE: Holotype (Figures 7-10). Body length. 3 mm. Color. Head and mesosoma black, without metallic reflections. Metasoma dark brown. Eyes and ocelli pale red. Mandibles reddish-brown, darker basally. Antennae black. Legs with coxae concolorous with mesosoma; femora dark brown; tibiae dark brown, becoming yellowish-brown distally; tarsi yellowish-brown, last segment brown. Wings hyaline, venation dark brown (Figures 7-10). Head coriaceous except finely striate clypeal area and smooth scrobes. Alveolae inside ocellar triangle smaller than those on surrounding areas. Antenna (Figure 9) with scape not reaching lower margin of median ocellus; flagellum with fl1 and fl2 anelliform, without longitudinal sensilla, fl2 slightly wider than the first, followed by three large but transverse segments (fl3-fl5), each of them with one row of dense longitudinal sensilla; tips of sensilla slightly exceeding the length of segments; clava with the first two segments transverse, the last one conical. Relative measurements: head length: 26, width: 64, height: 50; POL: 12; OOL: 11; eye height: 29, length: 20; IOD: 39; eye length dorsally: 30; temple length dorsally: 4; malar space: 15; distance between clypeal margin and lower margin of toruli: 9; scape length: 26; pedicel length: 10, width: 5; pedicel plus flagellum: 50; fl3 length: 5.5, width: 9; fl4 length: 6, width: 10; fl5 length: 6, width: 10; clava length: 18, width: 10. Mesosoma mostly flattened dorsally (Figure 7). Pronotal collar smooth except finely coriaceous lateral sides; pronotal neck abrupt and finely coriaceous. Mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum finely coriaceous, except smooth axillulae; frenal area smoother than rest of scutellum. Dorsellum smooth (Figure 10). Propodeal median area mainly smooth, except finely wrinkled area around median carina; spiracular sulcus and callus mainly smooth, the later bare; posterior corners of median area, anterior to transverse carina and separating median area from adpetiolar margin, with one small pit each (Figure 10). Prepectus with shallow uniform reticulation. Mesepisternum reticulate; upper mesepimeron large and smooth, lower mesepimeron shallowly reticulate and separated from upper mesepimeron by groove. Metapleura shallowly reticulate. Hind coxa coarsely reticulate (Figure 10). Fore wing (Figures 7-8) with basal cell and basal fold bare; costal cell bare except a few setae in distal part; speculum large, reaching to S; a single row of admarginal setae present beyond M; stigma moderately large, uncus conspicuous; marginal fringe well developed. Relative measurements: mesosomal length: 90, width: 60, height: 35; mesoscutum length: 31; scutellum length: 30, width: 37; dorsellum length: 9; propodeum length: 19; fore wing length: 185, width: 80; M: 50; S: 10; P: 5. Metasoma longer than head plus mesosoma, elongate and widening distally (Figures 7-8). Dorsal surface smooth except finely coriaceous gt4-gt7. Posterior margin of gt3-gt5 medially incised. Hypopygium reaching tip of gaster. Ovipositor sheaths well protruding beyond tip of gaster (Figure 7). Relative measurements: petiole length: 20, width 9; gaster length (excluding ovipositor sheaths): 120, width: 33; gt1-gt3 combined length: 90; ovipositor sheaths length: 27.

Genus TRIGONODEROPSIS Girault, 1915 Trigonoderopsis Girault, 1915: 210.

Type species. Trigonoderopsis silvensis Girault, 1915; by monotypy.

Trigonoderopsis enduwaensis n. sp.

(Figures 11-12)

TYPE MATERIAL — Female holotype, Papua New Guinea. PNG, Mount Wilhelm 3200m, 19-20.10.2012, PNG MALMW3200B-04/16-d04, P3357 / 8871 [on rectangular card] (MNHN). Allotype ♂: Papua New Guinea, PNG, Mount Wilhelm 3200m, 29-30.10.2012, PNG MAL-MW3200D-14/16-d14, P3399 / 9158 (MNHN). Additional paratypes: 1♀, Papua New Guinea, PNG, Mount Wilhelm 3200m, 30-31.10.2012, PNG MAL-MW3200B-15/16-d15, P3368 / 9165(MICO). ETYMOLOGY — The specific name is derived from the word Enduwa, part of Enduwa Kombuglu, the name of Mount Wilhelm in the local Kuman language.


DIAGNOSIS — Both sexes. Body colour mainly coppery-green, with slight to distinct violet reflections; tibiae dark except yellow apices (Figures 11-12). Female. Toruli above lower margins of eyes; fl1 and fl2 approximately equal in length; fl3 as wide as pedicel; fl5-fl6 transverse. Inner eye orbits moderately diverging in lower part. Frenal area with numerous extremely fine longitudinal striae. Propodeal spiracle separated from metanotum by distinctly more than its great diameter. Gaster petiolate, petiole transverse (Figure 11). Male. Scape dark, length about 4.3× width (Figure 12). Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 1.3× head width. DESCRIPTION — FEMALE: Holotype (Figure 11). Body length. 2 mm. Color. Body mainly coppery-green. Head and scutellum coppery, the latter with slight violet reflections. Eyes pale red, ocelli whitish. Mandibles yellowish-brown, teeth darker. Petiole dorsally metallic, laterally yellow. Antenna with scape mostly yellow, but darker dorsally; pedicel and flagellum dark brown. Legs with coxae brown, with slight metallic reflections, stronger on hind coxae; trochanters and femora brown, the latter lighter on extreme apices; tibiae brown except yellow apices; tarsi yellow, last tarsal segment brown. Wings hyaline; tegulae and venation brown (Figure 11). Head in frontal view with inner eye orbits moderately diverging in lower part. Toruli well above lower eye margins. Clypeal margin shallowly emarginate, lateral sides of clypeus slightly indicated. Clypeus and a narrow band reaching toruli smooth. Face mostly finely alutaceous except smooth along inner eye orbits and scrobes. Area around ocelli coarsely coriaceous-alutaceous.Vertex short, carinate behind posterior ocelli. Temple short, finely alutaceous. Gena almost smooth, malar sulcus inconspicuous. Eyes bare. Antenna (Figure 11) with scape reaching upper edge of median ocellus; both fl1 and fl2 (anelli) strongly transverse and without longitudinal sensilla, about equal in length; fl3-fl8 large, with one row of longitudinal sensilla each; fl3 slightly longer than wide; fl4-fl6 about as long as wide, almost round; fl7 and fl8 transverse; claval sutures slightly oblique due to large ventral micropilosity area. Relative measurements: head length: 23, width: 54, height: 42; POL: 12; OOL: 10; eye height: 22, length: 18; IOD: 34; eye length dorsally: 17; temple length dorsally: 3; malar space: 14.5; scape length: 22, width: 4; pedicel length: 7, width: 4; pedicel plus flagellum: 55; fl3 length: 5, width: 4; fl8 length: 4, width: 7; clava length: 15, width: 8. Mesosoma in lateral view strongly arched dorsally (Figure 11). Pronotum almost smooth; mesoscutum and axillae mostly finely transversely striateimbricate in anterior part and coriaceous in posterior part. Notauli complete and deep, their posterior ends wider apart than scutello-axillar sutures. Scutellum dorsally coarsely but finely reticulate except smooth transverse band anterior to frenal line; frenal line deep, crenulated and sinuous; frenal area not raised in the middle, with numerous extremely fine longitudinal striae; axillulae smooth. Dorsellum smooth. Propodeum smooth except strong and complete median carina, posteriorly meeting a transverse carina that borders a short adpetiolar strip; propodeal spiracle raised, broadly oval, separated from metanotum by distinctly more than its great diameter. Mesopleura with mesepisternum almost smooth; mesepimeron mainly smooth except deep oval fovea almost in middle, continued ventrally with a shallow groove, and slightly alutaceous area near anterior edge of metapleura. Metapleura smooth. Hind tibial pecten not developed. Fore wing (Figure 11) with basal cell bare, basal vein with fives setae; ventral side of costal cell with several setae distally; speculum progressively getting narrower towards stigmal vein and reaching it; ventral side of the wing with a regular row of admarginal setae behind marginal vein, and a few additional ones near base of marginal vein; disc uniformly pilose. Relative measurements: mesosomal length: 65, width: 46, height: 46; mesoscutum length: 30; scutellum length: 27, width: 29; dorsellum length: 6; propodeum length: 13; hind tibia length: 45; fore wing length: 180, width: 70; M: 54; S: 9; P: 32. Metasoma rhomboidal in dorsal view, almost flat dorsally, about as long as head plus mesosoma (Figure 11). Petiole transverse, smooth. Gt1 largest, gt2-gt4 approximately subequal in length; gt5-gt7 much shorter. Hypopygium about in the middle of gaster. Ovipositor sheaths very short, barely visible in dorsal view (Figure 11). Relative measurements: petiole length: 5, width: 8.5; gastral length (including ovipositor sheaths): 82, width: 42; ovipositor sheaths length: 11. MALE: Allotype (Figure 12). Differs from the female holotype mainly as follows. Body length: 1.8 mm. Scape entirely dark brown (Figure 12), length about 4.3× width.Combined length of pedicel plus flagellum about 1.3× head width. Flagellum with seven large segments and a 2-segmented clava, the latter lacking a distinct micropilosity area on ventral side (Figure 12). Metasoma gradually widening towards apex, length about 2.4× width, about as long as and narrower than mesosoma (Figure 12).

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VARIATION — FEMALES. Body length: 2.0-2.2 mm. Violet reflections on head and mesosoma from slight to very distinct. REMARK — This is the first description of a Trigonoderopsis male. According to Bouček (1988) and Noyes (2015), there are two described species of Trigonoderopsis in the Australasian region: T. silvensis Girault, 1915 and T. petiolata Bouček, 1988. I did not examine any of these species and thus the following differences are based on Bouček’s comments (Bouček 1988). The females of T. enduwaensis can be separated from those of the above mentioned species as follows: from T. silvensis mainly by the petiolate gaster and higher toruli; from T. petiolata mainly by the colour of body and legs, larger size, greater length of pedicel plus flagellum compared with head width, and longer gaster. In the PNG material examined I found a female that is apparently extremely close to T. petiolata, and differing only in the shape of anelli (the first one being shorter than the second) and longer gaster. I decided to postpone its description until the examination of the T. petiolata type. A third possibly new species was found (one female and one male), but the female lacks the head, thus preventing its description. The male is close to that of T. enduwaensis, but the scape is thinner.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS–UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2012-3-0057. This study was conducted in the framework of “Our Planet Reviewed PapuaNew-Guinea 2012-2013” set up by Pro-Natura International, the National Museum of Natural History (MNHN, France), the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France) in partnership with the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, the New Guinea Binatang Research Center, the University of Papua New Guinea, and the Divine Word University of Madang and with core funding of Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, the Total Foundation, the Fondation d’entreprise EDF, the Fonds Pacifique, Spiecapag, Entrepose Contracting, the New-Caledonia Government, the Reef Foundation and the Belgian National Lottery. The IBISCA expert network, the patron for this project, Prof. R. L. Kitching AM, Dr. Claire Villemant, in charge for the Hymenoptera material, and all other participants in this collective effort are thanked for their contribution.

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