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Integrated approaches in water management: Lessons learnt from the Mekong Marko Keskinen Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology Water management is changing: the narrowly defined management practices that have for long been dominating are being replaced by more comprehensive approaches. Integrated approaches –including the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)– represent the forerunners of this change, and they are thus loaded with expectations. The reality is, however, more complicated, with many of the integrated processes failing to live up to their promises. This Thesis looks at integrated approaches used in water management and impact assessment, with a focus on the transboundary Mekong River Basin and the related Tonle Sap Lake area in Cambodia. The seven appended articles discuss an array of water management and assessment contexts in the region, sharing practical experiences on the use of integrated approaches. The synthesis places the current integrationist drive into the broader context through an analysis of the development of integrated approaches as well as through a review of multi-disciplinary research approaches. The Thesis recognises six key elements to be particularly critical for the actual implementation of integrated management: Comprehensiveness, Institutions, Politics, Methods, Team and Inclusiveness.
BRINGING BACK THE COMMON SENSE?
BRINGING BACK THE COMMON SENSE?
Marko Keskinen Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology
TKK-WD-09
ISSN 1797-254X ISBN 978-952-60-3233-7
TKK-WD-09
BRINGING BACK THE COMMON SENSE? Integrated approaches in water management: Lessons learnt from the Mekong
While the current integrated water management practices are often strong on practical integration methods, they at the same time seem partly to neglect the broader philosophical and contextual aspects related to integration. Yet, integration is not just a mechanical procedure, but very much a personal and political issue as well. What really matters are therefore not only the technical methods for integration, but also the ways the management and research teams in specific management contexts communicate, collaborate and interact with their various stakeholders as well as –an issue that is frequently forgotten– internally within their teams.
Water & Development Publications - Aalto University water.tkk.fi/global
Water & Development Publications - Aalto University
Aalto University School of Science and Technology
Water & Development Research Group
Water & Development Publications - Aalto University
BRINGING BACK THE COMMON SENSE? Integrated approaches in water management: Lessons learnt from the Mekong
Marko Keskinen Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology to be presented with due permission of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture for public examination and debate in Auditorium R1 at Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland, on the 3rd of September, 2010, at 12 o’clock noon.
Aalto University School of Science and Technology Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Aalto University School of Science and Technology P.O. Box 11000 00076 AALTO water.tkk.fi/global © Marko Keskinen 2010 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-952-60-3233-7 ISBN 978-952-60-3234-4 (PDF) ISSN 1797-254X Layout and cover by Tiina Merikoski Printed by Yliopistopaino, Helsinki, Finland This publication is available electronically at water.tkk.fi/global/publications
i
ABSTRACT OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
Author
AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY P.O. Box 11000, 00076 AALTO, Finland http://www.aalto.fi
Marko Keskinen
Name of the dissertation Bringing back the common sense? Integrated approaches in water management: Lessons learnt from the Mekong Manuscript submitted
26.1.2010
Date of the defense
3.9.2010
Manuscript revised
24.6.2010
x Article dissertation (summary + original articles)
Monograph Faculty Department Field of research Opponent Pre-examiners Supervisor
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Water resources Professor Anthony J. Jakeman Associate Professor Richard D. Margerum, Professor Joakim Öjendal Professor Olli Varis
Water management is changing: the narrowly defined management practices that have for long been dominating are being replaced by more comprehensive approaches. Integrated approaches –including the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)– represent the forerunners of this change, and they are thus loaded with expectations. The reality is, however, more complicated, with many of the integrated processes failing to live up to their promises. This Thesis looks at integrated approaches used in water management and impact assessment, with a focus on the transboundary Mekong River Basin and the related Tonle Sap Lake area in Cambodia. The seven appended articles discuss an array of water management and assessment contexts in the region, sharing practical experiences on the use of integrated approaches. The synthesis places the current integrationist drive into the broader context through an analysis of the development of integrated approaches as well as through a review of multi-disciplinary research approaches. Despite their emphasis on integration between different sectors and disciplines, integrated water management approaches are found to have surprisingly weak linkages with similar approaches in the other fields. In terms of the actual implementation of integrated water management, the Thesis recognises six key elements to be particularly critical: Comprehensiveness, Institutions, Politics, Methods, Team and Inclusiveness. Experiences from the Mekong on all these elements are summarised, and their significance and contribution to the practices of integrated water management is described. The Thesis concludes by noting that while the current integrated water management practices are often strong on practical integration methods, they at the same time partly neglect the broader philosophical and contextual aspects related to integration. Yet, since integrated management always involves a range of actors with their intricate interconnections, integration is not just a mechanical procedure, but very much a personal and political issue as well. What really matters are therefore not only the technical methods for integration, but also the ways the management and research teams in specific management contexts communicate, collaborate and interact with their various stakeholders as well as –an issue that is frequently forgotten– internally within their teams. Keywords
integration; integrated water management; impact assessment; Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM); multi-disciplinarity; transboundary river basin; Mekong; Tonle Sap
ISBN (printed)
978-952-60-3233-7
ISBN (pdf)
978-952-60-3234-4
ISSN
Number of pages
Language
English
Publisher
Water & Development Publications – Aalto University
Print distribution
1797-254X 103p. + appendixes 160p.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Aalto University
x The dissertation can be read at http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2010/isbn9789526032344
ii
iii AALTO-YLIOPISTON TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU PL 11000, 00076 AALTO http://www.aalto.fi
VÄITÖSKIRJAN TIIVISTELMÄ
Tekijä
Marko Keskinen
Väitöskirjan nimi Integroidut lähestymistavat veden hallinnassa: käytännön kokemuksia Mekongjoelta Käsikirjoituksen päivämäärä
26.1.2010
Väitöstilaisuuden ajankohta
3.9.2010
Korjatun käsikirjoituksen päivämäärä
x
Monografia Tiedekunta Laitos Tutkimusala
24.6.2010
Yhdistelmäväitöskirja (yhteenveto + erillisartikkelit)
Insinööritieteiden ja arkkitehtuurin tiedekunta Yhdyskunta- ja ympäristötekniikan laitos Vesitalous Professori Anthony J. Jakeman Apulaisprofessori Richard D. Margerum, professori Joakim Öjendal Professori Olli Varis
Vastaväittäjä Esitarkastajat Työn valvoja
Veden hallinta on muuttumassa: pitkään vallalla olleet kapea-alaiset hallintamenetelmät ovat antamassa tilaa kokonaisvaltaisemmille lähestymistavoille. Integroidut eli yhdennetyt lähestymistavat –mukaan lukien ns. integroitu vesivarojen hallinta (IWRM)– ovat tämän muutoksen edelläkävijöitä ja niihin on siksi ladattu suuria odotuksia. Todellisuudessa monet integroiduista prosesseista eivät kuitenkaan saavuta niille asetettuja tavoitteita. Tämä väitöskirja tarkastelee veden hallinnassa käytettäviä integroituja lähestymistapoja Mekongjoella sekä Tonle Sap –järvellä Kambodzhassa. Väitös käsittelee erilaisia veden hallinnan ja vaikutusten arvioinnin muotoja Mekongin alueella, kuvaten käytännön kokemuksia integroitujen menetelmien käytöstä. Väitös myös asettaa vesialalla käynnissä olevan integraatioprosessin laajempaan kontekstiin tarkastelemalla integroitujen lähestymistapojen kehittymistä sekä kuvaamalla monitieteisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä ja niiden kytköksiä veden hallintaan. Vaikka integroidut lähestymistavat korostavat eri sektoreiden ja tieteenalojen välistä yhteistyötä, tutkimuksessa huomataan veteen liittyvien integroitujen menetelmien kytkeytyvän yllättävän heikosti vastaaviin lähestymistapoihin muilla aloilla. Väitös tunnistaa kuusi keskeistä elementtiä, joita voidaan pitää erityisen tärkeinä integroidun veden hallinnan toteuttamisessa: kokonaisvaltaisuus, instituutiot, politiikka, metodit, tiimi ja osallistaminen. Väitös vetää yhteen Mekongilta saatuja kokemuksia näihin elementteihin liittyen sekä kuvaa niiden kytkeytymistä integroitujen lähestymistapojen käytäntöihin. Johtopäätöksenä on, että vaikka integroidun veden hallinnan käytännön menetelmät ovat yleensä vahvalla pohjalla, integroidut lähestymistavat laiminlyövät usein niihin liittyvät laajemmat filosofiset ja kontekstuaaliset ulottuvuudet. Koska veden hallinnassa on kuitenkin aina mukana useita toimijoita ja vuorovaikutussuhteita, integraatiossa ei ole kyse vain mekaanisesta menettelystä vaan myös henkilökohtaisista ja poliittisista prosesseista. Tärkeää ei siis ole vain se miten integraatio teknisesti toteutetaan, vaan myös se millä tavoilla veteen liittyvät hallinta- ja tutkimustiimit erilaisissa konteksteissa kommunikoivat, tekevät yhteistyötä ja ovat vuorovaikutuksessa niin sidosryhmiensä kanssa kuin –usein vähälle huomiolle jääneenä– tiimien sisäisesti. Asiasanat
integraatio; integroitu veden hallinta; vaikutusten arviointi; kokonaisvaltainen vesivarojen hallinta; yhdennetty vesivarojen hallinta; monitieteisyys; rajajoki; Mekong; Tonle Sap
ISBN (painettu)
978-952-60-3233-7
ISBN (pdf)
978-952-60-3234-4
ISSN
1797-254X
Kieli
englanti
Julkaisija
Water & Development Publications – Aalto University
Painetun väitöskirja jakelu
Sivumäärä
103s. + liitteet 160s.
Yhdyskunta- ja ympäristötekniikan laitos, Aalto-yliopisto
x Luettavissa verkossa osoittessa http://lib.tkk.fi/ Diss/2010/isbn9789526032344
iv
v
LIST OF APPENDED ARTICLES
This thesis consists of this synthesis and the following peer-reviewed scientific articles that are referred to in the synthesis text by their Roman numerals: I:
Keskinen, Marko, Katri Mehtonen & Olli Varis (2008). Transboundary cooperation vs. internal ambitions: The role of China and Cambodia in the Mekong region, In: Pachova, Nevelina I., Mikiyasu Nakayama & Libor Jansky (Eds.): International Water Security: Domestic Threats and Opportunities, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan. Pages 79-109.
II:
Sarkkula, Juha, Marko Keskinen, Jorma Koponen, Matti Kummu, Jussi Nikula, Olli Varis & Markku Virtanen (2007). Mathematical modeling in integrated management of water resources – Magical tool, mathematical toy or something in between? In: Lebel, Louis, John Dore, Rajesh Daniel & Yang Saing Koma (Eds.): Democratizing water governance in the Mekong region, Mekong Press, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Pages 127-156 + references 253-255.
III:
Keskinen, Marko (2006). The Lake with Floating Villages: Socio-economic Analysis of the Tonle Sap Lake, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 22(3): 463-480.
IV:
Varis, Olli & Marko Keskinen (2006). Policy Analysis for the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia: A Bayesian Network Model Approach, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 22(3): 417431.
V:
Keskinen, Marko (2008). Population, natural resources & development in the Mekong: Does high population hinder development? In: Kummu, Matti, Marko Keskinen & Olli Varis (Eds.): Modern Myths of the Mekong – A critical review of water and development concepts, principles and policies, Water & Development Publications – Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland. Pages 107-121.
VI:
Keskinen, Marko, Mira Käkönen, Prom Tola & Olli Varis (2007). The Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia: water-related conflicts with abundance of water, The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 2(2): 49-59.
VII:
Keskinen, Marko (2008). Water Resources Development and Impact Assessment in the Mekong Basin: Which Way to Go?, Ambio, 37(3): 193-198.
Articles I–VII, reprinted with permission, are copyrighted as follows: Article I copyright © 2008 by United Nations University; Article II copyright © 2007 by Unit for Social and Environmental Research (USER); Article III and Article IV copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis; Article V copyright © 2008 by Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) and the author; Article VI copyright © 2007 by The Economics of Peace and Security Journal; Article VII copyright © 2008 by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
vi
The contribution of the author to the appended articles from I to VII is as follows:
I:
The author is mainly responsible for writing the article. The idea for the article comes from the author, Mrs Mehtonen and Professor Varis, with the author coordinating the writing process. The author was responsible for the section on Cambodia and wrote major parts of the sections on introduction, the Mekong River Basin, regional cooperation and conclusions. Mrs Mehtonen wrote the section on China as well as the discussion on the GMS Program and contributed to all other sections. Dr Varis contributed particularly to the sections on regional cooperation and conclusions.
II:
The author is partly responsible for writing the article. He carried out the socioeconomic analysis and wrote the section on it, contributing also for the sections on introduction, policy analysis, integration and conclusions. The author also took active part in the coordination of the writing process as well as in the structuring and editing of the article. Dr Sarkkula was responsible for coordinating the writing process, contributing particularly to the sections on integrated modeling and assessment, integrated model on Tonle Sap and conclusions. Mr Koponen, Mr Kummu and Mr Virtanen carried out the actual modelling work, wrote the sections related to modelling and contributed also to other sections. Mr Nikula carried out most of the research on the integration of socioeconomic, ecological and hydrological information and contributed extensively to that section. Dr Varis carried out the work on policy analysis, wrote that chapter and contributed also to other sections.
III:
The author is fully responsible for the article and the analysis presented in it.
IV:
The author is partly responsible for writing the article. The idea for the article comes from Dr Varis, who also carried out most of the model development work. The author contributed to the model development and carried out the actual analysis work together with Dr Varis. The author was also responsible for the expert consultation process, and wrote majority of the sections on technical outline and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