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The International
Journal ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Volume 3
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of Aligarh City: A Case Study
Mehmood.M. Ashhar, Amiya Akram, Athar Hussain
www.sustainability-journal.com
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY http://www.Sustainability-Journal.com First published in 2007 in Melbourne, Australia by Common Ground Publishing Pty Ltd www.CommonGroundPublishing.com. © 2007 (individual papers), the author(s) © 2007 (selection and editorial matter) Common Ground Authors are responsible for the accuracy of citations, quotations, diagrams, tables and maps. All rights reserved. Apart from fair use for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act (Australia), no part of this work may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher. For permissions and other inquiries, please contact . ISSN: 1832-2077 Publisher Site: http://www.Sustainability-Journal.com The INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY is a peer refereed journal. Full papers submitted for publication are refereed by Associate Editors through anonymous referee processes. Typeset in Common Ground Markup Language using CGCreator multichannel typesetting system http://www.CommonGroundSoftware.com.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of Aligarh City: A Case Study Mehmood.M. Ashhar, Aligarh Muslim University, India Amiya Akram, Aligarh Muslim University, India Athar Hussain, Aligarh Muslim University, India Abstract: The phenominal growth in vehicular population,often identified with urbanization has lead to an increase in ambient air pollution levels.This growth is not limited to metropolitan cities alone but major towns like Aligarh have also experienced it in the past few years.Nearly two-thirds of urban population resides in such towns therefore a study of ambient air quality of such towns is of outmost importance to get a real idea of the deteriorating air quality in urban centers. Keywords: Air Pollution, Vehicular Pollution, Monitoring, Prediction
Introduction NY HUMAN ACTIVITY is considered to be environmentally sustainable only when it can be performed or maintained indefinitely without depleting natural resources or degrading the natural environment. Indiscriminate use of natural resources for the sake of development has resulted in problems related to energy, clean air and water in today’s world The pollution of ambient environment is attaining large dimensions in the urban centres throughout the world. This problem is mainly attributed to increase
A
in traffic, urbanization, rapid economic development and industrialization. It has been observed that the increasing vehicle population poses a serious threat to urban air quality. In the past five decades worldwide, the number of vehicles is growing faster than global population – about 5% per year as compared to 2% for population.1 The air pollution situation in most of the Indian cities is far from being satisfactory and the pollution concentrations are higher than the existing National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Table 1 shows the ambient air quality standards laid down by Central Pollution Control Board.
Table 1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Category
Concentration g/m3 SPM
SO2
NO2
Industrial and Mixed Zone
500
120
120
Residential & Commercial Zone
200
80
80
Sensitive Zone
100
30
30
In India, there are 3961 cities / towns having population over one lakh with various levels of industrial growth. Presently, the air pollution data is available from twelve metropolitan cities having a population of above one million. However, these cities contribute to only 6.15% of the total population and 26.4% of the total urban population.2 Therefore an assessment of air quality of other cities where a substantial urban population resides becomes necessary to get the real idea about the levels to which urban Indian population is exposed to this menace. Such an assessment will help the pollution regulating authorities to take measures in the direction of control and mitigation of this problem and provide a sustainable environment to the
urban population of such cities. This study makes an assessment of air quality of Aligarh, which is a major city located in the state of Uttar Pradesh having an estimated population of more than eight lakhs. Aligarh is famous for lock and hardware industries.3
Air Pollutants and Their Effects Particulates: These are composite group of substances that comprise of liquids or solids dispersed in atmosphere, which range in .01 to 100 m in diameter of 70-80% of particulate matter is inorganic i.e. containing anions, cations metals and their oxides.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, VOLUME 3, 2007 http://www.Sustainability-Journal.com, ISSN 1832-2077 © Common Ground, Mehmood.M. Ashhar, Amiya Akram, Athar Hussain, All Rights Reserved, Permissions:
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, VOLUME 3
Effects: Suspended particulate of respirable size >3 m are trapped in nose and throat. The lodged particles cause severe breathing trouble by physical blockage and irritation of lung capillaries (Table-2). Besides this, these particles are potentially harmful for a variety of building materials. They accelerate corrosion of metals, damage sculptures, monuments, and buildings, impair visibility and have influence on climate due to radiation balance. Global man made emissions of particulates are estimated to be around 300 x 106 M.T. per year.4 Sulphur Dioxide: It is one of the major pollutants produced from man-made sources. The burning of
solid and fossil fuels amounts for more than 80% of anthropogenic SO2 emissions. Apart from this, industrial process such as smelting, sulphuric acid manufacture, petroleum refining etc. also emit SO2. On global scale man made emissions of SO2 are estimated to be 160-180 million tones per years.4 Effects: High concentration of Sulphur Dioxide is toxic to human body, which may lead to death only in case of previous respiratory disease such as ephysema and generally effect older people more seriously than young people (Table 2). It may cause tightness in chest, severe distress, nose bleeding, digestive tract disturbances and eye irritation also.5
Table 2:Particulates and Sulphur Dioxide Levels and Health Effects7 S.No.
Conditions
Effects 3
1.
Particulate level of 750 g/m with SO2 at 715 Increased daily death rate, substantial increased illness of persons with bronchitis. g/m3 both 24 hr. mean.
2.
Low particulate level with SO2 levels ranging Increased hospital admissions of elderly people between 300 and 500 g/m3 both 24 hr. mean. with respiratory disease case; increase absenteeism among older workers.
3.
Particulate level of 300 g/m3 with SO2 level Worsening of Symptoms in persons suffering ranging between 105 and 265 g/m3 both annual from chronic bronchitis. mean.
4.
Particulate level of 185 g/m3 with SO2 level Increased frequency of respiratory symptoms ranging between 105 and 265 g/m3 both annual and lung diseases. mean.
5.
Particulate level of 100 g/m3 with SO2 level of Increased incidence of respiratory disease among school children. 120 g/m3 both annual mean.
Nitrogen Dioxide: It is considered as primary pollutant resulting from combustion sources. Effects: It is highly corrosive and toxic to health. It causes breathing problems, headache, loss of appetite and corrosion of teeth and result in discomfort of
eyes (Table 3). It acts as a precursor of photochemical smog and a trigger parameter for a number of secondary pollutants including ozone and proxy acetyl nitrate (PAN). It also increases acute bronchitis in school children.5
Table 3: Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Human Health7 Conc. of NO2 (ppm)
Time of Exposure
Effects
0.06 – 0.10
2 – 3 years
Increase in acute respiratory disease.
Upto 0.1
6 months
Increase in acute bronchitis in School Children.
0 – 12
120
>540
>90
>210
State/City
SO2
Area Class
I
R
I
R
I
R
Hyderabad(Andhra Pradesh)
L
L
L
M
M
H
Delhi
L
L
L
M
H
C
Ahmedabad(Gujarat)
L
L
M
M
M
C
Bangalore(Karnataka)
L
L
L
M
L
H
Mumbai(Maharashtra)
L
L
L
L
M
C
Chennai(Tamil Nadu)
M
L
L
L
M
M
Kolkata(West Bengal)
L
L
H
H
M
C
NO2
The ambient air quality in seven major cities of India during the year 2002 as per studies conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board, India, in residential and industrial zones is shown in Table 10. When compared to this data, it was observed that SPM concentration in zone II (residential zone) of Aligarh was between 140-210 g/m3 which is considered to be a high, whereas in zone III (Industrial zone) SPM levels were between 360-540( g/m3) which is also high.
SPM
SO2 and NO2 concentrations in zone II were found to be moderate (30-60 g/m3) whereas in zone III these concentrations were normally high (80120 g/m3).
Conclusion The highest average concentration of SPM was observed in the Industrial and Commercial Zones. Various industrial activities and vehicles are the main
MEHMOOD.M. ASHHAR, AMIYA AKRAM, ATHAR HUSSAIN
causes of pollution in these areas. High concentration of SO2 in the commercial zone may be attributed to presence of diesel vehicles and burning of solid fuels. Vehicular pollution once again may be the cause of high NO2 concentrations in the commercial zone. Although the levels of various pollutants may be within NAAQS limits, rapid increase in vehicular population, expansion of the city and the increase in size and number of small-scale industries may contribute to pollution load of the city in future. Therefore, it becomes very necessary to regulate the air pollution levels in order to avoid any short-term or long-term adverse effects on the population. It is also required to preserve the natural resources of the city in order to fulfil the conditions of sustainable development. It is quite evident from this study that vehicular pollution is the major cause of pollution and in order
to regulate it certain strategies are required. The first and foremost step to be taken in this regard is elimination of phased out vehicles that are running unrestricted on the roads. Congestion on roads also leads to high pollution levels. This can be reduced by construction of fast motorways enabling unhindered traffic flow. Public awareness regarding cleaner fuels should be developed and they should be encouraged to switch over to cleaner fuels like CNG, electricity battery, etc. City planning also plays an important role in sustainable development. The commercial and residential establishments of the city should be connected by short routes on which use of bicycles and pedestrians should be encouraged. Apart from this; it should be made to mandatory for industries to install air pollution control equipment in order to reduce air pollution levels.
References 1. Nagendra, S.M.S. and Khare, M, 2004. Health Effects of Vehicular Exhaust Emissions, Journal of the IPHE, India, Vol. 2004, 56 – 60. 2. Census of India 1991; Series 25 Uttar Pradesh Part – II – A General Population Table; Directorate of Census Operation, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3. Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers, Aligarh, 1987; Editor: Balant Singh; Department of District Gazetteers, Government Press, Aligarh, U.P. 4. Vehicular Pollution and control Technology options in India, Status Paper, 1991,NEERI, Nagpur, India. 5. Peavy H.S. Rowe and Tchobonalogous A book on Environmental Engineering Mc. Graw Hill Company, 2000. 6. Pandey V.K. Das Bandupadhyay, 1991. Base line Air Quality Survey in Kharagpur a short-term study I.P.H.E. Vol. 2, 1991. 7.Rao C.S. Environmental Engineering Book Tata Mc. Graw Hill Company. 8.Indian Standard Methods for measurement of Air Pollution, Part V Sampling of gaseous pollutants I S: 5152 (Part II) 1975, Nitrogen Dioxide I S: 5182 (Part VI) 1975, Guidelines for planning and sampling of atmosphere and location of monitoring stations I S: 5182 (Part XIV) 1985. 9. Central Pollution Control board Survey report,2002.
About the Authors Prof Mehmood.M. Ashhar He is a Proferror at AMU, Aligarh Amiya Akram I hold a Masters Degree in Environmental Engineering and presently I am employed as a Lecturer in Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology,AMU,Aligarh. Athar Hussain Aligarh Muslim University, India
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
EDITORS Amareswar Galla, Australian National University, Australia. Mary Kalantzis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Dang Van Bai, Ministry of Culture and Information, Vietnam. Diane Bell, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA. Richard M. Clugston, Center for the Respect of Life and the Environment, and University Leaders for a Sustainable Future, Washington DC, USA. Bill Cope, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA. John Dryzek, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Robyn Eckersley, University of Melbourne, Australia. Steven Engelsman, Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, The Netherlands. John Fien, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Steve Hemnett, University of South Australia, Australia. Paul James, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Lily Kong, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Thangavelu Vasantha Kumaran, University of Madras, India. Jim McAllister, Central Queensland University, Australia. Helena Norberg-Hodge, The International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC). Peter Phipps, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Koteswara Prasad, University of Madras, India. Judy Spokes, Cultural Development Network, Melbourne, Australia. Manfred Steger, Illinois State University, USA and RMIT University, Australia. David Wood, University of Waterloo, Canada. Lyuba Zarsky, RMIT University, Australia, and Tufts University, USA.
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