Insert report title

Hunter Hewlett Ltd

Vegetation Survey Report

Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area, Carrai Aboriginal Area, Mummel Gulf National Park, Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area & Nowendoc National Park

This report was prepared by Hewlett Hunter Pty Ltd and the Hunter Councils Environment Division for the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service

Authors: Dr. John Hunter Eva Twarkowski GIS: Ellen Saxon Primary Field Work: Dr John Hunter Editor: Bradley Nolan

Contact Details: Hewlett Hunter Pty Ltd 23 Kendall Road INVERGOWRIE NSW 2350 Phone: 0410 442 452 Hunter Councils Environment Division PO Box 3137 THORNTON NSW 2322 Phone: 02 4978 4020 Fax: 02 4966 0588 Email: [email protected]

Suggested bibliographic citation: Hunter. J., Twarkowski. E & Saxon. E (2016) Vegetation Survey Report: Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area, Carrai Aboriginal Area, Mummel Gulf National Park, Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area & Nowendoc National Park, May 2016

Disclaimer This document has been compiled in good faith, exercising all due care and attention, Hewlett Hunter Pty Ltd and Hunter Councils Inc. do not accept responsibility for inaccurate or incomplete information, Readers should seek professional advice when applying information to their specific circumstances

Vegetation Survey Report Carrai NP, SCA, AA & Mummel Gulf NP, SCA & Nowendoc NP (May 2016)

Executive Summary............................................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................... 12 1

2

3

4

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1

Background .................................................................................................................... 13

1.2

Project Objectives .......................................................................................................... 14

1.3

Structure of Report ........................................................................................................ 16

Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 17 2.1

Review of Previous Vegetation Studies ......................................................................... 17

2.2

Amalgamated map......................................................................................................... 20

2.3

Validation of existing mapping types based on existing site data ................................. 26

Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.1

Gap Analysis and Stratification Methodology ............................................................... 30

3.2

Field Survey & Mapping ................................................................................................. 55

Discussion of Vegetation Classification ...................................................................................... 58 4.1

5

6

7

Floristic Analysis (Carrai Reserves, Mummel Reserves and Nowendoc Reserves) ........ 58

Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area & Carrai Aboriginal Area ........................ 59 5.1

Location & Description .................................................................................................. 59

5.2

History of Land Use ........................................................................................................ 60

5.3

Description of Vegetation Communities ....................................................................... 60

5.4

Plant Species of Conservation Significance ................................................................... 65

5.5

Fire Ecology .................................................................................................................... 76

5.6

Weed & Pest Species ..................................................................................................... 79

5.7

Important Ecological Influences .................................................................................... 84

5.8

Conclusions & Recommendations for Further Work ..................................................... 84

Mummel Gulf National Park (MGNP) & Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area (MGSCA) ....... 86 6.1

Location & Description .................................................................................................. 86

6.2

History of Land Use ........................................................................................................ 87

6.3

Description of Vegetation Communities ....................................................................... 87

6.4

Plant Species of Conservation Significance ................................................................... 93

6.5

Fire Ecology .................................................................................................................. 103

6.6

Weed and Pest Species ................................................................................................ 105

6.7

Important Ecological Influences .................................................................................. 114

6.8

Conclusions & Recommendations for Further Work ................................................... 114

Nowendoc National Park .......................................................................................................... 116 7.1

Location & Description ................................................................................................ 116

7.2

History of Land Use ...................................................................................................... 117


7.3

Description of Vegetation Communities ..................................................................... 117

7.4

Plant Species of Conservation Significance ................................................................. 122

7.5

Fire Ecology .................................................................................................................. 134

7.6

Weed and Pest Species Management ......................................................................... 136

7.7

Important Ecological Influences .................................................................................. 144

7.8

Conclusions & Recommendations for Further Work ................................................... 144

8

Overall Conclusions & Recommendations................................................................................ 146

9

References ................................................................................................................................ 150

Appendix 1: Floristic Analysis - Dendogram........................................................................................ 161 Appendix 2: Grey Myrtle – Tea Tree Dry Rainforest ........................................................................... 162 Appendix 3: Weeping Lilly Pilly - Water Gum Riparian Rainforest of the Southern NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 1294 ................................................................................................................ 164 Appendix 4: Shatterwood - Giant Stinging Tree Yellow Tulipwood Dry Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Northern Sydney Basin Bioregion – PCT 1142 ........................................ 167 Appendix 5: Coachwood - Crabapple Warm Temperate Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Northern Sydney Basin Bioregion - PCT 768...................................................................... 169 Appendix 6: Sassafras - Crabapple - Soft Corkwood warm Temperate Rainforest of the North Coast PCT 1130 ................................................................................................................................... 172 Appendix 7: Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carabeen Subtropical Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 670......................................................................................................... 176 Appendix 8: Fig - Giant Stinging Tree - Pepperberry Subtropical Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 824................................................................................................................... 180 Appendix 9: Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. Subtropical Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion- PCT 1201 ............................................................................................. 185 Appendix 10: New England Blackbutt - Diehard Stringybark Dry Open Forest of the Escarpment Ranges of the Eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion- PCT 979 ............................................................................................................................................ 189 Appendix 11: New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood Grassy Forest of Escarpment Ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion - PCT 986 ................................ 193 Appendix 12: Snow Gum - Mountain Gum - Mountain Ribbon Gum Open Forest on Ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Eastern New England Tableland Bioregion- PCT 1194 ......... 196 Appendix 13: Tallowwood - Brush Box - Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby forest on coastal foothills of the southern NSW North Coast PCT 1258 ................................................................................ 199 Appendix 14: Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tableland Bioregion – PCT 934 ........................................................................... 202 Appendix 15: Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion- PCT 745 ..................................................... 206 Appendix 16: New England Blackbutt - Sydney Blue Gum tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion- PCT 984 ................................................................................ 209 Appendix 17: New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges PCT 988 ..................................................................................................................................... 211


Appendix 18: Sydney Blue Gum New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington - PCT 1238 .................................................................................................................................................. 215 Appendix 19: Sydney Blue Gum Tallowwood Soft Corkwood moist forest of the escarpment ranges PCT 1239 ................................................................................................................................... 218 Appendix 20: White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 1323 ........................ 221 Appendix 21: New England Blackbutt Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges - PCT 986 .. 224 Appendix 22: Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forest – no equivalent PCT ...................................... 228 Appendix 23: Mountain Ribbon Gum Messmate Broad-leaved Stringybark open forest on granitic soils - PCT 526 ........................................................................................................................... 231 Appendix 24: Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Ribbon Gum open forest - PCT 964 .............. 234 Appendix 25: Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Wattle-leaved Peppermint PCT 970 .............................. 237 Appendix 26: Forest Red Gum Pink Bloodwood open forest of the foothills and ranges - PCT 833 .. 239 Appendix 27: Grey gum - stringybark open forest of the gorges - PCT 868 ....................................... 241 Appendix 28: New England Blackbutt - stringybark grassy forest - PCT 983 ...................................... 245 Appendix 29: Thin-leaved Stringybark Broad-leaved Apple open forest of the gorges - PCT 1273 ... 249 Appendix 30: Blue Mountain Ash New England Blackbutt tall open forest - PCT 707 ....................... 253 Appendix 31: Eurabbie tall open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 822 .................................... 256 Appendix 32: New England Grassy Woodland – Redgum – Diehard Stringybark – Yellow Box – No Equivalent PCT .......................................................................................................................... 260 Appendix 33: River Oak Riparian Woodland - PCT 1106..................................................................... 262 Appendix 34: Heath swamps wetland on leucogranite and granite of the New England Tableland PCT 518 ..................................................................................................................................... 265 Appendix 35: Sedgeland fens wetland of impeded drainage of the Nandewar Bioregion and New England Tableland - PCT 582 .................................................................................................... 269 Appendix 36: Sod Tussock Grassland – No Equivalent PCT ................................................................ 273 Appendix 37: Rocky Outcrops – No Equivalent PCT ........................................................................... 276 Appendix 38: Grass- tree – Hop Bush – No Equivalent PCT ................................................................ 278 Appendix 39: Species List .................................................................................................................... 280 Appendix 40: Weed Species Identified throughout the Study Area ................................................... 353


Table of Tables Table 1: Summary of previous Vegetation Work .................................................................................. 17 Table 2: Summary of flora surveys from the area surrounding the study area.................................... 19 Table 3: Description of previous mapping activities in the study area ................................................. 19 Table 4: Thirty broad vegetation mapping types included within the amalgamated map for the study area ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 5: One hundred and thirty five PCT-Ranked Community Types found within the CRAFTI (1999) mapping layer covering the study area ................................................................................................ 21 Table 6: Plant Community Types found within the study area based on existing site based field data. .............................................................................................................................................................. 28 Table 7: Classification of variables for use within the cluster analysis ................................................. 31 Table 8: Number of sites required to adequately sample each environmental domain and individual variables ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Table 9: Resultant environmental domain clusters .............................................................................. 32 Table 10: Environmental domain analysis - Carrai............................................................................... 33 Table 11: Environmental domain analysis - Mummel Gulf ................................................................... 34 Table 12: Environmental domain analysis – Nowendoc ....................................................................... 34 Table 13: Variable analysis of geology – Carrai.................................................................................... 38 Table 14: Variable analysis of geology - Mummel Gulf......................................................................... 38 Table 15: Variable analysis of geology – Nowendoc ............................................................................. 39 Table 16: Variable analysis of soil – Carrai............................................................................................ 43 Table 17: Variable analysis of soil - Mummel Gulf ................................................................................ 44 Table 18: Variable analysis of soil – Nowendoc .................................................................................... 45 Table 19: Gap analysis results - number of sites required to adequately sample sites for environmental variables ....................................................................................................................... 49 Table 20: Parameters for determining prioritisation of areas to survey – Carrai................................. 50 Table 21: Parameters for determining prioritisation of areas to survey - Mummel Gulf..................... 51 Table 22: Parameters for determining prioritisation of areas to survey – Nowendoc ......................... 51 Table 23: Dates of aerial photography used in the study ..................................................................... 57 Table 24: Plant Community Types within Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area and Carrai Aboriginal Area ........................................................................................................................... 60 Table 25: Rare and/or endemic species identified in the Carrai Reserves ........................................... 73 Table 26: Endangered Ecological Communities identified in the Carrai Reserves ............................... 74 Table 27: Recommended fire intervals for threatened flora in the Carrai Reserves ............................ 77 Table 28: Recommended fire intervals for EECs in the Carrai Reserves ............................................... 77 Table 29: Recommended fire intervals for Vegetation Community (Keith Formation) in the Carrai Reserves ................................................................................................................................................ 78


Table 30: Plant Community Types within the Mummel Gulf Reserves ................................................ 88 Table 31: Rare and/or Endemic species found in the Mummel Gulf Reserves .................................. 101 Table 32: Endangered Ecological Communities in the Mummel Gulf Reserves ................................. 101 Table 33: Recommended Fire Intervals for Threatened Species ........................................................ 103 Table 34: Recommended Fire Intervals for Endangered Ecological Communities ............................. 104 Table 35: Recommended fire intervals for Vegetation Community (Keith Formation) in the Mummel Gulf Reserves ...................................................................................................................................... 104 Table 36: Vegetation Community Profiles within the Nowendoc National Park................................ 118 Map 25 Plant Community Types (PCTs) in the Nowendoc Reserves .................................................. 121 Table 37: Rare and/or Endemic species found in the Nowendoc national Park ................................ 132 Table 38: Recommended Fire Intervals for Threatened Species ........................................................ 134 Table 39: Recommended Fire Intervals for Endangered Ecological Communities ............................. 135 Table 40: Recommended fire intervals for Vegetation Community (Keith Formation) in Nowendoc National Park....................................................................................................................................... 135

Table of Maps Map 1: Walcha vegetation survey and mapping study areas ............................................................... 13 Map 2: Environmental domain analysis - Carrai ................................................................................... 35 Map 3: Environmental domain analysis - Mummel Gulf ...................................................................... 36 Map 4: Environmental domain analysis - Nowendoc ........................................................................... 37 Map 5: Geology analysis - Carrai........................................................................................................... 40 Map 6: Geology analysis - Mummel Gulf .............................................................................................. 41 Map 7: Geology analysis – Nowendoc .................................................................................................. 42 Map 8: Soils analysis - Carrai................................................................................................................. 46 Map 9: Soils analysis - Mummel Gulf .................................................................................................... 47 Map 10: Soils analysis - Nowendoc ....................................................................................................... 48 Map 11: Survey prioritisation - Carrai................................................................................................... 52 Map 12: Survey prioritisation - Mummel Gulf ...................................................................................... 53 Map 13: Survey prioritisation - Nowendoc ........................................................................................... 54 Map 14 The Carrai Reserves study area ............................................................................................... 59 Map 15: Plant Community Types (PCTs) in the Carrai Reserves ........................................................... 64 Map 16: Threatened flora species in the Carrai Reserves .................................................................... 72 Map 17: Endangered Ecological Communities within the Carrai Reserves .......................................... 75 Map 18: High priority weed species within the Carrai reserves ........................................................... 83 Map 19 The Mummel Gulf Reserves study area ................................................................................... 86 Map 20 Plant Community Types (PCTs) in the Mummel Gulf Reserves ............................................... 92 Map 21: Threatened flora species in the Mummel Gulf Reserves ..................................................... 100


Map 22: Endangered Ecological Communities within the Mummel Gulf reserves ............................ 102 Map 23: High priority weed species within the Mummel Gulf reserves ............................................ 113 Map 24: The Nowendoc National Park study area ............................................................................. 116 Map 26: Threatened flora species in Nowendoc National Park ......................................................... 123 Map 27: Endangered Ecological Communities in Nowendoc National Park ...................................... 133 Map 28: High priority weed species within Nowendoc National Park ............................................... 143

Table of Photographs Photograph 1: Callistemon pungens ..................................................................................................... 66 Photograph 2: Grevillea guthrieana...................................................................................................... 69 Photograph 3: Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina ................................................................................ 71 Photograph 4: Chiloglottis platyptera................................................................................................... 94 Photograph 5: Pterostylis elegans ........................................................................................................ 96 Photograph 6: Eucalyptus nicholaii ....................................................................................................... 98 Photograph 7: Cryptostylis hunteriana ............................................................................................... 125 Photograph 8: Euphrasia ciliolata. ...................................................................................................... 127 Photograph 9: Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina .............................................................................. 129 Photograph 10: Thesium australe ....................................................................................................... 131 Photograph 11: Weeping Lilly Pilly - Water Gum riparian rainforest of the southern NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 1294 ........................................................................................................................... 164 Photograph 12: Coachwood - Crabapple warm temperate rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion - PCT 768 ................................................................ 169 Photograph 13: Sassafras - Crabapple - Soft Corkwood warm temperate rainforest of the North Coast - PCT 1130 ........................................................................................................................................... 172 Photograph 14: Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carabeen subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 670 ........................................................................................................ 176 Photograph 15: Fig - Giant Stinging Tree - Pepperberry subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 824 ............................................................................................................................. 180 Photograph 16: Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 1201.............................................................................................. 185 Photograph 17: New England Blackbutt – Diehard Stringybark dry open forest of the escarpment ranges of the eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 979 ............................................................................................................................................................ 189 Photograph 18: New England Blackbutt-Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion - PCT 986 .......................................... 193 Photograph 19: Snow Gum – Mountain Gum – Mountain Ribbon Gum – open forest on ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and eastern New England Tableland - PCT 1194................................... 196 Photograph 20: Tallowwood –Brushbox-Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby forest on coastal foothills of the southern NSW North Coast - PCT 1258 .................................................................................... 199


Photograph 21: Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tablel and Bioregion - PCT 934 ..................................................................................... 202 Photograph 22: Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion- PCT 745 ............................................................... 206 Photograph 23: New England Blackbutt - Sydney Blue Gum tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 984 ......................................................................................... 209 Photograph 24: New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges PCT 988 ............................................................................................................................................... 211 Photograph 25: Sydney Blue Gum New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington - PCT 1238 .................................................................................................................................................... 215 Photograph 26: White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 1323..................... 221 Photograph 27: New England Blackbutt Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges - PCT 986 ............................................................................................................................................................ 224 Photograph 28: Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forest – no equivalent PCT .................................. 228 Photograph 29: Mountain Ribbon Gum Messmate Broad-leaved Stringybark open forest on granitic soils - PCT 526 ..................................................................................................................................... 231 Photograph 30: Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Ribbon Gum open forest - PCT 964........... 234 Photograph 31: Forest Red Gum Pink Bloodwood open forest of the foothills and ranges - PCT 833 ............................................................................................................................................................ 239 Photograph 32: Grey gum - stringybark open forest of the gorges - PCT 868.................................... 241 Photograph 33: New England Blackbutt - stringybark grassy forest - PCT 983 .................................. 245 Photograph 34: Thin-leaved Stringybark Broad-leaved Apple open forest of the gorges - PCT 1273 249 Photograph 35: Blue Mountain Ash New England Blackbutt tall open forest - PCT 707 ................... 253 Photograph 36: Eurabbie tall open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 822 ................................ 256 Photograph 37: New England Grassy Woodland – Redgum – Diehard Stringybark – Yellow Box ..... 260 Photograph 38: River Oak Riparian Woodland - PCT 1106 ................................................................. 262 Photograph 39: Heath swamps wetland on leucogranite and granite of the New England Tableland PCT 518 ............................................................................................................................................... 265 Photograph 40: Sedgeland fens wetland of impeded drainage of the Nandewar Bioregion and New England Tableland - PCT 582............................................................................................................... 269 Photograph 41: Sod Tussock Grassland .............................................................................................. 273 Photograph 42: Grass- tree – Hop Bush ............................................................................................. 278


Executive Summary Carrai National Park (NP), Carrai State Conservation Area (SCA), Carrai Aboriginal Area (AA) is located to the north-east of Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, 100km west of Kempsey covers a total of 18,400 hectares. Mummel Gulf NP and Mummel Gulf SCA are located south west of the Carrai Reserves approximately 85 kilometres southeast of Walcha covering a total area of 15,289 hectares. Nowendoc National Park is located approximately 50 kilometres south of Walcha on the high eastern edge of the New England Tablelands and covers a total area of 17,374 hectares. The total area of the study area covers 51,063 hectares. The Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) commissioned Hewlett and Hunter LTD to undertake a comprehensive vegetation study of these five reserves. This study provides an overview of the methodology and analysis which incorporated existing and new data to develop and produce a comprehensive vegetation map comprising of Plant Vegetation Communities classifications, a detailed plant species list (Appendix 39), including threatened species and Endangered Ecological Communities lists and descriptions for each of the reserves have been produced. Data was provided from 246 existing vegetation survey sites carried out within the study area boundaries. These sites comprised more than one survey methodology and were taken across more than a single decade, prior and post some logging activities. These sites were cleaned and nomenclature standardised and analysed using Kulczynski association measure along with flexible Unweighted Pair Group arithmetic Averaging and UPGMA) and the default settings within PATN. The grouping results were used to assign recognised PCTs to each site where possible. A total of 23 PCTs from 8 formations and 15 classes were recognised within the existing dataset. These types were supplied to the steering committee for approval. Based on Gap Analysis and preliminary analysis of existing data the Steering committee requested that 80 additional full floristic survey sites and 300 rapid survey sites be placed across under-surveyed locations within the study area bounds. A total of 93 additional full floristic sites and 335 rapid survey sites were placed. A full analysis of all full floristic datasets of the same dimension were analysed using the same methodology as previous with the addition of TWINSPAN analysis. These analyses where used to assist the placement of sites within the existing PCT framework of currently recognised types. On some occasions the floristics were too divergent and have been described as potential new entities. Other types were still acknowledged to have been too under-surveyed and have been combined into generalised types. The identity of each defined PCT was tagged to the full floristic and rapid survey sites within the database. The locations of the identified communities where then re-projected onto ADS40 (2-D and 3-D) imagery. These sites, notes taken on traverses and structural characteristics seen on imagery, along with projected topographical information were used to assist in delineation of vegetation communities for mapping. A total of 6 EECs covering an area of 483.6 hectares were identified and mapped within the entire study area including;      

Montane Peatlands and Swamps Carex Sedgelands, New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova-anglica) Woodland on Basalts and Sediment White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland Montane Peatlands and Swamps Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide. 10


The most widespread community was the Montane Peatlands and swamps covering an area of 351.9 hectares. The remaining EECs occur as small fragmented patches or a single isolated patch. A total of 78 weed species were identified during the field surveys and through the BIONET database records across the entire study area. A total of 12 high priority weeds were identified, 6 of which are listed as a Noxious Weed in accordance with the Noxious Weed Act 1993 the remaining species are environmental weeds. Many weed species have naturalised and are concentrated along roadsides and areas previously cleared or disturbed. Within native vegetated areas the weed incursions occur as isolated patches and in some areas have been observed to be widespread, with the potential to displace native vegetation. The most significant species known to have adverse impacts on native plant communities and threatened species habitat include Blackberry and Lantana. Environmental weeds, particularly species that have seen an increase in spread across the New England Tablelands include Yorkshire Fog and Self Heal. The vegetation study provides a number of management recommendations for fire management, weed and pest species control providing a framework for the development and implementation of weed control plans. The key management recommendations for the entire study area include; 

Develop and or include fire management thresholds for identified EEC’s and threatened species



Incorporate EECs and Threatened Species sites into updated Fire Management Plan and Strategies



Develop and implement a condition monitoring and assessment program of threatened species habitats prior to and post planned and wildfire events



Develop fire management plan specifically for all identified EECs and threatened species



Map and control high priority weeds particularly within EECs and threatened species habitat



Monitoring of treated areas to inform management priorities and effective control methodologies



Undertake pest animal control programs within high priority areas i.e. EEC and threatened species habitat, particularly where there a known and identified impacts on threatened species i.e. feral pigs and dear.

11


Acknowledgements We wish to thank the steering committee for assisting in providing necessary key data sources, maps, images, discussions on access and clearing trails where possible prior to field work. Vanessa Hunter assisted on all field trips.

12


1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Office of Environment & Heritage (OEH) currently has a large amount of information and survey data from within Carrai National Park (NP), Carrai State Conservation Area (SCA) Carrai Aboriginal Area (AA), Mummel Gulf NP & Mummel Gulf SCA, and Nowendoc NP (Map 1). This data and information is needed to be collated and synthesised to inform reserve management. Vegetation maps are key tools required for reserve management. The research and fieldwork undertaken through this project has produced vegetation community mapping across these reserves.

Map 1: Walcha vegetation survey and mapping study areas

13


Once compiled, the collated datasets and knowledge of communities and species present will provide a basis for managing threatened species, preparation of weed control strategies, plans of management and rehabilitation plans. This knowledge will also assist with the development of appropriate fire management strategies for the protection of life and property on and surrounding the study area, as well as provide valuable baseline information for science and education. The NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS) Walcha Area has engaged Hewlett Hunter Pty. Ltd. to undertake the required works to inform the management of these reserves.

1.2 Project Objectives The study was designed to address the following objectives of NPWS: 

Collaborate with OEH staff and incorporate their knowledge during all stages of the project, particularly when identifying special features and local variations of widespread PCTs



Collate and combine all available data on the vegetation of the study area



Review existing vegetation information and identify information gaps



Assess goodness of fit between the existing vegetation map and the VIS Classification PCTs and, where plausible matches can be justified, assign map units PCTs



Produce a draft PCT map



Undertake field surveys to supplement existing floristic sampling and ground-truth the draft PCT map



Undertake PATN analysis to identify natural community clusters to assist in relating communities to PCTs



Identify potential gaps in the current PCT classification as it relates to this region



Carry out a gap analysis and supplementary vegetation survey of all vascular plant species in targeted locations if required



Allocate new polygons and/or high-quality existing linework to PCTs in the VIS-C classification database, drawn from NRCMA (OEH, 2012a & b); Hunter CMA (Somerville, 2009) and Western Tablelands VCA (Benson et al 2010) classification and a detailed, localised description of each



Finalise PCT descriptions and mapping based on floristic sampling



Identify, map and provide profiles for species and ecological communities listed on Schedules of the Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act and NSW Threatened Species Conservation (TSC) Act (also including ROTAP, regionally important species, and species that are restricted or at the edge of their distribution)



Produce maps and detailed profiles of PCTs, threatened ecological communities, threatened species and significant plant communities



Identify and map significant and declared noxious weed species occurrences and a profile of each significant species including control/management prescriptions



Provide voucher specimens of rare or threatened species collate and combine all available data on the vegetation of the study area



Produce a report to professional standards describing the natural vegetation of Carrai National Park/SCA/AA, Mummel Gulf National Park/SCA and Nowendoc National Park, 14


including: vegetation profiles for each community; conservation reserve management recommendations for fire, weed and threatened species/community issues 

Produce data in the correct format, including digital floristic survey data entry into VIS Classification, ArcGIS compatible digital map datasets with metadata



Produce digital versions of all documents in MS Word, copies of field datasheets and voucher specimens for threatened species



Ensure provision of all data to OEH corporate databases in correct format, including digital floristic survey data entry into VIS Classification, ArcGIS compatible digital map datasets with metadata, digital versions of all documents in MS Word, copies of field datasheets and voucher specimens for threatened species.

15


1.3 Structure of Report The report has been structured to provide specific detail on each of the three major Park areas included in the overall study area. Where possible, duplication has been reduced through information being included in the introduction / methodology sections, or referenced and included in the Appendices. A guide to the report structure is below.

Chapters 1 - 4

•Provides an introduction to the study, details of previous works, the methodology undertaken and assessment of the vegetation classification utilised.

Chapter 5

•Provides detailed information on the Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area and Carrai Aboriginal Area, including updated mapping and management recommendations

Chapter 6

•Provides detailed information on the Mummel Gulf National Park, and Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area, including updated mapping and management recommendations

Chapter 7

•Provides detailed information on the Nowendoc National Park, including updated mapping and management recommendations

Chapters 8 - 10

•Provide overall study conclusions and recommendations, listing of maps and images and references

Appendices

•The Appendices include details of nmethodological processes discussed in Chapter 3, and all the detailed Vegetation Community Profiles

16


2 Literature Review 2.1 Review of Previous Vegetation Studies A series of flora surveys, vegetation studies, species lists, vegetation descriptions and Plans of Management describe the presence and extent of a number of unique and endemic vegetation communities within the study area. Approximately 330 full floristic sites have been sampled in the study area, with a total of 226 sites entered into the VIS-C database. The following Tables provide details on the formal and informal flora surveys and studies that were identified in the study area and its surrounds.

Table 1: Summary of previous Vegetation Work Year

Description

1992

Alex Floyd surveyed transects within the Willi Willi area; three sites within what is now Carrai National Park and one within Carrai State Conservation Area. The sites cover a broad area but the site data are not comparable to other 20 x 50m or 20 x 20m plots used more commonly for floristic survey. Floyds’ site data is of considerable use however circumscribing the composition of the rainforests patches in which he visited. Floyds’ analysis of rainforest types for New South Wales is contained within his publications (Floyd 1990a; 1990b). [survey epithet: AF-127/156].

1993

Christopher Nadolny, Michael Dodkin and Steve Griffith all botanists at the time working for the NPWS placed five sites within what is now Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP and Nowendoc NP as part of the North East Forests Biodiversity Study. [no survey epithet given].

1993

Bill Chapman a botanist working for State Forests of NSW placed 27 full floristic survey sites across what is now Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP and Nowendoc NP as part of the comprehensive survey of State Forest lands. The sites were used to produce supporting documents for state forest management plans and Environment Impact Statements (Chapman & Binns 1995). [Survey epithets: NWENF, NWNOW, NEWNF, NWRIA, NWTUGO].

1993

Fourteen unspecified full floristic survey sites were placed across what is now Carrai State Conservation Area and National Park. [survey epithets: PPK, PPKDLH, PPKDUH, PPKMLH, PPKMUH, PPKNLH, PPKRLH].

1997

Botanists Bailey, Cobcroft and Flower between them placed five sites across Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP and Nowendoc NP as part of a gap filling survey for the Forest Ecosystem Classification for the Upper and Lower North East CRA Regions (NSW CRA/RFA 1999). [survey epithet: LINE].

2002 2003

90 full floristic field surveys completed within Mummel Gulf National Park by NPWS staff.

2003

Stephanie Horton and R. John Hunter both botanists at the time working for the NSW NPWS placed 58 full floristic survey sites within Nowendoc National Park. No report was produced. Sites were surveyed between January and October of 2003. [survey epithet: NOW].

17


Year

Description

2003 2004

Stephanie Horton and R. John Hunter both botanists at the time working for the NSW NPWS placed 76 full floristic survey sites within Carrai National Park and Carrai State Recreation Area between June 2003 and January 2004. The survey work was not compiled into any body of works relating to the reserve. [survey epithet: CARR].

2007

Douglas Binns a botanist for the State Forests of NSW placed two sites within what is now Mummel Gulf National Park. [survey epithet: DB_ET].

2007

Lachlan Copeland as a ranger for the Walcha region NPWS conducted a stratified floristic survey of the Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area. In total 35 full floristic sites were placed between April and June of 2007 and the data analysed and an unpublished summary report was produced (Copeland 2007a) [survey epithet: MGSCA].

2007

The Vegetation of New Country Swamp Rest Area in Mummel Gulf National Park completed by Lachlan Copeland.

2007

Lachlan Copeland as a ranger for the Walcha region NPWS conducted a small survey of ‘Icon’ addition to Nowendoc National Park. The survey consisted of six survey sites and a summary report was produced (Copeland 2007b). [survey epithet: NNPLMC].

2007

John T. Hunter and Dorothy M. Bell while conducting a comprehensive survey of Bog communities across the eastern New England Bioregion placed four full floristic survey sites within Carrai NP. The results were published (Hunter & Bell 2007; Hunter & Bell 2013). [survey epithet: WH].

2007

John T. Hunter and Dorothy M. Bell while conducting a comprehensive survey of both Upland Lagoons and Carex Fen vegetation of the New England Bioregion placed two sites within the Upland Lagoon New Country Swamp within Mummel Gulf National Park. The sites were used in both the publications on Montane Lakes (Lagoons) and the description of Carex Fen vegetation (Bell et al. 2008; Hunter & Bell 2009). [survey epithet: FEN].

2007

The Vegetation and Plant Species of Oxley Wild Rivers National Park and State Conservation Area (adjacent to Carrai NP), was completed by Eco Logical Australia for NPWS.

2011

Lachlan Copeland placed 15 full floristic survey sites across Carrai State Conservation Area and National Park in January of 2011. These data was not incorporated into any known reports. [survey epithets: PCNPDSF, PDNPR, PDNPWD, PCNPRF; PCNPWH, PCNPWS; TCNPR; TEQUAD].

2010 & 2012

5 Site habitat assessments associated with the Hastings River Mouse were completed.

18


Table 2: Summary of flora surveys from the area surrounding the study area Year

Description

2005

Dr J Hunter completed a number of flora surveys to identify discreet and dense Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla forests and scrubs of north-eastern NSW, which are described and compared to similar vegetation identified in the south-west of the state as dominated by Acacia silvestris. (Hunter 2005). The flora study compared the Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forest with those in southern NSW. Extensive stands of Acacia blakei scrub occurs within Oxley Wild River National Park. These stands are associated with dry rainforests.

Table 3: Description of previous mapping activities in the study area Year

Description

1987

Greg Roberts then working for the NSW NPWS created a map of the general Oxley Wild Rivers area using broad structural types (woodland, forest, rainforest etc) based on Aerial Photographic Interpretation. The mapping was accompanied by an unpublished report (Roberts 1987). This mapping covers a small portion of the western boundary of Carrai NP.

19971999

Across the lower and upper North East of NSW vegetation polygons were mapped and classified into ‘community’ types based on floristic survey sites that were available and Aerial Photographic Interpretation (API) (CRAFTI) project. This area included lands from the Taree district in the south north to the Queensland border and west to the New England Highway. The polygons were based on both SDMs of communities and API. Forest ecosystems were used as surrogates for floristic assemblages and these are defined within the CRA/RFA documents produced by the NSW NPWS (1999). The standard of the mapping is highly variable. Within the study area 133 designated types have been modelled or mapped using API. Some of these types are erroneous and large areas have been misclassified, for example extensive Rainforest areas have been classed as Freshwater Wetlands. Many areas within Nowendoc State Conservation Area and National Park have been left as un-typed.

2000

The rainforest layers of the CRAFTI 2000 project were extracted and further updated with mapping from the NRAC vegetation mapping processed and was completed in April 2002. This mapping layer includes more detail rainforest mapping that incorporates the larger mapped units of CRAFTI but also point locations for patches less than two ha and linear patches less than 50 m wide and more than 200 m long.

2007

John T. Hunter conducted a mapping program using SPOT5 imagery of the bogs within Carrai National Park. Sixty-seven bogs were mapped culminating in 357 ha of this endangered community.

19


2.2 Amalgamated map The CRAFTI (1999) and the associated updated rainforest mapping layer were the only mapping programs found to cover the entirety of the reserves within the study area. The mapping of bog communities within Carrai NP and SCA was a comprehensive targeted mapping exercise across the entirety of Carrai NP. These three mapping programs were amalgamated into a single mapping layer for investigation into is potential use as a preliminary vegetation map for gap analysis. Furthermore the new amalgamated mapping layer was investigated for potential alignment with current Plant Community Types (PCTs) (OEH 2015) and subsequent use as base layer for an improved map of the study area. Within the CRAFTI (1999) mapping of the study area reserves a total of 30 broad mapping types and a further 130 finer scaled (PCT-Ranked) vegetation types have been identified (Tables 4 and 5). As there is no distinct description of any of these types it is an impossible task to convert a majority of the existing PCT ranked types, as given within the mapping layer, to currently recognised VIS PCTs. Table 4: Thirty broad vegetation mapping types included within the amalgamated map for the study area Broad Community Description

Area in Ha

Alpine complex - Heathland - Freshwater wetland - unknown

182.2

Alpine complex - Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland

71.2

Alpine complex - Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Swamp sclerophyll forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

255.1

Arid & semi-arid shrubland

1.5

Freshwater wetland

3270.6

Grassy dry sclerophyll forest - Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

287.2

Other fire exclusion

1053.9

Other fire exclusion - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest - Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

5.4

Other fire exclusion - Semi-mesic grassy forest

3.7

Other fire exclusion - unknown

169.5

Other fire exclusion - Wet sclerophyll forest

12.2

Other fire exclusion - Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest

113.2

Rainforest

9215.3

Rainforest - Wet sclerophyll forest

3.0

Sclerophyll grassy woodland

8.1

Semi-mesic grassy forest

779.0

20


Broad Community Description

Area in Ha

Semi-mesic grassy forest - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest - Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

1821.6

Semi-mesic grassy forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest - Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

527.2

Semi-mesic grassy forest - Wet sclerophyll forest - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

13.3

Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

1115.5

Unknown

5383.9

Wet sclerophyll forest

6625.4

Wet sclerophyll forest - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest - Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

1653.0

Wet sclerophyll forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

1730.7

Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest

5.0

Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest

14580.2

Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Grassy dry sclerophyll forest Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

7.1

Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland

141.5

Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland Grassy dry sclerophyll forest

1607.7

Wet sclerophyll forest - Semi-mesic grassy forest - Sclerophyll grassy woodland Grassy dry sclerophyll forest - Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

897.1

Total

51540.7

Table 5: One hundred and thirty five PCT-Ranked Community Types found within the CRAFTI (1999) mapping layer covering the study area PCT Ranked Field

Area (Ha)

(Central Region)

64.2

Ashes

5.0

bogswalcha - unknown

342.7

Booyong / (Myrtle)

0.0

Broadleaved White Mahogany

9.8

Brown Barrel

307.2 21


PCT Ranked Field

Area (Ha)

Brown Barrel - Gum

445.2

Brown Barrel - Messmate

115.7

Brown Barrel - Messmate / (Coachwood - Sassafras) (Walcha District)

3.0

Brush Box

36.2

Clear Land, Agricultural Land, Plantation (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

30.0

Cleared / Partially Cleared

393.5

Coachwood - Sassafras / (Sassafras) (Walcha District)

6.9

Coastal Dry Hardwoods (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

471.3

Coastal Grey Box - Forest Red Gum

1.5

Coastal Moist Hardwoods (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

186.3

Cold Tablelands Gums

72.3

Cold Tablelands Gums - Moist tableland Messmate-Brown Barrel complex

0.0

Cold Tablelands Gums - New England Blackbutt

14.3

Corkwood - Sassafras - Crabapple - Silver Sycamore

18.9

CRAFTI / RN17 / BOGM Rainforest

8700.9

Eastern Red Gums - Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

17.3

Eurabbie

213.3

Excluded

169.5

Fig - Giant Stinger / (Myrtle)

0.3

Forest Red Gum

112.4

Forest Red Gum / Rock

3.7

Forest Red Gum-mixed species

641.0

Forest Red Gum-mixed species -Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

35.1

Forest Red Gum-mixed species -New England Blackbutt

97.8

Forest Red Gum-mixed species - Rough-barked Apples

8.2

Forest Red Gum-mixed species- Silvertop Stringybark

47.7

Forestry Plantation (Hardwood)

0.3

Grey Gum - Grey Ironbark - White Mahogany (Sub Type a)

51.9

22


PCT Ranked Field

Area (Ha)

Grey Gum - Grey Ironbark - White Mahogany (Sub Type b)

223.2

Grey Gum - Grey Ironbark - White Mahogany (Sub Type b) / (Forest Red Gum)

0.6

Grey Gum Stringbark / (Forest Red Gum)

1288.5

Grey Gum Stringybark / (Silvertop Stringybark) (Walcha District)

13.3

Grey Gum Stringybark / Rock (Walcha District)

3.3

Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

995.8

Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex - Eastern Red Gums

138.7

Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex - Forest Red Gum-mixed species

379.3

Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex - Moist Coastal complex

209.2

Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex - Moist Coastal complex - Other Moist Coastal

236.5

Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex - Silvertop Stringybark

36.2

High Site Quality Tableland Hardwood (E.g. 150, 152, 163a, etc.) (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

2410.0

Lantana

14.0

Low Site Quality Tableland Hardwood (E.g. 163b/163c) (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

2144.9

Low Stocking, Rock, Swamp (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

3191.3

Messmate

1510.8

Messmate – Gum

1001.1

Messmate - Silvertop Stringybark

952.4

Moist Coastal complex

139.5

Moist Coastal complex - Other Moist Coastal

45.9

Moist Coastal complex - Other Moist Coastal - Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

23.8

Moist Coastal complex - Other Moist Coastal - New England Blackbutt

44.5

Moist Coastal complex - Other Moist Coastal - Silvertop Stringybark

0.0

Moist Coastal complex - Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

259.2

Moist tableland Messmate-Brown Barrel complex

0.0

Moist tableland Messmate-Brown Barrel complex - Peppermint

0.0

23


PCT Ranked Field

Area (Ha)

Mountain / Manna Gum

1372.0

Myrtle

0.5

Native Forest (Natural) (Native Vegetation)

0.6

New England Blackbutt

1718.4

New England Blackbutt (Sub Type a)

3715.1

New England Blackbutt (Sub Type b)

4351.7

New England Blackbutt (Sub Type b) / Rock

1.7

New England Blackbutt (Sub Type c)

1021.9

New England Blackbutt (Sub Type c) / Rock

100.7

New England Blackbutt / Rock

8.6

New England Blackbutt - Cold Tablelands Gums

112.5

New England Blackbutt - Eastern Red Gums

210.7

New England Blackbutt - Forest Red Gum-mixed species

132.3

New England Blackbutt - Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

223.3

New England Blackbutt - Moist Coastal complex

384.4

New England Blackbutt - Moist Coastal complex - Other Moist Coastal

83.2

New England Blackbutt - Peppermint Gums (not Red gum)

7.1

New England Blackbutt - Silvertop Stringybark

0.0

New England Stringybark (Sub Type a)

97.5

New England Stringybark (Sub Type b)

409.5

New England Stringybark (Sub Type b) / (Mountain / Manna Gum) (Walcha District)

23.3

New England Stringybark - Moist Tableland Messmate-Brown Barrel complex

0.0

New England Stringybark - Yellow Box-White Box - Red Gums

0.0

Peppermint

487.6

Peppermint - Mountain / Manna Gum

142.1

Rainforest

104.4

Rainforest (Walcha M.A. Broad Forest Types)

430.3

Rainforest - River Beds

0.0

24


PCT Ranked Field

Area (Ha)

Rainforest mixed

0.1

Rainforest w/ Eucalypt

11.2

Rainforest w/ Eucalypt and Lantana

0.0

Rainforest w/ Eucalypt and Viney scrub - Developments

0.0

Rainforest w/ Lantana

0.1

Rainforest w/ Viney scrub - Developments

0.0

River Oak

29.4

Rock

544.1

Roughbarked Apples

2.2

Rough-barked Apples - Eastern Red Gums

39.6

Sassafras

2.7

Scrub

1.5

Sedgeland

132.6

Settlements, Roads, Gravel Pits, etc.

8.1

Silvertop Stringbark - Gum (Sub Type a)

1432.0

Silvertop Stringbark - Gum (Sub Type b)

774.1

Silvertop Stringybark

57.2

Silvertop Stringybark - Gum

15.8

Silvertop Stringybark - Gum / Rock (Walcha District)

3.6

Silvertop Stringybark (Sub Type a) (Walcha District)

451.8

Silvertop Stringybark (Sub Type b) (Walcha District)

1086.1

Silvertop Stringybark / Rock (Walcha District)

2.3

Silvertop Stringybark - Grey Gum-Grey Ironbark-Mahogany complex

43.9

Snow Gum

71.2

Snow Gum - Black Sallee

6.6

Snow Gum - Mountain / Manna Gum

141.5

Swamp

61.9

Sydney Blue Gum

62.4

25


PCT Ranked Field

Area (Ha)

Sydney Blue Gum (Sub Type a)

409.2

Sydney Blue Gum (Sub Type a) / (Mountain / Manna Gum) (Walcha District)

3.2

Sydney Blue Gum (Sub Type a) / (Whitetopped Box) (Walcha District)

8.6

Sydney Blue Gum (Sub Type b)

975.0

Sydney Blue Gum (Sub Type b) / (Whitetopped Box) (Walcha District)

6.0

Sydney Blue Gum (Sub Type b) / Rock (Walcha District)

2.5

Sydney Peppermint - Stringybark + (Wattle) (Overlapping Types - Taller species indicated first)

2.1

Tableland Stringybarks

0.0

Tableland Stringybarks - New England Blackbutt

0.0

Tallowwood - Sydney Blue Gum

673.9

Undescribed

8.0

Untyped

1200.3

Wattle

25.7

Wattle / Native Pioneers

6.8

Wattle / Rock (Walcha District)

1.5

Whitetopped Box

180.5

Whitetopped Box (Sub Type b)

23.1

Whitetopped Box / (Steel Box / Craven Grey Box) (Walcha District)

1.6

Whitetopped Box / (Wattle) (Walcha District)

6.1

Grand Total

51540.7

2.3 Validation of existing mapping types based on existing site data To explore the possibility of matching current mapped unit descriptions with existing recognised Plant Community Types (PCT) an analysis of the current site based data within the reserves was undertaken. A compilation of all existing on ground full floristic vegetation data was completed. A referential check and validation process was undertaken across all datasets which included:  

Removal of sites that was inconsistent in collection method (e.g. Floyd rainforest transects) Referential integrity checking of all nomenclature

26


    

Check for consistency in scoring methods and exclusion of modification of data (surveyors often score differently leading to un-natural groupings in analysis) Removal or modification of identifications deemed highly erroneous Removal of introduced species Removal on highly seasonally specific species Removal of low occurrence/low abundance species (usually correlated with highly seasonal species)

The analysis of the modified and cleaned dataset data was carried out using Kulczynski association measure along with flexible Unweighted Pair Group arithmetic Averaging 9UPGMA) and the default settings within PATN (Belbin 2004). The analysed groupings were used as a general guide for assisting in matching appropriate groups of sites to listed PCTs. While analysis will create appropriate natural groupings from the location under investigation PCTs often do not relate directly to localised variation in vegetation. Thus the analysis itself was used only as a guide for matching to PCT and/or for the recognition of potential undescribed PCTs. In total 246 sites were used directly in the floristic analysis or incorporated within the final results. Based on existing site data it is suggested that 23 currently recognised Plant Community Types from 8 Formations and 15 Classes exist within the study areas. (Table 6 provides details). There were an additional three types that have no direct correlated types within the VIS. Of the 23 matched PCTs, some would likely be better circumscribed by the creation of localised PCTs as they did not always comfortably fit within those described. To test the accuracy of the current mapping program the existing sites along with their PCT designations were reprojected onto the mapping layer and type matching undertaken. While it was not possible to properly test if the PCT attributed to the site was a direct comparison to the PCTRanked designation given within the mapping layer caution was taken and a general agreement was all that was required to give a positive alignment. Based on the 246 sites 116 (47%) of polygons were incorrectly identified to Formation type and 142 (58%) were incorrect in potential PCT designation.

27


Table 6: Plant Community Types found within the study area based on existing site based field data. Formation

Class

MU

Community

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub sub-formation)

Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forests

-

No equivalent

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub/grass sub-formation)

New England Dry Sclerophyll Forests

970

Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Wattleleaved Peppermint

Northern Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests

868

Grey Gum - Stringybark of gorges of NCB

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby sub-formation)

Northern Escarpment Dry sclerophyll forests

707

Blue Mountains Ash - New England Blackbutt TOF

822

Eurabbie tall open forest NCB

Freshwater Wetlands

Montane Bogs and Fens

518

Heath swamps wetland on granite of the NETB

580

Sedgeland Fen Wetlands of Impeded Drainage

-

No equivalent

Heathlands

Northern Montane Heaths

-

No equivalent

Rainforests

Dry Rainforests

-

No equivalent

Northern Warm Temperate Rainforests

1130

Sassafras - Crabapple - Soft Corkwood WTR

Subtropical Rainforests

1201

Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carbeen Cryptocarya STR

607

Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carbeen STR

670

Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carbeen STR

824

Fig - Giant Stinging Tree

979

New England Blackbutt - Diehard Stringybark DOF

986

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood grassy forest

1267

Tallowwood dry grassy forest of the NCB

Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Grassy sub-formation)


Northern Hinterland Wet Sclerophyll Forests

28


Formation

Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby sub-formation)

Class

MU

Community

Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland

1194

Snow Gum - Mountain Gum - Mountain Ribbon Gum

North Coast Wet Sclerophyll Forests

1258

Tallowwood - Brush Box - Blue Gum

Northern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests

1238

Sydney Blue Gum - New England Blackbutt

1239

Sydney Blue Gum - Soft Corkwood

1323

White-topped Box of the escarpment of the NC

745

Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment

934

Messmate open forest of the tableland edge

988

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood Shrubby Forest

986

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood grassy forest

Northern Tablelands Wet Sclerophyll Forests

29


3 Methodology 3.1 Gap Analysis and Stratification Methodology Full floristic and rapid flora surveys was used as an integral part of the validation and updating of the vegetation maps for the following parks and reserves: Carrai National Park (NP), Carrai State Conservation Area (SCA), Carrai Aboriginal Area (AA), Mummel Gulf NP & Mummel Gulf SCA, Nowendoc NP, and Lands Vested in the Minister. These parks are referred to in this document as Carrai, Mummel Gulf, and Nowendoc respectively. An analysis of distribution of existing survey sites across environmental domains was undertaken to identify where plant habitats may be under sampled. This analysis has been used to determine areas to target for new floristic and rapid surveys, and the results are presented in this document. This analysis was undertaken in three processes: 1. Cluster analysis 2. Individual variable analysis 3. Aerial Photograph Interpretation

3.1.1 Cluster analysis The cluster analysis calculated the spatial relationship between five ordinal categorical variables: slope, aspect, elevation, rainfall and fertility, and produced an output raster layer of the spatial clustering of these variables. The Esri ArcGIS v10.3.1 software’s Spatial Analyst tool “Iso Cluster Unsupervised Classification” was utilised to produce this analysis. Input variables were classified as described in Table 7. The resultant cluster analysis was used to determine the following:   

The number of sites in each environmental domain The number of sites per hectare for each domain The proportion of sites against the proportion of area for each domain

For adequate sampling of environmental domains, a minimum number of sites are required; Table 8 contains the minimum thresholds used for this analysis. These thresholds were used for the cluster analysis, as well as the analysis of individual variables.

30


Table 7: Classification of variables for use within the cluster analysis Slope

Details

Aspect

Details

0.

Flat, 0°

1.

Flat, -1°

1.

Undulating, 1° - 7°

2.

North, 0° - 22.5°

2.

Hilly, 8° - 12°

3.

North east, 22.5° - 67.5°

3.

Steep, 13° - 18°

4.

East, 67.5° - 112.5°

4.

Very steep, 19° - 31°

5.

South east, 112.5° - 157.5°

5.

Precipitous, >31°

6.

South, 157.5° - 202.5°

Elevation

Details (ASL = Above Sea Level)

7.

South west, 202.5° – 247.5°

1.

Coastal valley, 900m ASL

10.

North, 292.5° - 360°

Rainfall

Details

Fertility

Details

1.

750mm – 950mm

1.

Low

2.

950mm – 1150mm

2.

Moderately low

3.

1150mm – 1350mm

3.

Moderate

4.

1350mm – 1550mm

4.

Moderately high

5.

1550mm – 1750mm

5.

High

6.

>1750mm

6.

Not assessed / water

Table 8: Number of sites required to adequately sample each environmental domain and individual variables

Area of environmental domain (ha)

Minimum number of sites required

0 – 20

2

21 – 200

3

201 – 1000

5

1001 - 2000

8

2001 – 4000

12

4001 +

15 31


3.1.2 Individual variable analysis Individual analysis was undertaken for non-ordinal categorical variables, as this type of variable is not suitable for use in the Iso Cluster Unsupervised Classification tool. Soils and geology were subject to the individual variable analysis where the following was calculated:   

The number of sites in each variable The number of sites per hectare for each variable The proportion of sites against the proportion of area for each variable

Based on discussions with the steering committee and perusal of past mapping it was decided that the current vegetation mapping of the study areas was too variable in quality and resolution. Current mapping is derived from various sources using a number of techniques, image qualities and vegetation classification protocols with some areas unclassified and others mapped on more than one occasion. As vegetation in general is constrained by physical and climatic parameters in general it was also thought that the use of vegetation would be largely redundant.

3.1.3 Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API) API was utilised to manually identify uncommon vegetation and land formations that may be of interest to survey. Aerial photography was assessed to identify features such as: differences in overstorey, restricted or isolated vegetation types, wetland variations, and understorey vegetation variations.

3.1.4 Results of Site Stratification Analysis 3.1.4.1

Environmental Domains

The cluster analysis was undertaken producing environmental domains for the study areas. A gap analysis was undertaken across these domains to identify where new floristic survey sites are required. The cluster analysis identified 13 spatially related environmental domains (Table 9). Table 9: Resultant environmental domain clusters Domain

Aspect

Elevation

Fertility

Rainfall (mm)

Slope

(m ASL)

1

N to NE

> 900

Moderately low

950 to 1350

Undulating

2

NE to S

> 900

Moderately high

950 to 1350

Undulating to hilly

3

N to E

> 900

Moderately low to moderate

750 to 1350

Hilly to very steep

4

E to S

> 900

Moderately low

950 to 1150

Undulating

5

SE to N

> 200

Low to moderately high

750 to 1750

Flat to very steep

6

N to SE

> 500


950 to 1750

Flat to precipitous

7

E to SW

> 200

Moderately low to moderately high

750 to 1350

Hilly to precipitous

32


Domain

Aspect

Elevation

Fertility

Rainfall (mm)

Slope

(m ASL)

8

N to E

> 200


950 to 750

Very steep to precipitous

9

N to SE

> 500

Moderate to moderately high

750 to 1350

Steep to precipitous

10

SW to N

> 200


950 to 1750

Flat to precipitous

12

N to SE

> 200


950 to 1550


13

SE to N

> 200


950 to 1550

Steep to precipitous

14

SE to N

> 200

Low

950 to 1750


Note: no cells were produced in the output raster for domain 11.

The gap analysis of the environmental domains produced the following results (Table 10 – 12): Carrai Reserves (Table 10, Map 2) Table 10: Environmental domain analysis - Carrai Domain

Area (ha)

Number of Sites

Sites per 100ha

1

204

1

4.9

2

18

1

55.6

3

210

3

14.3

4

0

0

0

5

5334

41

7.7

6

4305

27

6.3

7

54

0

0

8

2462

6

2.4

9

0

0

0

10

2108

9

4.3

12

272

2

7.4

13

88

0

0

14

3264

17

5.2

33


Mummel Gulf (Table 11, Map 3) Table 11: Environmental domain analysis - Mummel Gulf Domain

Area (ha)

Number of Sites

Sites per 1000ha

1

61

0

0

2

731

4

5.5

3

486

0

0

4

176

1

5.7

5

1459

17

11.7

6

460

2

4.3

7

2634

8

3.0

8

0

0

0

9

1040

0

0

10

614

2

3.3

12

2033

8

3.9

13

5491

14

2.5

14

0

0

0

Nowendoc (Table 12, Map 4) Table 12: Environmental domain analysis – Nowendoc Domain

Area (ha)

Number of Sites

Sites per 1000ha

1

32

1

31.3

2

553

2

3.6

3

195

2

10.3

4

89

1

11.2

5

1149

4

3.5

6

102

1

9.8

7

1993

14

7.0

8

381

0

0

9

2683

13

4.8

10

564

6

10.6

12

1097

2

1.8

13

8361

30

3.6

14

806

0

0

34


Map 2: Environmental domain analysis - Carrai

35


Map 3: Environmental domain analysis - Mummel Gulf

36


Map 4: Environmental domain analysis - Nowendoc

37


3.1.4.2

Geology

The individual variable analysis of geology produced the following results (Tables 13 – 15): Carrai (Table 13; Map 5) Table 13: Variable analysis of geology – Carrai Geology Type

Area (ha)

Number of sites

Sites per 1000ha

Argillite/Chert

0

0

0

Basalt

0

0

0

Conglomerate

7644.6

38

5.0

Granite

1285.2

25

19.5

Granodiorite

9195.7

43

4.7

Greywacke

0

0

0

Sandstone

0

0

0

Schist

0

0

0

210.5

2

9.5

0

0

0

Siltstone Limestone

Mummel Gulf (Table 14; Map 6) Table 14: Variable analysis of geology - Mummel Gulf Geology Type

Area (ha)

Number of sites

Sites per 1000ha

Argillite/Chert

0

0

0

2836.3

21

7.4

Conglomerate

0

0

0

Granite

0

0

0

Granodiorite

0

0

0

Greywacke

8752.5

3

0.3

Sandstone

2160.4

30

13.9

Schist

1429.2

3

2.1

Siltstone

0

0

0

Limestone

0

0

0

Basalt

38


Nowendoc (Table 15; Map 7) Table 15: Variable analysis of geology – Nowendoc Geology Type

Area (ha)

Number of sites

Sites per 1000ha

Argillite/Chert

0.2

0

0

Basalt

786.6

6

7.6

Conglomerate

1584.3

0

0

Granite

299.1

0

0

Granodiorite

0

0

0

Greywacke

0

0

0

Sandstone

15322.4

72

4.7

Schist

0

0

0

Siltstone

0

0

0

581.8

0

0

Limestone

39


Map 5: Geology analysis - Carrai

40


Map 6: Geology analysis - Mummel Gulf

41


Map 7: Geology analysis – Nowendoc

42


3.1.4.3

Soils

The individual variable analysis of soil produced the following results (Table 16 – 18): Carrai (Table 16; Map 8) Table 16: Variable analysis of soil – Carrai Soil Types

Area (ha)

Number of Sites

Sites per 1000ha

Acid Peats

0

0

0

Alluvial Soils - Medium Textured (Loams, Clay Loams)

0

0

0

Chocolate Soils

0

0

0

Earthy Sands

2027.5

3

1.5

Kraznozems

0

0

0

Lithosols

5395.5

35

6.5

Red Earths - less fertile (granites and metasediment)

7212.5

42

5.8

0

0

0

Red Podzolic Soils - more fertile (volcanics and granodiorites)

2382.0

6

2.5

Yellow Earths

1318.4

22

16.7

Yellow Podzolic Soils - less fertile (granites and metasediment)

0

0

0

Yellow Podzolic Soils - more fertile (volcanics and granodiorites)

0

0

0

Red Podzolic Soils - less fertile (granites and metasediment)

43


Mummel Gulf (Table 17; Map 9) Table 17: Variable analysis of soil - Mummel Gulf Soil Types

Area (ha)

Number of Sites

Sites per 100 ha

Acid Peats

22.2

3

135.4


886.3

0

0

Chocolate Soils

2149.4

16

7.4

Earthy Sands

0

0

0

Kraznozems

631.5

1

1.6

0

0

0

498.6

1

2.0

0

0

0

0.2

0

0

0

0

0


1019.3

0

0


9971.2

36

3.6

Lithosols Red Earths - less fertile (granites and metasediment) Red Podzolic Soils - less fertile (granites and metasediment) Red Podzolic Soils - more fertile (volcanics and granodiorites) Yellow Earths

44


Nowendoc (Table 18; Map 10) Table 18: Variable analysis of soil – Nowendoc Soil Types

Area (ha)

Number of Sites

Sites per 1000ha

Acid Peats

0

0

0


0

0

0

Chocolate Soils

0

0

0

Earthy Sands

0

0

0

Kraznozems

753.4

6

8.0

Lithosols

1462.4

0

0

0

0

0


1052.5

7

6.7


9539.1

33

3.5

0

0

0


576.1

6

10.4


4608.9

26

5.6


Yellow Earths

45


Map 8: Soils analysis - Carrai

46


Map 9: Soils analysis - Mummel Gulf

47


Map 10: Soils analysis - Nowendoc

48


3.1.5 Summary of Site Selection The steering committee recommended that 80 full floristic survey sites and 300 rapid survey sites would be sufficient to ensure adequate sampling of the environmental domains and variables analysed here: 25 sites within Carrai; 34 sites within Mummel Gulf; and 31 sites within Nowendoc. These analyses have shown that additional survey effort is required in the following environments (Table 19): Table 19: Gap analysis results - number of sites required to adequately sample sites for environmental variables Variable

CLASS

NOWENDOC ADDITIONAL SITES

CARRAI ADDITIONAL SITES

MUMMEL ADDITIONAL SITES

Domain

1

1

4

3

Domain

2

3

1

1

Domain

3

3

2

5

Domain

4

2

-

2

Domain

5

4

-

-

Domain

6

2

-

3

Domain

7

-

3

4

Domain

8

5

6

-

Domain

9

-

-

8

Domain

10

-

3

3

Domain

11

-

-

-

Domain

12

6

3

4

Domain

13

-

3

1

Domain

14

5

-

-

Geology

Argillite/Chert

2

-

-

Geology

Basalt

-

-

-

Geology

Conglomerate

8

-

-

Geology

Granite

5

-

-

Geology

Granodiorite

-

-

-

Geology

Greywacke

-

-

12

Geology

Sandstone

-

-

-

Geology

Schist

-

-

5

Geology

Siltstone

-

3

-

Soil

Acid Peats

-

-

-

49


Variable

CLASS

NOWENDOC ADDITIONAL SITES

CARRAI ADDITIONAL SITES

MUMMEL ADDITIONAL SITES

Soil


-

-

5

Soil

Chocolate Soils

-

-

-

Soil

Earthy Sands

-

9

-

Soil

Kraznozems

-

-

4

Soil

Lithosols

8

-

-

Soil


-

-

4

Soil


1

-

-

Soil


-

6

2

Soil

Yellow Earths

-

-

-

Soil


-

-

8

Soil


-

-

-

Limestone

Limestone

5

-

-

To improve efficiency with survey effort, areas should be targeted that meet the parameters of multiple variables and/or where many sites are needed to be captured. Sample area priorities have been determined based on the number of variables requiring sampling, and the number of samples required to adequately sample environmental domains and variables (Tables 20 – 22 and Maps 10 – 13). Carrai (Table 20; Map 11) Table 20: Parameters for determining prioritisation of areas to survey – Carrai Priority

Parameters

Very High

2 variables plus greater than 10 sites required

High

2 variables

Medium

1 variable plus greater than 5 sites required

Low

1 variable

Nil

No sites required for any variable

50


Mummel Gulf (Table 21; Map 12) Table 21: Parameters for determining prioritisation of areas to survey - Mummel Gulf Priority

Parameters

Very High

3 variables, and 2 variables plus 20 sites required

High


Medium

2 variables, and 1 variable plus greater than 5 sites required

Low

1 variable

Nil


Nowendoc (Table 22; Map 13) Table 22: Parameters for determining prioritisation of areas to survey – Nowendoc Priority

Parameters

Very High

3 or 4 variables

High


Medium

2 variables

Low

1 variable

Nil


51


Map 11: Survey prioritisation - Carrai

52


Map 12: Survey prioritisation - Mummel Gulf

53


Map 13: Survey prioritisation - Nowendoc

54


3.2 Field Survey & Mapping 3.2.1 Floristic analysis of site based data In total 93 additional full floristic survey sites were completed during the current investigation. To remove on ground bias of site location these new sites were selected from a set of 140 pre-selected sites based on access and gap analysis strata. These new sites were added to all previously known and cleaned dataset and a new full analysis of all sites completed using Kulczynski association measure along with flexible Unweighted Pair Group arithmetic Averaging UPGMA) and the default settings within PATN (Belbin 2004) (see Appendix 1 for full dendrogram). The analysed groupings were used as a general guide for assisting in matching appropriate groups of sites to listed PCTs. While analysis will create appropriate natural floristic groupings PCTs often do not relate directly to localised variation in vegetation. In addition a TWINSPAN analysis was conducted using CANOCO5 and the WinTWINS (vers 2.3) extension in order to assess species within cluster affinity. TWINSPAN identifies indicator species for phytosociological groups but is not directly related to the Kulczynski and UPGMA output. Furthermore using TWINSPAN on a local assemblage of sites is will identify only locally relevant indicator species and not global significant species which are more likely to be identified in larger analysis such as have produced the current PCT listings. TWINSPAN in general is an unreliable set of methods for phytosociological analysis. Thus both types of analysis were used only as a guide for matching to current PCTs and/or for the recognition of potential undescribed PCTs were possible. In total 339 full floristic sites were used directly in the floristic analysis or incorporated within the final results. In addition to the full floristic dataset, 335 rapid survey sites were also placed in order to assist in mapping accuracy between full floristic survey sites. Exploration of affinity between all rapid survey sites was conducted using Kulczynski association measure along with flexible Unweighted Pair Group arithmetic Averaging UPGMA) and the default settings within PATN (Belbin 2004). Again this was completed only as a guide to affinity between rapid sites to assist in allocating appropriate PCTs to each rapid survey site where possible.

3.2.2 Mapping Current methods for the circumscription of vegetation mapping units fall generally into two distinct camps; that of the mapping of pre-defined units (PCTs), and the analysis and creation of specific entities based on available data from within the study area. The former is not a scientific process but one that is often necessary as both landscape planning and management require a consistent set of units that can used by all in order to enable effective cross comparison. It is important that the purposes of the investigation dictate which form of community description and mapping is more relevant and if both may be required. There is utility in these broader formal descriptions (PCTs) for understanding landscape issues and for enabling others who are less familiar with the analysis methodology and results to understand contextually what the answers represent. Within this investigation, mapping polygons were assigned community names and their boundaries delineated based largely on pre-defined PCTs, except where clear discordance was found. Land managers necessarily need to understand that both of the methodologies outlined are not interchangeable even though there can be overlap in the general description of units and their component floras and also in the fact that each method can inform on each other. However perceived overlap in the circumscription of units should not be confused with replaceability of one form over another. In general non-quantitative methods rely on more arbitrary decisions, and are more often than not, used to assist us in delineating units that are thought to be present when statistical inference suggests otherwise.

55


The identity of each defined PCT was tagged to the full floristic and rapid survey sites within the database. The locations of the identified communities where then re-projected onto ADS40 imagery. These sites, notes taken on traverses and structural characteristics seen on ADS40 imagery along with projected topographical information was used to assist in delineation of vegetation communities for mapping. This methodology follows the guidelines for vegetation mapping provided within the Native Vegetation Interim Type Standard (Sivertsen 2009) and considered by Benson (2004) to be the highest standard of technique for vegetation circumscription and mapping.

3.2.3 Mapping Caveats It is impossible to assess all locations on-ground, consequently most of the landscape in any mapping program is remotely assessed, and even with 3-D ADS40 mapping techniques delineation of boundaries is a subjective process, albeit much improved from previous mapping methodologies. Remote assessment is largely based on features visible on satellite imagery and on known landscape features to fill in gaps between on-ground survey sites. The ability to remotely assess is not only based on the amount of on-ground data collected, but on the quality of the remote information available. The resolution of the satellite imagery affects how well and accurately patterns in the landscape can be discerned. Furthermore various aspects of on-ground change may hamper clear delineation of types, for example recency of fire. This was an issue found within parts of Carrai and Nowendoc which had recent fires, crown fires in-particular within Carrai which detracted from overstorey identification. Mapping accuracy is based on what PCTs have been chosen to be recognised. Within the study area a considerable number of recognised PCTs shared the same overstorey species in different densities which have been affected by past logging and clearing activities. Thus it was not clear when to differentiation the many types of communities that were dominated with various densities of Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus saligna which may also have very similar understorey patterns. Due to extreme variation within some units, in particular rock outcrop and rainforest locations, broad PCT delineation was chosen in favour of dividing these areas into many potential PCTs. This was done as not enough on ground survey sites were available to make clear distinctions between various types. These areas require specialist surveys and mapping if more accurate delineation is required. Furthermore some locations were dangerous to survey and inaccessible and thus are still deemed to have been under sampled. In these locations mapping is highly speculative, even with the techniques used. In general it must be stressed that any remote sensing activities even those using the best imagery techniques is a different process from community delineation via analysis floristic data and cannot delineate all floristic types accurately as they are very different forms of recognition. This is particularly so in locations of gradual change and poor discordance in environmental factors. Thus any form of API is a model which can always be improved. It is also important to note that any imagery is but a snapshot in time and a number of land use changes may have occurred between the time the imagery was taken and the mapping. Also the inclusion of derived grasslands within some TECs requires an assessment of the ground cover at the most opportune time of the year, to assess if the cover is over 50% native species and/or whether tree seedlings are present.

56


3.2.4 Date of Aerial Photographs/Imagery/Datumn of GPS Points The dates of Aerial Photographs and Imagery are detailed in Table 23. Table 23: Dates of aerial photography used in the study Area

Photography Date

Carrai

17 July 2011

Yarrowitch

10 April 2013

Upper Manning

4 December 2013

Nundle

23 September 2013

Ellerston

30 November 2013

The datum of GPS points was recorded using Geodetic Datum of Australia 94 (GDA 94) and Australian Geodetic Datum 66 (AGD 66) Zone 55. All data points were re-projected to GDA 94

57


4 Discussion of Vegetation Classification 4.1 Floristic Analysis (Carrai Reserves, Mummel Reserves and Nowendoc Reserves) Please refer to the Dendogram Appendix 1. The dendrogram has been created using all full floristic survey sites from past and present surveys that were collected using the same format and size of plot. The analysis of the modified and cleaned dataset data was carried out using Kulczynski association measure along with flexible Unweighted Pair Group arithmetic Averaging 9UPGMA) and the default settings within PATN (Belbin 2004). The analysed groupings were used as a general guide for assisting in matching appropriate groups of sites to listed PCTs. While analysis will create appropriate natural groupings from the location under investigation PCTs often do not relate directly to localised variation in vegetation. Thus the analysis itself was used only as a guide for matching to PCT and/or for the recognition of potential undescribed PCTs. In total 336 sites were used directly in the floristic analysis or incorporated within the final results.

58


5 Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area & Carrai Aboriginal Area 5.1 Location & Description Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area and Carrai Aboriginal Area are located approximately 100km west of Kempsey and 60 km south east of Armidale. Carrai National Park, gazetted in 1999 consists of three separate sections totaling 11,397 hectares; Carrai State Conservation Area created in 2003 consists of two separate sections totaling 6,863 hectares; and Carrai Aboriginal Area is a separate 140 hectare reserve located on an old grazing property that has been purchased for cultural heritage values (NPWS 2008). These 3 areas are collectively referred to as ‘the Carrai Reserves’, refer to map 14. The Reserves are located within Armidale Dumaresq, Walcha and Kempsey Shires.

Map 14 The Carrai Reserves study area The Carrai Reserves conserves parts of the isolated and rugged Carrai Plateau which is an expansive granite area surrounded by steep escarpments that drop to Kunderang Brook and the Macleay River. The Carrai Reserves occurs within the NSW Lower North Coast Bioregion extending from Coffs Harbour to the Hunter Valley and inland to the New England escarpment. This expansive and diverse geographic area contains multiple endemic, threatened and endangered species. The surrounding area comprises intact native vegetation due to the rugged and inaccessible terrain to the Carrai Plateau. The Carrai Reserves contain native vegetation which is not widely represented across NSW and forms an important wildlife corridor from north of Dorrigo to the Manning River (NPWS 2008).

59


Twenty vegetation communities have been identified (see Table 24), including subtropical rainforest, three old growth forests. Moist Open Escarpment White Mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides); Dry Redgum (Eucalyptus spp.)/Bloodwood (Corymbia sp.)/Apple (Angophora spp.) and Escarpment Tallowwood/Bloodwood and eight plant communities which are under-represented in conservation reserves (NPWS 2008). The most extensive plant community associations include: Diehard Stringybark (Eucalyptus cameronii)/New England Blackbutt (E. campanulata) association, Mid North Coast Brushbox (Lohpostemon confertus)/Tallowood (E. microcorys)/Sydney Blue Gum (Eucalyptus saligna). More uncommon forest ecosystems include Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora)/Manna Gum (E. viminalis/ nobilis), Brittle Bum (E. michaeliana) and Eurabbie (E. bicostata).

5.2 History of Land Use It is likely that the main Aboriginal land use practices involved infrequent and seasonal hunting and ceremonial purposes (NPWS 2008). Wide spread logging, grazing and minor mining operations was the major non-Aboriginal land use activity. A number of roads were constructed to support these activities. Approximately 600 hectares between the southern and northwestern sections of the study area have been cleared for cattle grazing. Carrai National Park was first gazetted in 1999 as part of the North-East Regional Forest Agreement. The Carrai State Recreation Area was later gazetted in 2003 comprising of two sections. Both reserves were formerly owned by NSW State Forests. The southern section of Carrai National Park was dedicated as the Carrai Wilderness in November 2002 (NPWS 2008) the only evidence of human activity was logging activities including logging dumps and trails. The natural values within the study area remain largely intact as there has been limited disturbance within much of the Carrrai Reserves due to its isolation and ruggedness of the Carrai Plateau.

5.3 Description of Vegetation Communities Table 24 provides details of the vegetation communities identified in the Carrai Reserves. Where possible PCT descriptions have included the local variation based on the analysis of sites contained within the study area, both old and new. Where insufficient site data exists descriptions have relied on information contained within the VIS. Detailed Community Profiles are provided on each of these communities and included in the Appendices to this report, (reference to the appropriate Appendix is provided in Table 24). Location details of each of PCT are provided in Map 15. Table 24: Plant Community Types within Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area and Carrai Aboriginal Area Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

Rainforests

Dry Rainforests

-

Grey Myrtle - Tea-tree Dry Rainforest

Appendix 2

Dry Rainforests

1294

Weeping Lilly Pilly Water Gum riparian rainforest of the southern NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 3

60


Formation



Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference


1130

Sassafras - Crabapple Soft Corkwood warm temperate rainforest of the North Coast

Appendix 6


824

Fig - Giant Stinging Tree - Pepperberry subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 8

Northern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests

986

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 11


1194

Snow Gum - Mountain Gum - Mountain Ribbon Gum open forest on ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and eastern New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 12


1258

Tallowwood - Brush Box - Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby forest on coastal foothills of the southern NSW North Coast

Appendix 13


934

Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 14

984

New England Blackbutt - Sydney Blue Gum tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 16

988

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist

Appendix 17

61


Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion 1238

Sydney Blue Gum New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 18

1239

Sydney Blue Gum Tallowwood - Soft Corkwood moist forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 19

Appendix 10


Northern Escarpment Dry Sclerophyll Forests

979

New England Blackbutt - Diehard Stringybark dry open forest of the escarpment ranges of the eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub/grass subformation)


964

Narrow-leaved Appendix 24 Peppermint - Mountain Ribbon Gum - Hovea pedunculata open forest of the New England Tableland Bioregion

970

Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Wattleleaved Peppermint shrubby open forest of the New England Tableland Bioreg

Appendix 25

833

Forest Red Gum - Pink Bloodwood open forest of the foothills and ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 26


62


Formation

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

868

Grey gum - stringybark open forest of the gorges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 27

983

New England Blackbutt - stringybark grassy forest the eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 28


707

Blue Mountain Ash New England Blackbutt tall open forest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 30


822

Eurabbie tall open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 31

Grassy Woodlands

New England Grassy Woodlands

-

Red Gum

Appendix 32

Forested Wetlands

Eastern Riverine Forests

1106

River Oak riparian woodland of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion

Appendix 33

Freshwater Wetlands


518

Heath swamps wetland on leucogranite and granite of the New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 34

582

Sedgeland fens wetland of impeded drainage of the Nandewar Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 35

-

Sod Tussock Grasslands Appendix 36


Heathlands

Class

NA (Rock Outcrops)

Appendix 37 63


Map 15: Plant Community Types (PCTs) in the Carrai Reserves

64


5.4 Plant Species of Conservation Significance A number of plant species of significance were identified in the Carrai Reserves, including threatened species and significant flora species.

5.4.1 Threatened Flora Species The Carrai Reserves contain a number of open forest and rainforest vegetation communities that support a diversity of species, including threatened species unique to the Carrai Reserves and surrounding areas. Three threatened species, Callistemon pungens, Cryptocarya foetida and Grevillea guthrieana listed under both the TSC Act and EPBC Act were recorded in the Carrai Reserves (Map 16). According to the NPWS Plan of Management Halogaris exalata subspecies velutina also exists in the Carrai Reserves. The following are the specific Plant Profiles for these species.

SPECIES PROFILE – Callistemon pungens Common Name

None

Family

Myrtaceae

Growth Form

Shrub to small tree 2-5m tall

Flowering Period

Summer

Habitat

Rocky watercourses usally with sandy granite and occasionally on basalt

Fire Response

Unknown

Classification in Threatened Species Act 1995

Not Listed

Classification in Environmental Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

Vulnerable

National Distribution

Occurs south-east of Queensland and the northern Tablelands of north-east NSW

Populations within Carrai SCA, Carrai NP

Two Bionet records on the north western boundary of Carrai SCA and the south boundary of the Carrai SCA

Distribution and abundance within Walcha Parks

Not Listed

65


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 1: Callistemon pungens

66


SPECIES PROFILE – Crytptocarya foetida Common Name

Stinking Cryptocarya and Stinging Laurel

Family

Lauraceae

Growth Form

Tree

Flowering Period

Ripe fruit in February

Habitat

Rainforest habitats, known to grow on basalt soils

Fire Response

Unknown


Vulnerable


Vulnerable


Known from Iluka, NSW to Fraser Island and east of Gympie, southern Queensland.


One Bionet record on the south of the State Conservation Area


Not Listed

No Photo

67


SPECIES PROFILE - Grevillea guthrieana Common Name

Guthrie’s Grevillea

Family

Proteaceae

Growth Form

Spreading shrub to 2 m tall.

Flowering Period

Flowers sporadically throughout the year

Habitat

Grows in shallow soils in rocky areas. The Carrai Plateau populations grow on and near the top of very steep rocky slopes or cliffs, or near rocky creeklines.

Fire Response

Unknown


Endangered


Endangered


From the Carrai Plateau in the north to the Booral-Buladelah district in the south.


Seven populations are known to occur in Carrai Plateau and are known to occur on from the west, south-west, north-east and north edges of the plateau. It is estimated there is 5000 plants (Department of the Environment, Australian Government, 2014)

Distribution and abundance within Study Area

Scattered throughout Carrai NP/SCA and also with a limited distribution in Oxley Wild Rivers NP in the vicinity of Marys View.

68


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 2: Grevillea guthrieana

69


SPECIES PROFILE - Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina Common Name

Tall Velvet Sea-berry

Family

Haloragaceae

Growth Form

Erect shrub to 1 m tall.

Flowering Period

Flowers sporadically throughout the year.

Habitat

Grows in a variety of habitats, but mostly in rocky areas along creeklines.

Fire Response

Unknown


Vulnerable


Vulnerable


Occurs from near Kempsey, north to Carnarvon NP inland of Bundaberg


NPWS Plan of Management indicated that Haloragis exalata subsp. Velutina occurs in the Carrai Reserves.

Distribution and abundance within the Walcha Reserves

Known from several localities along creeklines in Oxley Wild Rivers NP (e.g. Youdales Hut, upstream of Riverside, below Tia Falls, and above Smalls Ck) and from a single population in Nowendoc NP (Callaghans Canyon). Halogaris exalata subspecies velutina grows mainly in damp places along watercourses and rocky habitats as well as in woodland, it is highly restricted to both Carrai NP and Carrai SCA.

Management Actions

Targeted searches of Haloragis exalata to identify extent and distrubtion in the Reserves Undertake Lantana and Blackberry control within knownhabitat areas

70


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 3: Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina

71


Map 16: Threatened flora species in the Carrai Reserves

72


5.4.2 Rare or Endemic Flora Species A number of flora species identified in the Carrai Reserves and surrounding areas are considered to be rare and/or endemic (see Table 25). In particular the Small-leafed Laural (Cryptocarya williwilliana) is highly restricted and confined to Dry Rainforest on limestone at an altitude of 250800m (see Map 16 for location details). No rare or endemic species were recorded during the field surveys. Table 25: Rare and/or endemic species identified in the Carrai Reserves Species Name

Common Name

Endemic

Acacia barringtonensis

Barrington Wattle

Yes

Chiloglottis sphyrnoides

None

Yes

Cryptocarya williwilliana

Small-leafed Laurel

Yes

Eucalyptus michaeliana

Brittle Gum, Hillgrove Spotted Gum

No

Grevillea acanthifolia subsp. stenomera

None

Yes

Hibbertia spp. (New England)

None

Yes

Pultenaea pycnocephalia

None

Yes

Sarcochilus aequalis

Boulder Orchid

Yes

Ozothamnus adnatus

Winged Everlasting

No

Eucalyptus bicostata

Eurabbie

Yes, at northern limit of distribution

5.4.3 Endangered Ecological Communities Three endangered ecological communities and one critically endangered ecological community were identified in the Carrai Reserves. Table 26 lists the EECs present and the associated Plant Community Type (Refer to Map 17).

73


Table 26: Endangered Ecological Communities identified in the Carrai Reserves EECs

Extent and Distribution

PCT

Listed TSC Act, E: Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps Bioregions

Occurs throughout the eastern portion of the SCA and southeastern sboundary of the NP, throughout the AA and north western section of the SCA

518

Carrai AA: 53.5ha Carrai NP: 165.3ha Carrai SCA: 133.1ha

Listed TSC Act,E: Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South and NSW North Coast Bioregions

Small disjunct patches along the south western section of the NP, southern side of the Aborginal Area and one small patch on the most western section of the NP and along the southern boundary of the State Conservation Area

582

Carrai AA: 24.9ha Carrai NP: 15.1ha Carrai SCA: 2.9ha Listed EPBC ACT, CE: White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland; Listed TSC Act,

Small patch on the westerns boundary of the National Park Carrai NP: 24.6ha

E: White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (Box-Gum Woodland)

74

Red Gum


Map 17: Endangered Ecological Communities within the Carrai Reserves

75


5.5 Fire Ecology Wildfires that can have a detrimental impact on plant communities and significant plant species is determined by three factors: (i) fire frequency; (ii) time of year, and (iii) fire intensity (EcoLogical 2014). In 2001-2002 an unplanned wildfire burnt over 70% of the Carrai Reserves and in 2003 a second unplanned wildfire burnt the western side of the Carrai Plateau, and another fire in 2012 burnt the same area. The Carrai Reserves have undergone another 11 fires since 2016. The extent of impact on threatened species and communities from these two fires is unknown. Through appropriate prescribed burning it is possible to control the frequency and actively protect important natural assets. Fire management is a high priority action for multiple threatened species requiring specific Management strategies. Similarly specific thresholds are required for the identified broad vegetation communities in the Carrai Reserves.

5.5.1 Recommended Fire Intervals for Threatened Flora, EECs and Vegetation Communities Tables 26 - 28 detail the recommended fire prescriptions and management actions for the developing fire thresholds. These recommendations have been drawn from a number of sources including:     

Rural Fires Service Threatened Species Hazard Reduction List Fire Management Strategy Macleay Gorges Reserves document (2007) Department of Environment Conservation Advice for threatened species and endangered ecological communities Carrai NP, SCA, AA Plan of Management 2008

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Table 27: Recommended fire intervals for threatened flora in the Carrai Reserves Species

Habitat

Recommended Fire Interval/Management

Priority

Callistemon pungens

Rocky watercourses with sandy granite or occasionally basalts

Not identified

Not identified

Cryptocarya foetida

Grows in rainforest and on basalt soils

No fire- no slashing or tree removal

Not identified

Grevillea guthrieana

Various habitats including rocky watercourses and woodland

Exclude high frequency and high intensity fires (NPWS 2006).

Not identified

No fire more than once every 7 years. Manual hazard reduction should involve no slashing or tree removal (RFS 2013). Develop a fire management plan for all known populations (Department of Environment 2014). Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina

Occurs in a range of Freshwater wetland habitats. It is unlikely that these areas have been subjected to frequent wildfires, except during prolonged hot dry conditions.

No fire greater than once every 7 years. Manual hazard reduction should involve no slashing or tree removal (RFS 2013).

High

Develop a fire management plan for all known populations Determine if and/or where an ecological burn is required.

Table 28: Recommended fire intervals for EECs in the Carrai Reserves Endangered Ecological Community (EEC)

Mapping Unit


Listed TSC Act: E-Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps Bioregions

518

Fire management interval 7-50 years

Listed TSC Act: E-Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide of the New England Tableland Bioregion

518

Incorporate the ecological community into existing fire management plans

Listed TSC Act: E-Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South and NSW North Coast Bioregions

582


Plant Community Type (PCT)

77


Endangered Ecological Community (EEC)

Mapping Unit

Plant Community Type (PCT) Listed TSC Act: E -White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland


Unassigned, Minimum fire interval Red Gum 5 years.

Listed EPBC Act: CE -White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland

Maximum fire interval 50+ years.

Table 29: Recommended fire intervals for Vegetation Community (Keith Formation) in the Carrai Reserves Vegetation Community (formation)

Recommended fire interval/management

Rainforests

Fire should be excluded where ever possible

Wet Sclerophyll Forests

Fire management intervals minimum 15 years to indefinite

Dry Sclerophyll Forests

Fire management interval 7-100+ years(see croft et al. 2016; 2010)

Grassy Woodlands

Fire management interval 5-50+ years

Forested Wetlands


Freshwater Wetlands

Fire management interval 7-indefinate depending on subtype Lagoons have no requirement for fire (see Hunter & Bell 2013)

Heathlands

Fire management interval 7-100+ depending on sub-type. (see Hunter 2003).

5.5.2 Fire Management Recommendations for threatened species The fire response and ecology of Haloragis exalata subspecies velutina is not yet known. Grevillea guthrieana is a sprouter post a fire event. It is unknown whether G.guthrieana requires fire to germinate. Hot fires seem to kill individuals outright – there are numerous examples of dead individuals at Marys View. It is recommended to: 1. Update all new and existing threatened species records and incorporate into the updated Fire Management Strategy. 2. Undertake monitoring of Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina and Grevillea guthrieana response to wildfire and planned fire events to inform the development appropriate fire thresholds and management prescriptions and incorporate into the updated Fire Management Strategy

78


5.6 Weed & Pest Species 5.6.1 Weed Species The NPWS Pest Species Management Strategy for the Northern Tablelands (2008-2011) identified Blackberry, Lantana, St Johns Wort and Tree of Heaven to be a significant weed which is widespread throughout the NP and therefore a high priority for control. A total of 3 high priority weed species were identified during the vegetation surveys within the Carrai Reserves (refer to Map 18):   

Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans) Lantana (Lantana camara) Self Heal (Prunella vulgaris)

In addition, NPWS in 2012 identified the following species as a high priority for ongoing weed control and management:    

St John’s Wort (Hypercium perforatum) Cobblers Pegs (Bidens pilosa) Nodding Thistle (Carduus nutans subsp. Nutans) Crofton Weed (Ageratina adenophora)

If left unchecked, these species have the potential to further encroach and impact on sensitive ecological communities and threatened species. The following are comprehensive weed profiles and recommendations for management and control of all identified high priority weeds within the Carrai Reserves:

SPECIES PROFILE - Lantana camara Common Name

Lantana

Weed of National Significance

Yes

Status

Class 4 Noxious Weed

Distribution and Abundance within the Carrai Reserves

Lantana camara was identified primarily along the eastern boundary of Carrai National Park and was also recorded at one site to the west of the NP.

Dispersal

Seeds are predominately spread via birds and pest species including foxes. Rivers and creeks also act as a vector

Habitat

Predominantly damp areas, swamps, wetlands and riparian zones and disturbance areas and road reserves.

Impacts

Lantana poses the most impact on Dry rainforest remnants. Lantana is capable of displacing native vegetation and causing widespread erosion.

79


Recommended Management Activities Priorities for Control

  

Control Methods

Monitoring and Mapping

Target Lantana annually within identified EECs, especially Carex Sedgeland and Montane Peatlands and Swamp. Target all known isolated patches within Dry rainforest communities. Priority should be given to small isolated infestations and along drainage lines and roadsides to effectively reduce and control the spread.

Apply appropriate control methods depending on the density and extent of the infestations. A number of options are available to implement an adaptive management approach including:  Manual removal of individual plants.  Cut/paint individual plants or small isolated patches particularly within EECS and threatened species habitat.  Spot spraying and or splatter gun as per label twice per year for the first 2 years and then annually for the following 7 years or as required.  Where widespread infestations occur in isolated and remote areas, investigate the release of a suitable biocontrol agent such as a leaf rust (Prospodium tuberculatum)(OEH, 2011)  Identify and map and all existing and new weed incursions to inform priorities for control.  Undertake an annual monitoring program of all Biocontrol release sites

80


SPECIES PROFILE - Rubus. anglocandicans Common Name

Blackberry


Yes

Status

Environmental


Blackberry predominantly occurs within wetter areas, along rivers and creeks. During the field surveys Blackberry infestations were found to be concentrated along drainage lines and within damp areas.

Dispersal


Habitat

Predominantly damp areas, swamps, wetlands and riparian zones and disturbance areas and road reserves

Impacts

Blackberry is a significant weed in Carrai Reserves containing widespread infestations and has the potential to further displace native species and communities. Large dense and established infestations can restrict access to watercourses.


Control Methods




Target Blackberry annually along the major drainage lines commencing along the upper reaches of the Carrai Reserves. Priority should be given to small isolated infestations to effectively reduce and control the spread.



Target all Blackberry infestations that occur within sites containing identified EECs (refer to Map 18)

Apply appropriate control methods depending on the density and extent of the infestations. A number of options are available to implement an adaptive management approach including:  Spot spraying and or splatter gun as per label twice per year for the first 2 years and then annually for the following 7 years or as required.  Where widespread infestations occur in isolated and remote areas, investigate the release of a suitable biocontrol agent such as Blackberry leaf rust, which is known to slow the rate of growth. 

Identify and map and all existing and new weed incursions. Prioritise weed control works based on presence of EECs and threatened species.

81


SPECIES PROFILE - Prunella vulgaris Common Name

Self Heal


No

Status

Environmental


Occurs along the southern side of Carrai National Park, is widespread.

Dispersal

Seeds spread via wind and water. Can also spread vegetively

Habitat

Prefers open woodland, riparian, damp/wetland sites and roadsides

Impacts

Self Heal is a perennial herb has become widespread and is impacting on Montane Heaths in Carrai National Park

Recommended Management Activities 

Target all infestations that occur within Montane Heath communities.



Target small isolated infestations through both opportunistic control activities and or programmed annual targeted control works to further reduce the spread of the weed.

Control Methods

 


 

Manaully control individual plants For patchy to widespread infestations investigate appropriate herbicide application Map all known and new infestations Establish baseline monitoring program to identify and develop effective control methodologies

Priorities for Control

82


Map 18: High priority weed species within the Carrai reserves

83


5.6.2 Pest Species The main invasive animals recorded in the Carrai Reserves include feral cattle, wild dogs, rabbits, hares, feral cats, pigs, black rats, mice and foxes. A comprehensive survey of introduced animals has not been completed. However, the number of invasive species is considered to be low with minor impacts on conservation values throughout the reserve (NPWS 2008). Feral Pigs, Feral Cats, Foxes and Wild dogs have been identified as minor problem in Carrai SCA and Carrai NP (NPWS 2008).

5.7 Important Ecological Influences Carrai Plateau is an isolated plateau area with a range of geological types and altitudes, with a rainfall of 1100-1600 millimetres, with the highest rainfall, occurring the highest altitudes. The isolation of the Carrai plateau has meant that much of the planning area has not been substantially influenced by human activities. The central plateau has large areas of impeded drainage that allow for the formation of wetlands which at times may develop a small peat layer. To some extent the topography on the plateau reflects the outcrops of granite, being somewhat gentler and with irregular drainage patterns The Carrai Reserves supports 26 different vegetation communities including Wet and Dry Sclerophyll forests, Sub tropical and Dry Rainforest communities, providing habitat for a diverse range of native fauna species, which is vital for their long-term survival and persistence.

5.8 Conclusions & Recommendations for Further Work 5.8.1 Conclusions The Carrai Reserves covers a total area of 18,400 hectares supporting a range of vegetation communities including dry and wet sclerophyll forests, subtropical rainforests and old growth forests. The vegetation surveys and mapping identified a total of 25 Plant Community Types in the Carrai Reserves, three vegetation communities were unassigned to a mapping unit and include Grey Myrtle - Tea Tree Dry Rainforest, New England Grassy Woodland which is associated with the critically endangered White Box-Yellow Box Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grasslands and the endangered White Box-Yellow Box Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Sod Tussock Community. The most dominant communities include Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby sub-formation) including Messmate Open Forest and Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub/grass sub-formation) including Narrowleaved peppermint, Mountain Ribbon Gum and Narrow-leaved Peppermint- Wattle-Leaved Peppermint. Two threatened species Grevillea guthrieana and Halogaris exalata subspecies velutina both occur throughout rocky creekline and woodland habitats. Development and implementation of a fire management plan is identified as high priority for the protection these species and their habitats. The third threatened species Cryptocarya foetida has been recorded at one location in Carrai State Conservation Area. Proposed recommended fire management has not been identified for Callistemon pungens. Overall little information is known about the extent and distribution of the two latter species.

84


5.8.2 Recommendations for Further Work The following provides an overview of the key management recommendations: Fire Management Key Recommendations for fire management for threatened species and endangered ecological communities include:      

Develop a fire management plan for Cryptocarya foetida, Grevillea guthrieana and Halogaris exalata subspecies velutina Identify extent and distribution of both Cryptocarya foetida and Callistemon pungens through targeted or opportunistic surveys of known suitable habitat. Incorporate appropriate fire management thresholds for each threatened species into the updated Fire Management Plan Identify specific fire management thresholds for all identified Endangered Ecological Communities Map all known and new threatened species populations into the updated Fire Management to ensure appropriate asset management is implemented for all identified species Develop and implement a monitoring program to assess the condition of Threatened Species habitat prior and post planned fire regimes and unplanned fire events.

Weed Control In general the overall weed incursion is restricted to isolated patches and occasional widespread infestations. However a number of the high priority weed may have a significant impact on identified EECs and threatened species habitat. The following provides identified key recommendations to prevent, reduce and contain the major and significant weed infestations.      

Target all identified priority weeds within EECs and Threatened Species habitat, biannually for the first 2 years then annually or as required. Years 1 to 2 - Develop and implement herbicide control trials on Prunella vulgaris to determine the most effective control methodology Years 1 to 3 - Map all identified high priority weeds and any new weed incursions that have the potential to adversely and negatively impact on known threatened species populations and EECs. Years 1 to 5-target and reduce spread of Blackberry infestations within EECs and threatened species habitat. Investigate and develop containment and control strategy to prevent the spread of P. vulgaris in high priority areas. Develop and implement an annual monitoring program of all Biocontrol release sites

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6 Mummel Gulf National Park (MGNP) & Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area (MGSCA) 6.1 Location & Description The Mummel National Park and Mummel State Conservation Area are located on the high eastern edge of the New England Tablelands within the Walcha Shire, approximately 40 km south-east of Walcha and 85 kilometres west of Wauchope. Mummel Gulf National Park covers an area of 14,127 hectares. The original area of 12,260 hectares was gazetted in January 1999 as part of the North East Regional Forest Agreement, with an additional 1,788 hectares known as Dicks Hut Lease acquired in 2003 and gazetted as part of Mummel Gulf National Park in 2007 (NPWS 2012). Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area is 1,162 hectares in size, formally NSW State Forests’s Daisy Patch Flora Reserve and was gazette in 2003 (NPWS 2012). Mummel Gulf National Park and State Conservation Area are herein referred to as “the Mummel Gulf Reserves”. The total area covers 15,289 hectares (Map 19).

Map 19 The Mummel Gulf Reserves study area

86


Access to the general area of the State Conservation Area is via Enfield Forest Road which runs south-west off the Oxley Highway. A number of smaller roads and fire trails provide limited access to the reserve. The best access is Daisy Patch Road, which runs along the north-eastern boundary of Mummel Gulf SCA. The south-western corner of the reserve can be accessed by 4WD vehicle via Obliqua Road. All of the remaining trails in MGSCA are now overgrown and can only be accessed by foot. The Mummel Gulf Reserves are predominantly wild and rugged with steep gorges and valleys, cliffs and ridges on the south eastern edge of the escarpment of the New England Tableland. There are vast differences in altitude from the high points along the north-western boundary, forming a feature called the Panhandle and includes Porters Camp at 1149m and Dennes Sugarloaf at 1360m above sea level. The Mummel River has formed a V shape shaped gorge and runs through the middle of the National Park (NPWS 2012).

6.2 History of Land Use Aboriginal communities have been in the New England Tableland area for at least 4,200 years (NPWS 2012). There are very few recorded Aboriginal sites within the Mummel Gulf Reserves, which is largely attributed to the difficult terrain and limited access. It is unknown how both Mummel NP and SCAs were utilised by Aboriginal communities. Logging of Red Cedar commenced in 1860s on the Southern New England Tablelands, many of the current roads and trails to the Mummel Reserve follow the old logging operations. General logging operations accelerated from 1945 to 1974 in Enfield State Forest, which is now Mummel Gulf NP. Selective logging then continued until 1985. Limited gold and manganese mining operations were established from 1890 to 1900 and then in the 1920 and 1930. It resumed for a short period from 1954 to 1966. The Dicks Hut Lease area contains remains of two huts and old artefacts of mining activities. Cattle grazing expanded once the area opened up following the initial mining operations and by the early 1900’s both cattle and sheep grazing was well established. Approximately 10,700 hectares or 80% of Mummel Gulf NP is declared a wilderness area, recognized for its expansive and continuous natural areas containing a variety of unique native plant species and vegetation communities which has been relatively unchanged by human activity. Much of the north-eastern side of SCA was previously protected as Daisy Patch Flora Reserve; the area outside the Flora Reserve to the west of the SCA (formally Enfield State Forest) had a long history of logging on the plateau and upper slopes (Copeland 2007). The conserved area is relatively pristine containing significant Rainforest Communities providing habitat for several plant species of conservation significance (Copeland 2007).

6.3 Description of Vegetation Communities Table 30 provides details of the vegetation communities identified in the Mummel Reserves. Where possible PCT descriptions have included the local variation based on the analysis of sites contained within the study area, both old and new. Where insufficient site data exists descriptions have relied on information contained within the VIS. Detailed Community Profiles are provided on each of these communities and included in the Appendices to this report). Location details of each of PCT are provided in Map 20 .

87


Table 30: Plant Community Types within the Mummel Gulf Reserves Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

Rainforests

Dry Rainforests

1142

Shatterwood - Giant Stinging Tree Yellow Tulipwood dry rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion

Appendix 4


768

Coachwood Crabapple warm temperate rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion

Appendix 5

1130


Appendix 6

670

Black Booyong Rosewood - Yellow Carabeen subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 7

824


Appendix 8

1201

Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 9

986


Appendix 21




88


Formation


Class


PCT

Community

Profile Reference

1194


Appendix 12

745

Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 15

934

Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tableland BioregionMessmate

Appendix 14

984


Appendix 16

988

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 17

1239

Sydney Blue Gum Tallowwood - Soft Corkwood moist forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 19

1323

White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges of

Appendix 20

89


Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

the North Coast Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby sub-formation)



979


Appendix 10


-

Blake’s Wattle Scrubs of the Northern Escarpment

Appendix 22


526

Mountain Ribbon Gum - Messmate - Broadleaved Stringybark open forest on granitic soils of the New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 23

964


970

Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Wattleleaved Peppermint shrubby open forest of the New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 25

868


Appendix 27

983


Appendix 28


90


Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

1273

Thin-leaved Stringybark - Broadleaved Apple open forest of the gorges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 29

Forested Wetlands


1106


Appendix 33

Freshwater Wetlands


582


Appendix 35

91


Map 20 Plant Community Types (PCTs) in the Mummel Gulf Reserves

92


6.4 Plant Species of Conservation Significance A diversity of significant plant species were identified in the Mummel Gulf Reserves, including threatened species and endemic flora species. Copeland (2007) developed a comprehensive vegetation and plant species study for Mummel SCA, which identified 404 native species and recorded of a total of 422 species.

6.4.1 Threatened Flora Species Two threatened species listed under the Threatened Species Conservation Act have been recorded in the Mummel Gulf Reserves through previous field surveys (refer to Map 21):    

Barrington Tops Ant Orchid (Chiloglottis platyptera) Elegant Greenhood (Pterostylis elegans) Narrow-leaved Black Peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii) Stinking Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya foetida)

Mummel NP and SCA also contain suitable habitat for other threatened species including the vulnerable herb Euphrasia ciliolata, and the endangered Cynanchum elegans.

SPECIES PROFILE - Chiloglottis platyptera Common Name

Barrington Tops Ant Orchid

Family

Orchidaceae

Growth Form

Terrestrial herb

Flowering Period


Habitat

Grows among grass in tall forest; north from Barrington Tops.

Fire Response

Unknown

TSC Act 1995

Vulnerable

EPBC Act 1999

NA


Known from about 10 locations spread across approximately 300km, including Barrington Tops, Oxley Wild Rivers and Ben Halls Gap National Parks, Tomalla Nature Reserve, Nundle, Riamukka and Butterleaf State Forests. Chiloglottis platyptera is endemic to the Northern Tablelands Botanical Region of NSW (NSW Scientific Committee 2011).

Populations within Mummel Gulf Reserves

Along south-western edge of New Country Swamp Rest Area.

Distribution and abundance within Walcha reserves

Occurs within Oxley Wild Rivers NP.

Management Actions

A Priorities Action Statement (PAS) has been developed by OEH which outlines broad strategies and high priority actions for Barrington Tops Ant Orchid, which includes modelling potential 93


habitat, prioritise and undertake weed control works, survey potential habitat, control feral pigs at known sites, map extent of known populations

Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 4: Chiloglottis platyptera

94


SPECIES PROFILE - Pterostylis elegans Common Name

Elegant Greenhood

Family

Orchidaceae

Growth Form

Perennial herb regenerating annual from underground tubers

Flowering Period

February–April

Habitat

Montane forests and woodlands on a variety of substrates. Usually in moister, more protected areas such as in gullies and beneath ferns and tussock grasses.

Fire Response

The above-ground parts of Pterostylis elegans would be totally scorched during a fire but most plants would resprout the following season from the protected underground tuber.

TSC Act 1995

Vulnerable

EPBC Act 1999

Not Listed


Restricted to a small area of north-eastern NSW from Werrikimbe NP in the north to the Barrington Tops in the south


Recorded from two small populations along the north-eastern boundary of the reserve just south-west of Daisy Patch Rd. The leaves of non-flowering plants are very similar to other species of Diplodium, however, and it is likely that it is more widespread on the plateau within MGSC (Copeland L.M. 2007)


Mummel Gulf National Park and State Conservation Area.

95


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 5: Pterostylis elegans

96


SPECIES PROFILE – Eucalyptus nicholaii Common Name

Narrow-leaved Peppermint

Family

Myrtaceae

Growth Form

Tree to 15 metres tall

Flowering Period Habitat

Overalaps with White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native

Fire Response

Grassland, and Upland Wetlands of the New England Tablelands and the Monaro Plateau

TSC Act 1995

Unknown

EPBC Act 1999

Vulnerable


Vulnerable


Northern NSW Tableland from Walcha –Niangala district just east of Tamworth, to just north of Glenn Innes


Northern boundary of Mummel National Park

97


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 6: Eucalyptus nicholaii

98


SPECIES PROFILE – Cryptocarya foetida Common Name

Stinking Crytpocarya

Family

Lauraceae

Growth Form

Tree to 25 metres

Flowering Period Habitat

Littoral Rainforest – usually on sandy soils, but can also occur as mature trees on Basalt soils

Fire Response

Unknown

TSC Act 1995

Vulnerable

EPBC Act 1999

Vulnerable


Iluka, NSW, to Fraser Island and east of Gympie, southern Queensland.


South –eastern boundary of Mummel Gulf National Park


Not known to occur witihn the Walcha Reserves

No Photo

99


Map 21: Threatened flora species in the Mummel Gulf Reserves

100


6.4.2 Rare or Endemic Flora Species A number of flora species identified in the Mummel Gulf Reserves and surrounding areas are considered to be rare and/or endemic (see Table 31). In particular the Small-leafed Laural (Cryptocarya williwilliana) is highly restricted and confined to Dry Rainforest on limestone at an altitude of 250-800m. Table 31: Rare and/or Endemic species found in the Mummel Gulf Reserves Species Name

Common Name

Endemic

Acianthus apprimus

Mosquito Orchid

No

Bunochilus sp. aff. barringtonensis

-

Yes

Cassinia sp. (Point Lookout)

-

Yes


Bird Orchid

No

Cryptocarya willwilliana

-

Yes

Diplodium torquatum

-

No

Goodenia fordiana

-

No

6.4.3

Endangered Ecological Communities

Three Endangered Ecological Communities were identified in Mummel Gulf National Park. It is worth noting that based on current definitions that two of these, Montane Peatlands and Swamps and Upland Wetlands coincide within the same polygon. This is due to the fact that this area is a Lagoon (Upland Wetlands) but is also dominated by Carex gaudichaudiana sedgeland which also falls within the Montane Peatlands definition. EECs (refer to Map 22): Table 32: Endangered Ecological Communities in the Mummel Gulf Reserves EEC


PCT


Small patches along drainage lines on the far northernside of Mummel Gulf National Park and three small patches on the boundary

582

Listed TSC Act,E: Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps Bioregions

One small patch along the north eastern boundary of the NP

Listed TSC Act,E: Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide of the New England Tableland Bioregion

One small patch along the south eastern boundary of the NP

Mummel Gulf NP: 2.5 ha 518

Mummel Gulf NP: 7.8 ha


101

518


Map 22: Endangered Ecological Communities within the Mummel Gulf reserves

102


6.5 Fire Ecology Overall, there is limited information about the fire history of the Mummel Gulf Reserves, other than evidence that the southern section of Mummel Gulf National Park has been subject to frequent burning from neighbouring properties. The north eastern section of the NP (along the Panhandle Fire Trail) has been burnt for hazard reduction purposes on an infrequent basis (NPWS 2012). The core areas of the NP is unlikely to have been exposed to frequent burns. Overall there is little information about the impact on fire on the known plants and vegetation communities in the Mummel Reserves.

6.5.1 Recommended Fire Intervals and Fire Management of Threatened Species, EECS and Vegetation Communities The following tables (33-35) provide recommended fire prescriptions and management actions for the development of fire thresholds and fire regimes. These recommendations have been drawn from a number of sources including:     

Mummel NP and Mummel SCA Plan of Management 2012 Rural Fire Service Threatened Species Hazard Reduction List Fire Management Strategy McLeay Gorges Reserves document (2007) Department of Environments Conservation Advice for threatened species and endangered ecological communities

Table 33: Recommended Fire Intervals for Threatened Species Species

Habitat

Chiloglottis platyptera


Priority

No fire. Manual hazard reduction should involve no slashing or tree removal (RFS 2013).

Not identified

No fire. Manual hazard reduction should involve no slashing or tree removal (RFS 2013).

High

Cryptocarya foetida Eucalyptus nicholii Pterostylis elegans

Restricted distribution

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Table 34: Recommended Fire Intervals for Endangered Ecological Communities Endangered Ecological Community (EEC)

Mapping Unit


Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps Bioregions

518


Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide of the New England Tableland Bioregion

518

Incorporate the ecological community into existing fire management plans

Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South and NSW North Coast Bioregions

582


Table 35: Recommended fire intervals for Vegetation Community (Keith Formation) in the Mummel Gulf Reserves Vegetation Community


Rainforests



Fire management intervals minimum every 15 years, maximum every 35 years



Grassy Woodlands


Forested Wetlands


Freshwater Wetlands

7-indefinate depending on subtype Lagoons have no requirement for fire (see Hunter & Bell 2013)

Heathlands

Fire management interval 7-100+ years depending on sub-type. (see Hunter 2003).

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6.5.2 Fire Management Recommendations for threatened species and EECs There are few threatened species records in the Mummel Gulf Reserves, P. elegans occurs on the central eastern boundary of the NP and occurs within or close proximity to the Carex Sedgeland EEC. The NPWS Fire Management Strategy developed in 2006 for the Mummel Gulf Reserves designated the Strategic Fire Advantage Zone just south of P. elegans and Carex Sedgeland site. To ensure protection and appropriate management of all known threatened species and EECs it is suggested to incorporate all threatened species and EECs locations into the updated Fire Management Strategy. The Strategic Fire Advantage Zone (SFAZ) actively maintains fuel hazard reduction. The designated narrow zone runs along the eastern boundary of the NP from New Country Swamp area to River Road. The northern part of SFAZ contains Holcus lanatus. Targeted surveys and control of this high priority weed species is recommended prior to scheduled hazard reduction burns. Follow-up weed control 6 to 12 months post Hazard Reduction Burns is also recommended.

6.6 Weed and Pest Species 6.6.1 Weed Species The Regional Pest Strategy developed for the Northern Tablelands Region (DECC 2008-2011) identified Blackberry and Nodding Thistle as a significant weed posing a threat to the conservation value of the Mummel Gulf Reserves. Coolatai Grass and St John’s Wort have been identified as posing a potential threat if left unchecked. Copeland (2007) recorded 20 introduced/exotic species within Mummel Gulf SCA, representing just 4.7% of the total flora. The low percentage of weed species in the reserve is attributed to limited access and a vegetation buffer reducing the likelihood of weed invasion. Weed invasion is also low within the more historically cleared areas on the western side of the reserve on the Plateau. Comprehensive weed and native species list was not available for Mummel Gulf NP. For this study, a comprehensive weed species list for the entire study area can be referred to in Appendix 40. The Weed Species table is comprised of the total number of weed species recorded during the field surveys and the latest BIONET records. The species were categorised as high, medium and low priorities based on the noxious weeds listing, distribution, potential weed incursion and impact on conservation values of each weed species within each reserve. A total of 6 high priority weed species were identified during the vegetation surveys at both Mummel Gulf Reserves and include:       

Crofton Weed (Ageratina adenophora) Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus) Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans) Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus sp. agg.). Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fluminensis)

Medium priority weeds identified include Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare), Cyperus congesta, Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus eragrostis), Reed Cane Grass (Glyceria maxima),

105


There are also 3 high priority weeds that were not identified during the field surveys or the present in the BIONET database and include; Coolatai Grass, Nodding Thistle and St Johns Wort (NPWS 2012). The following Species Profiles provide comprehensive information on the species and recommendations for management and control of all identified high priority weeds within the Mummel Gulf Reserves.

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SPECIES PROFILE - Ageratina adenophora Common Name

Crofton Weed


No

Status

Environmental Weed

Distribution and Abundance within the Mummel Gulf Reserves

Crofton Weed predominantly grows within disturbed moist sites on fertile soils. The field surveys recorded Crofton Weed in Mummel NP along Dicks Hut Fire Trail and River Road. The infestations are ubiquitous in the lower lying creek and river sections of the Mummel Gulf Reserves.

Dispersal Habitat Impacts

Crofton Weed is known to degrade creeklines and wetland/damp areas. Where infestations are widespread and dense it also has the potential to displace native vegetation. Reduce the ecological value of riparian and wetland communities.


Target Crofton Weed annually along the major drainage lines commencing along the upper reaches of the Mummel Gulf Reserves where infestations are scattered to patchy. Priority should be given to small isolated infestations to effectively reduce and control the spread.

Control Methods

Integrated management approach is required over a minimum of 5 years to affectively control and or prevent further spread includes:




Prior to control works identify the presence of threatened species or threatened species habitat.



Manual removal of small infestations ensuring the crowns are removed to prevent re-growth



For larger, widespread infestations a combination of slashing followed by herbicide control once the plant has grown to 40cm is effective control method.



Appropriate Herbicide application is detailed in DPI’s NSW Environmental and Noxious Weed Handbook



Map all existing infestations including widespread infestations within the lower reaches of the reserve to inform effective long-term management and control in the medium to longterm i.e. 5 to 10 years



Monitor extent of regrowth following weed control works to inform priority management actions in the medium to longterm.

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SPECIES PROFILE - Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Name

Annual Ragweed


No

Status

Class 5 Noxious Weed, Restricted Plant in NSW, ‘There are no requirements to control existing plants of Class 5 weeds. However, the weeds are "notifiable" and a range of restrictions on their sale and movement exists’


Bionet database has one record of Annual Ragweed located on the south-eastern corner of Mummel NP (Map 23). No other records of Annual Ragweed was identified

Dispersal

Seeds spread by floodwater, stock

Habitat

Occupies roadsides, disturbed areas and wastelands. The pollen is known to cause hay fever and affect asthma sufferers.

Impacts


The Noxious Weeds Act specifies that Annual Ragweed is a restricted and notifiable weed. The impact on native vegetation is unknown, therefore eradication and control of this weed is a high priority. Priorties for control include:    

Control Methods


Identify extent of known infestations target all isolated and scattered infestations To reduce spread slash larger infestations prior to flowering Undertake staged herbicide control of dense and widespread infestations

An integrated weed management approach is required to reduce and to eradicate the known Annual Ragweed infestation. This should include manual control of small isolated plants, appropriate herbicide application of larger infestation i.e patchy to widespread and investigate biological control options. May need to establish herbide control trials to identify most appropriate and effective approach 

Map extent of all existing and new Annual Ragweed infestations



Undertake monitoring of all known infestations annually to ascertain the effectiveness of weed control works.

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SPECIES PROFILE - Holcus lanatus Common Name

Yorkshire Fog


No

Status

Environmental Weed


Widespread throughout Mummel National Park

Dispersal

Reproduces by seed which are spread by wind and water.

Habitat

Most invasive in wet soils in sunny or semi-shady sites.

Impacts

Potential to adversely impact on freshwater wetland communities including Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tablelands and Montane Peatland and Swamps, which are both listed as Endangered Ecological Communities.


Yorkshire Fog Grass was identified at 6 six surveys sites and mainly concentrated within drainage lines and wetland areas in the north of Mummel NP and along the north eastern boundary of the NP. This weed has become widespread and is a high priority for control and containment (MAPS 22 & 23). The main priorities include:    

Control Methods

Comprehensive weed control works at sites containing Carex Sedgeland and Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide and Pterostylis elegans habitat. Target all scattered to patchy infestation to reduce further spread commencing from the upper reaches of the reserve. Target all roadside infestations to reduce the spread into other areas. Clean machinery prior to and entering and leaving NP roads and trails in accordance with accepted Hygiene Protocols.



Isolated plants should be removed prior to flowering



For well established infestations regular slashing prior to flowering will reduce further spread.



Herbicide control may be difficult on established infestations; a comprehensive control and containment strategy is recommended to ensure an adaptive management program is implemented over a 5 to 10 year framework.

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

Map the extent of all established and new infestations within sites containing EECs and threatened species habitat



Map all roadside infestations and along drainage channels to assist with prioritizing weed control activities



Undertake baseline monitoring of all sites containing EECs and threatened species habitat, prior to control works and then 6 and 12 months post weed control works to identify effectiveness.

SPECIES PROFILE - Leucanthemum vulgare Common Name

Oxeye Daisy


No

Status

Environmental


Oxeye Daisy was recorded at one location along Dick Fire Hut Trail in the centre of the National Park. There has been a recent increased expansion rate across a number area in the NSW Tablelands. Oxeye Daisy was not observed during the field investigations; however it is likely scattered and isolated patches occurs in other parts of both the NP and SCA.

Dispersal

Mainly spreads by seeds which are very long-lived and viable for up to 6 years

Habitat

Occupies woodland and wetland areas in the Mummel Gulf Reserves, more commonly occurs along roadsides and cleared or disturbed land.

Impacts

Has the potential to displace intact native vegetation.


Control Methods



Control and reduce the Oxeye Daisy infestation along Dick Hut Fire Trail



Annual inspections and control of Oxeye Daisy along roadsides, trails and cleared areas to prevent the spread into intact native vegetation.



Manual removal of isolated patches is effective



Chemical control of isolated patches can also be effective.



Liaise with Kosciuszko NPWS regarding their current containment and asset protection program. Research is being undertaken to identify best practice management techniques. Control activities is being undertaken to contain current infestations as well as preventing the establishment of new infestations. 110





Annually undertake targeted searches in suitable habitat during known flowering times



Map all existing and controlled infestations to information control and management priorities.

SPECIES PROFILE -Rubus anglocandicans & Rubus fruticosus sp. agg. Common Name

Blackberry


Yes

Status



Blackberry predominantly occurs within wetter areas, along rivers and creeks of the Mummel Reserves

Dispersal


Habitat

Predominantly damp areas, swamps, wetlands and riparian zones, disturbance areas and road reserves

Impacts

Blackberry is a significant weed in the Mummel Gulf Reserves containing widespread infestations and has the potential to further displace native species and communities. Large dense and established infestations can restrict access to watercourses.




Target Blackberry annually along the major drainage lines commencing along the upper reaches of the Mummel Gulf Reserves. Priority should be given to small isolated infestations to effectively reduce and control the spread.



Target all Blackberry infestations within identified EECs sites including Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New Egland Tablelands, Upland Wetlands of the Drainge Divide and Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland.

111


Control Methods


Apply appropriate control methods depending on the density and extent of the infestations. A number of options are available to implement an adaptive management approach including: 

Identify appropriate timing of works to ensure that there will be no direct impact on the 2 Threatened Orchids and their habitat.



Spot spraying and or splatter gun as per herbicide label twice per year for the first 2 years and then annually for the following 7 years or as required.



Areas of known threatened species location and habitat, identify appropriate timing to ensure



Where widespread infestations occur in isolated and remote areas, investigate the release of a suitable biocontrol agent such as Blackberry leaf rust, which is known to slow the rate of growth.






Undertake targeted threatened species surveys once every 3 to 5 years post weed control

112


Map 23: High priority weed species within the Mummel Gulf reserves

113


6.6.2 Pest Species Management NPWS 2012 identified Feral pigs, Foxes and Wild Dogs as significant pests with established widespread populations, which may also have a significant impact on threatened and significant flora species. Dear also pose a threat and has been identified as an encroaching pest with the potential to impact on conservation values. Suggested Control Priorities The following provides recommended control priorities for the Mummel Gulf Reserves:  

Investigate and map the correlation between the presence of foxes and the location and spread of Blackberry infestations Undertake Feral Pig control in areas where known feral pig populations are impacting on threatened species habitat and Endangered Ecological Communities (Maps 21 & 22).

6.7 Important Ecological Influences The Mummel Gulf reserves contain a dramatic altitudinal and geological change from tableland rim to valley floor, centered on the wild and rugged Mummel River. It encompasses a larger and more significant tributary to the Manning River which is largely a south-west facing aspect overall. The protected internal basin area or V-shaped gorge or Gulf runs through the entire NP, as apposed to Carrai which was a plateau. Mummel Gulf NP still contains a reasonable area of upland tablelands plateau. The area receives moderate rainfall of 900 to 1200 millimetres which is reflected by the presence of extensive dry sclerophyll forests, including large areas of pristine rainforest supporting a number of threatened and endemic flora species. A total of 24 plant community types were identified which also encompasses warm temperate forests.

6.8 Conclusions & Recommendations for Further Work 6.8.1 Conclusions The Mummel Reserves covers a total area of 15,289 hectares supporting a range of vegetation communities including dry and wet sclerophyll forests, subtropical rainforests and old growth forests. The vegetation surveys and mapping identified a total of 29 Plant Community Types in the Mummel Reserves; two vegetation communities were unassigned to a mapping unit and include Grey Myrtle Tea Tree Dry Rainforest and Blake’s Wattle Srcubs of the Northern Escarpment. The most dominant communities include Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby sub-formation) including the most dominant through the National Park is Messmate Open forest, Dry Sclerophyll Forests were dominated by New England Blackbutt-Diehard Stringybark dry open forest of the escarpment. Two threatened species Chiloglottis platyptera (Barrington Tops Ant Orchid) and Pterostylis elegans (Elegant Greenhood) occurs on moist areas amongst grasses and ferns in Montane forests. Three Endangered Ecological Communities were also identified during the mapping and vegetation survey, the extent and distribution is highly restricted and include- Carex Sedge land of the New England Tableland, Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland and Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide

114


Development and implementation of a fire management plan is identified through OEH Priorities Action Statement for C. platyptera to ensure the protection this species and their habitats. P. elegans has a restricted distribution. Fire management of this is species has been identified as high by the Rural Fire Service Threatened Species List for fire management.

6.8.2 Recommendations for Further Work The following provides an overview of the key management recommendations: Fire Management Key Recommendations for fire management for threatened species and endangered ecological communities include    

Develop a fire management plan for Chiloglottis platyptera and Pterostylis elegans, incorporate appropriate fire management thresholds for each threatened species into the updated Fire Management Strategy. Identify specific fire management thresholds for all identified Endangered Ecological Communities Map all known and new threatened species populations into the updated Fire Management Strategy to ensure appropriate asset management is implemented for all identified species Develop and implement a monitoring program to assess the condition of Threatened Species habitat prior and post planned fire regimes and unplanned fire events.

Weed Control Years 1 to 3 - Map all identified high priority weeds and any new weed incursions that have the potential to adversely and negatively impact on known threatened species populations and EECs. Target all identified priority weeds within EECs and Threatened Species habitat, biannually for the first 2 years then annually or as required. Pests Animal Control Undertake Feral Pig control within areas containing identified threatened species populations and EECs.

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7 Nowendoc National Park 7.1 Location & Description Nowendoc National Park is located approximately 50 kilometres south of Walcha, on the high eastern edge of the southern New England Tablelands. The Nowendoc NP covers a total area of 17,374 hectares (Map 24). Originally owned by State Forests, a total of three land parcels were gradually handed over from 1999 to 2008 a direct result of the North East Regional Forest Agreement (NPWS 2012)

Map 24: The Nowendoc National Park study area

116


In 2011, approximately 14,000 hectares of Curracabundi Wilderness area was declared, which covers approximately 80% of the NP. It supports a variety of unique and endemic native flora species, at least 5 threatened plant species and 2 endangered ecological communities. A total of 30 forest ecosystems have been recorded ranging from sclerophyll forests to old growth forest containing widespread New England Blackbutt (Eucalyptus campanulata) and Diehard Stringybark (E. cameronii) Messmate stringybark ( E. obliqua). Small areas of peatland/swamp occurring north of Ruby’s Nob is consistent with the Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland EEC. A vast altitudinal distance from the tableland rim to the valley floor has created a deep V-shaped gorge that runs through the middle of Nowendoc National Park. The wide rainfall range varies from 700 to 1100 millimeters influencing the ecosystem diversity across the landscape (NPWS 2012). Nowendoc National Park supports a variety of unique ecosystems ranging from subtropical rainforests featuring figs, giant stinging trees and myrtles to narrow sheltered gullies (NPWS 2012).

7.2 History of Land Use The Tablelands were described by the European Explorers John Oxley and Allan Cunningham in 1880 as heavily timbered with some naturally cleared areas suitable for agriculture (NPWS 2012). By the 1900’s cattle and sheep grazing were well established in the Tablelands. The main landuse activities in the planning area included logging of Red Cedar in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Further logging throughout inaccessible areas was undertaken by an adjacent landholder and his employees utilising heavy machinery and winches in the 1940’s, which has remained in Nowendoc National Park. Hardwood logging also occurred in the late 1940’s but was limited due to the inaccessible terrain. Nowendoc National Park was formaly part of Tuggolo State Forest, where a large scale pine plantation was established adjacent to the National Park.

7.3 Description of Vegetation Communities Table 36 provides details of the vegetation communities identified in the Nowendoc Natonal Park. Where possible PCT descriptions have included the local variation based on the analysis of sites contained within the study area, both old and new. Where insufficient site data exists descriptions have relied on information contained within the VIS. Detailed Community Profiles are provided on each of these communities and included in the Appendices 2-38.

117


Table 36: Vegetation Community Profiles within the Nowendoc National Park Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

Rainforests

Dry Rainforests

1142

Shatterwood - Giant Stinging Tree Yellow Tulipwood dry rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion

Appendix 4

1294


Appendix 6


1130


Appendix 6


824


Appendix 8

1201

Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 9



1194


Appendix 12



745

Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 15

934

Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North

Appendix 14

118


Formation

Class

PCT

Community

Profile Reference

Coast Bioregionand New England Tableland Bioregion



984


Appendix 16

1238

Sydney Blue Gum New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 18

1323

White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges of the North Coast

Appendix 20


979


Appendix 10


-

Blake’s Wattle Scrubs of the Northern Escarpment

Appendix 22


526


Appendix 23

964


119


Formation

Class


PCT

Community

Profile Reference

996

New England Peppermint Snowgum grassy woodland on granitic substrates of the New England Tableland Bioregion

Appendix 25

868


Appendix 27

983


Appendix 28

1273

Thin-leaved Stringybark - Broadleaved Apple open forest of the gorges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion

Appendix 29

Forested Wetlands


1106


Appendix 33

Freshwater Wetlands


582


Appendix 35

Sod Tussock Grassland Heathlands


-

Rock Outcrop

Appendix 38

-

Grass Tree - Hop Bush Shrubland

Appendix 36

120


Map 25 Plant Community Types (PCTs) in the Nowendoc Reserves

121


7.4 Plant Species of Conservation Significance 7.4.1 Threatened Flora Species A total of 4 threatened species have been recorded through several field investigations including (Map 26):  Old records of Cryptostylis hunteriana and Euphrasia ciliolata just inside the western boundary of the National Park.  Thesium australe which occurs along the northwest of the NP near Geraween homestead and within the Icon Block respectively (NPWS 2012)  Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina has also been recorded at Callaghans Canyon. No threatened species were identified during the recent field investigations.

122


Map 26: Threatened flora species in Nowendoc National Park

123


Cryptostylis hunteriana Common Name

Leafless Tongue Orchid

Family

Orchidaceae

Growth Form

Saprophytic terrestrial herb

Flowering Period

December - February

Habitat

Grow in a variety of habitat predominantly in swamp-heath on sandy soils, chiefly in coastal districts, south from the Gibraltar Range (Plantnet)

Fire Response

Not known

TSC Act 1995

Vulnerable

EPBC Act 1999

Vulnerable


Occurs in NSW, Victoria and Queenland

Populations within Nowendoc National Park

One occurrence east of Myall Creek, near Pine Plantation


C. hunteriana also occurs in Ngulin Nature Reserve

Management Actions

124


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 7: Cryptostylis hunteriana

125


Euphrasia ciliolata. Common Name

Poleblue eyebright, although this common name is not recommened given its more widespread distribution.

Family

Orobanchaceae

Growth Form

Erect annual herb

Flowering Period

Autumn

Habitat

The species is restricted to the northern tablelands and grows in grassy sites near bogs or swamps and in subalpine woodland

Fire Response

Likely to be killed by fire

TSC Act 1995

Vulnerable

EPBC Act 1999

Not Listed


From Deepwater in northern NSW south to the Barrington Tops


One location on the eastern boundary of Nowendoc SF, head of gully, NW of Nowendoc


Common in two populations in Werrikimbe NP with a Wildlife Atlas record also plotting on the western boundary of CottanBimbang NP. Copeland L.M.( 2007)

Management Actions

Undertake targeted surveys along the eastern boundary of Nowendoc SF where popluations are known to occur and sites containing suitable habitat to establish the distribution and extent within the Park Maintain appropriate fire regime Assess habitat condition

126


Photo by: Lachlan Copeland Photograph 8: Euphrasia ciliolata.

127


SPECIES PROFILE - Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina Common Name

Tall Velvet Sea-berry

Family

Haloragaceae

Growth Form

Erect shrub to 1 m tall.

Flowering Period


Habitat

Grows in a variety of habitats, but mostly in rocky areas along creeklines.

Fire Response

Unknown


Vulnerable


Vulnerable


Exact distribution is uncertain, but probably scattered south from southern Qld into central NSW.


One occurrence along the eastern boundary of Nowendoc State Forest, head of gully, NW of Nowendoc


Known from several localities along creeklines in Oxley Wild Rivers NP (e.g. Youdales Hut, upstream of Riverside, below Tia Falls, and above Smalls Ck) and from a single population in Nowendoc NP (Callaghans Canyon).

Management Actions

Targeted searches of suitable Haloragis exalata subspecies velutina habitat to identify extent and distrubtion in the Reserves Undertake Lantana and Blackberry control within knownhabitat areas Identify key direct impacts on known popluations including, grazing, and pest animal species including feral pigs

128


Photograph 9: Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina

129


Thesium australe Common Name

Austral Toadflax

Family

Santalaceae

Growth Form

Spreading parasitic herb to 20 cm tall.

Flowering Period

Spring to Summer

Habitat

Grows in grassy areas on deeper soils, usually amongst tussocks of native grasses.

Fire Response

Unknown -

TSC Act 1995

Vulnerable

EPBC Act 1999

Vunlerable


Widspread throughout eastern Australia


Single population in Nowendoc National Park,on the northwest section, 700m NE of "Geraween" homestead


Known from several populations in Oxley Wild Rivers NP and single population and Werrikimbe NPs.

Management Actions

Monitor fluctuations in population size.

130


Photograph 10: Thesium australe

7.4.2 Rare or Endemic Flora Species Pultenaea campbellii occurs along the northwest of the National Park, P. campbellii has been combined with the more widespread P. setulosa which is not considered rare. This taxonomic change has not been widely accepted, however, and P. campbellii is probably still distinct enough to be maintained at the species level. Although previously on the NSW TSC Act and the EPBC Act as vulnerable P. campbellii has been removed (Copeland 2007). Euphrasia orthocheila subsp. orthocheila is no longer listed as threatened was recorded within the Icon Block on the north western side of the NP (Copeland 2007).

131


Table 37: Rare and/or Endemic species found in the Nowendoc national Park Species Name

Common Name

Endemic

Carex capillacea

None

No

Chionogentias barringtonensis

None

Yes

Euphrasia orthocheila subsp. orthocheila

None

No

Pultenaea campbellii

New England bush pea

Yes to Northern Tablelands

7.4.3 Endangered Ecological Community Two endangered ecological communities are present within the NP and include Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South and NSW Coast Bioregions Woodland on Basalts. The extent and distribution is restricted to relatively small patches on the far north western corner and western boundary near Ruby’s Nob Road. New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova anglica) Woodland on Basalts and Sediment in the New England Tableland Bioregion occurs north of the NP (Map 27).

EECs


PCT


Two small patches to the north of the NP and two small patches along the north western boundary near Ruby’s Nob Road

582

Listed TSC Act,E: New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova anglica) Woodland on Basalts and Sediments in the New England Tableland Bioregion

Three small patches north of the NP

Nowendoc NP: 7.4 ha

Nowendoc NP: 38.7 ha

132

996


Map 27: Endangered Ecological Communities in Nowendoc National Park

133


7.5 Fire Ecology The southern boundary sections have been subjected to frequent fires (NPWS, 2005), which originated from neighbouring properties. The impact of fire on threatened species is unknown. In accordance with the NPWS 2005 Fire Management Strategy approximately 90% of the Park is designated a land management zone, which aims to conserve biodiversity and protect cultural heritage. An area along the north eastern boundary of the NP near East Myall Creek is designated Strategic Fire Advantage Zones, requiring maintaining overall fuel hazard at high. No threatened species or endangered ecological communities are located within this area. The following outlines recommended fire intervals and management for threatened species and vegetation communities including Endangered Ecological Communities.

7.5.1 Recommended Fire Intervals and Fire Management of Threatened Species, EECS and Vegetation Communities Table 38: Recommended Fire Intervals for Threatened Species Species

Habitat

Recommended Interval/Management

Fire Priority

Cryptostylis hunteriana

Grows in a wide variety of No fire – more than once every 10 habitats from the mountains years. Manual hazard reduction should involve no slashing or tree to the coast removal (RFS 2013).

Euphrasia ciliolata

Range of habitats on various No fire. Manual hazard reduction should involve no slashing or tree substrates removal (RFS 2013).

Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina

Variety of habitats, but mostly No fire – more than once every 10 in rocky areas along creeklines years. Manual hazard reduction

Thesium australe

Grassy areas on deeper soils, usually amongst tussocks of native grasses.

should involve no slashing or tree removal (RFS 2013).

No fire - more than once every 5 years (RFS 2013).

134


Table 39: Recommended Fire Intervals for Endangered Ecological Communities Endangered Ecological Community (EEC)

Mapping Recommended Fire Unit Interval/Management

Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South and NSW North Coast Bioregions

582


New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova‑anglica) Woodland on Basalts and Sediments in the New England Tableland Bioregion

996


Table 40: Recommended fire intervals for Vegetation Community (Keith Formation) in Nowendoc National Park Vegetation Community


Rainforests



Fire management intervals minimum every 15 years, maximum every 35 years



Grassy Woodlands


Forested Wetlands


Freshwater Wetlands

7-indefinate depending on subtype Lagoons have no requirement for fire (see Hunter & Bell 2013)

Heathlands

Fire management interval 7-100+ years depending on sub-type. (see Hunter 2003).

7.5.2 Fire Management Recommendations for threatened species The fire responses of Cryptostylis hunteriana - as a saprophyte it may be killed by an intense fire but may survive fires of low intensity and would possibly resprout the following season. Euphrasia ciliolata is likely to be killed by fire. The fire response is unknown for Thesium australe and Haloragis exalata subspecies velutina. Fire Management recommendations may include: 1. Update all new and existing threatened species records and incorporate into the updated Fire Management Strategy. 2. Undertake monitoring of Haloragis exalata subspecies velutina and Thesium australe response to wildfire and planned fire events to inform the development appropriate fire thresholds and management prescriptions and incorporate into the updated Fire Management Strategy. 3. Where possible avoid planned fires within Euphrasia ciliolata habitat.

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7.6 Weed and Pest Species Management 7.6.1 Weed Management Seven high priority weeds have been recorded within Nowendoc National Park (refer to Map 28). These include:  Yorkshire Fog Grass (Holcus lanatus)  St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)  Lantana (Lantana camara)  Prickly Pear (Opuntia stricta)  Self Heal (Prunella vulgaris)  Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans)  Noogoora Burr (Xanthium occidentale) The NPWS Pest Species Management Strategy has identified Blackberry and Lantana as a significant weed, which is widespread in the NP, impacting on native vegetation and biodiversity values. The following provides a detailed profile of the all the identified high priority weeds:

SPECIES PROFILE - Holcus lanatus Common Name

Yorkshire Fog Grass


No

Status

Environmental Weed

Distribution and Abundance within the Nowendoc National Park

Is widespread along the north-western boundary along Ruby’s Nob Road and Hams Hut Management Trail.

Dispersal

Seeds can be spread by mud and machinery, transported by animals

Habitat

Most invasive in wet soils and semi-shaded areas

Impacts

Has the potential to displace native vegetation the EEC listed Carex Sedgeland of the England Tableland.


   

Control all isolated patches and individual plants to prevent further spread. Slash widespread infestations prior to flowering particularly along roadsides Prior to herbicide application undertake targeted surveys for threatened species including Thesium australe. Spot spray patchy infestations, particularly where it is encroaching on native vegetation. Investigate most appropriate herbicide for Yorkshire Fog Grass

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Control Methods




Isolated plants should be manually removed prior to flowering



For well established infestations regular slashing prior to flowering will reduce further spread.



Herbicide control may be difficult on established infestations; a comprehensive control and containment strategy is recommended to ensure an adaptive management program is implemented over a 5 to 10 year framework.



Map the extent of all established and new infestations within sites containing EECs and threatened species habitat



Map all roadside infestations and along drainage channels to assist with prioritising weed control activities



Undertake baseline monitoring of all sites containing EECs and threatened species habitat, prior to control works and then 6 and 12 months post weed control works to identify effectiveness.

SPECIES PROFILE - Hypercium perforatum Common Name

St John’s Wort


No

Status



Identified at one location on the southern side of the National Park

Dispersal

Spread by seed, growth of rhizomes and movement of cut sections of rhizomes.

Habitat

Disturbed habitats, meadows and fields, shores of rivers or lakes

Impacts

Impacts on pasture and grazing land

Recommended Management Activities Priorities for Control Control Methods

 

Target all known identified infestations Reduce spread to other sections of the NP



Manual control of St Johns wort is not effective as new roots can reproduce form buds that grow on the roosts Spot spray isolated infestations applying appropriate herbicides including Triclopyr + picloram and glyphosate, which are both registered for St John’s Wort. Apply when plants are actively flowering from November to January. Map all existing ad all new weed incursions

  Monitoring and Mapping



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SPECIES PROFILE - Lantana camara Common Name

Lantana


Yes

Status

Class 4 noxious Weed


Two sites at Nowendoc

Dispersal


Habitat

Predominantly damp areas, swamps, dry rainforests, wetlands and riparian zones and disturbance areas and road reserves.

Impacts

Lantana has displaced plant communities in some areas of the Park and prevented recruitment of native species


 

Control Methods


Target Lantana annually within identified EECs, especially Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland along the far northwest boundary of the Park Target all isolated and patchy infestations

Apply appropriate control methods depending on the density and extent of the infestations. A number of options are available to implement an adaptive management approach including:  Manual removal of individual plants.  Cut/paint individual plants or small isolated patches particularly within EECS and threatened species habitat.  Spot spraying and or splatter gun as per label twice per year for the first 2 years and then annually for the following 7 years or as required.  Where widespread infestations occur in isolated and remote areas, investigate the release of a suitable biocontrol agent such as a leaf rust (Prospodium tuberculatum) (OEH, 2011)  Map all existing and new infestations to inform priorities for control particularly within sites containing EECs and threatened species habitat.

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SPECIES PROFILE - Opuntia stricta Common Name

Prickly Pear


Yes

Status

Class 4 Noxious Weeds


Recorded at one location near the southern boundary of the NP

Dispersal

Spread by seed or vegetatively by segments that root where they contact the ground

Habitat

It inhabits open woodlands, rangelands, grasslands, pastures, waterways, roadsides, railway lines, disturbed sites and waste areas.

Impacts

Opuntia stricta has the potential to displace native vegetation and impact on biodiversity values


  

Control Methods     Monitoring and Mapping

 

Treat small isolated infestation to prevent them from establishing Where possible undertake weed control prior to flowering Ensure regular follow-up control is implemented to enureinfestation is reduced and contained Adaptive management control is required deping on the extent of infestation and may include the following methods Manual control of individual, ensure entire plant is removed Plants can be treated by herbicide stem injections in accordance with label instructions. Controlled burns could be used for small, isolated stands but it will not penetrate large stands. Biological control - The moth Cactoblastis cactorum feeds on this plant in its larval stages Map extent all known and new infestations. Undertake annual monitoring of any biological releases

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SPECIES PROFILE - Prunella vulgaris Common Name

Self Heal


No

Status

Environmental


Occurs along the far north-western corner of the Park, within the more open areas. P. vulgaris is widespread.

Dispersal

Seeds spread via wind and water. Can also spread vegetively

Habitat

Prefers waterlogged and moist/damp areas, occurs in disturbed sites and roadsides

Impacts

Potential to impact on Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland.


 

Control Methods


    

Target individual plants and isolated patches to prevent spread to other areas Focus on the far northwestern corner of the reserve to contain the infestation Undertake targeted searches and control within EECs Manually control individual plants For widespread infestations investigate appropriate herbicide application Map all known and new infestations Establish baseline monitoring program to identify and develop effective control methodologies.

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SPECIES PROFILE – Rubus anglcandicans &Rubus fruticosus sp. agg. Common Name

Blackberry


Yes

Status

Environmental Class 4 Noxious Weed


Both Blackberry species predominantly occurs within wetter areas, along rivers and creeks. In Nowendoc NP, small infestations occur within the more open and disturbed areas along the western boundary (NPWS 2012). Major ongoing control programs have been undertaken in Nowendoc which have effectively reduced the extent.

Dispersal


Habitat

Predominantly damp areas, swamps, wetlands and riparian zones and disturbance areas and road reserves

Impacts

Blackberry is a significant weed in the NP and has the potential to displace intact native vegetation. Large, dense and established infestations can restrict access to watercourses.


Control Methods



Continue targeting Blackberry in accordance with the Pest Species Management Strategy



Target the major drainage lines commencing along the upper reaches of Nowendoc. Priority should be given to small isolated infestations to effectively reduce and control the spread.



Target all Blackberry infestations within identified EECs, particularly along the north western boundaries.

Apply appropriate control methods depending on the density and extent of the infestations. A number of options are available to develop an adaptive management approach including: 

Undertake targeted searches of known threatened plant species prior to the commencement of weed control works.



Spot spray and or splatter gun application method as per label twice per year for the first 2 years and then annually for the following 7 years or as required.



Where widespread infestations occur in isolated and remote areas, investigate the release of a suitable biocontrol agent such as Blackberry leaf rust, which is known to slow the rate of growth.

141








Undertake targeted threatened species surveys once every 3 to 5 years post weed control

SPECIES PROFILE - Xanthium occientale Common Name

Noogoora Burr


No

Status


Distribution and Abundance Occurs at one location, north of the NP within the Nowendoc National Park Dispersal

Spread by seed in burrs. Burrs are spread attached to animals, clothing and bags. Burrs float and are moved by water. Weed Wise

Habitat

Creeklines, riparian zones, disturbance areas

Impacts

Displaces native vegetation and has the potential to prevent access to creeklines


 

Control Methods

Integrated and adaptive management approach is required depending on the severity of the infestation:    


Undertake weed control prior to flowering or seeding to prevent and reduce spread and seed source Target all creeklines and riparian zones, damp areas containing habitat for threatened species and EECs

  

Herbicide application for widespread infestations Slashing of widespread infestations followed by herbice application of smaller areas For smaller infestations – cut/paint application of spot spray isolated patches. Undertake medium term i.e. 1 to 6 years maintenance control to effectively reduce the infestation particularly within areas containing threatened species and EECs Undertake targeted threatened species surveys of known populations prior to control works. Develop and implement monitoring program to ascertain effectiveness of control methods Map high priority infestations.

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Map 28: High priority weed species within Nowendoc National Park

143


7.6.2 Pest Species Management A number of pest animal species have been identified as a significant pest in the Nowendoc National Park and include dear, feral goats, feral horses, feral pigs, foxes and wild dogs. These species have been identified as having a major impact on native vegetation and biodiversity vaues and therefore there is legal responsibility to control these species.

7.7 Important Ecological Influences Similar to the Mummel Reserves, Nowendoc supports extensive areas of old growth forest and important high order species including the Spotted-tailed Quoll, (Dasyurus maculatus), Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua), Sooty Owl (Tyto Tenebricosa) and the Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae). Nowendoc National Park contains 22 Plant Community Types, five plant and eighteen animal species listed as threatened under the TSC Act. It also conserves significant areas of two endangered ecological communities.

7.8 Conclusions & Recommendations for Further Work 7.8.1 Conclusions Nowendoc National Park covers a total area 17,374 hectares supporting a range of vegetation communities including dry and wet sclerophyll forests, subtropical rainforests and old growth forests. The vegetation surveys and mapping identified a total of 20 Plant Community Types in Nowendoc NP; one vegetation community was unassigned to a mapping unit and includes Blake’s Wattle Srcubs of the Northern Escarpment. The most dominant communities include Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby sub-formation) particularly Messmate Open forest and Dry Sclerophyll Forests dominated by New England Blackbutt-Diehard Stringybark dry open forest of the escarpment. Four threatened species were recorded, Thesium australe grows in grassy areas on deeper soils, usually amongst tussocks of native grasses, Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina and Cryptostylis hunteriana grows mainly in rocky areas along creeklines and Euphrasia ciliolata grows in a variety of habitats. Two very restricted EECs also occur on the northern boundaries of the NP and include Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland and New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus novanglica) Woodland on Basalts

7.8.2 Recommendations The following provides an overview of the key management recommendations: Fire Management Key Recommendations for fire management for threatened species and endangered ecological communities include  

Develop a fire management plan for the identified EECs and threatened species habitats. Identify specific fire management thresholds for all identified Endangered Ecological Communities

144


  

Incorporate appropriate fire management thresholds for each threatened species into the updated Fire Management Strategy Map all known and new threatened species populations into the updated Fire Management Strategy to ensure appropriate asset management is implemented for all identified species Develop and implement a monitoring program to assess the condition of Threatened Species habitat prior and post planned fire regimes and unplanned fire events

Weed Control Years 1 to 3 - Map all identified high priority weeds and any new weed incursions that have the potential to adversely and negatively impact on known threatened species populations and EECs. Target all identified priority weeds within EECs and Threatened Species habitat, biannually for the first 2 years then annually or as required. Pest Species Control Undertake Feral Pig control within areas containing identified threatened species populations and EECs.

145


8 Overall Conclusions & Recommendations 1.

Weed Control and Pest Species Control

This study identified a number of high priority weeds that have the potential to have widespread impact on EECs, threatened species habitat and biodiversity values including Lantana, Blackberry, Annual Ragweed, Self Heal and Yorkshire Fog. The vegetation study provides a number of management recommendations for fire management, weed and pest species control providing a framework for the development and implementation of weed control plans. The key management recommendations for the entire study area include;        

2.

Develop and or include fire management thresholds fore identified EEC’s and threatened species Incorporate EECs and Threatened Species sites into updated Fire Management Plan and Strategies Develop and implement a condition monitoring and assessment program of threatened species habitats prior to and post planned and wildfire events Develop fire management plan specifically for all identified EECs and threatened species Map and control high priority weeds particularly within EECs and threatened species habitat Monitoring of treated areas to inform management priorities and effective control methodologies Undertake Pest animal control programs within high priority areas i.e. EEC and threatened species habitat, particularly where there a known and identified impacts on threatened species i.e. Feral Pigs and Dear. Investigate and map the correlation between the presence of foxes and the location and spread of Blackberry infestations

Funding and encouragement of future research

A number of staff and postgraduate students at the University of New England (UNE) have an ongoing interest in researching the taxonomy and ecology of rare plants and vegetation communities on the Northern Tablelands. These academics are based in the Botany and Ecosystem Management Departments at UNE. Further collaboration with leading academics such as Caroline Gross, Guy Ballard, Nick Reid, Karl Verness and John T. Hunter should be encouraged.

3.

Vegetation classification and mapping

Some vegetation assemblages have greater turnover between sites leading to greater floristic change over short distances, this is particularly true for isolated and naturally patchy systems such as rock outcrops and at times wetlands. This makes sampling them under a general gap analysis problematic as they require proportionately more survey sites than a general analysis would suggest. Within the study region this was certainly the case for sites on rock platforms and cliff edges. In addition the reserves incorporated a large range in altitude and consequently climate, along with rock types. Thus under this general survey program it was impossible to sample or identify all potential community types on these specialised locations. Similarly closed forest communities were very extensive across the study area and included many specialised and diverse types. Both these types of systems will require extensive further sampling in order to properly assess the types and extents of each type and to increase map accuracy. It is thus suggested that specialist additional surveys be conducted within these broad assemblage types and that remapping of these systems occur. Further sampling should also target areas that were unable to be accessed during this survey period due to issues of safety. These areas may be accessed by alternative means, such as 146


helicopters. Access to, and sampling of these areas is also likely to increase the accuracy of the current map. Vegetation classification within existing pre-defined PCTs is difficult due to the study area having previously been grossly under-surveyed. This has led to current existing PCTs being often a ‘poor fit’ with assemblages within the study area. Largely the types within the study area were often unique variants of those currently described. While many new types could be described by analysis of the data within the study areas alone this would not necessarily provide a robust classification system generally. What is required is that this new data be incorporated into an region wide analysis in order to understand the proper placement and delineation of types. Only through this process can a more robust understanding of types within the study area, their uniqueness or ubiquitousness be understood. Thus it is recommended that this process occur, however this is likely to lead to changes in what is currently presented within this report and changes to the subsequent map. However higher level classification entities are less likely to change appreciably. 4.

Fire Management

In general bushfire management strategies tend to create a homogeneous fire landscape. Whereas it is a heterogeneous fire landscape (i.e. patchy burns with frequently burnt areas intermixed with long unburnt sites) that helps promote diversity at a landscape scale. Careful consideration must therefore be given to the requirements of native vegetation remnants when looking at the implementation of a non-natural fire regime. Fire suppression for the protection of life and property has long reaching effects on biodiversity, and research is discussed herewith. The efficacy of prescribed burning in reducing or eliminating the threats from wildfires has been questioned research (King et al. 2008, Whelan 2002), especially in extreme weather conditions (such as high temperatures, high winds and low relative humidity). Research into litter depths is currently showing that frequent, low intensity fires cause trees and shrubs to drop damaged or stressed foliage and stimulate suckering. Thus, promoting fine fuel loads which have a greater flammability that larger woody matter. The passage of fire also disrupts soil/litter biota causing a reduction in the amount of litter that is naturally broken down and returned to the soil. Woody debris when it breaks down provides far better soil integrity (protection from erosion) than grass and the larger the woody debris the greater the soil integrity. Furthermore frequent burning may promote fire insensitive species that often have higher oil content over less flammable fire sensitive species, again increasing the flammability of native vegetation. In combination this indicates that a program of frequent low intensity fires may in fact keep fuel loads at a high level necessarily requiring fires to be more frequent to keep such fuel loads down. Native vegetation left long unburnt for decades (30 or more years) can have lower fuel loads than areas burnt only three to five years previously (Croft et al. 2016). Fuel loads do not increase indefinitely but are constantly broken down by the ground flora and fauna. Fine fuel loads disappear to be replaced by less flammable larger woody debris. Frequent fire can also keep a woodland in a perpetual young state by stimulating germination and removing old trees (eating them out till they fall) thus reducing the number of hollows in the landscape (Croft et al. 2016).

The effects of frequent low intensity burning on native fauna is increasingly found to have negative consequences, causing significant losses by gradual attrition of habitat. What is certain is that ecosystems in Australia have been modified by changes in fire regimes in the last 200 years (Clarke 2008, Tasker et al. 2006, Lunt 2002, Pyne 1991). Changes have occurred in the structure and floristic composition of the vegetation, and microhabitat features such as decreasing litter and logs (Spencer and Baxter 2006, Tasker et al. 2006, Gill and Catling 2002, Hobbs 2002, Russell-Smith and Stanton 2002, Catling 1991, Bell and Koch 1980; Croft et al. 2010). The impact of wildfires and prescribed burning is often a secondary consideration in fire management (Clarke 2008). 147


Morrison et al.(1995) and Clarke (2008) note that it is ecologically undesirable to frequently remove ground level fuels using prescribed fire across large areas to satisfy demands for fire control. Especially considering that hazard reduction advantages of large-scale prescribed fire are not proven (Fernandes and Botelho 2003). Tolhurst et al. (1992) found that low-intensity fires reduced litter and elevated fuels and bark, but a single fire did not significantly affect coarse fuels (logs). One way to protect fallen timber habitat is to proceed with hazard reduction burning only when the drought index is low. The combined effect of drought and burning on plants’ regenerative resources has not been adequately considered in fire regimes recommended for communities and species in NSW. To avoid exacerbating the ecological consequences of frequent fire, caution is required in implementing hazard reduction burning programmes. This is especially important considering the imperative to increase the amount of prescribed burning in NSW (DECC 2009). Too-frequent fire can cause the decline of plant taxa, and fire histories should be adjusted to include the possible effects of severe drought in fire planning. Even though there have been few studies of invertebrates on tree trunks (Bickel & Tasker 2004), the work that has been done highlights the richness of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna inhabiting different bark types. Majer et al (2002) collected over 1,200 invertebrate species on three bark types: smooth, stringy and rough. Noske (1985) determined the taxonomic composition of arthropods of the same three bark types while investigating bark-foraging by birds. Arthropods are an important resource for feeding birds, with bark also providing nesting material (Pearce 1996, Loyn et al. 2007), nesting and foraging sites for small mammals (Dickman 1991) and shelter for bats (Lumsden et al. 2002, Vesk et al. 2008). Burning bark reduces its structural complexity and habitat value. Burning gum trees removes decorticating bark causing a structural change that generally would be short-lived, as gums usually shed bark annually. Burning bark on standing trees can cause longer term loss of habitat with a flowon effect on resources, as they can take up to 25 years to attain the same amount of pre-fire bark structure and depth (Tolhurst et al. 1992). A significant component of forest and woodland biodiversity is comprised of arthropods, which often have narrow habitat requirements (Recher et al. 1996). Arthropods are a major food resource for birds, mammals and reptiles. The various forms of bark architecture take up to 20 years to develop (Vesk et al. 2008) and possibly longer to recover fully from fire (Tolhurst et al. 1992). The importance of bark as a foraging substrate for small mammals led Dickman (1991) to recommend that control burning and post-logging burning be minimised during forestry operations so that tree bark be retained. The deleterious impact of fire on habitat resources; bark, fallen timber and litter needs to be considered in fire management prescriptions. Some studies have shown a decline in species richness with time since fire (for example Whelan et al 2002). However, a more detailed analysis of the results of this survey questions the extent of the length of time since fire as the primary determinant of the decline in species richness. Other environmental variables, especially slope in this case, along with aspect and soil depth had a greater influence on species richness. Long periods without burning (> 50 years) may deplete some populations locally. But as Bradstock and Kenny (2003) point out such effects may be offset if populations are intact elsewhere in the landscape and long unburnt vegetation has been found to contain species that require a long fire free periods before they become established. Long unburnt vegetation communities (>50 years) are rare in the landscape. The substantial habitat features of these communities indicate that they are a valuable resource despite an apparent small reduction in species richness per site. The imperative to burn vegetation communities that are beyond the recommended upper fire thresholds, in order to prevent species loss, needs to be questioned in fire management planning. Croft (2013) currently recommends that current upper fire free periods should be at least doubled to cater for fauna habitat in eastern Australia. 148


In summary:

1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Frequent burning causes increased stress on vegetation, and if droughts occur between fire periods these stresses are exacerbated and may lead to premature death and/or extinction due to the depletion of regenerative resources. Frequent burning has been shown to increase fuel loads in the short term, while long unburnt areas become stabilised and have been shown in some locations to significantly reduce fuel loads. Frequent fire promotes a young and high regenerating woodland or forest. Frequent fire removes essential habitat resources for fauna such as large logs on the ground, large trees with hollows, bark resources and the functional diversity of flora. Long unburnt areas are essential within the landscape and are currently a rare and significant habitat type. Long unburnt vegetation is disproportionately important for fauna habitat. Recently burnt patches are likely to be more heavily grazed (green pick) and may require protection.

It is important that records are kept and mapping of fire occurrences occurs. It is recommended that the following occurs:       

Collation of fire records, verbal reports and evidence from aerial photographs. When fires occur, accurate boundary maps of the extent of fires should be made. This needs to include accurate ground truthing. Map opportunistic evidence of lightning strikes. Site specific research needs to be conducted in each of the communities within the reserve. Old age stands (absence of fire) of all community types should be maintained if possible. Feral animal control will need to precede and follow or accompany any management burns particularly if weather conditions are dry post fire. Recording the fire response of individual species is needed to guide appropriate fire frequencies (in collaboration with OEH Bushfire Ecology Unit (Scientific Services Division). Specialist task that doesn’t require specialist skills.

The above discussion is based on research much of which has been conducted within communities on the tablelands of NSW. Long-unburnt open forest and woodland is disproportionally important for fauna habitat both in communities within eastern NSW but the same processes and advantages of long unburnt vegetation occurs within semi-arid areas (such as Mallee landscapes).

149


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Appendix 1: Floristic Analysis - Dendogram Refer to attachments: • •

Mumanalysis TwinSpan Results. TwinSpan has been used to assist in community placement and definition at the request of the Steering Committee. However the authors would like to state that this set of methods is more of historical use and today is considered to be a poor methodology. “TwinSpan is poor and unreliable method that should not be used. It uses a gludge of pseudospecies, and has many other quirks so that its analysis may be impossible to repeat. The results are unstable and small changes in the data or in the parametrization can cause great changes in the results. There are better methods, use them.” Lubomir

& Holt (2006)

Notes on species Fidelity Classes generated for Community Description Appendices: As part of the tender brief community Fidelity tables have been created for those assemblages which had at least a minimum of three full floristic sites. They are based broadly on the

methodology of Keith and Bedward (1999) whereby fidelity is defined as the proportion of sites in which the species was recorded both within the defined group and within the outgroup of other defined types. In addition the average cover-abundance score was calculated within each group and also the out-group. Both these measures along with reference to the number of full floristic sites sampled within each community were used to assess a fidelity class of ‘positive, negative and uninformative’ for each of the top frequency ranked species occurring in each community. However many communities described herin were not sampled uder this survey program and are described based on previous mapping in areas not accessed by this program or via rapid survey sites only. As such it is not possible to assign Fidelity tables to such groups until a minimum number of full floristic survey sites are placed. We also would like to acknowledge that the process of defining Fidelity Tables such as these would best be achieved with a minimum sample size of 20-30 full floristic sites. Furthermore to enable a proper comparison, the out-group should be subsampled to the same size as the in-group via random means (e.g. the cocktail method). An in-group sampling below procedure lower than this number and a lack of random subsampling of out-groups is likely to cause erroneous results. As most entities were sampled well below this number the Fidelity results should be viewed with caution.


Appendix 2: Grey Myrtle – Tea Tree Dry Rainforest Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class

Dry Rainforests

Plant Community Type

No PCT Equivalent

Biometric Vegetation Type

NA

No image available

Description A low closed shrubland to shrubland with abundant epiphyte flora.

Floristic Summary Stratum

Typical Species

Trees

None

Epiphytes

Bulbophyllum exiggum, Dorckillia mortii, Dockrillia pugioformis, Pyrrosia rupestris, Sarcochilus hillii, Thelychiton gracilicaulis, Thelychiton speciosus

Small Trees

Stenocarpus salignus

Shrubs

Acacia floribunda, Alyxia ruscifolia, Backhousia myrtifolia, Benthamina alyxifolia, Bursaria spinosa, Leptospermum brachyandrum, Leucopogon juniperinus, Maytenus silvestris, Myrsine variabilis, Notelaea longifolia, Prostanthera lanceolata, Rincinocarpos speciosus, Zieria smithii

Vines and Climbers

Geitonoplesium cymosum, Jasminum volubile, Parsonsia purpurascens, Vittaria elongata

Ground Covers

Dianella caerulea, Lomandra longifolia

Variations – description of variants recognised in classification (only if applicable)

Variation unknown as not visited during this current survey and only sampled by limited previous site data

Environmental Relationships (landform, altitude, aspect, slope, topography)

Not identified

Habitat (Geology, soils)

Restricted to shallow soils

Species of Conservation Significance

Not identified

162


Distribution and Extent Reserve

Extant Area

Total known Distribution

Carrai National Park

Carrai NP: 113.1 ha

Unknown

Species Richness No. of Sites

Previous survey sites CARR68: Horton & Hunter (28/01/2004)

Total species

Unknown

Average Species per plot

Unknown

Notes An unusual and unique assemblage of species which requires further survey.

163


Appendix 3: Weeping Lilly Pilly - Water Gum Riparian Rainforest of the Southern NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 1294 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class

Dry Rainforests


1294: Weeping Lilly Pilly - Water Gum riparian rainforest of the southern NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU651

Photograph 11: Weeping Lilly Pilly - Water Gum riparian rainforest of the southern NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 1294

Description A low closed shrubland or forest generally only up to 5 m tall with a very sparse understorey of herbs.

164



Typical Species

Trees

Waterhousea floribunda, Tristaniopsis laurina and Neolitsea dealbata

Epiphytes

N/A

Small Trees

N/A

Shrubs

Aspenium australasicum, Eupomatia laurina, Platycerium bifurcatum, Psychotria loniceroides.

Vines and Climbers

Cissus antarctica

Ground Covers

Adiantum aethiopicum - Alocasia brisbanensis - Lomandra longifolia - Oplismenus aemulus and Pseuderanthemum variabile


NA


Confined to low altitudes (550–580 m) on metasediments with an average annual rainfall is less than 1100mm per year


Restricted to shallow rocky soils and steep slopes associated with the margins of riparian areas


Goodenia fordiana grows around the margins of the Riparian Dry Rainforest. Not recorded during the survey. None noted during the survey but likely to contain a number of epiphytic orchids


Extant Area


Known in a single patch along the western edge of Burns Creek in the far south of the reserve (approximately 4 ha = 0.3% of reserve)

Carrai NP: 2.9 ha

Very rare in the Walcha area

Carrai SCA: 36.1 ha Nowendoc NP: 22.4 ha


Only sampled by a single rapid site

Total species

Unknown


Unknown

Notes This distinctive community is relatively uncommon in north-eastern NSW although it is moderately well-reserved. It is similar to some of the dry rainforests in the southern half of Oxley Wild Rivers NP; otherwise it is very rare in the Walcha Area. The Dry Rainforest in MGSCA falls into the broadly 165


circumscribed “Dry Rainforests” of Keith (2004). This assemblage type is highly variable in composition and dominant species and is scattered as very isolated and small patches scattered along the rocky slopes and margins of the larger creek lines within gorges. Further surveys are required within this unit to establish the variation in structure and floristics found across the reserves. A number of remote locations in both Carrai NP and Nowendoc NP have been mapped as this unit but may be of a different type of riparian rainforest. Further investigations are required.

166


Appendix 4: Shatterwood - Giant Stinging Tree Yellow Tulipwood Dry Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Northern Sydney Basin Bioregion – PCT 1142 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class

Dry Rainforests


1142: Shatterwood - Giant Stinging Tree Yellow Tulipwood dry rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion


HU613; NA202; NR229;

No image available

Description In some areas Brown Myrtle (Choricarpia leptopetala) or Acacia blakei can form almost pure stands or a dense sub-canopy with emergent Eucalypts


Typical Species

Trees

Backhousia sciadophora,Dendrocnide excels, Drypetes australasica ,Backhousia myrtifolia

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Capparis arborea, Diospyros australis, Elaeodendron australe var. australe,Notelaea longifolia

Shrubs

Absent

Vines and Climbers

Absent

Ground Covers

Adiantum hispidulum, Doodia caudate, Lomandra longifolia


NA


On steep stony slopes, and dry stony gullies


Absent


Not identified

EEC Equivalent

Absent

167



Extant Area


Mummel Gulf National Park and Nowendoc National Park


Unknown


Unknown


No sites

Total species

Unknown


Unknown

Notes

168


Appendix 5: Coachwood - Crabapple Warm Temperate Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Northern Sydney Basin Bioregion - PCT 768 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class



PCT 768: Coachwood - Crabapple warm temperate rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion


HU651

Photograph 12: Coachwood - Crabapple warm temperate rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and northern Sydney Basin Bioregion - PCT 768

Description Warm temperate rainforest generally occurs on soils of lower fertility than the subtropical rainforest communities. Occurs in sheltered moist situations at low to intermediate altitudes.

169



Typical Species

Trees

NA

Epiphytes

NA

Small Trees

NA

Shrubs

Aspenium australasicum, Eupomatia laurina, Platycerium bifurcatum, Psychotria loniceroides.

Vine and Climber

Cissus antarctica

Ground Covers

Adiantum aethiopicum - Alocasia brisbanensis - Lomandra longifolia - Oplismenus aemulus and Pseuderanthemum variabile


As the community has only been sampled via two rapid survey sites there is not enough information to discuss variations in structure and floristics. Within the sites sampled this assemblage was domninated by Schizomeria ovata, Orites excelsa, Ceratopetalum apetalum with the fringing emergent of Acacia melanoxylon and Eucalyptus saligna. Understoreys may include Crytpocarya foetida, Dicksonia antartica, Cyathea australis and Pittosporum spinescens.


Confined to low altitudes (550–580 m) on metasediments with an average annual rainfall is less than 1100mm per year.

Habitat (Geology, soils) Species of Conservation Significance

Goodenia fordiana grows around the margins of the Riparian Dry Rainforest. Not recorded during the survey.


Extant Area


Known in a single patch along the western edge of Burns Creek in the far south of the reserve (approximately 4 ha = 0.3% of reserve). Small patches may also occur within Carrai NP as part of the more broadly mapped 1130 unit.


Very rare in the Walcha area

Mummel Gulf National Park

170



Sampled by two rapid sites

Total species

Unknown


Unknown

Notes This distinctive community is relatively uncommon in north-eastern NSW although it is moderately well-reserved. It is similar to some of the dry rainforests in the southern half of Oxley Wild Rivers NP, otherwise it is very rare in the Walcha Area. The Dry Rainforest in MGSCA falls into the broadly circumscribed “Dry Rainforests” of Keith (2004). Found in protected in higher altitude creek lines. This community has a large edge to area ratio and is imbedded within more frequently burnt eucalypt dominated forests. It is likely that under reduced fire regimes this community type may expand. Further examples of this community type may also occur within the more broadly mapped 1130 within the Carrai region. As with all other rainforest assemblages within the reserves this community type requires further investigation and sampling.

171


Appendix 6: Sassafras - Crabapple - Soft Corkwood warm Temperate Rainforest of the North Coast - PCT 1130 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class



PCT 1130: Sassafras - Crabapple - Soft Corkwood warm temperate rainforest of the North Coast


HU651

Photograph 13: Sassafras - Crabapple - Soft Corkwood warm temperate rainforest of the North Coast - PCT 1130

Description Warm temperate rainforest, usually occurs on soils of moderate fertility, in high altitude cool moist areas.

172



Typical Species

Trees

Doryphora sassafras, Schizomeria ovata, Ackama paniculosa, Orites excelsa, Diospyros australis, Callicoma serratifolia, Eucalyptus obliqua, Sloanea woollsii,, Ceratopeatum apetalum

Epiphytes

Dockrillia pugioniformis, Arthropteris tenella, Microsorum scandens

Small Trees

NA

Shrubs

Cryptocarya meissneriana, Tasmannia insipida, Quintinia verdonii, Pittosporum multiflorum, Cryptocarya foveolata, Acmena smithii, Cyathea australis, Dicksonia Antarctica, Aristotelia australasica.

Vines and Climbers

Ripogonum discolor, Palmeria scandens, Cissus hypoglauca, Pandorea pandorana, Parsonsia straminea, Morinda jasminoides

Ground Covers

Lomandra spicata, Blechnum cartilagineum, Drymophila moorei, Lastreopsis decomposita, Fieldia australis


NA


Confined to low altitudes (550–580 m) on metasediments with an average annual rainfall is less than 1100mm per year


Not identified


Goodenia fordiana grows around the margins of the Riparian Dry Rainforest. Not recorded during the survey


Extant Area


Carrai National Park & State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park & State Conservation Area, and Nowendoc National Park & Land Vested in the Minister

Carrai NP: 956.5

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 667.0 Mummel Gulf NP: 262.4 Mummel Gulf SCA: 99.1 Nowendoc NP: 457.9 Land Vested in the Minister: 4.0

173



10 full floristic plots

Total Species

133

Average Species Per Plot

35.6 (28-42)

Notes This distinctive community is relatively uncommon in north-eastern NSW although it is moderately well-reserved. It is similar to some of the dry rainforests in the southern half of Oxley Wild Rivers NP, otherwise it is very rare in the Walcha Area. The Dry Rainforest in MGSCA falls into the broadly circumscribed “Dry Rainforests” of Keith (2004). This assemblage was not identified during the current investigation but was sampled by four previous investigations. It is highly likely that this PCT has been over-mapped and represents the most consistent correlate to an existing PCT that is most representative of the major species occurring within these mapped locations. Furthermore the distinction between this warm temperate rainforest type and the intergrading subtropical rainforest types was not clear as there is no distinct line separating the two in many situations and only an altitudinal intergradation. Hence in some locations the mapped delineation between the two major types (Warm Temperate/Subtropical Rainforests) has been chosen based on an implied altitudinal changeover point. This assemblage type was not sampled during the current investigation as a number of existing sample sites already were known from previous investigations, However based on the extent and likely variation we would recommend that further intensive investigation of the variation within this community type occur. Further sampling is likely to assist in separating out likely other PCT types that are hidden within this broadly circumscribed mapping unit.

Species Fidelity Species

In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Cryptocarya meissneriana

1.00

0.15

2.60

2.35

Uninformative

Lomandra spicata

1.00

0.08

2.10

1.88

Positive

Tasmannia insipida

1.00

0.1o

2.00

1.83

Uninformative

Doryphora sassafras

0.90

0.10

3.00

2.51

Uninformative

Schizomeria ovata

0.80

0.08

2.38

1.91

Positive

Pittosporum multiflorum

0.80

0.15

2.00

1.91

Uninformative

Dockrillia pugioniformis

0.80

0.07

1.88

1.80

Positive

Ackama paniculosa

0.70

0.11

2.57

2.30

Uninformative

Orites excelsa

0.70

0.06

2.42

2.27

Positive

Cryptocarya foveolata

0.70

0.04

2.28

1.8o

Positive

Diospyros australis

0.70

0.14

2.00

1.79

Uninformative

174


Quintinia verdonii

0.60

0.03

2.83

2.50

Positive

Acmena smithii

0.60

0.13

2.17

1.80

Uninformative

Blechnum cartilagineum

0.60

0.12

2.00

2.09

Uninformative

Cyathea australis

0.60

0.15

2.00

1.93

Uninformative

Aristotelia australasica

0.60

0.04

1.83

1.72

Positive

Arthropteris tenella

0.60

0.06

1.67

2.12

Uninformative

Drymophila moorei

0.60

0.16

1.67

1.59

Uninformative

Polyosma cunninghamii

0.50

0.05

2.20

1.82

Positive

Ripogonum discolor

0.50

0.10

2.00

1.92

Positive

Palmeria scandens

0.50

0.06

1.80

1.72

Positive

Fieldia australis

0.50

0.01

1.60

2.00

Uninformative

Dysoxylum fraserianum

0.50

0.03

1.40

1.87

Uninformative

175


Appendix 7: Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carabeen Subtropical Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion PCT 670 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class



PCT 670: Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carabeen subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU651

Photograph 14: Black Booyong - Rosewood - Yellow Carabeen subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 670

Description Sub-tropical rainforest, occurs in sheltered valleys and basalt plateaux generally at higher elevation cooler sites and also further south than White Booyong subtropical rainforest.

176



Typical Species

Trees

Doryphora sassafras, Ackama paniculosa, Daphnandra apetala, Argyrodendron antinophyllum, Pennantia cunninghamii, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Synoum glandulosum, Sloanea woollsii, Blaoghia inophylla

Epiphytes

Microsorum scandens, Aspelnium australasicum, Arthropteris tenella, Pyrrosia rupestris, Dockrillia pugioniformis, Pteris umbrosa

Small Trees

NA

Shrubs

Tasmannia insipida, Pittosporum multiflorum

Vines and Climbers

Ripogonum discolor, Pandorea pandorana, Elatostema reticulatum, Cissus hypoglauca, Palmeria scandens

Ground Covers

Lastreopsis decomposita, Lomandra spicata, Drymophila moorei, Blechnum patersonii, Lastreopsis munita.


NA




Not identified


Goodenia fordiana grows around the margins of the Riparian Dry Rainforest. Not recorded during the survey


Extant Area


Mummel Gulf National Park & State Conservation Area


Unknown

Mummel Gulf SCA: 384.0 ha


11 full floristic plots surveyed previously by Lachlan Copeland

Total Species

107

Average Species Per Plot

33.1 (25-44)

177


Notes This assemblage was not sampled during the current investigation but was sampled by Lachlan Copeland during a previous investigation. It is highly likely that this PCT has been over-mapped and represents the most consistent correlate to an existing PCT that is most representative of the major species occurring within these mapped locations. Furthermore the distinction between this subtropical rainforest type and the intergrading warm temperate rainforest types was not clear as there is no distinct line separating the two in many situations and only an altitudinal intergradation. Hence in some locations the mapped delineation between the two major types (Warm Temperate/Subtropical Rainforests) has been chosen based on an implied altitudinal changeover point. This assemblage type was not sampled during the current investigation as a number of existing sample sites already were known from previous investigations (11 sites), However based on the extent and likely variation we would recommend that further intensive investigation of the variation within this community type occur. Further sampling is likely to assist in separating out likely other PCT types that are hidden within this broadly circumscribed mapping unit.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class


1.00

0.14

3.27

2.35

Uninformative

Doryphora sassafras

1.00

0.10

3.18

2.51

Uninformative

Lastreopsis decomposita

1.00

0.05

3.00

2.46

Positive


1.00

0.04

2.00

2.12

Positive

Microsorum scandens

1.00

0.03

2.00

2.00

Positive

Lomandra spicata

0.82

0.08

2.11

1.88

Positive

Ripogonum discolor

0.82

0.08

2.00

1.92

Positive

Asplenium australasicum

0.82

0.06

1.56

1.46

Positive

Ackama paniculosa

0.73

0.11

2.75

2.30

Uninformative

Daphnandra apetala

0.73

0.04

2.63

2.65

Positive

Diplazium australe

0.73

0.01

2.13

2.00

Positive

Pyrrosia rupestris

0.73

0.12

2.00

1.57

Uninformative

Pandorea pandorana

0.73

0.16

1.88

1.41

Uninformative

Morinda jasminoides

0.73

0.06

1.75

1.54

Positive

Drymophila moorei

0.73

0.15

1.38

1.59

Uninformative

Argyrodendron antinophyllum

0.64

0.03

2.71

2.71

Positive

Orites excelsa

0.64

0.06

2.29

2.27

Positive

Tasmannia insipida

0.64

0.11

2.14

1.83

Uninformative


0.64

0.15

1.57

1.91

Uninformative

178


Pennantia cunninghamii

0.55

0.03

2.83

2.13

Positive

Dictymia brownii

0.55

0.03

1.67

2.14

Positive


0.55

0.08

1.67

1.80

Uninformative

Ceratopetalum apetalum

0.45

0.02

3.40

3.09

Positive


0.45

0.05

2.20

1.82

Positive

Schizomeria ovata

0.45

0.09

1.20

1.91

Uninformative

179


Appendix 8: Fig - Giant Stinging Tree - Pepperberry Subtropical Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion PCT 824 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class



PCT 824: Fig - Giant Stinging Tree - Pepperberry subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU651

Photograph 15: Fig - Giant Stinging Tree - Pepperberry subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 824

Description Occurs on low altitude alluvium or lacustrine sand (Yahou Island NR in Hunter/Central Rivers CMA)


Typical Species

Trees

Casuarina cunninghamiana, Ficus coronata, Argyrodendron antinophylum, Eucalyptus saligna, Doryophora sassafras, Dendrochnide excelsa, Sloanea woollsia, Pouteria australis

180


Epiphytes

Arthropteris tenella, Pyrrosia rupestris, Dockrillia pugioniformis, Pyrrosia confluens, Peperomia tetraphylla, Microsorum scandens, Thelychiton speciosus.

Small Trees

NA

Shrubs

Alectryon subdentatus, Pittosporum multiflorum, Tasmannia insipida, Sreblus brunonianus,

Vines and Climbers

Antarctica Dictymia brownii, Cissus antarctica, Pennantia cunninghamii, Cissus hypoglauca

Ground Covers

PEllaea falcata, Lastreopsis acuminata, Lastreopsis decomposita, Gymnostachys anceps


NA




Not identified




Extant Area


Carrai National Park & State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park, and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai NP: 1315.3 ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 398.8 ha Mummel Gulf NP: 0.7 ha Nowendoc NP: 99.4 ha


6

Total species

218


Unknown, sites sampled constitute rapid sites or Floyd surveys.

181


Notes This assemblage was not sampled with full floristic plots during the current investigation but was sampled by Floyd during previous investigations. It is highly likely that this PCT has been overmapped and represents the most consistent correlate to an existing PCT that is most representative of the major species occurring within these mapped locations. Many locations, particularly in inaccessible areas of Carrai are likely to contain distinctive variations worthy of recognition within new or other PCTs not recognised during this investigation. Furthermore the distinction between this subtropical rainforest and other subtropical types was not clear as there is no distinct line separating types and more commonly an intergradation occurs. Hence in some locations the mapped delineation between Subtropical Rainforests has been chosen based largely on plot locations. This assemblage type was not sampled during the current investigation as a number of existing sample sites already were known from previous investigations, however based on the extent and likely variation we would recommend that further intensive investigation of the variation within this community type occur. Further sampling is likely to assist in separating out likely other PCT types that are hidden within this broadly circumscribed mapping unit.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class


1.00

0.07

3.50

2.12

Positive

Cissus antarctica

1.00

0.14

3.50

2.12

Uninformative

Dictymia brownii

1.00

0.03

3.50

2.14

Positive


1.00

0.16

3.50

1.91

Uninformative


1.00

0.08

3.25

1.80

Positive

Ripogonum discolor

1.00

0.10

3.25

1.92

Uninformative

Argyrodendron antinophyllum

1.00

0.04

2.75

2.71

Positive

Pyrrosia rupestris

1.00

0.13

2.75

1.57

Uninformative

Tasmannia insipida

1.00

0.12

2.50

1.83

Uninformative

Cissus hypoglauca

1.00

0.18

2.00

1.72

Uninformative

Doryphora sassafras

1.00

0.12

2.00

2.51

Uninformative

Guilfoylia monostylis

1.00

0.01

2.00

2.13

Positive

Microsorum scandens

1.00

0.05

2.00

2.00

Positive


1.00

0.04

2.00

2.13

Positive

Pothos longipes

1.00

0.00

2.00

2.00

Positive

Gymnostachys anceps

1.00

0.10

1.75

1.24

Uninformative

Streblus brunonianus

1.00

0.02

1.75

1.70

Positive

Pandorea pandorana

1.00

0.17

1.00

1.41

Uninformative

182



0.75

0.04

3.00

1.87

Positive

Pyrrosia confluens

0.75

0.05

3.00

1.78

Positive

Baloghia inophylla

0.75

0.03

2.67

3.09

Positive

Dendrocnide excelsa

0.75

0.03

2.67

2.83

Positive

Lastreopsis acuminata

0.75

0.00

2.67

2.50

Positive

Pellaea falcata

0.75

0.13

2.67

1.93

Uninformative

Peperomia tetraphylla

0.75

0.00

2.67

2.67

Positive

Rhysotoechia bifoliata

0.75

0.00

2.67

2.25

Positive


0.75

0.08

2.33

1.46

Positive


0.75

0.07

2.33

2.46

Positive

Sarcopteryx stipata

0.75

0.03

2.33

1.43

Positive

Sloanea woollsii

0.75

0.04

2.33

2.06

Positive

Thelychiton speciosus

0.75

0.01

2.33

1.80

Positive

Citronella moorei

0.75

0.01

2.00

1.83

Positive

Ficus coronata

0.75

0.01

2.00

2.14

Positive

Morinda jasminoides

0.75

0.08

2.00

1.54

Positive

Sarcochilus falcatus

0.75

0.07

2.00

1.50

Positive

Tetrastigma nitens

0.75

0.04

2.00

1.31

Positive

Ackama paniculosa

0.75

0.13

1.67

2.30

Uninformative

Acmena smithii

0.75

0.14

1.67

1.80

Uninformative

Adiantum silvaticum

0.75

0.00

1.67

1.67

Positive

Alangium villosum

0.75

0.02

1.67

1.75

Positive

Alectryon subcinereus

0.75

0.04

1.67

1.65

Positive

Alyxia ruscifolia

0.75

0.06

1.67

1.45

Positive

Brachychiton acerifolius

0.75

0.01

1.67

1.29

Positive

Claoxylon australe

0.75

0.01

1.67

1.57

Postiive


0.75

0.05

1.67

1.80

Positive

Davallia solida

0.75

0.01

1.67

1.86

Positive

Ehretia acuminata

0.75

0.01

1.67

1.29

Positive

Lophostemon confertus

0.75

0.03

1.67

1.86

Positive

183


Orites excelsa

0.75

0.07

1.67

2.27

Positive

Palmeria scandens

0.75

0.07

1.67

1.72

Positive

Parsonsia purpurascens

0.75

0.02

1.67

1.38

Positive

Parsonsia straminea

0.75

0.09

1.67

1.33

Uninformative

Syzygium paniculatum

0.75

0.00

1.67

1.67

Positive

Wilkiea huegeliana

0.75

0.03

1.67

1.92

Positive

Asplenium polyodon

0.75

0.01

1.33

1.33

Positive

Cayratia eurynema

0.75

0.00

1.33

1.33

Positive

Geitonoplesium cymosum

0.75

0.17

1.33

1.30

Uninformative

Hymenosporum flavum

0.75

0.03

1.33

1.54

Positive

Litsea reticulata

0.75

0.04

1.33

1.40

Positive

Psychotria loniceroides

0.75

0.15

1.33

1.76

Uninformative

Toona ciliata

0.75

0.03

1.33

1.64

Positive

184


Appendix 9: Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. Subtropical Rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion- PCT 1201 Keith Formation

Rainforests

Keith Class



PCT 1201: Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU651

Photograph 16: Soft Corkwood - Yellow Carabeen - Cryptocarya spp. subtropical rainforest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 1201

Description Subtropical rainforest, occurs at intermediate to high altitude in high rainfall areas on moderately fertile to fertile soils on plateaux and high mountain gullies along the escarpment.

185



Typical Species

Trees

Eucalyptus saligna, Pittosporum undulatum, Diospyros australis, Daphnandra apetala, Orites excelsa, Wilkiea huegeliana, Pouteria australis, Dendrocnide excelsa, Baloghia inophylla, Ackama paniculosa, Synoum glandulosum, Stenocarpos salignus, Sarcomelicope simplicifolia

Epiphytes

Pteris umbrosia,, Sarcochilus falcatus, Pyrrosia rupestris

Small Trees

NA

Shrubs

Pittosporum multiflorum, Crypptocarya meissneriana, Acmena smithi, Guioa semiglauca, Eupomatia laurina, Alectryon subcinereus, Psychotria loniceroides, Neolitsea australiensis

Vines and Climbers

Cissus Antarctica, Cissus hypoglauca, Rhodamnia rubescens, Parsonsia straminea, Elattostachys nervosa, Smilax australis,

Ground Covers

Carex longibrachiata, Doodia australis, Adiantum formosum, Hydrocotyle geraniifolia,


NA




Not identified




Extant Area


Mummel Gulf National Park & State Conservation Area, and Nowendoc National Park


Unknown

Mummel Gulf SCA: 10.7 ha Nowendoc NP: 1640.4 ha


10

Total species

157


37 (13-56)

186


Notes This assemblage was sampled once during the current investigation but was sampled by Doug Binns, Lachlan Copeland, Stephanie Horton and R. John Hunter and Steve Griffith during previous investigations. It is highly likely that this PCT has been over-mapped and represents the most consistent correlate to an existing PCT that is most representative of the major species occurring within these mapped locations. Many locations, particularly in inaccessible areas of Carrai are likely to contain distinctive variations worthy of recognition within new or other PCTs not recognised during this investigation. Furthermore the distinction between this subtropical rainforest and other subtropical types was not clear as there is no distinct line separating types and more commonly an intergradation occurs. Hence in some locations the mapped delineation between Subtropical Rainforests has been chosen based largely on plot locations. This assemblage type was not sampled during the current investigation as a number of existing sample sites already were known from previous investigations, however based on the extent and likely variation we would recommend that further intensive investigation of the variation within this community type occur. Further sampling is likely to assist in separating out likely other PCT types that are hidden within this broadly circumscribed mapping unit.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Diospyros australis

1.00

0.13

2.00

1.79

Uninformative

Cissus antarctica

0.89

0.13

2.88

2.12

Uninformative


0.78

0.15

2.14

1.91

Uninformative

Parsonsia straminea

0.78

0.08

1.43

1.33

Positive


0.78

0.14

1.14

1.76

Negative

Daphnandra apetala

0.67

0.04

2.83

2.65

Positive

Eucalyptus saligna

0.67

0.27

2.83

2.59

Uninformative

Cissus hypoglauca

0.67

0.17

2.33

1.72

Uninformative

Adiantum formosum

0.67

0.04

2.00

1.53

Positive


0.67

0.06

1.50

1.50

Positive

Acmena smithii

0.56

0.14

2.20

1.80

Uninformative

Rhodamnia rubescens

0.56

0.04

2.20

1.89

Positive

Eupomatia laurina

0.56

0.03

2.00

1.88

Positive


0.56

0.04

1.80

1.65

Positive

Elattostachys nervosa

0.56

0.01

1.80

1.86

Positive

Cryptocarya microneura

0.56

0.04

1.40

1.61

Positive

Dioscorea transversa

0.56

0.03

1.40

1.38

Positive

Litsea reticulata

0.56

0.03

1.40

1.40

Positive

187


Smilax australis

0.56

0.25

1.40

1.35

Uninformative


0.56

0.04

1.40

1.50

Positive


0.56

0.07

1.20

1.46

Negative

Sarcopetalum harveyanum

0.56

0.05

1.00

1.10

Negative

188


Appendix 10: New England Blackbutt - Diehard Stringybark Dry Open Forest of the Escarpment Ranges of the Eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion- PCT 979 Keith Formation


Keith Class



PCT 979: New England Blackbutt – Diehard Stringybark dry open forest of the escarpment ranges of the eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU580, NR203

Photograph 17: New England Blackbutt – Diehard Stringybark dry open forest of the escarpment ranges of the eastern New England Tableland Bioregion and NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 979

Description This assemblage is generally a dry shrubby or mesic shrubby forest. The overstorey may range from around 8-38 m in height and usually from 30-60% cover. The shrub layer always present and between 1-12 m in height and 15-80% cover. The density, height, cover and composition of the mid storey is highly influenced by the recency and severity of fire. The understorey is generally 0.1-1 m in height and 80-100% cover but sometimes as low as 15%.

189



Typical Species

Trees

Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus cameronii, Allocasuarina littoralis, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus radiata, Allocasuarina torulosa, Eucalyptus nobilis.

Epiphytes

NA

Shrubs

Leucopogon lanceolatus, Podolobium ilicifolium, Acacia myrtifolia, Persoonia linearis, Acacia falcata, Dicksonia antarctica, Acacia falciformis, Acacia irrorata, Banksia integrifolia, Hibbertia villosa, Goodia latifolia, Acacia longifolia, Indigofera australis, Acacia obtusifolia

Vines and Climbers

Hibbertia scandens, Hardenbergia violacea,

Ground Covers

Imperata cylindrica, Poa sieberiana, Pteridium esculentum, Lomandra longifolia, Themeda triandra, Calochlaena dubia, Entolasia stricta, Lomandra multiflora, Dianella caerulea, Sorghum leiocladum.


NA


On the eastern edge of the fall of the New England Tablelands mainly from Doyles River north to Styx River. (in relation to the NR). On the eastern edge and fall of the New England Tablelands (in relation to HR)


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area


Carrai Aboriginal Area, National Park & State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park & State Conservation Area, Nowendoc National Park and Land Vested in the Minister

Carrai AA: 12.0 ha

Unknown

Carrai NP: 1657.1 ha Carrai SCA: 2038.3 ha Mummel Gulf NP: 2800.5 ha Mummel Gulf SCA: 60.8 ha Nowendoc NP: 7339.3 Land Vested in the Minister: 231.6

190



162; 48 full floristic and 114 rapid

Total species

342


28.3 (21-44)

Notes This mapping unit was very widespread and the PCT as described includes both drier shrubbier forms and also floristics that include more mesic understoreys. Thus this assemblage covers much of the transition between moister communities and those found poorer and/or shallower soil types. There are a number of PCTs described within the study area that contain these same overstorey species as dominants and as the understorey could be both of dry and mesic types there was often no clear boundaries between this PCT and others with similar overstorey dominants. Furthermore fires (understorey and intensive crown) had occurred within recent times prior to the ADS40 imagery was taken which complicated clear delineation of types.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Lomandra longifolia

0.94

0.66

2.64

2.67

Uninformative

Leucopogon lanceolatus

0.92

0.39

2.34

2.03

Uninformative

Pteridium esculentum

0.92

0.52

2.18

2.15

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.77

0.58

2.84

2.79

Uninformative

Dianella caerulea

0.69

0.36

1.39

1.41

Uninformative

Eucalyptus campanulata

0.67

0.45

3.78

3.06

Uninformative

Hardenbergia violacea

0.67

0.25

1.59

1.59

Uninformative

Persoonia linearis

0.60

0.26

2.14

1.68

Uninformative

Podolobium ilicifolium

0.58

0.08

2.29

2.08

Positive

Gonocarpus teucrioides

0.54

0.20

1.58

1.64

Uninformative

Eucalyptus radiata

0.52

0.14

3.00

2.63

Uninformative

Billardiera scandens

0.50

0.16

1.33

1.19

Uninformative

Viola betonicifolia

0.48

0.33

1.52

1.50

Uninformative

Eucalyptus cameronii

0.42

0.24

2.45

2.61

Uninformative

Hibbertia scandens

0.35

0.43

1.53

1.66

Negative

Viola hederacea

0.33

0.25

1.56

1.53

Uninformative

Clematis aristata

0.33

0.22

1.38

1.42

Negative

Glycine clandestina

0.31

0.31

1.60

1.58

Negative

191


Lomandra filiformis

0.29

0.06

1.71

1.44

Positive

Banksia integrifolia

0.27

0.15

1.85

1.93

Uninformative

Hydrocotyle laxiflora

0.27

0.28

1.62

1.79

Negative

Geranium solanderi

0.27

0.26

1.38

1.47

Negative

Rubus parvifolius

0.27

0.36

1.31

1.56

Negative

Cyrtostylis reniformis

0.25

0.01

1.75

1.64

Positive

Desmodium varians

0.25

0.16

1.58

1.67

Uninformative

Entolasia stricta

0.25

0.15

1.50

1.77

Uninformative

Monotoca scoparia

0.25

0.04

1.42

1.36

Positive

Hypochaeris radicata

0.25

0.13

1.17

1.47

Uninformative

192


Appendix 11: New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood Grassy Forest of Escarpment Ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion - PCT 986 Keith Formation


Keith Class



PCT 986: New England Blackbutt-Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion


NR207

Photograph 18: New England Blackbutt-Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion - PCT 986

Description New England Blackbutt Tallowood grassy forest occurs on the eastern edge of the New England Tablelands in the northern part of Hunter/Central Rivers CMA area.

193



Typical Species

Trees

Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus microcorys, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus cameronii, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus nobilis.

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina littoralis, Acacia irrorata,Banksia integrifolia

Shrubs

Leucopogon lanceolatus, Persoonia linearis, Hakea eriantha, Goodia latifolia, Podolobium ilicifolium, Pimelea neo-anglica, Lomatia silaifolia, Persoonia media

Vines and Climbers

Glycine clandestina, Rubus parvifolius, Hibbertia scandens, Hardenbergia violacea, Desmodium varians

Ground Covers

Lomandra longifolia, Imperata cylindrica, Poa sieberiana, Pteridium esculentum, Viola betonicifolia, Pratia purpurascens, Viola hederacea, Themeda triandra, Gonocarpus teucrioides, Cymbopogon refractus, Podolepis neglecta, Plantago varia


NA


On the eastern edge of the New England Tablelands in the northern part of the Hunter Central Rivers area.


Not Identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Cryptosytlis hunteriana, Diuris pendunculata, Dicanthium setosum, Diuris venosa, Erythrotriorchis radiatus, Marsdenia longiloba, Olearia flocktoniae, Parsonsia dorrigoensis, Tylophora woollsii


Extant Area


Carrai State Conservation Area and Mummel Gulf National Park

Carrai SCA: 476.4 ha

Unknown

Mummel Gulf NP: 12.5

Species Richness Number of plots

5

Total species

80


27.8 (18-35)

194


Notes Previously sampled during other investigations but during this current survey period (Cobcroft, Horton & Hunter). Much of this community is surmised to occur in areas that were largely inaccessible but where mapped by previous API programs and thus further investigation is required to be sure that the mapped locations are correct.

195


Appendix 12: Snow Gum - Mountain Gum - Mountain Ribbon Gum Open Forest on Ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Eastern New England Tableland Bioregion- PCT 1194 Keith Formation


Keith Class

Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland


PCT 1194: Snow Gum – Mountain Gum – Mountain Ribbon Gum – open forest on ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and eastern New England Tableland

Equivalent Vegetation Type

Broad forest ecosystem type, PCT 1688, 1555. 1551, 1559 together are equivalents to 1109


BR219, HU624, NA211, NR239

Photograph 19: Snow Gum – Mountain Gum – Mountain Ribbon Gum – open forest on ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and eastern New England Tableland - PCT 1194

Description An open woodland to woodland or tall forest with a distinctive herbaceous understorey with few to now shrub layer. This community’s overstorey may be from 5-30 m tall with and a cover from 25-60 percent. The shrub layer is often absent with a height of 1-6 m and a cover of 5-usually only 30% but maybe as high as 60%. The understorey height is between 0.1-1 m in height and generally has a high cover between 70-100% but may be as low as 20%. 196



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus pauciflora, Eucalyptus stellulata, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus acaciiformis, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus saligna,

Epiphytes

NA

Small Trees

NA

Shrubs

Grevillea juniperina, Acacia irrorata,

Vine and Climber

Desmodium gunnii, Rubus parvifolius.

Ground Covers

Poa sieberiana, Poa labillardieri, Pteridium esculentum, Imperata cylindrica, Sorghum leiocladum, Microlaena stipoides, Themeda triandra, Lomandra multiflora, Lomandra longifolia, Viola betonicifolia, Dichondra repens, Haloragis heterophylla, Carex breviculmis, Plantago varia, Entolasia stricta, Austrostipa pubescens, Acaena novaezelandiae, Poa costiniana, Geranium solanderi, Viola hederacea, Poranthera microphylla.


NA


Widespread at high altitudes on the escarpment ranges north from Barrington Tops and on the eastern side of the tablelands.


Not identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Diuris pedunculata, Thesium australe, Crytpostylis hunteriana, Diuris pedunculata, Diuris venosa, , Rutidosis heterogama, Euphrasia arguta,


Extant Area


Carrai Aboriginal Area & National Park, Mummel Gulf National Park, Nowendoc National Park, Land Vested in the Minister

Carrai AA: 19.1 ha

Unknown

Carrai NP: 18.4 ha Mummel Gulf NP: 178.7 Nowendoc NP: 112.6 ha Land Vested in the Minister: 9.6 ha

197



20; 10 full floristic and 10 rapid sites

Total species

165


37 (26-49)

Notes This assemblage type is highly distinctive and mapped with reasonable confidence, however there are at times a long intergradation with surrounding cool moist wet sclerophyll forests.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Desmodium gunnii

0.90

0.24

2.00

1.80

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.80

0.60

3.63

2.79

Uninformative


0.80

0.12

1.88

1.47

Uninformative

Dichondra repens

0.80

0.19

1.63

1.97

Uninformative

Viola betonicifolia

0.80

0.33

1.63

1.50

Uninformative

Carex breviculmis

0.70

0.03

1.86

1.50

Positive

Haloragis heterophylla

0.70

0.01

1.86

1.70

Positive


0.70

0.57

1.86

2.15

Uninformative

Lomandra longifolia

0.60

0.70

2.17

2.67

Negative

Plantago varia

0.60

0.04

1.83

1.70

Positive

Acaena novae-zelandiae

0.60

0.14

1.67

1.56

Uninformative

Poranthera microphylla

0.60

0.21

1.17

1.44

Uninformative

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.50

0.22

2.80

2.49

Uninformative

Acacia irrorata

0.50

0.23

2.20

2.31

Uninformative

Geranium solanderi

0.50

0.26

1.80

1.47

Uninformative

Euchiton sphaericus

0.50

0.06

1.60

1.25

Positive

Glycine microphylla

0.50

0.09

1.60

1.55

Positive

Podolepis jaceoides

0.50

0.05

1.40

1.25

Positive

198


Appendix 13: Tallowwood - Brush Box - Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby forest on coastal foothills of the southern NSW North Coast PCT 1258 Keith Formation


Keith Class



PCT 1258: Tallowwood –Brushbox-Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby forest on coastal foothills of the southern NSW North Coast


HU642

Photograph 20: Tallowwood –Brushbox-Sydney Blue Gum moist shrubby forest on coastal foothills of the southern NSW North Coast - PCT 1258

Description Tall to very tall open forest often with a dense understorey of rainforest species. Mainly occurs in the Bulahdelah region with scattered occurrences along the foothills and ranges further north.

199



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus microcorys, Eucalyptus acmenoides, Eucalyptus biturbinata, Lophostemon suaveolens, Eucalyptus obliqua, Synoum glandulosum, Eucalyptus campanulata, Lophostemum confertus, Doryphora sassafras, Ackama paniculosa, Eucalyptus quadrangulata, Orites excelsa, Diospyros australis, Sloanea woollsii

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina torulosa, Cryptocarya foveolata, Wilkiea huegeliana, Cryptocarya meissneriana, Quintinia verdonii

Shrubs

Macrozamia communis, Dicksonia antarctica, Maytenus silvestris, Jacksonia scoparia, Breynia cernua

Vine and Climber

Smilax australis, Hardenbergia violacea, Ripigonum discolor.

Ground Covers

Blechnum nudum, Lomandra longifolia, Dianella caerulea, Poa sieberiana, Doodia australis, Themeda triandra,


NA


Mainly in the Bulahdelah region with scattered occurrences along the foothills and ranges further north


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area


Carrai National Park & State Conservation Area


Unknown

Carrai SCA: 1466.3 ha


19; 18 full floristic and 1 rapid site

Total species

332


41 (24-59)

200


Notes PCT percent cleared in Hunter/Central Rivers (HU642 is 30%) Only surveyed during this current project by one rapid site but has been surveyed within 19 full floristic sites by Stephanie Horton and R. John Hunter during a previous survey period.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Eucalyptus microcorys

0.72

0.09

2.69

1.00

Positive

Macrozamia communis

0.67

0.00

2.17

2.77

Positive

Eucalyptus acmenoides

0.61

0.01

3.00

1.00

Positive

Eucalyptus biturbinata

0.56

0.02

2.70

2.67

Positive

Allocasuarina torulosa

0.56

0.13

2.40

1.00

Uninformative

Dianella caerulea

0.56

0.38

1.30

1.29

Uninformative

Lomandra longifolia

0.50

0.69

1.56

1.50

Negative


0.44

0.15

1.00

3.00

Uninformative

Maytenus silvestris

0.39

0.08

1.57

2.50

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.39

0.60

1.57

2.00

Negative

Breynia cernua

0.39

0.08

1.43

1.86

Uninformative


0.39

0.30

1.29

2.00

Uninformative

Smilax australis

0.39

0.25

1.29

1.00

Uninformative

Desmodium gunnii

0.39

0.24

1.14

3.00

Uninformative

Senecio diaschides

0.39

0.07

1.00

1.00

Positive

Sigesbeckia orientalis

0.33

0.09

1.33

1.43

Uninformative

Lomandra bracteata

0.33

0.01

1.17

1.25

Positive

Hibbertia scandens

0.33

0.41

1.00

1.00

Negative

Kennedia rubicunda

0.33

0.08

1.00

1.50

Uninformative

Myrsine variabilis

0.33

0.12

1.00

1.17

Uninformative

201


Appendix 14: Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tableland Bioregion – PCT 934 Keith Formation


Keith Class



PCT 934: Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tableland Bioregion


BR156; HU569; NA153; NR189

Photograph 21: Messmate open forest of the tableland edge of the NSW North Coast Bioregionand New England Tablel and Bioregion - PCT 934

Description Generally a tall open forest with an overstorey from 8-35 m tall with a cover of 30-70%. A mid storey is almost always present and can form two distinct layers or a continuous layer dependent on the number of type of mesic species present. The mid storey is from 1-10 m in height and 15-80% cover dependent on species present and time since fire. The understorey is generally less than 1 m tall but can be up to 2 m in height and has a 60-100% cover

Floristic Summary 202


Stratum

Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus caliginosa, Eucalyptus cameronii, Eucalyptus fastigata, Ceratopetalum apetalum

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Banksia integrifolia, Acacia irrorata, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Acacia melanoxylon, Allocasuarina torulosa

Shrubs

Goodia latifolia, Dicksonia antarctica, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Tasmannia stipitata, Pittosporum spinescens, Persoonia linearis, Indigofera australis, Bursaria spinosa, Cyathea australis, Cassinia leptocephala, Polyscias sambucifolia, Podolobium ilicifolium, Monotoca scoparia

Vine and Climber

Hibbertia scandens, Glycine clandestina, Rubus parvifolius, Hardenbergia violacea, Desmodium gunnii, Smilax australis, Desmodium varians, Clematis aristata, Rubus rosifolius

Ground Covers

Poa sieberiana, Lomandra longifolia, Pteridium esculentum, Calochlaena dubia, Imperata cylindrica, Hydrocotyle laxifolra, Dichondra repens, Viola betonicifolia, Dianella caerulea, Blechnum wattsii, Viola hederacea, Geranium solanderi, Doodia australis, Poranthera microphylla, Gonocarpus teucrioides, Gonocarpus tetragynus, Acaena novaezelandiae, Galium leiocarpum, Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Drymophila moorei, Themeda triandra, Lepidosperma laterale


NA


Widespread at higher altitudes along the edge of the escarpment and tablelands


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area


Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park, Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area, Noendoc National Park


Unknown

Carrai SCA: 770.9 ha Mummel NP: 5853.4 Mummel SCA: 312.2 Nowendoc NP: 2803.6

203



102

Total species

488


35 (19-53)

Notes


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Lomandra longifolia

0.95

0.60

3.09

2.67

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.92

0.48

3.11

2.79

Uninformative


0.87

0.46

2.29

2.15

Uninformative


0.75

0.38

2.92

3.06

Uninformative


0.67

0.38

2.10

2.03

Uninformative

Viola betonicifolia

0.67

0.21

1.49

1.50

Uninformative

Hibbertia scandens

0.61

0.34

1.85

1.66

Uninformative

Eucalyptus obliqua

0.60

0.12

2.92

2.80

Positive

Glycine clandestina

0.58

0.20

1.61

1.58

Uninformative

Rubus parvifolius

0.55

0.26

1.45

1.56

Uninformative

Dianella caerulea

0.54

0.35

1.49

1.41

Uninformative


0.52

0.17

1.85

1.79

Uninformative


0.44

0.26

1.64

1.59

Uninformative

Geranium solanderi

0.44

0.19

1.49

1.47

Uninformative

Viola hederacea

0.43

0.19

1.57

1.53

Uninformative

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.41

0.15

2.50

2.49

Positive


0.41

0.14

1.55

1.44

Positive

Smilax australis

0.39

0.21

1.43

1.35

Uninformative


0.38

0.20

1.64

1.64

Uninformative


0.37

0.22

2.53

2.61

Uninformative

Gonocarpus tetragynus

0.37

0.12

1.68

1.69

Positive

204


Desmodium gunnii

0.35

0.22

1.78

1.80

Uninformative

Persoonia linearis

0.35

0.30

1.50

1.68

Uninformative

Imperata cylindrica

0.33

0.15

3.03

3.15

Positive

Dichondra repens

0.31

0.16

2.06

1.97

Positive

Coronidium scorpioides

0.31

0.07

1.78

1.75

Positive

Desmodium varians

0.30

0.12

1.71

1.67

Positive


0.30

0.09

1.55

1.56

Positive

Clematis aristata

0.30

0.21

1.55

1.42

Uninformative

205


Appendix 15: Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion- PCT 745 Keith Formation

Wet Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby subformation)

Keith Class



PCT 745: Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion


NA123, NR137

Photograph 22: Brown Barrel moist open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion- PCT 745

Description A moist grassy or at times shrubby forest. The overstorey height is from 14-35 m with a cover between 45-60% or higher. A shrub layer is usually present but highly variable from 1-15 m in height and 10-90% cover. The shrub layer is dependent on time since and severity of previous fires. Understorey height is usually from 0.1-2 m and 30-100% cover.

206



Typical Species

Trees

Eucalyptus fastigata E. nobilis, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus saligna, Synonum glandulosum, Pouteria cotinifolia, Pittosporum undulatum, Orites excelsa

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Acacia melanoxylon, Wilkiea huegeliana, Banksia integrifolia

Shrubs

Pittosporum spinescens, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Tasmannia stipitata, Persoonia linearis

Vines and Climbers

Hibbertia scandens, Cissus hypoglauca, Palmeria scandens, Marsdenia rostrata

Ground Covers

Poa sieberiana, Lomandra longifolia, Pteridium esculentum, Doodia australis, Calochlaena dubia, Drymophila moorei, Dichelachne micrantha, Dianella longifolia, Geraniums solanderi, Dichondra repens, Lomandra hystrix, Histiopteris incisa, Senecio amygdalifolius,


NA


Occurs at high altitude in moist areas on the eastern slope of the tablelands, particularly in the far south east of the New England Tablelands


Not identified


Diuris pedunculata, Diuris venosa Gaultheria viridicarpa subsp. viridicarpa, Gingidia montana, Tasmannia glaucifolia, Zieria floydii


Extant Area




Unknown




Total species

131


20.2 (14-34).

207


Notes Percent cleared in Namoi Catchment (NA123-80%), Northern Rivers (NR137 – 50%). A rather restricted assemblage if the main species Eucalyptus fastigata is dominant. Though this assemblage is overall floristically similar to other high altitude moist forests within the region and thus the presence or absence of E. fastigata may not always be a consistent indicator of this vegetation type.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Pittosporum spinescens

1.00

0.03

2.56

2.12

Positive

Dicksonia antarctica

0.78

0.12

4.00

2.32

Uninformative

Cissus hypoglauca

0.56

0.17

1.60

1.72

Uninformative

Lomandra hystrix

0.56

0.00

1.60

1.67

Positive

Eucalyptus saligna

0.44

0.28

3.75

2.59

Uninformative

Doodia australis

0.44

0.02

2.75

2.18

Positive

Hibbertia scandens

0.44

0.41

2.25

1.66

Uninformative

Eucalyptus obliqua

0.33

0.26

3.33

2.80

Uninformative

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.33

0.23

2.67

2.49

Uninformative

Blechnum wattsii

0.33

0.03

2.00

2.00

Positive

Marsdenia rostrata

0.33

0.13

2.00

1.55

Uninformative

Orites excelsa

0.33

0.07

2.00

2.27

Uninformative

Acacia irrorata

0.33

0.23

1.67

2.31

Negative

Drymophila moorei

0.33

0.17

1.67

1.59

Uninformative

Dianella caerulea

0.33

0.41

1.33

1.41

Negative

Smilax australis

0.33

0.26

1.33

1.35

Uninformative

Clematis glycinoides

0.33

0.11

1.00

1.16

Uninformative

Myrsine variabilis

0.33

0.13

1.00

1.30

Uninformative

208


Appendix 16: New England Blackbutt - Sydney Blue Gum tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion- PCT 984 Keith Formation


Keith Class



PCT 984: New England Blackbutt - Sydney Blue Gum tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU583; NA169

Photograph 23: New England Blackbutt - Sydney Blue Gum tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion - PCT 984

Description A moist tall open forest with the overstorey between18-35 m tall and cover from 35-60%. The shrub layer is always present and is from 1-8 (-18) m tall with a cover of 40-90%. The ground lower height is from 0.1-2 m and a cover usually between 40-90% but may be as low as 15%.

209



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus saligna

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Absent

Shrubs

Daphnandra sp. A, Psychotria loniceroides, Rubus parvifolius,

Vine and Climber

Cissus hypoglauca Desmodium varians, Eustrephus latifolius, Hibbertia scandens

Ground Covers

Adiantum formosum, Calochlaena dubia, Dianella caerulea, Dichondra repens, Doodia aspera, Lomandra longifolia


NA


On the south-western and eastern foothills of the Barrington Tops with scattered occurrences in the Ben Hall's Gap area.


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area


Carrai National Park & State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park, and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai NP: 74.0 ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 0.1 ha Mummel Gulf NP: 477.6 ha Nowendoc NP: 776.4 ha


17; recorded from only rapid survey sites.

Total species

Unknown


Unknown

Notes Percentage cleared in Hunter/Central Rivers (HU583 - 15%); Namoi (NA169 - 65%); This assemblage type has not been formally sampled with full floristic sites in previous or current surveys. It is recommended that further survey sites be placed within this assemblage type.

210


Appendix 17: New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges PCT 988 Keith Formation


Keith Class

North Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests

Plant Vegetation Type

New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and New England Tableland Bioregion


HU585; NR208

Photograph 24: New England Blackbutt - Tallowwood moist shrubby forest of the escarpment ranges PCT 988

Description A tall open moist forest with the overstorey height ranging from 12-35 m and cover of35-60%. The shrub layer is always present from 1-12 m in height and 30-80% cover with an understorey between 0.1 and 2 m height and 30-100% cover.

211



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus campanulata, Synoum glandulosum, Eucalyptus microcorys, Eucalyptus quadrangulata,Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus cameronii

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina littoralis, Allocasuaria torulosa, Acacia maidenii, Wilkiea huegeliana, Acacia irrorata, Acacia falcata

Shrubs

Dicksonia antarctica, Goodia latifolia, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Goodenia ovata, Persoonia linearis, Polyscias sambucifolia, Solanum aviculare

Vine and Climber

Pandorea pandorana, Hibbertia scandens, Kennedia rubicunda, Rubus parvifolius, Marsdeenia rostrat, Cissus hypoglauca, Eustrephus latifolius, Sarcopetalum harveyanum, Parsonnsia straminea, Clematis aristata, ,

Ground Covers

Calochlaena dubia, Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra, Pteridium esculentum, Poa sieberiana, Doodia australis, Lomandra longifolia, Oplismenus aemulus, Microlaena stipoides, Oplismenus imbecillis, Adiantum aethiopicum, Senecio amygdalifolius.


NA


Widespread along the eastern fall of the escarpment and in places on the eastern edge of the tablelands


Not identified


Diuris pedunculata, Asperula asthenes, Diuris venosa, Pterostylis cucullata,, Tylophora woollsii, Arthraxon hispidus,, Marsdenia longiloba, , Olearia flocktoniae, Parsonsia dorrigoensis, Zieria lasiocaulis, Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii

212



Extant Area


Carrai National Park & State Conservation Area and Mummel Gulf National Park

Carrai NP:598.6ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 116.8ha Mummel Gulf NP: 278ha


23; 5 full floristic and 18 rapid sites.

Total species

91


20 (13-27)

Notes Percentage cleared in Hunter/Central Rivers (HU585 - 30%); Northern Rivers (NR208 - 30%); This assemblage type like other related types is both dominated by a common group of overstorey species that is shared by a number of related PCTs within the region and also has a mesic understorey with emergent rainforest taxa. These similarities on dominant taxa, colour and texture make differentiation of these PCTs difficult even using ADS40 imagery.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Goodia lotifolia

0.80

0.04

4.50

2.78

Positive

Calochlaena dubia

0.80

0.14

4.25

2.32

Uninformative

Eucalyptus saligna

0.80

0.23

3.25

2.59

Uninformative


0.60

0.26

3.67

3.06

Uninformative

Acacia maidenii

0.60

0.06

3.00

2.05

Positive

Kennedia rubicunda

0.60

0.06

3.00

1.67

Positive


0.60

0.10

2.67

2.68

Positive

Synoum glandulosum

0.60

0.13

2.67

2.27

Uninformative


0.60

0.32

2.00

2.15

Uninformative

Hibbertia scandens

0.60

0.23

1.67

1.66

Uninformative

Phyllanthus gunnii

0.60

0.03

1.00

1.36

Positive

213


Eucalyptus quadrangulata

0.40

0.04

3.50

2.75

Positive

Cissus hypoglauca

0.40

0.16

3.00

1.72

Uninformative

Marsdenia rostrata

0.40

0.13

3.00

1.55

Uninformative

Rubus parvifolius

0.40

0.18

3.00

1.56

Uninformative

Eustrephus latifolius

0.40

0.06

2.00

1.29

Positive

Clematis aristata

0.40

0.15

1.50

1.42

Uninformative

Geranium solanderi

0.40

0.13

1.50

1.47

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.40

0.33

1.50

2.79

Uninformative

Senecio amygdalifolius

0.40

0.05

1.50

1.70

Positive

Wilkiea huegeliana

0.40

0.03

1.50

1.92

Positive

Smilax australis

0.40

0.14

1.00

1.35

Uninformative

214


Appendix 18: Sydney Blue Gum New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington - PCT 1238 Keith Formation


Keith Class



Sydney Blue Gum - New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington area of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU636

Photograph 25: Sydney Blue Gum New England Blackbutt tall moist forest in the Barrington - PCT 1238

Description Either open or tall open forest usually with an open shrubby understorey. Usually occurs on protected slopes and gullies above 400 metres on the southern and eastern Barrington foothills.

215



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus campanulata, Synoum glandulosum, Pittosporum undulatum, Eucalytpus saligna, Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus laevopinea, Diospyros australis, Schizomeria ovata, Eucalyptus quandrangulata

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Acacia irrorata, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Myrsine variabilis, Acacia blakei

Shrubs

Pittosporum multiflorum, Psychotria loniceroides, Cyathea australis, Acacia nova-anglica, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Perrsonia linearis

Vine and Climber

Marsdenia rostrata, Hibbertia dentata, Cissus hypoglauca, Hibbertia scandens, Smilax australis, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Tylophora grandiflora, Dioscorea transversa

Ground Covers

Blechnum nudum, Pteridium esculentum, Poa sieberiana, Oxalis chnoodes, Lepidosperma laterale, Drymophila moorei, Doodia aspera, Pratia purpurascens, Gymnostachys anceps.


NA


Not identified


Not identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Diuris pedunculata, Asperula asthenes Gaultheria viridicarpa subsp. viridicarpa, Tasmannia glaucifolia


Extant Area


Carrai State Conservation Area and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai SCA: 19.6ha

Unknown

Nowendoc NP: 527.4ha


5 full floristic sites

Total species

79


32.8 (21-47) 216


Notes Percentage cleared in Hunter/Central Rivers (HU636 - 65%); This assemblage type like other related types is both dominated by a common group of overstorey species that is shared by a number of related PCTs within the region and also has a mesic understorey with emergent rainforest taxa. These similarities on dominant taxa, colour and texture make differentiation of these PCTs difficult even using ADS40 imagery.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class


1.00

0.48

3.40

1.20

Uninformative

Acacia irrorata

1.00

0.23

2.20

1.88

Uninformative


1.00

0.16

1.80

1.17

Uninformative

Marsdenia rostrata

1.00

0.12

1.60

1.40

Uninformative


1.00

0.58

1.40

1.25

Uninformative

Pittosporum undulatum

0.80

0.08

2.50

1.70

Positive

Eucalyptus saligna

0.80

0.28

2.25

1.43

Uninformative

Hibbertia dentata

0.80

0.10

1.75

1.70

Uninformative

Lomandra longifolia

0.80

0.70

1.75

1.00

Uninformative

Cissus hypoglauca

0.80

0.18

1.50

1.50

Uninformative

Hibbertia scandens

0.80

0.41

1.25

1.81

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.80

0.61

1.25

1.00

Uninformative

Synoum glandulosum

0.60

0.14

3.33

1.25

Uninformative

Blechnum nudum

0.60

0.05

3.00

1.17

Positive


0.60

0.15

2.67

1.00

Uninformative

Cyathea australis

0.60

0.16

2.33

1.33

Uninformative

Elaeocarpus reticulatus

0.60

0.10

2.33

1.00

Uninformative

Diospyros australis

0.60

0.15

2.00

1.33

Uninformative


0.60

0.47

1.33

1.00

Uninformative

Myrsine variabilis

0.60

0.13

1.33

1.50

Uninformative

Smilax australis

0.60

0.26

1.33

1.43

Uninformative

Gymnostachys anceps

0.60

0.11

1.00

2.50

Uninformative

Solanum prinophyllum

0.60

0.05

1.00

1.33

Positive

217


Appendix 19: Sydney Blue Gum Tallowwood Soft Corkwood moist forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 1239 Keith Formation


Keith Class



Sydney Blue Gum - Tallowwood - Soft Corkwood moist forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


BR225; HU637; NA215; NR256

No image available

Description Very tall to extremely tall wet forest with a well‑developed warm temperate rainforest understorey. On the eastern rim of the New England Tablelands from Tenterfield south to the Barnard River.


Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus microcorys, Synoum glandulosum, Ackama paniculosa, Pittosporum revolutum, Eucalyptus campanulata, Diospyros australis, Doryphora sassafras, Eucalyptus laevopinea, Schizomeria ovata

Epiphytes

Pyrrosia rupestris

Small Trees

Cryptocarya rigida, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Cryptocarya meissneriana, Acacia irrorata, Cryptocarya microneura

Shrubs

Psychotria loniceroides, Cyathea australis, Trochocarpa laurina, Acmena smithii, Polyscias sambucifolia, Maytenus silvestris

Vine and Climber

Cissus hypoglauca, Rhodamnia rubescens, Hibbertia scandens, Cephalaralia cephalobotrys, Marsdenia rostrata, Ripogonum discolor, Hibbertia dentata,

Ground Covers

Blehnum cartilagineum, Lomandra longifolia, Calochlaena dubia, Gymnostachys anceps, Drymophila moorei, Doodia aspera, Pteriidium esculentum.

218



NA


On the eastern rim of the New England Tablelands from Tenterfield south to the Barnard River. (In relation to NA, NR). On the eastern rim of the New England Tablelands north of the Barnard River. (In relation to HU)


Not identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Diuris pedunculata, Asperula asthenes Gaultheria viridicarpa subsp. viridicarpa, Tasmannia glaucifolia, Parsonsia dorrigoensis, Cryptocarya foetida, Marsdenia longiloba, Olearia flocktoniae, Sophora fraseri, Zieria lasiocaulis


Extant Area


Carrai National Park,Carrai State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park and Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area

Carrai NP: 319.3ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 265.5ha Mummel NP: 77.3ha Mummel SCA: 186.3


19 full floristic survey sties

Total species

226


45 (28-69)

Notes Percentage cleared in Border Rivers/Gwydir (BR225 - 35%); Hunter/Central Rivers (HU637 - 15%); Namoi (NA215 - 30%); Northern Rivers (NR256 - 15%); This community was not surveyed during the current project but was surveyed extensively across 19 sites by previous botanists (Stephanie Horton & R.J. Hunter, Doug Binns and Lachlan Copeland). This assemblage type like other related types is both dominated by a common group of overstorey species that is shared by a number of related PCTs within the region and also has a mesic understorey with emergent rainforest taxa. These similarities on dominant taxa, colour and texture make differentiation of these PCTs difficult even using ADS40 imagery.

219



In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class


0.95

0.10

2.22

1.00

Positive

Eucalyptus saligna

0.84

0.24

2.88

1.75

Uninformative

Synoum glandulosum

0.84

0.10

2.44

1.00

Positive


0.74

0.08

2.86

2.00

Positive

Lomandra longifolia

0.74

0.67

1.71

1.50

Uninformative

Hibbertia scandens

0.74

0.38

1.07

1.00

Uninformative

Cryptocarya rigida

0.68

0.02

2.54

1.00

Positive


0.68

0.14

2.00

2.00

Uninformative


0.68

0.07

2.00

2.00

Positive

Cephalaralia cephalobotrys

0.68

0.04

1.15

1.54

Positive

Acacia irrorata

0.63

0.20

1.92

1.25

Uninformative

Cyathea australis

0.63

0.13

1.67

1.25

Uninformative

Cissus hypoglauca

0.63

0.15

1.50

1.00

Uninformative


0.63

0.14

1.50

1.50

Uninformative


0.58

0.11

2.91

1.75

Uninformative

Ackama paniculosa

0.58

0.10

2.18

1.00

Uninformative

Calochlaena dubia

0.58

0.18

1.73

3.06

Negative

Acmena smithii

0.58

0.12

1.64

1.00

Uninformative

Pittosporum revolutum

0.58

0.05

1.64

1.50

Positive

Diospyros australis

0.58

0.13

1.45

1.00

Uninformative

Gymnostachys anceps

0.58

0.08

1.18

1.59

Uninformative

Marsdenia rostrata

0.58

0.10

1.18

1.50

Uninformative


0.58

0.14

1.00

1.50

Uninformative

Drymophila moorei

0.53

0.14

1.30

1.88

Uninformative

220


Appendix 20: White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 1323 Keith Formation


Keith Class



White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges of the North Coast


NR281

Photograph 26: White-topped Box open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 1323

Description Generally a grassy or shrubby open forest but due to past clearing may be an woodland or low open woodland. The overstorey is generally between 8-35 m tall and 30-60% cover. The shrub layer is always present and is between 1-12 m tall and 20-80% cover. The understorey is between 0.1-1 m tall and between 30-90% cover.

221



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus eugenioides, Eucalyptus saligna, Synoum glandulosum, Eucalyptus carnea, Eucalyptus moluccana, Angophora subvelutina, Diploglottis cunninghamia, Eucalyptus microcrorys

Epiphytes

Pyrrosia rupestris

Small Trees

Banksia integrifolia, Allocasuarina torulosa, Exocarpos cupressiformis.

Shrubs

Breynia cernua, Cassinia leptocephala, Acacia implexa, Pimelea neo-anglica, Psychotria loniceroides, Pittosporum spinescens, Olearia elliptica

Vine and Climber

Cissus antarctica, Rubus rosifolius,

Ground Covers

Cymbopogon refractus, Senecio hispidulus, Poa sieberiana, Lomandra longifolia, Sorghum leiocladum, Lotus cruentus, Themeda triandra, Microlaena stipoides, Aristida personata, Sigesbeckia orientalis, Pellaea falcata, Lobelia trigonocaulis.


NA


Confined to ranges and escarpments


Not identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Diuris pedunculata, Marsdenia longiloba, Tylophora woolsii


Extant Area



Mummel NP: 1.4ha

Unknown

Nowendoc National Park

Nowendoc NP: 29.0ha


6 rapid survey sites

Total species

Unknown


Unknown 222


Notes Percentage cleared in Northern Rivers (NR281 - 50%) Unassigned BVTID – HU655 Generally a highly disturbed assemblage that is in various states of regeneration with no old growth stands within the reserves. The various states of degradation have meant that boundary delimitation was not always clear. This assemblage though put within PCT1323 is likely to be an undescribed variant.

223


Appendix 21: New England Blackbutt Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges - PCT 986 Keith Formation


Keith Class

Northern Tablelands Wet Sclerophyll Forests




NR207

Photograph 27: New England Blackbutt Tallowwood grassy forest of escarpment ranges - PCT 986

Description Occurs on the eastern edge of the New England Tablelands in the northern part of Hunter/Central Rivers CMA

224



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus cameronii, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus microcorys,

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina littoralis, Acacia irrorata, Banksia integrifolia

Shrubs

Leucopogon lanceolatus, Persoonia linearis, Hakea eriantha, Goodia latifolia, Podolobium ilicifolium, Persoonia media, Pimelea neo-anglica, Lomatia silaifolia, Leptospermum gregarium.

Vine and Climber

GLycine clandestina, Rubus parvifolius, Hibbertia scandens, Hardenbergia violacea, Desmodium varians, Kennedia rubicunda

Ground Covers

Lomandra longifolia, Imperata cylindrica, Poa sieberiana, Viola betonicifolia, Pratia purpurascens, Viola hederacea, Themeda triandra, Gonocarpus teucrioides, Pteris comans, Cymbopogon refractus, Podolepis neglecta, Plantago varia, Lomandra filiformis, Leptinella reptans


NA


On the eastern edge of the New England Tablelands in the northern part of Hunter/Central Rivers CMA area


Not identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Diuris pedunculata, Diuris venosa, Marsdenia longiloba, Olearia flocktoniae, Parsonsia dorrigoensis Tylophora woollsii


Extant Area


Carrai State Conservation Area and

Carrai SCA: 476.4ha

Unknown


Mummel NP: 12.5ha


5 full floristic sites

Total species

80


27.8 (18-35)

225


Notes Percentage cleared in Northern Rivers (NR207 - 15%); Not currently surveyed during this program but previously sampled by Cobcroft and S. Horton and R.J.Hunter. This assemblage is very similar to other communities dominated by Eucalyptuss campanulata and Eucalyptus cameronii with a sub-component of Eucalyptus microcorys and hence the delineation between these PCTs was not clear on imagery.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Lomandra longifolia

1.00

0.41

3.20

2.67

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

1.00

0.33

2.80

2.79

Uninformative


1.00

0.26

2.00

2.03

Uninformative


1.00

0.32

2.00

2.15

Uninformative

Glycine clandestina

1.00

0.13

1.80

1.58

Uninformative

Imperata cylindrica

0.80

0.10

4.00

3.15

Positive

Persoonia linearis

0.80

0.21

2.00

1.68

Uninformative

Pratia purpurascens

0.80

0.13

1.75

1.55

Uninformative

Rubus parvifolius

0.80

0.18

1.75

1.56

Uninformative

Viola betonicifolia

0.80

0.14

1.75

1.50

Uninformative


0.60

0.26

4.67

3.06

Uninformative


0.60

0.15

3.33

2.61

Uninformative


0.60

0.18

2.00

1.59

Uninformative

Hibbertia scandens

0.60

0.23

2.00

1.66

Uninformative

Eucalyptus saligna

0.60

0.23

1.67

2.59

Uninformative

Acacia irrorata

0.40

0.17

2.50

2.31

Uninformative

Allocasuarina littoralis

0.40

0.09

2.50

2.53

Positive

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.40

0.11

2.50

2.49

Uninformative

Eucalyptus radiata

0.40

0.13

2.50

2.63

Uninformative


0.40

0.09

2.00

1.93

Positive


0.40

0.14

2.00

1.64

Uninformative

Hakea eriantha

0.40

0.03

2.00

1.60

Positive

Themeda triandra

0.40

0.12

2.00

2.65

Uninformative

226


Viola hederacea

0.40

0.13

2.00

1.53

Uninformative

Desmodium varians

0.40

0.08

1.50

1.67

Uninformative

Persoonia media

0.40

0.04

1.50

1.77

Positive


0.40

0.10

1.50

2.08

Uninformative

Geranium solanderi

0.40

0.13

1.00

1.47

Uninformative

Lomandra filiformis

0.40

0.08

1.00

1.44

Uninformative

227


Appendix 22: Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forest – no equivalent PCT Keith Formation

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub sub-formation)

Keith Class



No Equivalent


NA

Photograph 28: Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forest – no equivalent PCT

Description Generally a low forest, closed scrub or tall woodland with occasional emergent eucalypts. The overstorey is generally 8-15 m tall with a 65-70% canopy cover. Sometimes an emergent eucalypt layer may overtop to 25 m tall but will only have a small canopy cover of up to 15%. The shrub layer rarely is apparent and may be 1-10 m tall and up to 50% cover. The herb layer is spare from 0.1-1 m high and a cover around 25-60% (or up to 85%).

228



Typical species

Trees

Acacia blakei, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Angophora subvelutina, Eucalyptus cameronii, Eucalyptus eugenioides, Pittosporum undulatum, Eucalyptus sp. aff. retinens

Epiphytes

Pyrrosia rupestris, Sarcochilus spathulatus

Small Trees

Allocasuarina torulosa, Melia azederach

Shrubs

Dodonaea viscosa, Phyllanthus gunnii, Spartothamnella juncea, Solanum densivestitum, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Dodonaea triquetra

Vine and Climber

Absent

Ground Covers

Cymbopogon refractus, Lomandra longifolia, Cyperus gracilis, Mentha diemenica, Poa sieberiana, Eragrostis leptostachya, Imperata cylindrica, Carex longibrachiata, Plectranthus graveolens, Goncoarpus oreophilus, Entolasia stricta, Rytidosperma longifolium, Gahnia aspera.


NA


Not identified


These stands occurred on shallow soils but had sharp and distinct boundaries with the surrounded Eucalyptus-dominated forests. The understorey was very sparse, with only a few grasses and some scattered smaller shrubs.


Not identified

229



Extant Area



Mummel NP: 7.9ha

Unknown

Nowendoc NP: 153.1



Total species

Unknown


Unknown)

Notes Keith (2004) considered these Acacia-dominated systems, which he termed Southern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forests, as a curious anomaly, as the only (non-regrowth) class of vegetation in eastern flowing catchments of the Great Dividing Range to be dominated by Acacia rather than Eucalyptus. Similar vegetation however has been reported elsewhere in eastern NSW for over a decade. Stands dominated by Acacia bulgaensis occur in the Wollemi, Yengo, Parr and Pokolbin areas west of Newcastle (Bell et al. 1993; Binns 1996). Vegetation dominated by Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla occurs in areas north from Gloucester (Binns 1994; Binns 1995; Anon 1995; Hunter 1998; Hunter et al. 1998; Benwell 2000; Hunter 2004). Extensive field investigations have highlighted that the latter northern vegetation, in particular, mirrors the physical and structural characteristics of the southern scrubs and forests. Here I describe, compare and contrast these Northern Wattle Dry Sclerophyll Forests and Scrubs with those from southern NSW. Binns (1994) described an Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla –Plectranthus graveolens low forest or woodland from the Chaelundi area north of Dorrigo. An Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla forest association was noted near the Henry River Falls on metasediments in Guy Fawkes River National Park (Anon 1995). Benwell (2000) described an Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla scrub associated with low quartz sedimentary rock types and acid volcanics in Nymboida National Park. Benwell (2000) also discusses finding similar stands within Guy Fawkes River National Park. Extensive stands of Acacia blakei scrub also occur within Oxley Wild Rivers National Park (pers. obs.) where they are quite extensive compared to other northern occurrences. These stands are often associated with dry rainforest, and due to their similar colour on aerial photographs may be included in dry rainforest mapping units (CRA 1999). Within eastern NSW potentially less than 5 000 ha of this vegetation may exist north of the Hunter region. Around 700 ha have been mapped in northern NSW though it is likely that not all stands have been recorded. In the south-east where more extensive investigations have occurred, 3585 ha are known. These distinctive communities are probably part of a long-term dynamic reliant on unique site characteristics and extreme fire events. In 1988 Clayton-Greene and Wimbush suggested that the only conceivable threat to the continued existence of the southern scrubs would be attempts to exclude intense fire by too-frequent low-intensity burns in the surrounding woodland. Under such regimes the likelihood of these wattle scrubs and forests persisting in landscapes where extreme fire events are actively discouraged by management activities may be reduced. Although most occurrences in northern NSW are within reserves managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service; most are small and isolated stands and they may be under threat while we do not understand the mechanisms enabling persistence. These communities should be perceived as both a significant and unusual vegetation association of limited extent.

230


Appendix 23: Mountain Ribbon Gum Messmate Broadleaved Stringybark open forest on granitic soils - PCT 526 Keith Formation


Keith Class





BR309; HU573; NA158; N713

Photograph 29: Mountain Ribbon Gum Messmate Broad-leaved Stringybark open forest on granitic soils - PCT 526

Description A tall grassy open forest. The overstorey ranges from (8-) 15-35 m tall and 30-70% cover with a shrubby layer usually present from 1-10 m tall and 5-40% cover. The ground layer is from 0.1-1 m tall and 40-80% cover.

231



Typical species

Trees

eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus caliginosa, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus campanulata,

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Acacia irrorata, Acacia melanoxylon, Exocarpos cupressiformis,

Shrubs

Ozothamnus diosmifolius, Olearia viscidula, Xanthorrhoea macronema, Lissanthe strigosa, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Persoonia media.

Vine and Climber

Desmodium gunnii, Rubus parvifolius, Cissus antarctica.

Ground Covers

Poa sieberiana, Microlaena stipoides, Sorghum leiocladum, Imperata cylindrica, Lomandra longifolia, Calochlaena dubia, Austrostiipa pubescens, Pteridium esculentu, Themeda triandra, Stackhousia viminea, Lomandra multiflora, Dichelachne micrantha, Dianella revoluta, Pellaea falcata, Senecio bipinnatisectus, Plantago varia, Oxalis perennans, Euchiton sphaericus, CCarex lobolepis, Carex breviculmis


NA


On the eastern rim of the New England Tablelands from Tenterfield south to the Barnard River. (In relation to NA, NR). On the eastern rim of the New England Tablelands north of the Barnard River. (In relation to HU)


Not Identified


Asperula asthenes, Diuris venosa, Grantiella picta, Tasmannia glaucifolia, Thesium australe, Tylophora woollsii, Cryptostylis hunteriana, Diuris pedunculata, Pterostylis cucullata, Commersonia prostrata

232



Extant Area



Mummel NP: 395.7ha

Unknown

Nowendoc NP: 96.7ha


9 rapid survey plots

Total species

Unknown


Unknown

Notes Percentage cleared in Border Rivers/Gwydir (BR309 - 100%); Hunter/Central Rivers (HU573 - 30%); Namoi (NA158 - 50%); Northern Rivers (NR713 - -1%); Climate zone is temperate with no dry season, greater than 70% occurs within the Northern Tablelands. Similar to a number of other PCTs described for the study region but differs in being generally at higher altitudes and with a dominance of gum barked species. The density of understorey shrubs is largely based on time since fire, its severity and frequency.

233


Appendix 24: Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Ribbon Gum open forest - PCT 964 Keith Formation

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub/grass formation)

Keith Class



Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Ribbon Gum - Hovea pedunculata open forest of the New England Tableland Bioregion


NR194

Photograph 30: Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Ribbon Gum open forest - PCT 964

Description Generally a shrubby open forest though may at times be a grassy open forest. Overstorey is from 830 m in height and 35-60 percent cover. The shrub layer is usually present from 1-6 m in height and 35-70% cover. The ground layer is from 0.1-1 m in height and is usually 60-95% cover but may be as low as 15%.

234



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus caliginosa, Eucalyptus cameronii.

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees


Shrubs

Leucopogon lanceolatus, Podolobium ilicifolium, Banksia neo-anglica, Persoonia linearis, Dicksonia antarctica, Monotoca scoparia, Hakea florulenta, Goodia lotifolia, Prostanthera lasianthos, Trochocarpa montana, Tasmannia stipitata, Bursaria spinosa

Vine and Climber

Billardiera scandens, Hardenbergia violacea, Clematis glycinoides

Ground Covers

Lomandra longifolia, Poa sieberiana, Pteridium esculentum, Calochlaena dubia, Lycopodium deuterodensum, Gleichenia dicarpa, Gahnia sieberiana, Viola hederacea, Scleranthus sp. Fitzs Hill, Poranthera micicrophylla, Dipodium variegatum, Dichodnra repens, Deyeuxia parviseta


NA


On ridgelines


Not identified


Cryptostylis hunteriana, Diuris pedunculata, Diuris venosa, Prostanthera cineolifera, , Trochocarpa montana


Extant Area


Carrai Aboriginal Area, Carrai National Park, Mummel Gulf National Park and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai AA: 1.4ha

Unknown

Carrai NP: 21.7ha Mummel Gulf NP: 29.8ha Nowendoc NP: 468.9ha



Total species

Unknown


Unknown

235


Notes Percentage cleared in Northern Rivers (NR194 - 10%). An unusual and highly distinctive assemblage unlike any other within the reserves. The shrubbier form of this community has a number of unique understorey species not generally found in other PCTs nearby including Banksia neo-anglica, Lycopodium deuterodensum including Gleichenia dicarp.

236


Appendix 25: Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Wattle-leaved Peppermint PCT 970 Keith Formation

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrub/grass formation)

Keith Class



Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Wattle-leaved Peppermint shrubby open forest of the New England Tableland Bioregion


BR166; NA167; NR196;

No image available

Description Mid‑high to tall shrubby woodland and open forest. Occurs on the eastern side of the New England Tableland


Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus radiata subsp. sejuncta; Eucalyptus acaciiformis; Eucalyptus campanulata; Eucalyptus williamsiana; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Absent

Shrubs

Banksia spinulosa; Bossiaea scortechinii; Leucopogon lanceolatus; Monotoca scoparia; Petrophile canescens

Vine and Climber

Absent

Ground Covers

Lomandra spp.; Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana; Pteridium esculentum; Themeda australis


NA

Environmental Relationships (landform, altitude, aspect, slope,

Landscape Position: On the eastern side of the New England Tableland 237


topography) Habitat (Geology, soils)

Not identified


Cryptostylis hunteriana, Diuris pedunculata, Diuris venosa, Prostanthera cineolifera, Trochocarpa montana

EEC Equivalent

Listed TSC Act,E: New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova‑ anglica) Woodland on Basalts and Sediments in the New England Tableland Bioregion ; Listed TSC Act,E: New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova‑anglica) Woodland on Basalts and Sediments in the New England Tableland Bioregion

Distribution and Extent

Reserve

Extant Area


Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area and Mummel Gulf National Park

Carrai NP: 18.4ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA:24.8ha Mummel Gulf NP: 7.4ha


0

Total species Average Species per plot

Notes Largely confied to outside of the reserve boundary a small area that potentially meets this community type occurs along the northern boundary of Mummel Gulf NP.

238


Appendix 26: Forest Red Gum Pink Bloodwood open forest of the foothills and ranges - PCT 833 Keith Formation


Keith Class



Forest Red Gum - Pink Bloodwood open forest of the foothills and ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


HU545

Photograph 31: Forest Red Gum Pink Bloodwood open forest of the foothills and ranges - PCT 833

Description Scattered at higher elevations on the ranges of the escarpment

239



Typical species

Trees

Angophora floribunda ,Corymbia intermedia, Eucalyptus tereticornis

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees


Shrubs

Breynia oblongifolia, Rubus parvifolius

Vine and Climber

Glycine clandestina Hardenbergia violacea, Hibbertia scandens

Ground Covers

Doodia aspera, Lomandra longifolia, Pratia purpurascens, Pteridium esculentum, Imperata cylindrical var. maj, Sigesbeckia orientalis


NA


Scattered at higher elevations on the ranges of the escarpment


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area


Carrai State Conservation Area

Carrai SCA:21.0ha

Unknown


0 Sites

Total species

Unknown


Unknown

Notes Percentage cleared in Hunter/Central Rivers (HU545 - 20%); Not formally surveyed by this or any other previous surveys. The mapping of this unit is based on past API line work and it assumed that due to the topography, altitude and general location that it is a reasonable supposition. It is acknowledged and this very difficult area to access will need sites placed to confirm the communities’ existence within the study area. 240


Appendix 27: Grey gum - stringybark open forest of the gorges - PCT 868 Keith Formation


Keith Class

Northern Gorge Sclerophyll Forests




HU555; NR175

Photograph 32: Grey gum - stringybark open forest of the gorges - PCT 868

Description Generally a tall open forest with a prominent tall shrub understorey. Often highly disturbed the overstorey ranges from 8-25 m height and 15-60% cover. The shrub layer is always present from 112 m in height and 10-80% cover. The understorey ranges from 0.1-1 m in height and 15-80% cover.

241



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus punctata, Eucalyptus eugenioides, Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus carnea, Eucalyptus sp. aff. Retinens, Angophora subvelutina, Eucalyptus microcorys, Eucalyptus caliginosa, Angophora floribunda, Synoum glandulosum, Eucalyptus globoidea, Eucalyptus biturbinata

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia irrorata, Acacia blakei, Pittosporum undulatum, Alphitonia excelsa, Wilkiea huegeliana

Shrubs

Breynia cernua, Phyllanthus gunnii, Persoonia linearis, Olearia viscidula Indigofera australis

Vine and Climber

Absent

Ground Covers

Lomandra longifolia, Cymbopogon refractus, Themeda triandra, Poa sieberiana, Desmodium brachypodum, Imperata cylindrica, Cyperus gracilis, Dianella caerulea, Rytidosperma longifolium, Pellaea falcata, Plectranthus parviflorus, Plantago debilis, Oplismenus aemulus, Lepidosperma laterale.


NA


On steep exposed slopes of the escarpment ranges and gorges extending onto the eastern edge of the tableland in places.


Not identified


Diuris pedunculata Cryptostylis hunteriana, Grevillea guthrieana, Hakea fraseri, Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina, Prostanthera cineolifera, Zieria floydii, Pterostylis bicornis


Extant Area


Carrai National Park,Carrai State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai NP: 1269.1

Unknown

Carrai SCA:249.2ha Mummel Gulf SCA: 97.0ha Nowendoc NP: 890.4ha

242



11; 3 full floristic sites and 8 rapid sites.

Total species

126


48 (33-61)

Notes Percentage cleared in Hunter/Central Rivers (HU555 - 15%); Northern Rivers (NR175 - 5%); A highly diverse assemblage that is best generally circumscribed by PCT 868 but which is likely to be further split into a number of unique assemblages. However the unit as mapped has been disturbed by past clearing and logging activities and frequent fire in places which has changed the species mix is some areas and also detracted from proper delineation in some mapping locations. Furthermore a number of mesic rainforest taxa can occur and if left without fire for some time the nature of this assemblage could change dramatically both floristically and structurally.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Lomandra longifolia

1.00

0.71

3.00

2.67

Uninformative

Pellaea falcata

1.00

0.13

2.00

1.93

Uninformative

Dianella caerulea

1.00

0.41

1.33

1.41

Uninformative

Indigofera australis

1.00

0.13

1.33

1.82

Uninformative

Plantago debilis

1.00

0.10

1.33

1.61

Uninformative

Plectranthus parviflorus

1.00

0.06

1.33

1.48

Positive

Hibbertia scandens

1.00

0.42

1.00

1.66

Uninformative

Maytenus silvestris

1.00

0.09

1.00

1.39

Uninformative

Sigesbeckia orientalis

1.00

0.10

1.00

1.47

Uninformative


0.67

0.16

3.50

2.30

Uninformative

Eucalyptus caliginosa

0.67

0.03

3.00

2.67

Positive


0.67

0.12

3.00

2.68

Uninformative

Cymbopogon refractus

0.67

0.03

2.50

2.46

Positive

Olearia viscidula

0.67

0.02

2.50

1.44

Positive

Desmodium gunnii

0.67

0.26

2.00

1.80

Uninformative

Dichondra repens

0.67

0.21

2.00

1.97

Uninformative

Lepidosperma laterale

0.67

0.18

2.00

1.63

Uninformative

Acacia melanoxylon

0.67

0.11

1.50

1.67

Uninformative

243


Breynia cernua

0.67

0.10

1.50

1.55

Uninformative


0.67

0.17

1.50

1.30

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.67

0.62

1.50

2.79

Negative

Rytidosperma longifolium

0.67

0.02

1.50

1.14

Uninformative

Cheilanthes sieberi

0.67

0.02

1.00

1.44

Positive

Glycine clandestina

0.67

0.31

1.00

1.58

Uninformative


0.67

0.31

1.00

1.59

Uninformative

Microlaena stipoides

0.67

0.13

1.00

1.68

Uninformative

Muellerina celastroides

0.67

0.00

1.00

1.00

Positive

Persoonia linearis

0.67

0.31

1.00

1.68

Uninformative

Pimelea neo-anglica

0.67

0.03

1.00

1.42

Positive


0.67

0.09

1.00

1.97

Uninformative

Pratia purpurascens

0.67

0.18

1.00

1.55

Uninformative

Rubus parvifolius

0.67

0.35

1.00

1.56

Uninformative

Vernonia cinerea

0.67

0.07

1.00

1.48

Uninformative

244


Appendix 28: New England Blackbutt - stringybark grassy forest - PCT 983 Keith Formation


Keith Class





BR171; HU582; NR206

Photograph 33: New England Blackbutt - stringybark grassy forest - PCT 983

Description Usually a shrubby open forest with a tall shrub layer and a distinctive grassy understorey. Often consisting of regrowth areas from clearing and timber harvesting the overstorey ranges from 8-28 m tall and 20-60% cover. The shrub layer ranges from 1-12 m in height and a cover of 15-60%. The ground layer is from 0.1-1 m in height and 50-90% cover.

245



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus saligna, Angophora subvelutina, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus caliginosa, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus biturbinata, Eucalyptus eugenioides, Eucalyptus cameronii.

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Acacia irrorata, Allocasuarina littoralis, Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia blakei, Acacia falciformis,

Shrubs

Leucopogon lanceolatus, Goodenia ovata, Breynia cernua, Pittosporum spinescens, Acacia implexa, Callistemon salignus

Vine and Climber

Rubus parvifolius, Desmodium gunnii, Hardenbergia violacea

Ground Covers

Imperata cylindrica, Poa sieberiana, Pteridium esculentum, Cymbopogon refractus, Sorghum leiocladum, Dichondra repens, Themeda triandra, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Lomandra longifolia, Blechnum wattsii, Pellaea falcata, Geranium solanderi, Cyperus gracilis, Dianella cerulea, Gonocarpus tetragynus.


NA


Occurs in dry rugged areas of the escarpment north from the Barnard River. (In relation to HU), Throughout the dry rugged gorges of the Great Escarpment from the Cataract River south to the Barnard River. (In relation to BR, NR)


Not identified


Diuris pedunculata, Cryptostylis hunteriana, Dichanthium setosum, Grevillea guthrieana, Hakea fraseri, Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina, Prostanthera cineolifera, Euphrasia arguta

246



Extant Area


Carrai National Park, Mummel Gulf National Park and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai NP: 18.4ha

Unknown

Mummel Gulf NP: 1032.2ha Nowendoc NP: 984.2ha



Total species

108


24.3 (19-30)

Notes Percentage cleared in Border Rivers/Gwydir (BR171 - 35%); Hunter/Central Rivers (HU582 - 20%); Northern Rivers (NR206 - 20%). A highly variable assemblage with a number of overstorey dominants that have likely changed in dominance due to recovery from logging and clearing. The dominant overstorey taxa are shared by a number of PCTs within the study area but this community is distinguished by the changing understorey species driven by altitudinal changes with this particularly assemblage occurring at lower altitudes. There is a long transition between PCTs based on this elevation change and thus clear demarcation of PCTs was not always apparent.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Themeda triandra

1.00

0.12

3.43

2.65

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

1.00

0.33

2.86

2.79

Uninformative

Imperata cylindrica

0.86

0.10

4.50

3.15

Uninformative


0.86

0.09

3.33

2.53

Positive

Desmodium gunnii

0.86

0.15

2.00

1.80

Uninformative


0.86

0.26

2.00

2.03

Uninformative


0.71

0.32

3.40

2.15

Uninformative

Eucalyptus saligna

0.71

0.23

2.20

2.59

Uninformative


0.71

0.18

2.20

1.59

Uninformative


0.71

0.08

2.00

1.69

Positive

247


Geranium solanderi

0.71

0.13

1.80

1.47

Uninformative

Pratia purpurascens

0.71

0.13

1.80

1.55

Uninformative

Lomandra longifolia

0.57

0.41

3.00

2.67

Uninformative

Rubus parvifolius

0.57

0.18

2.25

1.56

Uninformative

Glycine microphylla

0.57

0.07

1.75

1.55

Positive


0.57

0.10

1.50

1.44

Positive


0.43

0.15

3.67

2.61

Uninformative


0.43

0.26

3.33

3.06

Uninformative

Kennedia rubicunda

0.43

0.06

3.00

1.67

Positive

Hibbertia scandens

0.43

0.23

2.33

1.66

Uninformative

Dianella revoluta

0.43

0.05

1.33

1.43

Positive


0.43

0.12

1.33

1.79

Uninformative

Viola hederacea

0.43

0.13

1.00

1.53

Uninformative

Acacia irrorata

0.29

0.17

3.50

2.31

Uninformative

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.29

0.11

3.00

2.49

Uninformative

Sorghum leiocladum

0.29

0.03

2.50

2.89

Positive

Dichondra repens

0.29

0.11

1.50

1.97

Uninformative

Geranium neglectum

0.29

0.02

1.50

1.67

Positive

Jacksonia scoparia

0.29

0.03

1.50

1.88

Positive

Persoonia oleoides

0.29

0.06

1.50

1.37

Positive

Viola betonicifolia

0.29

0.14

1.00

1.50

Uninformative

248


Appendix 29: Thin-leaved Stringybark Broad-leaved Apple open forest of the gorges - PCT 1273 Keith Formation


Keith Class



Thin-leaved Stringybark - Broad-leaved Apple open forest of the gorges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


NR272

Photograph 34: Thin-leaved Stringybark Broad-leaved Apple open forest of the gorges - PCT 1273

Description Highly variable community in terms of structure and floristic dominance. This PCT has been heavily disturbed in the past from clearing and logging and is in various states of regeneration. The assemblage is generally an open forest from 8-35 m tall and 30-65% cover. The shrub layer is always present but is a mixture types with often no distinct layering and can be from 1-12 m in height and (5-) 15-80% cover. The ground layer is from 0.1 -1 m tall and from 30-100% cover.

249



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus carnea, Angophora subvelutina, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus caliginosa, Dendrocnide excelsa, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus microcorys, Toona ciliata.

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Acacia irrorata, Banksia integrifolia, Pittosporum undulatum,

Shrubs

Dicksonia antarctica, Melicytus dentata, Breynia cernua,

Vine and Climber

Rubus parvifolius, Cissus antarctica, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Desmodium gunnii, Hibbertia scandens, Rubus rosifolius, Pandorea pandorana

Ground Covers

Poa sieberiana, Lomandra longifolia, Imperata cylindrica, Pteridium esculentum, Themeda triandra, Histiopteris incisa, Blechnum ambiguum, Pellaea falcata, Geranium solanderi, Carex longibrachiata, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Dichondra repens, Cyperus gracilis, Adiantum aethiopicum.


NA


In rugged escarpment gorges from the McPherson Ranges south to the Hunter River


Not identified


Cryptostylis hunteriana, Grevillea guthrieana, Hakea fraseri, Haloragis exalata subsp. velutina, Zieria floydii


Extant Area



Mummel Gulf NP: 527.1ha

Unknown

Nowendoc NP: 370.1ha

250



21; 11 full floristic sites and 10 rapid sites

Total species

166


32 (38-40)

Notes Percentage cleared in Northern Rivers (NR272 - 25%); A highly variable assemblage due to past clearing activities and various states of recovery. The understorey is a mixture of both sclerophyllous and mesic elements and this mix and its age is largely dependent on time since, frequency and intensity of past fires.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Eucalyptus tereticornis

0.82

0.01

2.67

2.50

Positive

Pellaea falcata

0.82

0.11

2.33

1.93

Uninformative

Rubus parvifolius

0.82

0.33

1.89

1.56

Uninformative

Breynia cernua

0.82

0.08

1.67

1.55

Positive

Oplismenus undulatifolius

0.73

0.00

2.13

2.13

Positive


0.73

0.15

2.00

1.30

Uninformative

Acacia irrorata

0.64

0.22

3.29

2.31

Uninformative

Eucalyptus saligna

0.64

0.27

2.86

2.59

Uninformative

Cissus antarctica

0.64

0.13

2.43

2.12

Uninformative

Cyperus gracilis

0.64

0.02

2.00

1.75

Positive

Desmodium gunnii

0.64

0.24

2.00

1.80

Uninformative

Dichondra repens

0.64

0.19

2.00

1.97

Uninformative

Adiantum aethiopicum

0.55

0.04

2.33

1.80

Positive

Angophora subvelutina

0.55

0.01

2.17

1.89

Positive

Pandorea pandorana

0.55

0.17

2.00

1.41

Uninformative

Geranium solanderi

0.55

0.25

1.00

1.47

Uninformative

Desmodium brachypodum

0.45

0.03

2.00

1.77

Positive

Commelina cyanea

0.45

0.05

1.80

1.30

Positive

Stephania japonica

0.45

0.02

1.80

1.40

Positive

251


Acacia implexa

0.45

0.02

1.60

1.70

Positive

Plectranthus graveolens

0.45

0.03

1.60

1.77

Positive

Vernonia cinerea

0.45

0.06

1.60

1.48

Positive


0.45

0.10

1.40

1.16

Uninformative

Rubus rosifolius

0.45

0.12

1.40

1.60

Uninformative

252


Appendix 30: Blue Mountain Ash New England Blackbutt tall open forest - PCT 707 Keith Formation


Keith Class



Blue Mountain Ash - New England Blackbutt tall open forest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


NR128

Photograph 35: Blue Mountain Ash New England Blackbutt tall open forest - PCT 707

Description Highly structurally variable depending on the presence of which overstorey species are dominating and the amount of outcropping granite within the location. May appear as a open densely shrubby woodland/open woodland or a tall densely shrubby open forest.

253



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus cameronii, Eucalyptus williamsiana, Eucalyptus oreades

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina torulosa, Allocasuarina littoralis

Shrubs

Persoonia linearis, Lomatia silaifolia, Bossieaea neo-anglica, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Banksia cunninghamii, Amperea xiphoclada, Xanthosia pilosa, Acacia ulicifolia, Acacia obtusata, Acacia myrtifolia, Acacia obtusifolia, Leptospermum trinervium, Leptospermum novae-angliae, Comesperma ericinum, Banksia spinulosa, Polyscias sambucifolia, Petrophile canescens, Monotoca scoparia, Daviesia nova-anglica, Melichrus urceolatus

Vine and Climber

Billardiera scandens.

Ground Covers

Entolasia stricta, Pteridium esculentum, Patersonia glabrata, Lomandra longifolia, Lepidosperma laterale, Themeda triandra, Dianella caerulea, Imperata cylindrica, Gonocarpus tetragynus, Gleichenia dicarpa, Poa sieberiana, Calochlaea dubia.


NA


Scattered distribution along the escarpment (e.g. Timbarra and Werrikimbe National Parks


Not identified


Cryptostylis hunteriana, Prostanthera cineolifera, Sarcochilus hartmannii


Extant Area


Carrai National Park and Carrai State Conservation Area

Carrai NP: 33.8ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 63.7ha


16 full floristic survey sites

Total species

153


30.9 (24-39)

254


Notes Percentage cleared in Northern Rivers (NR128 - 30%) Eucalyptus oreades within this assemblage is probably included within the overstorey Floristic Group # 40 Eucalyptus oreades by Bale (1995)is very restricted in area. Similar community is also described for Basket Swamp NP and Timbarra NP where Eucalyptus oreades was found dominating very rocky situations. Overstorey associations of Eucalyptus oreades have been recorded in disjunct occurrences from Glennies Chair, Border Ranges National Park, to Kemp’s Pinnacle and Spokes Lookout within Werrikimbe National Park. There is considerable understorey floristic variation between these known locations. This community is correlated with Ecosystem 12 Blue Mountains Ash, which was not mapped from the study area during the CRA. While this PCT is largely restricted to rock outcrops and boulder fields some locations without the typical dominance of Eucalyptus oreades align to this PCT around steep shallow soil slopes associated with the edge of the escarpment.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Entolasia stricta

1.00

0.12

2.19

1.77

Uninformative

Persoonia linearis

1.00

0.27

1.75

1.68

Uninformative

Lomatia silaifolia

0.94

0.05

1.73

1.77

Positive


0.88

0.45

2.79

3.06

Uninformative

Bossiaea neo-anglica

0.88

0.03

1.43

1.35

Positive


0.81

0.55

1.92

2.15

Uninformative

Patersonia glabrata

0.81

0.02

1.69

1.53

Positive


0.75

0.44

1.58

2.03

Uninformative

Lomandra longifolia

0.69

0.68

1.91

2.67

Negative


0.63

0.13

2.50

2.30

Uninformative

Xanthosia pilosa

0.63

0.01

1.50

1.50

Positive

Acacia ulicifolia

0.63

0.02

1.30

1.41

Positive


0.56

0.24

2.67

2.61

Uninformative

Banksia cunninghamii

0.56

0.03

2.11

1.89

Positive


0.56

0.16

2.00

1.63

Uninformative

Amperea xiphoclada

0.56

0.03

1.89

1.53

Positive


0.56

0.18

1.00

1.19

Uninformative

Comesperma ericinum

0.50

0.02

1.13

1.14

Positive


0.44

0.10

2.71

2.53

Uninformative

255


Appendix 31: Eurabbie tall open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 822 Keith Formation

Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Shrubby/sub-formation)

Keith Class



Eurabbie tall open forest of the escarpment ranges of the NSW North Coast Bioregion


NR158

Photograph 36: Eurabbie tall open forest of the escarpment ranges - PCT 822

Description This community type occurs largely around the margins of wetlands and is highly variable in understorey composition and structure depending on how close to the wetland the system is. Largely an open forest but maybe a low open woodland. Overstorey may be as low as 4 m but as high as 22 m with a cover of 5-30%. The shrub layer is always present and from 1-6 m and 5-80% cover. The ground layer is generally less than 1 m tall and up to 100% cover.

256



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus bicostata, Eucalyptus quadrangulata, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus cameronii, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus pauciflora, Eucalytpus dalrympleana, Eucalyptus williamsiana, Eucalyptus saligna

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Allocasuarina littoralis, Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola

Shrubs

Leptospermum gregarium, Grevillea juniperina, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Acacia ulicifolia

Vine and Climber

Glycine clandestina, Glycine microphylla

Ground Covers

Lomandra longifolia, Themeda triandra, Poa sieberiana, Goncoarpus teucrioides, Gahnia sieberiana, Pteridium esculentum, Viola betonicifolia, Pratia purpurascens, Isachne globosa, Entolasia stricta, Viola hederacea, Stylidium graminifolium, Ranunculus lappaceus, Leptocarpus tenax, Imperata cylindrica, Hypericum gramineum, Gonocarpus micranthus, Gleichenia dicarpa, Gahnia aspera, Wahlenbergia communis


NA


Restricted to the Carrai Plateau in the upper Macleay Valley.


Not identified


Cryptostylis hunteriana


Extant Area


Carrai National Park and Carrai State Conservaiton Area

Carrai NP: 352.4ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA: 7.0ha


9; 6 full floristic sites and 3 rapid sites.

Total species

109


25.7 (16-41)

257


Notes Percentage cleared in Northern Rivers (NR158 - 0%); Over time this PCT will invade the margins of wetlands during a succession of drier years but will also be knocked back during a succession of wetter years. Thus the margin of this PCT is in continual flux. There is certainly evidence that Eurabbie is germinating into the surrounding open forest communities and may eventually become codominant or replace other eucalypt species within these other PCTs. Found just outside the boundary and not a current mapped type.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Themeda triandra

0.83

0.15

3.60

2.65

Uninformative

Lomandra longifolia

0.83

0.70

3.40

2.67

Uninformative

Poa sieberiana

0.83

0.61

2.80

2.79

Uninformative


0.67

0.16

2.00

1.93

Uninformative

Viola betonicifolia

0.67

0.34

1.25

1.50

Uninformative


0.50

0.26

2.33

2.61

Uninformative


0.50

0.16

2.00

2.30

Uninformative


0.50

0.25

2.00

1.64

Uninformative


0.50

0.58

2.00

2.15

Uninformative

Pratia purpurascens

0.50

0.18

1.67

1.55

Uninformative

Eucalyptus pauciflora

0.50

0.02

1.33

2.60

Positive


0.33

0.11

3.50

2.53

Uninformative

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.33

0.23

3.00

2.49

Uninformative

Leptospermum gregarium

0.33

0.03

3.00

2.15

Positive

Isachne globosa

0.33

0.00

2.50

3.33

Positive

Entolasia stricta

0.33

0.16

2.00

1.77

Uninformative

Eucalyptus radiata

0.33

0.19

2.00

2.63

Uninformative

Glycine clandestina

0.33

0.31

2.00

1.58

Uninformative

Acacia ulicifolia

0.33

0.05

1.50

1.41

Positive

Glycine microphylla

0.33

0.10

1.50

1.55

Uninformative

Hypericum gramineum

0.33

0.07

1.50

1.39

Positive


0.33

0.47

1.50

2.03

Negative

258


Ranunculus lappaceus

0.33

0.12

1.50

1.50

Uninformative

Stylidium graminifolium

0.33

0.04

1.50

1.47

Positive

Viola hederacea

0.33

0.26

1.50

1.53

Uninformative


0.33

0.49

1.00

3.06

Negative

Gonocarpus micranthus

0.33

0.02

1.00

1.43

Positive

Persoonia linearis

0.33

0.31

1.00

1.68

Uninformative

Wahlenbergia communis

0.33

0.06

1.00

1.10

Positive

259


Appendix 32: New England Grassy Woodland – Redgum – Diehard Stringybark – Yellow Box – No Equivalent PCT Keith Formation

Grassy Woodland

Keith Class

New England Grassy Woodland


No equivalent PCT


N/A

EEC Status

Not Present may still fit within the current listings as it is grassy and dominated by Red Gum and Yellow Box

Photograph 37: New England Grassy Woodland – Redgum – Diehard Stringybark – Yellow Box

Description The overstorey ranges from 5-22 m in height and a cover of 30-35%. The shrub layer is sometimes absent and is generally sparse with a height of 1-3 m and a cover of 5-15%. The ground layer is less than 1 m tall and a cover of 90-100%.

260



Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus blakelyi, Eucalytpus cameronii, Eucalyptus melliodora, Euccalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus nobilis.

Epiphytes Small Trees

Acacia irrorata, Allocasuarina littoralis.

Shrubs

Maytenus silvestris, Persoonia linearis.

Vine and Climber

Desmodium gunnii, Rubus parviflorus, Glycine clandestina, Hibbertia scandens

Ground Covers

Sorghum leiocladum, Themeda triandra, Poa sieberiana, Echinopogon caespitosus, Lomandra longifolia, Dichondra repens, Pratia purpurascens, Sigesbeckia orientalis, Coronidium rutidolepis, Oplismenus aemulus, Imperata cylindrica, Arthropodium milleflorum, Veronica calycina, Solanum campanulatum, Poranthera microphylla, Plectranthus graveolens, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Echinopogon mckiei, Viola betonicifolia, Vernonia cinerea, Rytidosperma racemosum, Ranunculus llapppaceus, Mentha diemenica, Hydroccotyle peduncularis.


NA


Not identified


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area



Carrai NP: 24.6ha

Unknown


4 full floristic sites [CAR15-18]

Total species

69


Notes An unusual assemblage that is difficult to place within other Red Gum PCTs. This assemblage is restricted to a small outcropping of different rock type to the general matrix within Carrai NP. 261


Appendix 33: River Oak Riparian Woodland - PCT 1106 Keith Formation

Forested Wetlands

Keith Class





NR223

Photograph 38: River Oak Riparian Woodland - PCT 1106

Description Highly variable structurally and floristically but commonly overstoreys can range from 5-25 m in height and a cover of 20-50%. The shrub layer is generally present and is from 1-6 m in height with an understorey less than 1 m in height and a cover from 40-80%. Tall to very tall woodland and open forest along permanent freshwater streams

262



Typical species

Trees

Ficus coronata, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Angophora subvelutina, Pittosporum undulatum, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Streblus brunonianus, Eucayptus eugenioides

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees

Acmena smithii, Syzygium australe, Alectryon subdentatus, Allocasuarina torulosa,

Shrubs

Dicksonia antarctica, Trema aspera, Neolitsea dealbata

Vine and Climber

Marsdenia rostrata, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Pandorea pandorana, Rubus rosifolius, Clematis glycinoides, Cissus antarctica

Ground Covers

Bothriochloa macra, Cyperus gracilis, Adiantum aethiopicum, Lomandra longifolia, Persicaria decipiens, Imperata cylindrica, Carex longibrachiata, Viola hederacea, Themeda triandra, Pollia crispata, Pellaea falcata, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Lobelia trigonocaulis, Hypolepis glandulifera, Epilobium billardierianum, Doodia aspera, Cyperus eragrostis,


NA


Widespread along major rivers and streams in the coastal hinterland and gorges


Not identified


Arthraxon hispidus, Asperula asthenes, Callitris oblonga, Desmodium acanthocladum,, Melaleuca biconvexa, Persicaria elatior, Randia moorei, Myrsine richmondensis


Extant Area


Carrai National Park, Mummel Gulf National Park and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai NP:15ha

Unknown

Mummel NP: 96.9ha Nowendoc NP: 272.4ha


4 rapid sites

Total species

Unknown


Unknown 263


Notes A highly variable assemblage with a high edge to area ratio being very linear and restricted to larger creek and river margins. Often forming a mixed stand gallery rainforest. No formal full floristic sites were placed during this or previous survey periods. It is recommended that further surveys be conducted and full floristic sites be placed in order to understand the local variation in this assemblage.

264


Appendix 34: Heath swamps wetland on leucogranite and granite of the New England Tableland - PCT 518 Keith Formation

Freshwater Wetlands

Keith Class

Montane Boga and Fens


Heath swamps wetland on leucogranite and granite of the New England Tableland Bioregion


BR147; NR177

EEC Status

Listed TSC Act,E: Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps Bioregions (Part) ; Listed TSC Act,E:

Photograph 39: Heath swamps wetland on leucogranite and granite of the New England Tableland - PCT 518

265


Description Generally a heathland or low open heathy woodland or at times a heathy grassland. The overstorey is generally sparse or absent with a height from 5-20 m and a cover of 0-55%. The shrub layer is from 0.5-5 m in height and 10-90% cover with an ground layer less than 1 m in height and a cover of 40-100%.


Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus acaciiformis; Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus williamsiana, Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Eucalyptus cameronii

Epiphytes

Absent

Small Trees


Shrubs

Leptospermum gregarium, Petrophile canescens, Hakea microcarpa, Epacris microphylla, Baeckea omissa, Grevillea juniperina, Callistemon pungens, Monotoca scoparia, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Bossiaea neo-anglica, Leptospermum minutifolium, Callistemon pallidus

Vine and Climber

Not present

Ground Covers

Themeda triandra, Baloskion stenocoleum, Lomandra cylindrica, Lomandra longifolia, Pteridium esculentum, Isachne globosa, Entolasia stricta, Gonocarpus micranthus, Gleichenia dicarpa, Hemarthria uncinata, Poa sieberiana, Goodenia bellidifolia, Lepidosperma limicola, Deyeuxia parviseta, Gahnia sieberiana, Chiorizandra spaherocephala, Lepidosperma tortuosum, Gonocarpus tetragynus


NA


Plateau


Volcanic rocks; Plutonic rocks; Sedimentary Rock

Drainage depression , Swamp , Valley flat

Lithology: Andesite; Granite Species of Conservation Significance

Almaleea cambagei


Extant Area


Carrai Aborginal Area, Carrai National Park and Carrai State Conservation Area

Carrai AA: 53.5

Unknown

Carrai NP:165.5ha Carrai SCA: 133.1ha 266




Total species

105


18.5 (14-26)

30 species per 20x20m plot (5 sites) (Benson & Ashby (2000); 48 species per 0.1ha plot (13 sites) (Clarke et al. (1998)

Notes Kenny et al. (2003) recommend (for the broad Freshwater Wetlands formation) a minimum interval of 6 years and maximum interval 35 years, with occasional intervals greater than 30 years desirable. Species associated with higher nutrient wetland systems (e.g. Phragmites australis, Scirpus polystachyus and Carex gaudichaudii) have been encroaching into bogs in and near Cathedral Rocks and New England National Parks within the last ten years (pers. obs.). Bogs were affected by Phytophthora, particularly those in the Werrikimbe area. Drought also was noted to have affected the shrub layer causing much dieback and death in the worst affected areas. Montane mire systems have developed due to particular combinations of temperature and rainfall: we concur with others who consider them susceptible to future climate change (Whinam & Chilcott 2002). They are vulnerable to both present landuse practices and future changes in climate but restricted in area thus requiring further conservation initiatives. Despite the apparent similarity in structure and composition of the overstorey shrubs these communities can be delineated by the composition of their herbaceous substratum.


In Fidelity

Out Fidelity

In CA

Out CA

Fidelity Class

Goodenia bellidifolia

0.67

0.03

2.00

1.70

Positive


0.67

0.04

2.00

2.15

Positive

Baloskion stenocoleum

0.50

0.01

3.33

3.00

Positive

Lepidosperma limicola

0.50

0.01

3.33

3.33

Positive

Leptospermum minutifolium

0.50

0.01

3.00

3.00

Positive

Hakea microcarpa

0.50

0.03

2.00

1.50

Positive

Drosera spatulata

0.50

0.01

1.67

1.67

Positive

Baeckea omissa

0.33

0.01

3.50

3.50

Positive

Chorizandra sphaerocephala

0.33

0.01

3.50

3.50

Positive

Callistemon pallidus

0.33

0.01

3.00

3.00

Positive

Lepidosperma tortuosum

0.33

0.01

3.00

3.00

Positive

267


Leptocarpus tenax

0.33

0.01

2.50

2.67

Positive

Lepyrodia anarthria

0.33

0.01

2.50

2.50

Positive

Epacris microphylla

0.33

0.01

2.00

2.00

Positive

Gahnia sieberiana

0.33

0.08

2.00

1.38

Uninformative

Empodisma minus

0.33

0.01

1.50

1.50

Positive

Eucalyptus nobilis

0.33

0.24

1.50

2.49

Negative

Utricularia dichotoma

0.33

0.01

1.50

1.33

Positive

Xyris operculata

0.33

0.01

1.50

1.50

Positive

Epacris breviflora

0.33

0.01

1.00

1.00

Positive

Themeda triandra

0.33

0.17

1.00

2.65

Uninformative

268


Appendix 35: Sedgeland fens wetland of impeded drainage of the Nandewar Bioregion and New England Tableland PCT 582 Keith Formation

Freshwater Wetlands

Keith Class

Montane Boga and Fens


582


BR340; HU716; NA346

EEC Status

Listed TSC Act,E: Upland Wetlands of the Drainage Divide of the New England Tableland Bioregion, Listed TSC Act,E: Carex Sedgeland of the New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South and NSW North Coast Bioregions

Photograph 40: Sedgeland fens wetland of impeded drainage of the Nandewar Bioregion and New England Tableland - PCT 582

269


Description An herbaceous dominated wetland which is often linear in nature and thus maybe overtopped by surrounding eucalypts from the general forest matrix. Overstoreys may be 6-30 m tall and between 10-30% cover with the fen occurring underneath along impeded drainage or the fen may be within a larger flat basin with no overstorey trees. Trees may invade during a series of drier than average years and these may eventually die during a set of higher than usual rainfall years. There may be an occasional shrub layer from 1-4 m hight and around 15% or less in cover. The ground layer is the dominant layer and is less than 2 m tall and 70-100% cover. Groundwater‑dependent wetlands which currently, or could, accumulate peat, lack a prominent sclerophyllous shrub layer and are dominated by soft‑leaved tussock sedges, grasses and semi‑ aquatic herbs. Occur mainly along watercourses on flat or concave valley floors in catchments with mineral‑rich substrates (such as basalts and shales) that produce less acidic to alkaline soils that are relatively high in mineral nutrients. In northern NSW such sites are mostly dominated by species of Carex, especially C. gaudichaudiana and C. appressa. Other commmon species include Scirpus polystachyus, Stellaria angustifolia, Carex tereticaulis, Glyceria australis, Eleocharis acuta, Isachne globosa, Persicaria hydropiper, Cyperus sphaeroideus, Geranium solanderi var. grande, Gratiola peruviana, Epilobium billardiereanum subsp. hydrophilum, Myriophyllum variifolium, Schoenus apogon, Lachnagrostis filiformis, Juncus filicaulis, Lythrum salicaria and Lycopus australis. Carex appressa dominated fens occur in lower rainfall areas (< c.870 mm p.a.) up to about 1100 m altitude. Carex gaudichaudiana dominated fens are generally restricted to altitudes above 800 m and occur over a wide rainfall range. On the New England Tablelands, sedge fens grade into dense tussock grass swards dominated by Pennisetum alopecuroides, particularly where they occur in treeless, gently sloping and shallow basin landscapes. In more heavily wooded landscapes, which are often, but not always, more deeply incised, sedge fens form more linear communities associated mainly with creek lines. Tea‑tree (Leptospermum spp) often over‑top the sedgeland. Sedge fens are very poorly represented in protected areas, with less than 1% of pre‑European extent protected. The majority of sites are modified to some degree and remain exposed to grazing, drainage and damming


Typical species

Trees

Eucalyptus nobilis, Eucalyptus pauciflora, Eucalyptus campanulata, Eucalyptus acaciiformis, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus radiata.

Epiphytes

Not present

Small Trees

Acacia irrorata

Shrubs

Leptospermum polygalifolium,

Vine and Climber

Not present

Ground Covers

Carex longibrachiata, Carex gaudichaudiana, Gratiola peruviana, Pteridium esculentum, Senecio minimus, Scirpus polystachyus, Carex appressa, Senecio bipinnatisectus, Hydrocotyle tripartita, Lomandra longifolia, Austrocynoglossum latifolium, Stellaria angustifolia, Epiloblium billardierianum, Viola caleyana Urtica incisa, Cyperus sphaeroideus, Ranunculus inundatus, Isachne globosa,Hydrocotyle peduncularis, Austrostipa rudis, Hypericum japonicum, Poa sieberiana, Lycopus australis, Geranium

270


solanderi.


NA


Occur mainly along watercourses on flat or concave valley floors in catchments with mineral-rich substrates (such as basalts and shales) that produce less acidic to alkaline soils that are relatively high in mineral nutrients.


Climate Zone: Temperate: no dry season (warm summer); Substrate Mass: Sedimentary rocks , Metamorphic rocks , Plutonic rocks , Igneous rocks , Alluvium , Volcanic rocks , Eolian sand; Lithology: Alluvial loams and clays , Basalt , Sand , Metamorphic rock (unidentified) , Eolian sand or loam , Granite, Sandstone , Igneous rock (unidentified); Great Soil Group: Alkaline peat; Soil Texture: Clayey peat , Sandy peat , Loamy peat , Fibric peat; Landform Patterns: Low hills , Plateau; Landform Elements: Drainage depression , Swamp , Valley flat


Arthraxon hispidus;; Asperula charophyton


Reserve

Extant Area


Carrai Aborginal Area, Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area, Mummel Gulf National Park and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai AA: 24.9ha

Unknown

Carrai NP: 15.1ha Carrai SCA:2.9ha Mummel NP: 10.3ha Nowendoc NP: 7.4ha



Total species

66


17.3 (14-23)

271


Notes Key sites for protection - Any sedge fens that have not been irreparably modified require protection. Weediness – very high greater than 30% cover Weed species include Paspalum, Yorkshire Fog, Spear Thistle, Blackberry, Curled Dock, Self-heal Kenny et al. (2003) recommend (for the broad Freshwater Wetlands formation) a minimum interval of 6 years and maximum interval 35 years, with occasional intervals greater than 30 years desirable. There are more than one type of Carex Fen within the study area. The majority of fens are dominated by Carex longibrachiata which has not yet been formally described and was not included in the analysi of Hunter & Bell (2013). Thus this type of Northern Tablelands/North Coast fen maybe highly restricted in occurrence. The Carex gaudichaudiana alliance of Costin (1954) is included in the Endangered Ecological Community Montane peatlands and swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and the Australian Alps bioregions (17 December 2004) under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995). Carex gaudichaudiana however is known to be the dominant species within New Country Swamp within Mummel Gulf NP. This presents an interesting dilemma. As dominance of Carex gaudichaudiana indicates that this ‘fen’ at New Country Swamp can be determined as within the Montane Peatland and Swamps determination of the TSC Act. In addition New Country Swamp is also a listed Lagoon and thus falls within the Federal EPBC Act and TSC Act as an Upland Wetland of the Drainage Divide of the New England Tableland Bioregion. However this determination only applies to New Country Swamp within the study area.

272


Appendix 36: Sod Tussock Grassland – No Equivalent PCT Keith Formation

Freshwater Wetlands

Keith Class



No equivalent PCT


N/A

Photograph 41: Sod Tussock Grassland

Description This community is equivalent to the Hunter & Hunter (2016) community Poa sieberiana – Lomandra filiformis Tussock Grassland usually found restricted to the margins of bogs transitioning to Woodlands. The structure is generally a grassland with occasionally low growing shrubs. Red gum dominant

273



Typical species

Trees Epiphytes Small Trees

May include emergents along margins. Eucalyptus nova-anglica, Eucalyptus pauciflora, Eucayptus radiata amongst others.

Shrubs Vine and Climber Ground Covers

Poa sieberiana, Lomandra filiformis, Themeda triandra, Asperula conferta, Juncus australis, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Carex breviculmis, Haloragis heterophylla, Carex distich, Brachyscome tenuiscapa, Sorghum leiocladum, Microlaena stipoides, Xerochrysum bracteatum, Rumex brownii, Chrysocephalum semipapposum.


Not sampled locally.


Restricted to low lying areas of poor drainage, often associated with the margins of Bogs.


Generally associated with nutrient enriched margins of Bogs.



Extant Area


Carrai Aborginal Area, Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area, and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai AA: 0.8ha

Unknown

Carrai NP: 5.4ha Carrai SCA:2.4ha Nowendoc NP: 2.0ha


0


274


Notes Temperate grasslands are dominated by tussock grasses with spaces between containing a diversity of herbs. Sod grasslands contain tussocks and often occur in wet areas. These grasslands are some of the most restricted and threatened vegetation types in Australia. It has been estimated that 480 000 ha of natural temperate grasslands existed before European settlement within the SEHB and NETB (Rehwinkel 1997) and 20 000 ha within the Bathurst region (Keith 2004). On the basis of modelling, only 18.9% of the original extent may remain, of which less than 3% is in high to excellent condition, with patch sizes being usually less than 10 ha (ACT Government 2005; Baines and Dunford 2008). These grasslands are sod tussock types reliant on locations of high water availability and occur in floodplains, old water courses, around the margins of lagoons, fens and bogs and associated with groundwater seepages often in locations with frequent frosts. The approximated extent of these grasslands is 25 000 ha, an order of magnitude larger than previously inferred, excluding large areas of previously treed derived grasslands. While some assemblages correspond to previously described types the most common assemblage has not been formally described occurring outside of lagoons in the past. These tussock and sod tussock temperate montane grasslands of the NETB have been significantly reduced in extent, as observed by extensive drainage visible on imagery and from ground traverses. Most stands, as observed from on-ground observations, are in poor condition, with several highly invasive exotic taxa affecting most occurrences.

275


Appendix 37: Rocky Outcrops – No Equivalent PCT Keith Formation

Heathlands

Keith Class



No equivalent PCT


N/A

No image available

Description Generally open shrublands to heaths or low open shrubby woodlands. Occassionally herb fields. This mapping type is too diverse to describe as a single unit. It has been mapped as one entity but contains a number of separate assemblages that will require specific surveying and description.


Typical species

Trees

Various depending on altitude and rock type.

Epiphytes Small Trees Shrubs


Vine and Climber Ground Covers



This mapping unit will be highly stochastic in species assemblages and includes a variety of rock types and extremes of altitude.


On shallow soils with minimal soil development. Occurs on all aspects, slopes and altitudes.


Metasediment, granite, basalt, conglomerate, limestone.


Likely to include a large variety of restricted and rare species and may include new taxa as yet to be described.

276



Reserve

Extant Area


Carrai National Park, Carrai State Conservation Area and Nowendoc National Park

Carrai NP: 195.7ha

Unknown

Carrai SCA:122.9ha Nowendoc NP: 26.5ha


0


Notes The variety of locations and their inaccessibility and disjunct rarity within the general landscape precluded proper sampling of this mapping unit.

277


Appendix 38: Grass- tree – Hop Bush – No Equivalent PCT Keith Formation

Heathlands

Keith Class



No equivalent PCT


N/A

Photograph 42: Grass- tree – Hop Bush

Description Found on and within canyon and gorge country within Nowendoc National Park. Not formally surveyed by full floristic sites, this community was largely of open shrubland.

278



Typical species

Trees

Not sampled.

Epiphytes Small Trees Shrubs Vine and Climber Ground Covers


NA


Not identified


Not identified


Not identified


Extant Area



Nowendoc NP: 8.6ha

Unknown


Not formally sampled


Notes This mapping type takes in a number of potential rock outcrop communities. Throughout the study area are found a high diversity of rock outcrops from a range or geologies (granite, acid vulcanics, basalt, limestone and metasediment). In addition these occur across a significant range of altitudes. Rock outcrop communities even within a single rock type and within a small range of altitudes can be highly diversity and idiosyncratic. Many of these systems were in isolated and highly difficult locations for sampling, such as very steep and dangerous locations. To understand the variety and types that exist within the study area it is recommended that a dedicated sampling program be undertaken for these types of systems. 279


Appendix 39: Species List Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Acanthaceae

Brunoniella australis

Blue Trumpet

Acanthaceae

Hypoestes floribunda

Acanthaceae

Hypoestes floribunda var. pubescens

Acanthaceae

Pseuderanthemum variabile

Acanthaceae

Rostellularia adscendens var. adscendens

Acanthaceae

Rostellularia adscendens var. latifolia

Adiantaceae

Adiantum aethiopicum

Common Maidenhair

P

Adiantaceae

Adiantum diaphanum

Filmy Maidenhair

P

Adiantaceae

Adiantum formosum

Giant Maidenhair

P

Adiantaceae

Adiantum hispidulum

Rough Maidenhair

P

Adiantaceae

Adiantum silvaticum

Adiantaceae

Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia

Rock Fern

Adiantaceae

Cheilanthes distans

Bristly Cloak Fern

Adiantaceae

Pellaea falcata

Sickle Fern

Adiantaceae

Pellaea nana

Dwarf Sickle Fern

Pastel Flower

P

280

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Adiantaceae

Pellaea paradoxa

Adoxaceae

Sambucus australasica

Amaranthaceae

Deeringia amaranthoides

Amaranthaceae

Deeringia arborescens

Amaranthaceae

Nyssanthes diffusa

Barbwire Weed

Anacardiaceae

Euroschinus falcatus var. falcatus

Ribbonwood

Anacardiaceae

Rhodosphaera rhodanthema

Deep Yellowwood

Anthericaceae

Arthropodium milleflorum

Pale Vanilla-lily

Anthericaceae

Arthropodium sp. A

Anthericaceae

Arthropodium spp.

Anthericaceae

Caesia parviflora

Anthericaceae

Caesia parviflora var. parviflora

Anthericaceae

Dichopogon fimbriatus

Nodding Chocolate Lily

Anthericaceae

Tricoryne elatior

Yellow Autumn-lily

Aphanopetalaceae

Aphanopetalum resinosum

Gum Vine

Apiaceae

Centella asiatica

Indian Pennywort

Apiaceae

Cyclospermum leptophyllum

Slender Celery

Exotic

Native Elderberry

Pale Grass-lily

281

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Apiaceae

Daucus glochidiatus

Native Carrot

Apiaceae

Eryngium vesiculosum

Prostrate Blue Devil

Apiaceae

Hydrocotyle geraniifolia

Forest Pennywort

Apiaceae


Stinking Pennywort

Apiaceae

Hydrocotyle pedicellosa

Apiaceae

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides

Apiaceae

Hydrocotyle tripartita

Pennywort

Apiaceae

Oreomyrrhis eriopoda

Australian Carraway

Apiaceae

Platysace ericoides

Apiaceae

Platysace lanceolata

Shrubby Platysace

Apiaceae

Trachymene incisa

Trachymene

Apiaceae

Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa

Apiaceae

Xanthosia atkinsoniana

Apiaceae

Xanthosia pilosa

Woolly Xanthosia

Apocynaceae

Alyxia ruscifolia

Prickly Alyxia

Apocynaceae

Gomphocarpus fruticosus

Narrow-leaved Cotton Bush

Apocynaceae

Marsdenia flavescens

Hairy Milk Vine

282

Exotic

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Apocynaceae

Marsdenia liisae

Large-flowered Milk Vine

Apocynaceae

Marsdenia lloydii

Corky Marsdenia

Apocynaceae

Marsdenia pleiadenia

Apocynaceae

Marsdenia rostrata

Milk Vine

Apocynaceae

Marsdenia viridiflora subsp. viridiflora

Native Pear

Apocynaceae

Melodinus australis

Southern Melodinus

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia brownii

Mountain Silkpod

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia eucalyptophylla

Gargaloo

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia induplicata

Thin-leaved Silkpod

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia lanceolata

Rough Silkpod

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia purpurascens

Black Silkpod

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia rotata

Veinless Silkpod

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia spp.

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia straminea

Apocynaceae

Parsonsia velutina

Apocynaceae

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui

Banana Bush

Apocynaceae

Tylophora grandiflora

Small-leaved Tylophora

Common Silkpod

283

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Apocynaceae

Tylophora paniculata

Thin-leaved Tylophora

Araceae

Gymnostachys anceps

Settler's Twine

Araceae

Pothos longipes

Araliaceae

Astrotricha latifolia

Araliaceae

Cephalaralia cephalobotrys

Climbing Panax

Araliaceae

Polyscias elegans

Celery Wood

Araliaceae

Polyscias murrayi

Pencil Cedar

Araliaceae

Polyscias sambucifolia

Elderberry Panax

Araliaceae

Polyscias sambucifolia subsp. sambucifolia

Asphodelaceae

Bulbine bulbosa

Bulbine Lily

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium attenuatum

Simple Spleenwort

Aspleniaceae


Bird's Nest Fern

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium bulbiferum subsp. gracillimum

Mother Spleenwort

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium flabellifolium

Necklace Fern

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium flaccidum subsp. flaccidum

Weeping Spleenwort

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium polyodon

Sickle Spleenwort

Aspleniaceae

Pleurosorus rutifolius

Bristly Cloak Fern

284

Exotic

NSW status

P

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Asteraceae

Ageratina adenophora

Crofton Weed

*

Asteraceae

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Annual Ragweed

*

Asteraceae

Arrhenechthites mixta

Purple Fireweed

Asteraceae

Bidens pilosa

Cobbler's Pegs

*

Asteraceae

Bidens subalternans

Greater Beggar's Ticks

*

Asteraceae

Brachyscome aculeata

Hill Daisy

Asteraceae

Brachyscome angustifolia

Asteraceae

Brachyscome angustifolia var. heterophylla

Asteraceae

Brachyscome dentata

Asteraceae

Brachyscome dissectifolia

Asteraceae

Brachyscome diversifolia

Asteraceae

Brachyscome microcarpa

Asteraceae

Brachyscome multifida

Asteraceae

Brachyscome multifida var. multifida

Asteraceae

Brachyscome nova-anglica

Asteraceae

Brachyscome radicans

Asteraceae

Brachyscome scapigera

Large-headed Daisy

Cut-leaved Daisy

285

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Asteraceae

Brachyscome spathulata

Asteraceae

Brachyscome stuartii

Asteraceae

Brachyscome tenuiscapa var. tenuiscapa

Asteraceae

Calotis dentex

Burr-daisy

Asteraceae

Calotis hispidula

Bogan Flea

Asteraceae

Calotis lappulacea

Yellow Burr-daisy

Asteraceae

Cassinia compacta

Asteraceae

Cassinia leptocephala

Asteraceae

Cassinia leptocephala subsp. leptocephala

Asteraceae

Cassinia macrocephala

Asteraceae

Cassinia spp.

Asteraceae

Cassinia telfordii

Asteraceae

Cassinia trinerva

Asteraceae

Cassinia uncata

Asteraceae

Centipeda elatinoides

Asteraceae

Chrysocephalum apiculatum

Common Everlasting

Asteraceae

Cirsium vulgare

Spear Thistle

Exotic

Stuart's Daisy

Sticky Cassinia

286

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Asteraceae

Conyza bonariensis

Flaxleaf Fleabane

*

Asteraceae

Conyza parva

Fleabane

*

Asteraceae

Conyza spp.

A Fleabane

*

Asteraceae

Conyza sumatrensis

Tall fleabane

*

Asteraceae

Coronidium elatum

Asteraceae

Coronidium oxylepis

Asteraceae

Coronidium scorpioides

Asteraceae

Coronidium spp.

Asteraceae

Cotula australis

Common Cotula

Asteraceae

Craspedia canens

Grey Billy-buttons

P

Asteraceae

Craspedia variabilis

Common Billy-buttons

P

Asteraceae

Cymbonotus lawsonianus

Bear's Ear

Asteraceae

Erigeron bellidioides

Asteraceae

Euchiton involucratus

Asteraceae

Euchiton japonicus

Asteraceae

Euchiton sphaericus

Asteraceae

Gamochaeta coarctata

Button Everlasting

Star Cudweed

Star Cudweed *

287

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Asteraceae

Gamochaeta purpurea

Purple Cudweed

*

Asteraceae

Glossocardia bidens

Cobbler's Tack

Asteraceae

Helichrysum rutidolepis

Pale Everlasting

Asteraceae

Hypochaeris glabra

Smooth Catsear

*

Asteraceae

Hypochaeris microcephala var. albiflora

White Flatweed

*

Asteraceae


Catsear

*

Asteraceae

Lagenifera stipitata

Blue Bottle-daisy

Asteraceae

Lagenophora gracilis

Slender Lagenophora

Asteraceae

Lagenophora spp.

Asteraceae

Lagenophora stipitata

Common Lagenophora

Asteraceae

Leptorhynchos squamatus

Scaly Buttons

Asteraceae

Leucanthemum vulgare

Oxeye Daisy

Asteraceae

Leucochrysum albicans

Asteraceae

Microseris lanceolata

Yam Daisy

Asteraceae

Olearia alpicola

Alpine Daisy-bush

Asteraceae

Olearia argophylla

Native Musk

Asteraceae

Olearia canescens

288

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Asteraceae

Olearia chrysophylla

Asteraceae

Olearia covenyi

Asteraceae

Olearia cydoniifolia

Asteraceae

Olearia elliptica

Sticky Daisy-bush

Asteraceae

Olearia erubescens

Pink-tip Daisy-bush

Asteraceae

Olearia microphylla

Asteraceae

Olearia myrsinoides

Asteraceae

Olearia nernstii

Asteraceae

Olearia oppositifolia

Asteraceae

Olearia ramulosa

Asteraceae

Olearia rosmarinifolia

Asteraceae

Olearia sp. aff. erubescens

Asteraceae

Olearia stellulata

Asteraceae

Olearia viscidula

Asteraceae

Ozothamnus bidwillii

Asteraceae

Ozothamnus diosmifolius

Asteraceae

Ozothamnus obcordatus

Blush Daisy Bush

Twiggy Daisy-bush

Wallaby Weed

White Dogwood

289

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Asteraceae

Ozothamnus rufescens

Asteraceae

Picris angustifolia

Asteraceae

Picris angustifolia subsp. angustifolia

Asteraceae

Podolepis jaceoides

Asteraceae

Podolepis neglecta

Asteraceae

Senecio amygdalifolius

Asteraceae

Senecio bipinnatisectus

Asteraceae

Senecio biserratus

Asteraceae

Senecio diaschides

Asteraceae

Senecio gunnii

Asteraceae

Senecio hispidulus

Hill Fireweed

Asteraceae

Senecio lautus

Variable Groundsel

Asteraceae

Senecio linearifolius

Fireweed Groundsel

Asteraceae

Senecio macranthus

Asteraceae

Senecio minimus

Asteraceae

Senecio pinnatifolius var. lanceolatus

Asteraceae

Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius

Showy Copper-wire Daisy

290

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Asteraceae

Senecio prenanthoides

Asteraceae

Senecio quadridentatus

Cotton Fireweed

Asteraceae

Senecio spp.

Groundsel, Fireweed

Asteraceae

Senecio vagus

Asteraceae

Senecio vagus subsp. eglandulosus

Asteraceae

Sigesbeckia orientalis subsp. orientalis

Indian Weed

Asteraceae

Solenogyne bellioides

Solengyne

Asteraceae

Solenogyne dominii

Asteraceae

Solenogyne gunnii

Solengyne

Asteraceae

Soliva sessilis

Bindyi

*

Asteraceae

Sonchus asper

Prickly Sowthistle

*

Asteraceae

Taraxacum officinale

Dandelion

*

Asteraceae

Triptilodiscus pygmaeus

Common Sunray

Asteraceae

Vernonia cinerea

Asteraceae

Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea

Asteraceae

Vittadinia cervicularis var. subcervicularis

Asteraceae

Vittadinia hispidula

291

Exotic

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Asteraceae

Xanthium occidentale

Noogoora Burr

*

Asteraceae

Xerochrysum bracteatum

Golden Everlasting

Asteraceae

Xerochrysum viscosum

Sticky Everlasting

Athyriaceae

Diplazium australe

Austral Lady Fern

Bignoniaceae

Pandorea jasminoides

Bower Vine

Bignoniaceae

Pandorea pandorana

Wonga Wonga Vine

Blechnaceae

Blechnum ambiguum

Blechnaceae


Gristle Fern

Blechnaceae

Blechnum minus

Soft Water Fern

Blechnaceae

Blechnum nudum

Fishbone Water Fern

Blechnaceae

Blechnum patersonii

Strap Water Fern

Blechnaceae

Blechnum patersonii subsp. patersonii

Blechnaceae

Blechnum penna-marina subsp. alpina

Alpine Water Fern

Blechnaceae

Blechnum wattsii

Hard Water Fern

Blechnaceae

Doodia aspera

Prickly Rasp Fern

Blechnaceae

Doodia australis

Common Rasp Fern

Boraginaceae

Austrocynoglossum latifolium

292

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Boraginaceae

Cynoglossum australe

Boraginaceae

Ehretia acuminata var. acuminata

Koda

Boraginaceae

Myosotis australis

Australian Forget-me-not

Boraginaceae

Myosotis spp.

Brassicaceae

Cardamine paucijuga

Brassicaceae

Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium

Brassicaceae

Rorippa laciniata

Cactaceae

Opuntia stricta

Callitrichaceae

Callitriche muelleri

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia ceracea

Waxy Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia communis

Tufted Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia gracilenta

Annual Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia gracilis

Sprawling Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia graniticola

Granite Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia luteola

Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia planiflora

Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia planiflora subsp. longipila

Exotic

*

Peppercress

Common Prickly Pear

293

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia spp.

Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia stricta

Tall Bluebell

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia stricta subsp. alterna

Campanulaceae

Wahlenbergia stricta subsp. stricta

Tall Bluebell

Capparaceae

Capparis arborea

Native Pomegranate

Cardiopteridaceae

Citronella moorei

Caryophyllaceae

Cerastium spp.

Caryophyllaceae

Polycarpaea corymbosa var. minor

Caryophyllaceae

Polycarpon tetraphyllum

Four-leaved Allseed

Caryophyllaceae

Scleranthus biflorus

Two-flowered Knawel

Caryophyllaceae

Scleranthus spp.

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria angustifolia

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria flaccida

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria media

Common Chickweed

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria pungens

Prickly Starwort

Casuarinaceae


Black She-Oak

Casuarinaceae

Allocasuarina spp.

Exotic

*

*

Swamp Starwort

294

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Casuarinaceae


Forest Oak

Casuarinaceae

Casuarina cunninghamiana cunninghamiana

Celastraceae

Celastrus australis

Staff Climber

Celastraceae

Celastrus subspicata

Large-leaved Staff Vine

Celastraceae

Denhamia bilocularis

Celastraceae

Denhamia silvestris

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron australe

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron australe var. australe

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium carinatum

Keeled Goosefoot

Chenopodiaceae

Einadia hastata

Berry Saltbush

Chenopodiaceae

Einadia trigonos subsp. leiocarpa

Clusiaceae

Hypericum gramineum

Clusiaceae

Hypericum japonicum

Clusiaceae

Hypericum perforatum

Commelinaceae

Aneilema acuminatum

Commelinaceae

Commelina cyanea

Commelinaceae

Murdannia graminea

Exotic

subsp. River Oak

P

Narrow-leaved Orangebark

Small St John's Wort

St. Johns Wort

Native Wandering Jew

295

NSW status

*

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Commelinaceae

Pollia crispata

Commelinaceae

Tradescantia fluminensis

Wandering Jew

*

Convolvulaceae

Dichondra repens

Kidney Weed

Convolvulaceae

Dichondra sp. A

Kidney Weed

Cornaceae

Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides

Muskwood

Crassulaceae

Crassula decumbens var. decumbens

Spreading Stonecrop

Crassulaceae

Crassula sieberiana

Australian Stonecrop

Cucurbitaceae

Zehneria cunninghamii

Slender Cucumber

Cunoniaceae

Caldcluvia paniculosa

Soft Corkwood

Cunoniaceae

Callicoma serratifolia

Black Wattle

Cunoniaceae

Ceratopetalum apetalum

Coachwood

Cunoniaceae

Schizomeria ovata

Crabapple

Cunoniaceae

Vesselowskya venusta

Cupressaceae

Callitris spp.

Cyatheaceae

Cyathea australis

Rough Treefern

P

Cyatheaceae

Cyathea leichhardtiana

Prickly Treefern

P

Cyperaceae

Baumea articulata

Jointed Twig-rush

296

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Cyperaceae

Baumea rubiginosa

Cyperaceae

Bulbostylis barbata

Cyperaceae

Carex appressa

Cyperaceae

Carex breviculmis

Cyperaceae

Carex brunnea

Greater Brown Sedge

Cyperaceae

Carex echinata

Star Sedge

Cyperaceae

Carex fascicularis

Tassel Sedge

Cyperaceae

Carex gaudichaudiana

Cyperaceae

Carex incomitata

Cyperaceae

Carex inversa

Cyperaceae

Carex lobolepis

Cyperaceae

Carex longebrachiata

Cyperaceae

Carex spp.

Cyperaceae

Chorizandra cymbaria

Cyperaceae

Chorizandra sphaerocephala

Cyperaceae

Cyperus congestus

Cyperaceae

Cyperus disjunctus

Exotic

Tall Sedge

Knob Sedge

Roundhead Bristle-sedge *

297

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Cyperaceae

Cyperus eragrostis

Umbrella Sedge

*

Cyperaceae

Cyperus gracilis

Slender Flat-sedge

Cyperaceae

Cyperus gunnii subsp. gunnii

Cyperaceae

Cyperus imbecillis

Cyperaceae

Cyperus laevis

Cyperaceae

Cyperus polystachyos

Cyperaceae

Cyperus sanguinolentus

Cyperaceae

Cyperus sphaeroideus

Cyperaceae

Cyperus spp.

Cyperaceae

Cyperus tetraphyllus

Cyperaceae

Eleocharis sphacelata

Tall Spike Rush

Cyperaceae

Eleocharis spp.

Spike-rush, Spike-sedge

Cyperaceae

Fimbristylis dichotoma

Common Fringe-sedge

Cyperaceae

Gahnia aspera

Rough Saw-sedge

Cyperaceae

Gahnia melanocarpa

Black Fruit Saw-sedge

Cyperaceae

Gahnia sieberiana

Red-fruit Saw-sedge

Cyperaceae

Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus

Button Grass

298

NSW status

P

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Cyperaceae

Isolepis gaudichaudiana

Benambra Club-sedge

Cyperaceae

Isolepis inundata

Club-rush

Cyperaceae

Isolepis spp.

Club-rush

Cyperaceae

Lepidosperma elatius

Cyperaceae

Lepidosperma gunnii

Cyperaceae


Cyperaceae

Lepidosperma limicola

Cyperaceae

Lepidosperma tortuosum

Cyperaceae

Lepironia articulata

Cyperaceae

Schoenus apogon

Cyperaceae

Schoenus spp.

Cyperaceae

Scirpus polystachyus

Cyperaceae

Scleria mackaviensis

Davalliaceae

Arthropteris beckleri

Davalliaceae


Davalliaceae

Davallia solida var. pyxidata

Hare's Foot Fern

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtia davallioides

Lacy Ground Fern

Variable Sword-sedge

Fluke Bogrush

Large-headed Club-rush

299

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Dennstaedtiaceae

Histiopteris incisa

Bat's Wing Fern

Dennstaedtiaceae

Hypolepis glandulifera

Downy Ground Fern

Dennstaedtiaceae

Hypolepis muelleri

Harsh Ground Fern

Dennstaedtiaceae


Bracken

Dicksoniaceae

Calochlaena dubia

Rainbow Fern

Dicksoniaceae

Dicksonia antarctica

Soft Treefern

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia aspera

Rough Guinea Flower

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia cistoidea

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia dentata

Twining Guinea Flower

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia diffusa

Wedge Guinea Flower

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. empetrifolia

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia hermanniifolia

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia linearis

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia obtusifolia

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia riparia

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia rufa

Brown Guinea Flower

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia scandens

Climbing Guinea Flower

Hoary Guinea Flower

300

Exotic

NSW status

P

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia serpyllifolia

Hairy Guinea Flower

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia spp.

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia vestita

Dilleniaceae

Hibbertia villosa

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea transversa

Droseraceae

Drosera spatulata

Dryopteridaceae

Arachniodes aristata

Prickly Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae

Lastreopsis acuminata

Shiny Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae


Trim Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae

Lastreopsis microsora subsp. microsora

Creeping Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae

Lastreopsis munita

Naked Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae

Polystichum australiense

Harsh Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae

Polystichum fallax

Dryopteridaceae

Polystichum formosum

Broad Shield Fern

Dryopteridaceae

Polystichum proliferum

Mother Shield Fern

Ebenaceae

Diospyros australis

Black Plum

Ebenaceae

Diospyros pentamera

Myrtle Ebony

Native Yam

301

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Elaeocarpaceae

Aristotelia australasica

Mountain Wineberry

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus holopetalus

Black Olive Berry

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus obovatus

Hard Quandong

Elaeocarpaceae


Blueberry Ash

Elaeocarpaceae

Sloanea australis

Maiden's Blush

Elaeocarpaceae

Sloanea woollsii

Yellow Carabeen

Elaeocarpaceae

Tetratheca thymifolia

Black-eyed Susan

Ericaceae

Acrothamnus hookeri

Ericaceae

Acrotriche aggregata

Red Cluster Heath

Ericaceae

Acrotriche serrulata

Honeypots

Ericaceae

Agiortia cicatricata

Ericaceae

Brachyloma daphnoides

Ericaceae

Epacris breviflora

Ericaceae

Epacris microphylla

Coral Heath

Ericaceae

Epacris obtusifolia

Blunt-leaf Heath

Ericaceae

Leucopogon attenuatus

A Beard-heath

Ericaceae

Leucopogon juniperinus

Prickly Beard-heath

Daphne Heath

302

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Ericaceae


Ericaceae

Leucopogon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus

Ericaceae

Leucopogon microphyllus

Ericaceae

Leucopogon muticus

Ericaceae

Leucopogon neoanglicus

Ericaceae

Leucopogon sp. aff. fraseri

Ericaceae

Lissanthe strigosa

Ericaceae

Lissanthe strigosa subsp. strigosa

Ericaceae

Melichrus urceolatus

Urn Heath

Ericaceae

Monotoca elliptica

Tree Broom-heath

Ericaceae

Monotoca scoparia

Ericaceae

Sprengelia incarnata

Pink Swamp Heath

Ericaceae

Styphelia triflora

Pink Five-Corners

Ericaceae

Trochocarpa laurina

Tree Heath

Ericaceae

Trochocarpa montana

Escalloniaceae

Cuttsia viburnea

Elderberry

Escalloniaceae


Featherwood

Exotic

NSW status

Blunt Beard-heath

Peach Heath

303

P

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Escalloniaceae

Quintinia sieberi

Possumwood

Escalloniaceae

Quintinia verdonii

Grey Possumwood

Euphorbiaceae

Adriana tomentosa var. tomentosa

Euphorbiaceae

Alchornea ilicifolia

Euphorbiaceae

Amperea xiphoclada

Euphorbiaceae

Baloghia inophylla

Brush Bloodwood

Euphorbiaceae

Claoxylon australe

Brittlewood

Euphorbiaceae

Croton insularis

Silver Croton

Euphorbiaceae

Croton verreauxii

Green Native Cascarilla

Euphorbiaceae

Homalanthus populifolius

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus philippensis

Euphorbiaceae

Pseudanthus pimeleoides

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinocarpos speciosus

Eupomatiaceae

Eupomatia laurina

Bolwarra

Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)

Senna aciphylla

Sprawling Cassia


Senna barronfieldii

Native Holly

Red Kamala

304

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic


Senna septemtrionalis

Arsenic Bush

*

Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Austrosteenisia blackii var. blackii

Blood Vine


Bossiaea ensata

Sword Bossiaea


Bossiaea neo-anglica


Bossiaea obcordata


Bossiaea rhombifolia


Bossiaea scortechinii


Crotalaria montana var. angustifolia


Daviesia acicularis


Daviesia arborea


Daviesia genistifolia


Daviesia nova-anglica


Daviesia ulicifolia


Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia


Derris involuta


Desmodium brachypodum

Large Tick-trefoil


Desmodium gunnii

Slender Tick-trefoil

Spiny Bossiaea

Broom Bitter Pea

Gorse Bitter Pea

305

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name


Desmodium nemorosum


Desmodium rhytidophyllum


Desmodium spp.

Tick-trefoil


Desmodium varians

Slender Tick-trefoil


Dillwynia phylicoides

Parrot-pea


Dillwynia retorta


Glycine clandestina


Glycine latifolia


Glycine microphylla


Glycine spp.


Glycine tabacina

Variable Glycine


Glycine tomentella

Woolly Glycine


Gompholobium huegelii

Pale Wedge Pea


Gompholobium inconspicuum


Gompholobium pinnatum


Goodia lotifolia



Twining glycine

Small-leaf Glycine

Pinnate Wedge Pea

False Sarsaparilla

306

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name


Hovea heterophylla


Hovea linearis


Hovea pedunculata


Hovea purpurea


Indigofera australis

Australian Indigo


Jacksonia scoparia

Dogwood


Kennedia prostrata

Running Postman


Kennedia rubicunda

Dusky Coral Pea


Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea


Lotus cruentus

Red-flowered Lotus


Medicago arabica

Spotted Burr Medic

*


Medicago polymorpha

Burr Medic

*


Oxylobium arborescens

Tall Shaggy Pea


Phyllota phylicoides

Heath Phyllota


Podolobium aciculiferum

Needle Shaggy Pea



Prickly Shaggy Pea


Pultenaea daphnoides

Large-leaf Bush-pea

307

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic


Pultenaea dentata


Pultenaea linophylla


Pultenaea pycnocephala


Pultenaea retusa


Pultenaea setulosa

A Bush Pea


Pultenaea villosa

Hairy Bush-pea


Swainsona fraseri


Swainsona galegifolia


Tephrosia bidwillii


Trifolium repens

White Clover

*


Trifolium spp.

A Clover

*


Trifolium subterraneum

Subterranean Clover

*


Vicia sativa subsp. nigra

Narrow-leaved Vetch

*


Vicia villosa

Russian Vetch

*


Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata


Vigna vexillata


Vigna vexillata var. angustifolia

Smooth Darling Pea

Wild Cow Pea

308

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name


Zornia dyctiocarpa var. dyctiocarpa

Zornia

Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Acacia barringtonensis


Acacia blakei


Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla


Acacia dealbata

Silver Wattle


Acacia elongata

Swamp Wattle


Acacia falcata


Acacia falciformis

Broad-leaved Hickory


Acacia floribunda

White Sally


Acacia implexa

Hickory Wattle


Acacia irrorata

Green Wattle


Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata

Green Wattle


Acacia juncifolia

Rush-leaved Wattle


Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx

Curracabah


Acacia leucoclada


Acacia longifolia


Acacia maidenii

Maiden's Wattle

309

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name


Acacia melanoxylon

Blackwood


Acacia myrtifolia

Red-stemmed Wattle


Acacia neriifolia

Silver Wattle


Acacia nova-anglica

New England Hickory


Acacia obtusifolia


Acacia penninervis

Mountain Hickory


Acacia rubida

Red-stemmed Wattle


Acacia spp.

Wattle


Acacia tessellata


Acacia ulicifolia


Acacia venulosa


Acacia viscidula

Sticky Wattle


Neptunia gracilis f. gracilis

Sensitive Plant

Flacourtiaceae

Berberidopsis beckleri

Gentianaceae

Centaurium erythraea

Common Centaury

Gentianaceae

Gentianella barringtonensis

Barrington Snow Gentian

Gentianaceae

Schenkia australis

Spike Centaury

Exotic

Prickly Moses

310

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Gentianaceae

Schenkia spicata

Spike Centaury

Gentianaceae

Sebaea ovata

Yellow Centaury

Geraniaceae

Geranium homeanum

Geraniaceae

Geranium neglectum

Geraniaceae

Geranium potentilloides

Geraniaceae

Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides

Geraniaceae

Geranium retrorsum

Cranesbill Geranium

Geraniaceae

Geranium solanderi

Native Geranium

Geraniaceae

Geranium solanderi var. grande

Geraniaceae

Geranium solanderi var. solanderi

Geraniaceae

Geranium spp.

Gesneriaceae

Fieldia australis

Gleicheniaceae

Gleichenia dicarpa

Gleicheniaceae

Gleichenia spp.

Gleicheniaceae

Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus

Umbrella Fern

Gleicheniaceae

Sticherus lobatus

Spreading Shield Fern

Gleicheniaceae

Sticherus urceolatus

Silky Fan Fern

Exotic

NSW status

*

Pouched Coral Fern

311

P

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Goodeniaceae

Dampiera lanceolata var. lanceolata

Goodeniaceae

Dampiera purpurea

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia bellidifolia

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia bellidifolia subsp. bellidifolia

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia fordiana

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia glabra

Smooth Goodenia

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia hederacea

Ivy Goodenia

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia heterophylla

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia heterophylla subsp. eglandulosa

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia heterophylla subsp. heterophylla

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia ovata

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola hookeri

Goodeniaceae

Velleia montana

Goodeniaceae

Velleia paradoxa

Grammitidaceae

Grammitis billardierei

Finger Fern

Gyrostemonaceae

Codonocarpus attenuatus

Bell-fruit Tree

Hop Goodenia

Mountain Velleia

312

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus elatus

A Raspwort

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus humilis

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus micranthus

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. ramosissimus

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus oreophilus

Haloragaceae

Gonocarpus spp.

Raspwort

Haloragaceae


Poverty Raspwort

Haloragaceae


Germander Raspwort

Haloragaceae

Haloragis aspera

Rough Raspwort

Haloragaceae

Haloragis heterophylla

Variable Raspwort

Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum spp.

Hymenophyllaceae

Hymenophyllum cupressiforme

Common Filmy Fern

Hypoxidaceae

Hypoxis exilis

Swamp Star

Hypoxidaceae

Hypoxis hygrometrica

Golden Weather-grass

Hypoxidaceae

Hypoxis hygrometrica var. villosisepala

Iridaceae

Libertia paniculata

Branching Grass-flag

313

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Iridaceae

Patersonia fragilis

Swamp Iris

Iridaceae

Patersonia glabrata

Leafy Purple-flag

Iridaceae

Patersonia sericea

Silky Purple-Flag

Juncaceae

Juncus alexandri

Juncaceae

Juncus alexandri subsp. melanobasis

Juncaceae

Juncus australis

Juncaceae

Juncus filicaulis

Juncaceae

Juncus fockei

Juncaceae

Juncus laeviusculus

Juncaceae

Juncus laeviusculus subsp. laeviusculus

Juncaceae

Juncus pauciflorus

Juncaceae

Juncus prismatocarpus

Juncaceae

Juncus sarophorus

Juncaceae

Juncus spp.

Juncaceae

Juncus usitatus

Juncaceae

Juncus vaginatus

Juncaceae

Luzula flaccida

Rush

A Rush

Woodrush

314

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Juncaceae

Luzula spp.

Lamiaceae

Ajuga australis

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum floribundum var. floribundum

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum tomentosum

Hairy Clerodendrum

Lamiaceae

Lycopus australis

Australian Gipsywort

Lamiaceae

Mentha diemenica

Slender Mint

Lamiaceae

Mentha satureioides

Native Pennyroyal

Lamiaceae

Plectranthus graveolens

Lamiaceae

Plectranthus parviflorus

Lamiaceae

Plectranthus suaveolens

Lamiaceae

Prostanthera lanceolata

Lamiaceae

Prostanthera lasianthos

Lamiaceae

Prostanthera scutellarioides

Lamiaceae

Prostanthera spp.

Lamiaceae

Prunella vulgaris

Self-heal

Lamiaceae

Salvia plebeia

Austral Sage

Lamiaceae

Scutellaria humilis

Dwarf Skullcap

Exotic

Austral Bugle

Victorian Christmas Bush

315

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Lamiaceae

Scutellaria mollis

Soft Skullcap

Lamiaceae

Spartothamnella juncea

Bead Bush

Lamiaceae

Teucrium corymbosum

Forest Germander

Lamiaceae

Westringia amabilis

Lauraceae

Cassytha pubescens

Downy Dodder-laurel

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum oliveri

Oliver's Sassafras

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum virens

Red-barked Sassafras

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya erythroxylon

Pigeonberry Ash

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya foetida

Stinking Cryptocarya

Lauraceae


Mountain Walnut

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya glaucescens

Jackwood

Lauraceae


Thick-leaved Laurel

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya microneura

Murrogun

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya nova-anglica

Mountain Laurel

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya obovata

Pepperberry

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya rigida

Forest Maple

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya spp.

316

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status

V,P

V


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya williwilliana

Small-leaved Laurel

Lauraceae

Endiandra muelleri

Green-leaved Rose Walnut

Lauraceae

Endiandra sieberi

Hard Corkwood

Lauraceae

Litsea australis

Brown Bolly Gum

Lauraceae

Litsea reticulata

Bolly Gum

Lauraceae

Neolitsea australiensis

Green Bolly Gum

Lauraceae

Neolitsea dealbata

Hairy-leaved Bolly Gum

Lauraceae

Neolitsea spp.

Lentibulariaceae

Utricularia dichotoma

Fairy Aprons

Linaceae

Linum marginale

Native Flax

Lindsaeaceae

Lindsaea linearis

Screw Fern

Lindsaeaceae

Lindsaea microphylla

Lacy Wedge Fern

Lobeliaceae

Isotoma anethifolia

Lobeliaceae

Isotoma axillaris

Showy Isotome

Lobeliaceae

Isotoma fluviatilis

Swamp Isotome

Lobeliaceae

Isotoma fluviatilis subsp. borealis

Lobeliaceae

Lobelia trigonocaulis

Forest Lobelia

317

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Lobeliaceae

Pratia concolor

Poison Pratia

Lobeliaceae

Pratia pedunculata

Matted Pratia

Lobeliaceae

Pratia purpurascens

Whiteroot

Lobeliaceae

Pratia surrepens

Mud Pratia

Loganiaceae

Logania albiflora

Loganiaceae

Mitrasacme polymorpha

Loganiaceae

Mitrasacme serpyllifolia

Lomandraceae

Lomandra bracteata

Mat-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra confertifolia

Matrush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida

Matrush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra cylindrica

Lomandraceae

Lomandra filiformis

Wattle Matt-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra filiformis subsp. coriacea

Wattle Matt-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra filiformis subsp. filiformis

Lomandraceae

Lomandra filiformis subsp. flavior

Wattle Matt-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra glauca

Pale Mat-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra hystrix

318

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Lomandraceae

Lomandra longifolia

Spiny-headed Mat-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra multiflora subsp. multiflora

Many-flowered Mat-rush

Lomandraceae

Lomandra spicata

Lomandraceae

Lomandra spp.

Loranthaceae

Amyema congener subsp. congener

Loranthaceae

Amyema miquelii

Loranthaceae

Amyema pendula subsp. pendula

Loranthaceae

Amyema spp.

Loranthaceae

Amylotheca dictyophleba

Loranthaceae

Benthamina alyxifolia

Loranthaceae

Dendrophthoe glabrescens

Loranthaceae

Muellerina celastroides

Loranthaceae

Muellerina eucalyptoides

Luzuriagaceae

Drymophila moorei

Orange Berry

Luzuriagaceae

Eustrephus latifolius

Wombat Berry

Luzuriagaceae


Scrambling Lily

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodiella lateralis

Slender Clubmoss

Mat-rush

Box Mistletoe

Mistletoe

319

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium deuterodensum

Bushy Clubmoss

Lythraceae

Lythrum salicaria

Purple Loosestrife

Malvaceae

Abutilon oxycarpum

Straggly Lantern-bush

Malvaceae

Brachychiton acerifolius

Illawarra Flame Tree

Malvaceae

Brachychiton discolor

Lacebark Tree

Malvaceae

Brachychiton populneus

Kurrajong

Malvaceae

Commersonia dasyphylla

Malvaceae

Commersonia fraseri

Brush Kurrajong

Malvaceae

Heritiera actinophylla

Black Booyong

Malvaceae

Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus

Native Rosella

Malvaceae

Pavonia hastata

Malvaceae

Sida rhombifolia

Paddy's Lucerne

Meliaceae


Rosewood

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach

White Cedar

Meliaceae

Synoum glandulosum subsp. glandulosum

Scentless Rosewood

Meliaceae

Toona ciliata

Red Cedar

Menispermaceae

Legnephora moorei

Round-leaf Vine

Exotic

P

*

320

NSW status

*

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Menispermaceae

Sarcopetalum harveyanum

Pearl Vine

Menispermaceae

Stephania japonica

Snake vine

Menispermaceae

Stephania japonica var. discolor

Snake Vine

Monimiaceae

Daphnandra apatela

Monimiaceae

Daphnandra micrantha

Monimiaceae

Doryphora sassafras

Sassafras

Monimiaceae

Hedycarya angustifolia

Native Mulberry

Monimiaceae

Palmeria scandens

Anchor Vine

Monimiaceae

Wilkiea huegeliana

Veiny Wilkiea

Moraceae

Ficus coronata

Creek Sandpaper Fig

Moraceae

Ficus macrophylla

Moraceae

Ficus macrophylla subsp. macrophylla

Moreton Bay Fig

Moraceae

Ficus rubiginosa

Port Jackson Fig

Moraceae

Ficus superba var. henneana

Deciduous Fig

Moraceae

Ficus watkinsiana

Strangling Fig

Moraceae

Maclura cochinchinensis

Cockspur Thorn

Moraceae

Streblus brunonianus

Whalebone Tree

321

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Moraceae

Trophis scandens

Burny Vine

Myoporaceae

Myoporum acuminatum

Boobialla

Myoporaceae

Myoporum montanum

Western Boobialla

Myrsinaceae

Embelia australiana

Myrsinaceae

Lysimachia japonica

Myrsinaceae

Myrsine howittiana

Myrsinaceae

Myrsine variabilis

Myrtaceae

Acmena smithii

Myrtaceae

Acmena smithii (Type form)

Myrtaceae

Angophora floribunda

Rough-barked Apple

Myrtaceae

Angophora subvelutina

Broad-leaved Apple

Myrtaceae

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri

Rose Myrtle

Myrtaceae

Backhousia myrtifolia

Grey Myrtle

Myrtaceae

Backhousia sciadophora

Shatterwood

Myrtaceae

Baeckea omissa

Myrtaceae

Callistemon pallidus

Lemon Bottlebrush

Myrtaceae

Callistemon pityoides

Alpine Bottlebrush

Brush Muttonwood

Lilly Pilly

322

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Myrtaceae

Callistemon pungens

Myrtaceae

Callistemon salignus

Willow Bottlebrush

Myrtaceae

Corymbia intermedia

Pink Bloodwood

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus acaciiformis

Wattle-leaved Peppermint

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus acmenoides

White Mahogany

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus agglomerata

Blue-leaved Stringybark

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus amplifolia

Cabbage Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus amplifolia subsp. amplifolia

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus bicostata

Eurabbie

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus biturbinata

Grey Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus blakelyi

Blakely's Red Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus caliginosa

Broad-leaved Stringybark

Myrtaceae


Diehard Stringybark

Myrtaceae


New England Blackbutt

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus carnea

Thick-leaved Mahogany

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus dalrympleana

Mountain Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha

323

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status

P

V


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus eugenioides

Thin-leaved Stringybark

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus fastigata

Brown Barrel

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus globoidea

White Stringybark

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus laevopinea

Silver-top Stringybark

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus ligustrina

Privet-leaved Stringybark

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha

Red Stringybark

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus melliodora

Yellow Box

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus michaeliana

Brittle Gum

Myrtaceae


Tallowwood

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus moluccana

Grey Box

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus nicholii

Narrow-leaved Black Peppermint

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus nobilis

Forest Ribbon Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus notabilis

Mountain Mahogany

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus nova-anglica

New England Peppermint

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus obliqua

Messmate

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus oreades

Blue Mountains Ash

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus pauciflora

White Sally

324

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status

V,P

V


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus propinqua

Small-fruited Grey Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus punctata

Grey Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus quadrangulata

White-topped Box

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus radiata subsp. sejuncta

Narrow-leaved Peppermint

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus retinens

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus saligna

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus spp.

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus stellulata

Black Sally

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus tereticornis

Forest Red Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus viminalis

Ribbon Gum

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus williamsiana

Myrtaceae

Gossia bidwillii

Myrtaceae

Kunzea spp.

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum brachyandrum

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum brevipes

Myrtaceae


Myrtaceae

Leptospermum microcarpum

Sydney Blue Gum

Python Tree

Slender Tea-tree

325

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum minutifolium

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum novae-angliae

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum polygalifolium

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. montanum

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum polygalifolium

polygalifolium

subsp.

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum transmontanum

polygalifolium

subsp.

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum spp.

Tea-tree

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum trinervium

Slender Tea-tree

Myrtaceae

Leptospermum variabile

Myrtaceae

Lophostemon confertus

Brush Box

Myrtaceae

Lophostemon suaveolens

Swamp Mahogany, Swamp Turpentine

Myrtaceae

Rhodamnia rubescens

Scrub Turpentine

Myrtaceae

Sannantha crassa

Myrtaceae

Syzygium australe

Brush Cherry

Myrtaceae

Syzygium oleosum

Blue Lilly Pilly

Myrtaceae

Tristaniopsis collina

Mountain Water Gum

Tantoon

326

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Myrtaceae

Tristaniopsis laurina

Kanooka

Olacaceae

Olax stricta

Oleaceae

Jasminum volubile

Oleaceae

Ligustrum sinense

Small-leaved Privet

Oleaceae

Notelaea longifolia

Large Mock-olive

Oleaceae

Notelaea longifolia f. longifolia

Oleaceae

Notelaea sp. A

Oleaceae

Notelaea venosa

Onagraceae

Epilobium billardierianum

Onagraceae

Epilobium billardierianum subsp. cinereum

Onagraceae

Epilobium billardierianum subsp. hydrophilum

Onagraceae

Epilobium gunnianum

Gunn's Willow-herb

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium australe

Parsley Fern

Orchidaceae

Acianthus apprimus

Orchidaceae

Acianthus fornicatus

Pixie Caps

P

Orchidaceae

Acianthus pusillus

Gnat Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Acianthus spp.

Mosquito Orchid

P

*

Veined Mock-olive

P

327

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum elisae

Pineapple Orchid

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum exiguum

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum schillerianum

Red Rope Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum shepherdii

Wheat-leaved Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Caladenia carnea

Pink Fingers

P

Orchidaceae

Caleana major

Large Duck Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Calochilus gracillimus

Slender Beard Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Cestichis coelogynoides

P

Orchidaceae

Cestichis reflexa

P

Orchidaceae

Chiloglottis platyptera

Orchidaceae

Chiloglottis pluricallata

P

Orchidaceae


P

Orchidaceae

Chiloglottis spp.

P

Orchidaceae

Chiloglottis trilabra

P

Orchidaceae

Corybas aconitiflorus

Spurred Helmet Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Corybas fimbriatus

Fringed Helmet Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Cryptostylis leptochila

Small Tongue Orchid

P

P P

Barrington Tops Ant Orchid

328

V,P,2

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Orchidaceae

Cymbidium suave

Snake Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Cyrtostylis reniformis

Gnat Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium aemulum

Ironbark Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium bowmanii

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium fairfaxii

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium gracilicaule

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium kingianum

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium mortii

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium pugioniforme

Dagger Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium schoeninum

Pencil Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium speciosum

Rock Lily

P

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium teretifolium

Rat's Tail Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Dipodium punctatum

P

Orchidaceae

Dipodium variegatum

P

Orchidaceae

Diuris sulphurea

Tiger Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Eriochilus cucullatus

Parson's Bands

P

Orchidaceae

Genoplesium nudum

Tiny Midge Orchid

P

P Rat's Tail Orchid

P P

Pink Rock Orchid

P P

329

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Orchidaceae

Microtis spp.

Orchidaceae

Microtis unifolia

Common Onion Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Plectorrhiza tridentata

Tangle Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Prasophyllum australe

Southern Leek Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Prasophyllum flavum

Yellow Leek Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis abrupta

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis coccina

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis decurva

Summer Grasshood

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis elegans

Elegant Greenhood

V,P,2

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis longifolia

Tall Greenhood

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis nutans

Nodding Greenhood

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis spp.

Greenhood

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis torquata

Collared Greenhood

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis uliginosa

Marsh Greenhood

P

Orchidaceae

Pterostylis woollsii

Long-tailed Greenhood

P

Orchidaceae

Rhinerrhiza divitiflora

Raspy Root Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Sarcochilus aequalis

Boulder Orchid

P

P

330

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Orchidaceae


Orange Blossom Orchid

Orchidaceae

Sarcochilus hillii

Orchidaceae

Sarcochilus parviflorus

Lawyer Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Sarcochilus spathulatus

Small Butterfly Orchid

P

Orchidaceae

Sarcochilus spp.

P

Orchidaceae

Schistotylus purpuratus

P

Orchidaceae

Spiranthes australis

Ladies' Tresses

P

Orchidaceae

Thelymitra cyanea

Veined Sun Orchid

P

Osmundaceae

Todea barbara

King Fern

P

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis chnoodes

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculata

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis exilis

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis perennans

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis radicosa

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis spp.

Passifloraceae

Passiflora aurantia var. aurantia

Blunt-leaved Passionfruit

Passifloraceae

Passiflora cinnabarina

Red Passionfruit

P P

Creeping Oxalis

331

*

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Passifloraceae

Passiflora herbertiana

Pennantiaceae


Peperomiaceae

Peperomia blanda var. floribunda

Peperomiaceae

Peperomia tetraphylla

Four-leaved Peperomia

Phormiaceae

Dianella caerulea

Blue Flax-lily

Phormiaceae

Dianella caerulea var. caerulea

Phormiaceae

Dianella caerulea var. producta

Phormiaceae

Dianella longifolia

Blueberry Lily

Phormiaceae

Dianella longifolia var. longifolia

A Blue Flax Lily

Phormiaceae

Dianella revoluta

Blueberry Lily

Phormiaceae

Dianella revoluta var. vinosa

Phormiaceae

Dianella tasmanica

Phyllanthaceae

Breynia cernua

Phyllanthaceae

Breynia oblongifolia

Coffee Bush

Phyllanthaceae

Bridelia exaltata

Brush Ironbark

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus gunnii

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus similis

Brown Beech

332

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus virgatus

Wiry Spurge

Phyllanthaceae


Small Poranthera

Phytolaccaceae

Monococcus echinophorus

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca octandra

Pittosporaceae

Billardiera rubens

Pittosporaceae


Hairy Apple Berry

Pittosporaceae

Bursaria spinosa

Native Blackthorn

Pittosporaceae

Bursaria spinosa subsp. spinosa

Native Blackthorn

Pittosporaceae

Hymenosporum flavum

Native Frangipani

Pittosporaceae


Orange Thorn

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum revolutum

Rough Fruit Pittosporum

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum spinescens

Wallaby Apple

Pittosporaceae


Sweet Pittosporum

Plantaginaceae

Plantago debilis

Shade Plantain

Plantaginaceae

Plantago gaudichaudii

Narrow Plantain

Plantaginaceae

Plantago lanceolata

Lamb's Tongues

Plantaginaceae

Plantago varia

Inkweed

333

Exotic

*

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Plantaginaceae

Veronica anagallis-aquatica

Blue Water-speedwell

*

Plantaginaceae

Veronica calycina

Hairy Speedwell

Plantaginaceae

Veronica grosseserrata

Plantaginaceae

Veronica notabilis

Forest Speedwell

Plantaginaceae

Veronica plebeia

Trailing Speedwell

Plantaginaceae

Veronica spp.

Poaceae

Agrostis spp.

Bent Grass

*

Poaceae

Anthoxanthum odoratum

Sweet Vernal Grass

*

Poaceae

Aristida calycina

Poaceae

Aristida personata

Poaceae

Aristida spp.

Poaceae

Austrostipa pubescens

Poaceae

Austrostipa ramosissima

Poaceae

Austrostipa rudis

Poaceae

Austrostipa rudis subsp. nervosa

A Speargrass

Poaceae

Austrostipa spp.

A Speargrass

Poaceae

Avena fatua

Wild Oats

*

A Wiregrass

Stout Bamboo Grass

334

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Poaceae

Axonopus fissifolius

Narrow-leafed Carpet Grass

*

Poaceae

Bothriochloa macra

Red Grass

Poaceae

Cenchrus caliculatus

Hillside Burrgrass

Poaceae

Cenchrus incertus

Spiny Burr Grass

Poaceae

Chloris truncata

Windmill Grass

Poaceae

Cymbopogon refractus

Barbed Wire Grass

Poaceae

Cynosurus echinatus

Rough Dog's Tail

Poaceae

Deyeuxia gunniana

Poaceae

Deyeuxia monticola var. monticola

Poaceae

Deyeuxia parviseta

Poaceae

Deyeuxia parviseta var. boormanii

Poaceae

Deyeuxia parviseta var. parviseta

Poaceae

Deyeuxia quadriseta

Poaceae

Deyeuxia spp.

A Bent Grass

Poaceae

Dichelachne micrantha

Shorthair Plumegrass

Poaceae

Dichelachne parva

Poaceae

Digitaria breviglumis

335

*

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Poaceae

Digitaria brownii

Cotton Panic Grass

Poaceae

Echinochloa spp.

Poaceae

Echinochloa telmatophila

Swamp Barnyard Grass

Poaceae

Echinopogon caespitosus

Bushy Hedgehog-grass

Poaceae

Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus

Tufted Hedgehog Grass

Poaceae

Echinopogon mckiei

Poaceae

Echinopogon ovatus

Forest Hedgehog Grass

Poaceae

Echinopogon spp.

A Hedgehog Grass

Poaceae

Entolasia marginata

Bordered Panic

Poaceae

Entolasia stricta

Wiry Panic

Poaceae

Eragrostis brownii

Brown's Lovegrass

Poaceae

Eragrostis leptostachya

Paddock Lovegrass

Poaceae

Eragrostis parviflora

Weeping Lovegrass

Poaceae

Eustachys distichophylla

Evergreen Chloris

Poaceae

Glyceria australis

Australian Sweetgrass

Poaceae

Glyceria maxima

Reed Canegrass

Poaceae

Hemarthria uncinata

Matgrass

Exotic

*

336

*

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Poaceae

Hemarthria uncinata var. uncinata

Poaceae

Holcus lanatus

Yorkshire Fog

*

Poaceae

Imperata cylindrica

Blady Grass

Poaceae

Isachne globosa

Swamp Millet

Poaceae

Lolium perenne

Perennial Ryegrass

*

Poaceae

Melinis minutiflora

Molasses Grass

*

Poaceae

Microlaena stipoides

Weeping Grass

Poaceae

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides

Weeping Grass

Poaceae

Oplismenus aemulus

Poaceae

Oplismenus imbecillis

Poaceae

Oplismenus spp.

Poaceae

Oplismenus undulatifolius

Poaceae

Panicum effusum

Hairy Panic

Poaceae

Panicum pygmaeum

Pygmy Panic

Poaceae

Paspalum dilatatum

Paspalum

Poaceae

Poa clivicola

Fine-leaved Snowgrass

Poaceae

Poa costiniana

Bog Snowgrass

337

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Poaceae

Poa labillardierei var. labillardierei

Tussock

Poaceae

Poa queenslandica

Queensland Grass

Poaceae

Poa sieberiana

Snowgrass

Poaceae

Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana

Snowgrass

Poaceae

Rostraria cristata

Annual Cat's Tail

Poaceae

Rytidosperma bipartitum

Wallaby Grass

Poaceae

Rytidosperma indutum

Poaceae

Rytidosperma longifolium

Long-leaved Wallaby Grass

Poaceae

Rytidosperma pilosum

Smooth-flowered Wallaby Grass

Poaceae

Rytidosperma racemosum

Wallaby Grass

Poaceae

Rytidosperma racemosum var. racemosum

Wallaby Grass

Poaceae

Rytidosperma tenuius

A Wallaby Grass

Poaceae

Setaria parviflora

Poaceae

Sorghum leiocladum

Wild Sorghum

Poaceae

Sporobolus creber

Slender Rat's Tail Grass

Poaceae

Sporobolus elongatus

Slender Rat's Tail Grass

Poaceae

Sporobolus spp.

Rat's Tail Couch

Exotic

*

*

338

*

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Poaceae

Themeda triandra

Poaceae

Tripogon loliiformis

Fiveminute Grass

Polygalaceae

Comesperma ericinum

Pyramid Flower

Polygalaceae

Comesperma volubile

Polygalaceae

Polygala japonica

Dwarf Milkwort

Polygonaceae

Acetosella vulgaris

Sheep Sorrel

Polygonaceae

Muehlenbeckia gracillima

Slender Lignum

Polygonaceae

Muehlenbeckia rhyticarya

Wrinkle-nut Lignum

Polygonaceae

Persicaria decipiens

Slender Knotweed

Polygonaceae

Rumex brownii

Swamp Dock

Polypodiaceae

Dictymia brownii

Strap Fern

Polypodiaceae

Microsorum pustulatum

Kangaroo Fern

Polypodiaceae

Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum

Polypodiaceae

Microsorum scandens

Fragrant Fern

Polypodiaceae

Platycerium bifurcatum

Elkhorn Fern

P

Polypodiaceae

Platycerium superbum

Staghorn

P

Polypodiaceae

Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens

Horseshoe Felt Fern

339

Exotic

NSW status

*

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Polypodiaceae

Pyrrosia rupestris

Rock Felt Fern

Primulaceae

Lysimachia arvensis

Scarlet Pimpernel

Proteaceae

Banksia cunninghamii

Proteaceae


Coast Banksia

Proteaceae

Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia

Coastal Banksia

Proteaceae

Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola

Proteaceae

Banksia marginata

Silver Banksia

Proteaceae

Banksia neoanglica

New England Banksia

Proteaceae

Banksia spinulosa

Hairpin Banksia

Proteaceae

Banksia spinulosa var. collina

Proteaceae

Conospermum taxifolium

Proteaceae

Grevillea acanthifolia subsp. stenomera

Proteaceae

Grevillea guthrieana

Proteaceae

Grevillea juniperina

Proteaceae

Grevillea spp.

Proteaceae

Hakea eriantha

Proteaceae

Hakea florulenta

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status

*

P P

Variable Smoke-bush

Guthrie's Grevillea

340

E1,P

E


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Proteaceae

Hakea microcarpa

Small-fruited Hakea

Proteaceae

Hakea salicifolia

Willow-leaved Hakea

Proteaceae

Hakea spp.

Proteaceae

Helicia glabriflora

Smooth Helicia

Proteaceae

Lomatia arborescens

Tree Lomatia

Proteaceae

Lomatia fraseri

Silky Lomatia

Proteaceae

Lomatia silaifolia

Crinkle Bush

Proteaceae

Orites excelsus

Prickly Ash

Proteaceae

Persoonia acuminata

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia conjuncta

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia cornifolia

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia levis

Broad-leaved Geebung

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia linearis

Narrow-leaved Geebung

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia media

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia oleoides

P

Proteaceae

Persoonia spp.

P

Proteaceae

Petrophile canescens

Conesticks

341

Exotic

NSW status

P

P

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Proteaceae


Scrub Beefwood

Pteridaceae

Cheilanthes sieberi

Rock Fern

Pteridaceae

Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi

Rock Fern

Pteridaceae

Pteris tremula

Tender Brake

Pteridaceae

Pteris umbrosa

Jungle Brake

Putranjivaceae

Drypetes deplanchei

Yellow Tulipwood

Ranunculaceae

Clematis aristata

Old Man's Beard

Ranunculaceae


Headache Vine

Ranunculaceae

Clematis glycinoides var. glycinoides

Ranunculaceae

Clematis microphylla

Ranunculaceae

Clematis spp.

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus inundatus

River Buttercup

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus lappaceus

Common Buttercup

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus pimpinellifolius

Bog Buttercup

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus plebeius

Forest Buttercup

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus pumilio

Ferny Buttercup

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus sessiliflorus

Small-flowered Buttercup

Small-leaved Clematis

342

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus

Restionaceae

Baloskion fimbriatum

Restionaceae

Baloskion stenocoleum

Restionaceae

Empodisma minus

Restionaceae

Leptocarpus tenax

Rhamnaceae

Alphitonia excelsa

Red Ash

Rhamnaceae

Emmenosperma alphitonioides

Yellow Ash

Rhamnaceae

Pomaderris andromedifolia

Rhamnaceae

Pomaderris eriocephala

Rhamnaceae

Pomaderris lanigera

Woolly Pomaderris

Rhamnaceae

Pomaderris nitidula

Shining Pomaderris

Rhamnaceae

Pomaderris vellea

Rhamnaceae

Spyridium scortechinii

Ripogonaceae

Ripogonum album

White Supplejack

Ripogonaceae

Ripogonum discolor

Prickly Supplejack

Ripogonaceae

Ripogonum elseyanum

Hairy Supplejack

Rosaceae

Acaena agnipila

Hairy Sheep's Burr

343

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Rosaceae


Bidgee-widgee

Rosaceae

Acaena ovina

Acaena

Rosaceae

Rubus anglocandicans

Blackberry

*

Rosaceae

Rubus fruticosus sp. agg.

Blackberry complex

*

Rosaceae

Rubus moluccanus

Molucca Bramble

Rosaceae

Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus

Molucca Bramble

Rosaceae

Rubus moorei

Silky Bramble

Rosaceae

Rubus nebulosus

Green-leaved Bramble

Rosaceae

Rubus parvifolius

Native Raspberry

Rosaceae

Rubus rosifolius

Rose-leaf Bramble

Rubiaceae

Asperula ambleia

Stiff Woodruff

Rubiaceae

Asperula conferta

Common Woodruff

Rubiaceae

Asperula gunnii

Mountain Woodruff

Rubiaceae

Asperula scoparia

Prickly Woodruff

Rubiaceae

Coprosma quadrifida

Prickly Currant Bush

Rubiaceae

Galium binifolium

Rubiaceae

Galium ciliare

344

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Rubiaceae

Galium gaudichaudii

Rough Bedstraw

Rubiaceae

Galium leiocarpum

Rubiaceae

Galium leptogonium

Rubiaceae

Galium liratum

Rubiaceae

Galium migrans

Rubiaceae

Galium propinquum

Rubiaceae

Leptostigma reptans

Rubiaceae

Morinda jasminoides

Sweet Morinda

Rubiaceae

Nertera granadensis

Matted Nertera

Rubiaceae

Opercularia aspera

Coarse Stinkweed

Rubiaceae

Opercularia diphylla

Stinkweed

Rubiaceae

Opercularia hispida

Hairy Stinkweed

Rubiaceae

Pomax umbellata

Pomax

Rubiaceae

Psychotria daphnoides

Smooth Psychotria

Rubiaceae


Hairy Psychotria

Rutaceae

Acronychia oblongifolia

White Aspen

Rutaceae

Boronia anemonifolia subsp. anemonifolia

Exotic

NSW status

Maori Bedstraw

P

345

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Rutaceae

Boronia anemonifolia subsp. variabilis

Coast Boronia

P

Rutaceae

Boronia polygalifolia

Dwarf Boronia

P

Rutaceae

Correa reflexa

Native Fuschia

Rutaceae

Correa reflexa var. reflexa

Native Fuschia

Rutaceae

Geijera salicifolia

Brush Wilga

Rutaceae

Melicope micrococca

Hairy-leaved Doughwood

Rutaceae

Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia

Big Yellow Wood

Rutaceae

Zieria arborescens

Stinkwood

Rutaceae

Zieria compacta

Rutaceae

Zieria fraseri subsp. fraseri

Rutaceae

Zieria smithii

Low growing form of Z. smithii, Diggers Head

Rutaceae

Zieria smithii

Sandfly Zieria

Santalaceae

Choretrum pauciflorum

Dwarf Sour Bush

Santalaceae

Choretrum sp. A

Santalaceae

Exocarpos cupressiformis

Cherry Ballart

Santalaceae

Exocarpos strictus

Dwarf Cherry

Santalaceae

Omphacomeria acerba 346

Exotic

NSW status

E2

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Santalaceae

Santalum obtusifolium

Sandalwood

Santalaceae

Thesium australe

Austral Toadflax

Sapindaceae


Wild Quince

Sapindaceae

Alectryon subdentatus f. subdentatus

Sapindaceae

Cupaniopsis baileyana

Sapindaceae

Cupaniopsis parvifolia

Small-leaved Tuckeroo

Sapindaceae

Diploglottis australis

Native Tamarind

Sapindaceae

Dodonaea megazyga

Sapindaceae

Dodonaea triquetra

Large-leaf Hop-bush

Sapindaceae

Dodonaea viscosa

Sticky Hop-bush

Sapindaceae

Dodonaea viscosa subsp. burmanniana

Hopwood

Sapindaceae

Elattostachys nervosa

Beetroot Tree

Sapindaceae

Guioa semiglauca

Guioa

Sapindaceae

Mischocarpus australis

Sapindaceae

Rhysotoechia bifoliolata subsp. bifoliolata

Two-leaved Tuckeroo

Sapindaceae

Sarcopteryx stipata

Steelwood

Sapotaceae

Planchonella australis

Black Apple

347

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status

V,P

V


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Sapotaceae

Planchonella cotinifolia

Yellow Lemon

Schizaeaceae

Schizaea bifida

Forked Comb Fern

Scrophulariaceae

Euphrasia orthocheila subsp. orthocheila

Scrophulariaceae

Euphrasia spp.

Scrophulariaceae

Gratiola pedunculata

Scrophulariaceae

Gratiola peruviana

Australian Brooklime

Scrophulariaceae

Mimulus gracilis

Slender Monkey-flower

Scrophulariaceae

Mimulus moschatus

Musk Monkey-flower

*

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus

Great Mullein

*

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum virgatum

Twiggy Mullein

*

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella uliginosa

Swamp Selaginella

Smilacaceae

Smilax australis

Lawyer Vine

Smilacaceae

Smilax glyciphylla

Sweet Sarsparilla

Solanaceae

Duboisia myoporoides

Corkwood

Solanaceae

Nicotiana forsteri

Solanaceae

Solanum americanum

Glossy Nightshade

Solanaceae

Solanum aviculare

Kangaroo Apple

348

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Solanaceae

Solanum brownii

Violet Nightshade

Solanaceae

Solanum campanulatum

Solanaceae

Solanum curvicuspe

Solanaceae

Solanum densevestitum

Solanaceae

Solanum ditrichum

Solanaceae

Solanum mauritianum

Wild Tobacco Bush

*

Solanaceae

Solanum nigrum

Black-berry Nightshade

*

Solanaceae

Solanum prinophyllum

Forest Nightshade

Solanaceae

Solanum pungetium

Eastern Nightshade

Solanaceae

Solanum stelligerum

Devil's Needles

Solanaceae

Solanum vicinum

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium subglobosum

Floating Bur-reed

Stackhousiaceae

Stackhousia monogyna

Creamy Candles

Stackhousiaceae

Stackhousia viminea

Slender Stackhousia

Stylidiaceae

Stylidium graminifolium

Grass Triggerplant

Surianaceae

Guilfoylia monostylis

Symplocaceae

Symplocos thwaitesii

Buff Hazelwood

349

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea ligustrina

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea ligustrina subsp. hypericina

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea ligustrina subsp. ligustrina

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea linifolia

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea linifolia subsp. collina

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea microcephala subsp. microcephala

Shrubby Rice-flower

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea neo-anglica

Poison Pimelea

Thymelaeaceae

Pimelea strigosa

Thymelaeaceae

Wikstroemia indica

Trimeniaceae

Trimenia moorei

Bitter Vine

Ulmaceae

Trema tomentosa var. aspera

Native Peach

Urticaceae

Australina pusilla

Urticaceae

Dendrocnide excelsa

Giant Stinging Tree

Urticaceae

Dendrocnide photinophylla

Shiny-leaved Stinging Tree

Urticaceae

Elatostema reticulatum

Slender Rice Flower

350

Exotic

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

Urticaceae

Elatostema stipitatum

Urticaceae

Urtica incisa

Stinging Nettle

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara

Lantana

*

Verbenaceae

Verbena bonariensis

Purpletop

*

Verbenaceae

Verbena litoralis

Violaceae

Hybanthus monopetalus

Violaceae

Hybanthus stellarioides

Violaceae

Melicytus dentatus

Violaceae

Viola banksii

Violaceae

Viola betonicifolia

Native Violet

Violaceae

Viola caleyana

Swamp Violet

Violaceae

Viola fuscoviolacea

Violaceae

Viola hederacea

Ivy-leaved Violet

Vitaceae

Cayratia clematidea

Native Grape

Vitaceae

Cayratia eurynema

Vitaceae

Cissus antarctica

Water Vine

Vitaceae

Cissus hypoglauca

Giant Water Vine

* Slender Violet-bush

Tree Violet

351

NSW status

Comm status


Family

Scientific Name

Common Name

Exotic

NSW status

Vitaceae

Clematicissus opaca

Pepper Vine

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma nitens

Vittariaceae

Vittaria elongata

Tape Fern

Winteraceae

Tasmannia insipida

Brush Pepperbush

Winteraceae

Tasmannia spp.

Winteraceae

Tasmannia stipitata

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoea australis

P

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoea glauca

P

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoea macronema

P

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoea spp.

P

Xyridaceae

Xyris operculata

Zamiaceae

Macrozamia communis

Northern Pepperbush

Johnson's Grass Tree

Burrawang

352

P

P

Comm status


Appendix 40: Weed Species Identified throughout the Study Area Scientific Name

Common Name

Type

Prioritisat ion

Source

Location Description

Acetosella vulgaris

Sheep Sorrel

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Ageratina adenophora

Crofton Weed

Environmental

High

JH


Agrostis spp possibly gigantea

Bent Grass

Sleeper

Medium

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Annual Ragweed

Class 5 Noxious

High

Bionet

Mummel Gulf NP

Avena fatua

Wild Oats

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Axonopus fissifolius

Narrowleafed Carpet Grass

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai NP & SCA, Mummel Gulf NP

Bidens pilosa

Cobbler's Pegs

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai & Nowendoc NP

Bidens subalternans

Greater Beggar's Ticks

Naturalised

Low

JH


Cenchrus incertus

Spiny Burr Grass

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Centaurium erythraea

Common Centaury

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Mummel Gulf NP & Nowendoc NP

Cerastium spp.

Mouse eared Chickweed

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


JH

Carrai NP, Land Vested in the Minister, Mummel Gulf NP, Mummel Gulf SCA & Nowendoc NP

Cirsium vulgare

Spear Thistle

Conyza bonariensis

Flaxleaf Fleabane

Environmental

Low

JH

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP, Mummel Gulf SCA & Nowendoc NP

Conyza parva

Fleabane

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai SCA & Mummel Gulf NP

Conyza

Tall

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP &

Naturalised

Medium

353


sumatrensis

fleabane

Nowendoc NP

Cyclospermum leptophyllum

Slender Celery

Cynosurus echinatus

Rough Dog's Tail

Naturalised

Cyperus congestus

None

Cyperus eragrostis

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Low

Bionet


Environmental

Medium

JH


Umbrella Sedge

Environmental

Medium

JH


Cyperus sesquiflorus

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Echinochloa spp.

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Eustachys distichophylla

Evergreen Chloris

Naturalised

Low

JH


Galium spp.

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Gamochaeta coarctata

None

Naturalised

Low

JH


Gamochaeta purpurea

Purple Cudweed

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Geranium spp.

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Mummel Gulf NP, Mummel Gulf SCA & Nowendoc NP

Glyceria maxima

Reed Canegrass

Environmental

Medium

Bionet


Gomphocarpus fruticosus

Narrowleaved Cotton Bush

Environmental

Low

JH

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP & Nowendoc NP

Holcus lanatus

Yorkshire Fog

Environmental

High

JH


Hypericum perforatum

St. Johns Wort

Class 4 Noxious

High

JH


Hypochaeris glabra

Smooth Catsear

Naturalised

Low

Bionet



Catsear

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai AA, Carrai NP, Carrai SCA, Mummel Gulf NP, Mummel Gulf SCA & Nowendoc NP

Lantana camara

Lantana

Class 4 Noxious

High

JH

Carrari NP & Nowendoc NP

354


Leucanthemum vulgare

Oxeye Daisy

Environmental

High

JH


Lysimachia arvensis

Scarlet Pimpernel

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Medicago arabica

Spotted Burr Medic

Naturalised

Low

JH


Medicago polymorpha

Burr Medic

Naturalised

Low

JH


Melinis minutiflora

Molasses Grass

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Mimulus moschatus

Musk Monkeyflower

Bionet


Myosotis spp.

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Opuntia stricta

Common Prickly Pear

Class 4 Noxious

High

Bionet


Oxalis corniculata

Creeping Oxalis

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf SCA, Nowendoc NP

Paspalum dilatatum

Paspalum

Naturalised

Medium

JH

Carrai NP & Nowendoc NP

Pavonia hastata

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Phytolacca octandra

Inkweed

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Plantago lanceolata

Lamb's Tongues

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP, Nowendoc NP

Polycarpon tetraphyllum

Fourleaved Allseed

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Prunella vulgaris

Self-heal

Environmental

High

JH


Rosa rubiginosa

Sweet Briar

Environmental

Medium

Bionet


Rostraria cristata

Annual Cat's Tail

Naturalised

Low

JH


Rubus anglocandicans

Blackberry

Environmental

High

JH

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP, Nowendoc NP

Rubus fruticosus sp. agg.

Blackberry complex

Noxious Class 4

High

Bionet


355


Senecio spp.

Groundsel, Fireweed

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Senna septemtrionalis

Arsenic Bush

Naturalised

Low

JH

Nowendoc NP

Setaria parviflora

None

Naturalised

Low

JH

Nowendoc Np

Sida rhombifolia

Paddy's Lucerne

Naturalised

Low

JH

Nowendoc NP

Solanum mauritianum

Wild Tobacco Bush

Environmental

Medium

JH

Nowendoc NP

Solanum nigrum

Black-berry Nightshade

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai NP, Mummel Gulf NP, Mummel Gulf SCA & Nowendoc NP

Soliva sessilis

Bindyi

Naturalised

Low

JH

Mummel Gulf NP

Sonchus asper

Prickly Sowthistle

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Mummel Gulf NP

Sporobolus africanus

Parramatta Grass

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

Sporobolus spp.

Rat's Tail Couch

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Mummel Gulf NP

Stellaria media

Common Chickweed

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai NP & Mummel Gulf NP

Taraxacum officinale

Dandelion

Naturalised

Low

JH

Carrai NP & Mummel Gulf NP

Tradescantia fluminensis

Wandering Jew

Environmental

High

JH

Mummel Gulf NP

Trifolium repens

White Clover

Naturalised

Low

Bionet


Trifolium spp.

A Clover

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

Trifolium subterraneum

Subterrane an Clover

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Carrai NP

Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus

Great Mullein

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

Verbascum virgatum

Twiggy Mullein

Naturalised

Low

JH

Nowendoc NP

Verbena bonariensis

Purpletop

Environmental

Medium

JH

Mummel NP & Nowendoc NP

356


Verbena litoralis

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

Veronica anagallisaquatica

Blue-water speedwell

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

Veronica spp.

None

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Mummel Gulf NP

Vicia sativa subsp. nigra

Narrowleaved Vetch

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Carrai NP

Vicia villosa

Russian Vetch

Naturalised

Low

Bionet

Carrai NP

Xanthium occidentale

Noogoor Burr


High

Bionet

Nowendoc NP

357

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