Integrated coastal zone management towards Indonesia ... - CiteSeerX

Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (2010) 421e427

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Ocean & Coastal Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman

Review

Integrated coastal zone management towards Indonesia global ocean observing system (INA-GOOS): Review and recommendation A.R. Farhan a, b, *, S. Lim a a

School of Surveying and Spatial Information System, Engineering Faculty, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Research Center for Marine Technology, Marine Affairs and Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Pasir Putih no. 1, Jakarta Utara, DKI Jakarta, DKI Jakarta 12700, Republic of Indonesia b

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Available online 24 July 2010

Indonesia as an archipelagos country consisting of more than 17,508 islands has a challenging problem in terms of island management and the provisional ocean services to the coastal community. The population growth (especially in coastal areas) followed by declining natural resources caused by overfishing and overexploitation is one of the biggest concerns both for the central and the local governments in Indonesia. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is one of the attempted solutions to overcome these difficulties, however, it is known to be unsatisfactory even after several programs under ICZM have been developed and implemented. Therefore, further facilitation of ICZM programs is necessary in order to benefit to Indonesian governmental management of their islands, coastal areas and oceans. In doing so, ICZM will also make a significant contribution towards the implementation of the Indonesia Global Ocean Observing System (INA-GOOS). This paper aims to review ICZM activities in Indonesia to obtain a better understanding of, and the need for ICZM implementations in support of their policy, sustainability and decision-making process in the direction of INA-GOOS. It is expected that the ICZM implementations will have a high impact on INA-GOOS programs. Crown Copyright Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Indonesia is the largest archipelago state in the world, consisting of more than 17,508 islands, more than 81,000 km of coastlines, and with 70% of its territorial areas covered by oceans. The unique nature of Indonesia produces benefits of the same order of magnitude in the seasonal and inter-annual economy, which will create a statistical basis for the improved management of agriculture, fisheries, water supplies, aquaculture, and tourism. However, in spite of the benefits, Indonesia also faces significant problems in terms of islands management as well as in the provisional ocean services to the coastal community. These has made the Indonesia government adopted and implemented Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) was carried out by the Indonesian government for the first time in 1987, reinforced under Indonesian State Ministry of Environment in 1992 as part of the international agreement of The Earth Summit (1992)

* Corresponding author. Research Center for Marine Technology, Marine Affairs and Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Pasir Putih no. 1, Jakarta Utara, DKI Jakarta, DKI Jakarta 12700, Republic of Indonesia. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.R. Farhan).

and continues to the present. However the results of the program have been unsatisfactory and therefore raised problems in term of management and funding. It has also faced turning down from coastal community. Moreover, there were no regulations and guidelines provided by the Indonesian government to support ICZM, thus, the project relied solely on international donors. To overcome the issues, in 1999, the Indonesian government finally established a new department named the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, who are responsible for both policy and coastal/marine development within Indonesian waters in order to support and enhance coastal community welfare. Also in 1999, the development of coastal area shifted from the central government authority to the local governments. This authority gives the local governments the ability to manage their ocean and coastal resources, however, the lack of management knowledge and emphasis on profits rather than ecological and coastal environment sustainability, brings more problems than benefits to coastal communities. Moreover, the development of coastal infrastructure such as commercial ports and fishing ports in several regions in Indonesia is poor resulting in pollutants and inappropriate. To sustain ICZM programs, in 2002, the wide-ranging regulations of ICZM were announced under the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries decree no.10 of 2002 entitled “The guidelines for

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A.R. Farhan, S. Lim / Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (2010) 421e427

integrated coastal planning” and has been renewed in decree no. 16 of 2008 entitled “The planning and management of coastal area and small islands”. This regulation gives opportunity for both the central and local governments to promote the program and maintain the funding of ICZM program. However, in Indonesia, much of the marine ecosystem information produced at the central level is not available at local governments level. Consequently, the local governments were unaware of ICZM programs. To become fully knowledgeable about ICZM for Indonesian region, support from the central government and the local government needs to be created and the establishment of the national ocean observing system is crucial. Therefore, the implementation of the integrated management of coastal and open seas in the future will become a value-added product for the revenue of all maritime industries and also international agreements and commercial activities require monitoring and reporting systems for the sustainable exploitation of the sea resources. 2. Theory of integrated coastal zone management ICZM was first introduced in 1970s. A mutual understanding and interest on ICZM has brought the program into an international agenda. Initiated in 1989, a workshop was held in Charleston, South Carolina (United States) in order to review the progress of ICZM over 20 years since its introduction [18]. The outcomes of the workshop was agreement on the following definition of ICZM: “a dynamic process in which a coordinated strategy is developed and implemented for the allocation of environmental, socio-cultural, and institutional resources to achieve the conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone”. It was also agreed that the ICZM program should have all following elements, which are ICZM is a continuous process and as decision-making process, need support from government, systems networking among coastal systems and required definitive geographic boundary. Other authors have tried to redefine what the most preferable of ICZM definition, according to Cicin-Sain [8], ICZM is “a process that recognize the distinctive character of the coastal zone itself a valuable resource for the current and future generations”, while Turner and Bower [22] stated that ICZM is “a continuous, adaptive, day-to-day process which consists of a sets of tasks, typically carried out by several or many public and private entities”. The most commonly used definition of ICZM is “a continuous process with the general aim of implementing sustainable development in coastal zones and maintaining their diversity. To this end, it aims, by more effective management, to establish and maintain optimum (sustainable) levels of use, development and activity in coastal zones, and eventually to improve the state of the coastal environment” (European Commission, 1996). These ICZM definitions have a common understanding that ICZM is fundamental for sustainable coastal development that can be achieved by strategic coordination from levels of management. The definition of ICZM by Cicin-Sain [8] and European Commission has more specific term, because they realised that every country has different coastal characteristics and before implementing the ICZM, each country have to fully understand their coastal elements and their diversity. Ultimately, the international endorsement and agreement on ICZM was held in the Earth Summit of Rio De Janeiro (1992). It was concerned with the commitment to “sustainable development” and highlighted conservation and preservation of the environments and natural resources. After the Earth Summit, the issues surrounding the ocean and coastal environment have brought similar actions in each country and particularly, the European Commission has encouraged European members to use the conceptual of ICZM to promote understanding about the environment and to support decision-making process.

The policy regarding ICZM is located under Chapter 17, Agenda 21 entitled “protection of the oceans” [10], which have seven priorities: (a) “integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas, including exclusive economic zones”, (b) “marine environmental protection”, (c) “sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources of the high seas”, (d) “sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources under national jurisdiction”, (e) “addressing critical uncertainties for the management of the marine environment and climate change”, (f) “strengthening international, including regional, cooperation and co-ordination”, and (g) “sustainable development of small islands”. However these policies are very large scale after and challenging [8], they were difficult to implement and all nations had to choose their priorities for implementation and prepare for all necessary action in term of funding technology, policy [23] and capacity building. After The Earth Summit, the effort of implement ICZM has increasing and undertaken by several countries [8], however, many countries had difficulty in trying to adopt the policy and implement it. The implementation of ICZM also has become a topic of debate because of the lack of results and indifferences in the evaluation criteria, especially in the developing countries that have very large population area in the world and concentrated on the coast [7]. This condition has became problem in term of evaluation on public participation, especially in one country that have many islands and each of the island have different characteristics and local customs. The difficulty during the implementation of the seven programs named under Agenda 21 were inevitable and the issue was to make equitable plans for ICZM priorities. In 1996, the seven main programs of ICZM were reduced to five programs [13] and were declared in United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, 1996). These are (a) “the management of coastal and ocean resources”, (b) “the action plan for small island developing states”, (c) “the program of action for land-based activities effecting the marine environment”, (d) “dealing with sea level rise associated with climate change”, and (e) “protection of coastal and marine biodiversity”. Globally, there is growing understanding that the coast is a complex natural environment which have associated problematic policy issue, where different agencies have different arguments, responsibilities and jurisdictions [1]. Thus, implementing ICZM in one area is subject to much confusion and effort. To overcome this problems, good coordination and management across sectors, level of government, science and natural systems need to establish [1]. Westmacott [26] argued that there is a cyclic process to planning, implementing and managing ICZM, which are problem/user need analysis, scenario and strategy, implementation system, monitoring and evaluation leading to redesign the scenario and strategy. 2.1. Integrated coastal management in the Asia Pacific Region The establishment of Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) in 1995 probably was a benchmark for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Asia Pacific Region. There are five goals in APN Strategic Plans [12], which are enhancing global regional cooperation, strengthen scientific, policy and public services, scientific and technology improvement, and the development of research infrastructure and capacity building. Integrated Coastal Management Implementation in Asia Pacific Region has been influenced by both local and external factors, particularly the global issue of global warming [11]. Local influences such as population, community participation, natural resources and traditional methods had brought severe problems in coastal and ocean areas in the region. However, external issues could be benefits to the Asia Pacific Region in terms of funding, collaboration


and technology transfer within the countries, because, until now, in the Southeast Asia region, most ICM projects was funded by international bodies or donor agencies, such as ASEAN/US for Coastal Resource Management (CRM) in Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Most of the developing countries in the Asia-Pacific Region are depending on external donors and usually the programs have a limited time framework. Despite these limitations, the ICZM programs in developing countries are increasing, for instance, GEF/ UNDP/IMO under Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) for the prevention and management in the East Asia Seas in eleven countries: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, North Korea, South Korea, China, Vietnam and Philippines. Theoretically, the benefits of ICZM are massive and conducive as been explained by Turner and Bower [22], however in fact, many problems occurred when implementing the ICZM in several countries. These problems will be explained briefly below. 2.2. Sustainability and problems within ICZM implementation For many years, coastal areas have suffered from a lack of management, guidelines and coordination within the national and the international bodies. Although many countries have adopted the ICZM policy for several years now, the result is does not meet from their expectation especially in developing countries. Most the countries, after the implementation and evaluation of ICZM found that, ICZM was not sustainable and there was no integration between social-economic factor and even support from coastal community. There were several flaws and lack of understanding to implementing the ICZM in many countries. For example in European countries, four factors were identified as problems [17], these are redundant responsibility, national policy, information exchange and bureaucracy. The common issue in coastal management is the integration of science, management and policy [4], because most of the countries that implemented ICM have significant problem in the integration between these elements. Another example, in the Asia Pacific Region, the problems within ICZM implementation occur because of rapidly growing population especially in the poorest country and the impact of past colonization history [11]. They are also shared common problems with ocean and coastal issues [26] such as rapidly rising coastal settlements, worsening environment quality, declining of critical ecosystems and biodiversity, overfishing, escalating vulnerability to natural hazards and defenselessness to the impact of global warming. Consequently, in the Asia Pacific Region, increasing land changes, pollution and environmental degradation was inevitable and unpredictable. In developing countries on the other hand, there are four common problems. Firstly, one of the significant problems in the developing countries is that there are no state laws or government laws that driven the ICZM program to its full implementation, this situation has created more problems for the continuation of ICZM program itself. Secondly, most of developing countries had difficulty in providing funding for long-term projects. The ICZM initiative was usually initiated by the developed countries through schemes of grants or loans. This usually occurred based on feasibility studies conducted by the developed country and developing countries tending to follow that scheme and probably with very low participation of the coastal community, who were not being involved from the beginning and lacked the knowledge to implement it. The third common issue users need analysis. Before implementing ICZM in one country, one element must be considered is to define user need analysis [26]. Most of the ICZM policy that implied in developing countries was from decision makers

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rather than coastal communities required. Moreover, most of the countries focused to enhance their economy through rapid development of their land despite the consequences to the environment, and fourthly, lack of educational resources. The reviews from other individuals [14] such as researchers and scientists or national and international country reports could be studied by the government and eventually, by enhancing their education budget as well as the information material regarding ICZM [6], this would provide developing countries with a better way of evaluating and re-planning their coastal management issues. 3. Problems within integrated coastal zone management in Indonesia Indonesia adopted the ICZM policy for the first time in 1987 until 1999 through the Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project [15] with funding from the US agency for International Development. This program emphasised community development, marine protected area and it organised a cooperative and resort owners association. The project focused in two areas: Segara Anakan (West Java) and Bunaken (North Sulawesi) with over 40 projects being conducted during this program. This program mainly focused on the community skills and enhanced their capabilities in term of agriculture, fishing and marine aquaculture. The result showed good improvement on their skills especially on agriculture and marine aquaculture, however in term of fishing infrastructures and technology, the fishermen did not have adequate support from the government and until now they are still using traditional fishing boats that is not even standard for safety issues, traditional fishing methods (means that they are relying on their experienced and local customs). As a result, sometimes they are still using cyanide and bombs to increase their catch. This situation became worse with rapid development of hotels and resorts along Indonesian coastal region, because they did not have waste management facilities, so the waste flowed directly to the ocean and give significant impact on environment sustainability. At the present, there is still no regulation from central government or local government regarding the waste management from household waste or private sectors waste such as factories, hotels and resorts. The other ICZM programs in Indonesia are: Komodo Island funded by Nature Conservancy (TNC) from 1995 until 2009, followed by Coastal Resources Management (CRMIndo) from 1997 to 2003 funded by USAID, and finally, the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (COREMAP) from 1998 to 2009. More comprehensive evaluation on ICZM in Indonesia was conducted by [27]. They evaluated ICZM in Indonesia based on sustainability and community participation and found that, only Komodo Island and CRMIndo were actually working and were successful, compared to other projects. However, their evaluation was only based on funding and community participation, rather than on the whole ICZM concept. If the evaluation included the theory and basic concept of ICZM, it would be discovered that the ICZM in Indonesia is far from being successful. The difficulty in terms of integration between communities involvement, benefits and sustainability, have made the ICZM in Indonesia unproductive [15]. Essentially, most of the ICZM projects in Indonesia are only one off projects, it lack guidelines and sustainability. Several project of ICZM in Indonesia in the beginning were funded by donor agencies [21], such as USAID, UNEP, UNDP, CIDA, JICA, AUSAID, the World Bank and FAO. After the project and funding had finished, the Indonesia government was unprepared for the sustainability of the project and most of the project was given to local government as part of the decentralisation process that began in 1999. This was a problem for the local governments, because local government

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usually were not involved from the beginning and lack of ICZM knowledge, had untrained human resources, lacked information and traditional technology to deal with ICZM. Eventually the ICZM program was abandon in such places as Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java, Bunaken, North Sulawesi and COREMAP. The main problems and conflicts in ICZM in Indonesia can be categorised as follows: 1. Policy and financial factor: emphasis on agriculture [20], lack of policy and inconsistency. The policy changes in Indonesia became a significant problem in ICZM implementation. The most influential of these was in 1999, the declaration on decentralisation in Indonesia, which gave inexperienced local government to manage the complexity of the coastal and ocean. Lack of coordination, transfer knowledge and technology between the central government and local governments after the decentralisation process also made ICZM programs in Indonesia were abundant by local governments. In addition, the Indonesian policies and laws for sustainability of coastal and ocean only under ministerial stage (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and State Ministry of Environment), however, according to Indonesian Law (Act no 10/2004 article 7), acknowledgement of laws in Indonesia are only from central government regulations in this case Presidential decree and local governments regulation. The ministerial decree is only a technical regulation part and this has made the regulation of ocean and coastal sustainability did not become crucial thought by the local governments. Recently, this law is contradictive with the new Indonesian environmental law (Act no 32/2009, article 23) that stated all the exertion and activities that related to environmental must be granted by pertinent Ministry. Other problem that as an archipelagic country, the Indonesian policy still focused on agriculture development rather than optimising the natural resources from the ocean and coastal areas. This made the coastal community especially fishermen are left behind by Indonesian government and this situation can be seen from poor fishing technology and lack of fishing knowledge that needed by fishermen to improve their income. As a result, the poorest community in Indonesia consisting mainly of fishermen. 2. Environmental factor: overfishing and overexploitation of natural resources [20], erosion, abrasion, pollution, lost and declining biodiversity and mismanagement. Environmental issue in Indonesia has a biggest concern. The environmental issues caused both by natural hazard and human induced as resulted from SOPAC,1 showed that significant warning on environmental degradation in Indonesia region. SOPAC reflected Indonesia as highest vulnerable on environmental openness (most densely ship lanes) and conflicts (habitat disturbance, degradation and pollution), then these followed by biodiversity, ecosystem and habitat loss, poor sanitation and coastal euthropication. Although the result is using robust method and global data, but these reflections can be brought as warning for Indonesia decision makers. 3. Socio-economic factor: emphasis on new infrastructure development rather than optimising the exiting infrastructure and regardless of the consequences to the environment, poverty and lack of knowledge.

1

SOPAC (Pacific Islands applied Geoscience Commission: www.sopac.org).

Rapid development on new infrastructures such hotels and resorts without environmental attentiveness in coastal areas have made severe to the environmental. Moreover, socio-economic declined such as poverty, education and traditional fishing methods caused more damage to the environmental. Another problem is several ICZM projects in Indonesia have lowest participation among coastal community, because the program itself was defined by the central government without coordination among the local governments and coastal community. Consequently, most of the coastal community especially fishermen were ignorant of the benefits they could gain from ICZM. 4. Ocean and coastal observation: only few ocean and coastal observation equipment (such as oceanographic buoy, tidal gauge, etc) and lack of maintenance. Even Indonesia as archipelagic states, data and information on Indonesian ocean and coastal environment are very minimum and not integrated. Inadequate equipment for real time monitoring and evaluation in Indonesian region as one of the elements for ICZM implementation [26] caused Indonesian government sightless about the coastal and ocean condition. As resulted, the regulations were disputed, because both laws and policies on ocean and coastal management from the central government and local government should be reflected and adapted from the current condition, so the impact of the regulations could be significant to the environment. Significant issue related to the dependence on donor agencies in several ICZM programs in Indonesia also made the central government and the local governments unaware of the sustainability of the program itself. Usually donor agencies had already set up a project time frame and guidelines that should be followed, and these left beneficiary countries not ready for upcoming programs after the funding run out. Another issue is the limitations in education budget, it leaded the Indonesian government in obtaining appropriate information regarding the ICZM materials [14]. Also important is the lack of communication, for instance, in Indonesia unfamiliarly with the English language and became a barrier in translating the ICZM concept.

4. Introducing Indonesia global ocean observing system (INAGOOS) as a support for ICZM Complexity and broad area of coastal and ocean in Indonesia has brought problem in management, safety and security. There are five national issues of ocean and marine management in Indonesia: 1. Conservation and restoration management: marine ecosystem based management and ICZM. 2. Operation and management of marine infrastructure: ocean and coastal infrastructure, mitigation and adaption to climate changes 3. Ocean and coastal data management: management of scientific data and information, marine information and communication technology. 4. Maritime security management: maritime boundary, marine safety and maritime spatial planning. 5. Ocean and coastal exploration management: ocean energy exploration and seabed mineral resources exploration. To overcome the problems, there are three elements that need to be established: First is establishment of the national ocean observing systems, followed by operational oceanography in order to understanding ocean phenomena and finally, policy and scientific support for sustainable coastal and ocean management.


The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is an international programme (coordinated by UNESCO-IOC) to prepare the stable global framework of ocean observations and the modeling and analysis needed to support ocean services wherever they are needed around the world. A regional approach is an essential component of GOOS and in fact GOOS is being re-organised in Regional Alliances that allow the development of the intergovernmental support for the sustained monitoring and forecasting of different regions. A more recent initiative, on September 3rd, 2002, eleven chairmen of Indonesia’s research agencies and four high level universities representatives were declared national agreement called Southeast Asia Center for Ocean Research and Monitoring (SEACORM) under “Bali Declaration” in the occasion of Pan Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC). Following the “Bali Declaration”, on August 9, 2005, in the occasion of Indian Global Ocean Observing System, the Indonesian Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries launched a national programme under the Declaration of Indonesian Global Ocean Observing System called INA-GOOS. The mission is to set up a comprehensive monitoring of and prediction skills for the ocean and its interaction with the atmosphere in Indonesia waters and the surrounding oceans. The purpose of INA-GOOS is to have comprehensive and sustained observations of ocean climate phenomena, and natural and humaninduced related disasters through setting up monitoring system and its predictive schemes for the coasts, straits, and the adjacent areas of the Indonesian seas. Furthermore, the INA-GOOS program is designed to meet the Indonesia need (Fig. 1) for timely and good quality long-term information as a basis for sound decision-making, and will enhance delivery of benefits to society in the following areas: Understanding, assessing, predicting, mitigating, and adapting to climate variability and change. Understanding environmental factors affecting human health and well-being. Improving the management and protection of terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems.

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Supporting sustainable aquaculture. Understanding, monitoring, and conserving biodiversity. Reducing loss of life and property from natural and humaninduced disasters; Improving management of energy resources In order to support operational oceanography within Indonesian waters and lead in the implementation of GOOS in South-East Asia, Indonesia Global Ocean Observing Systems (INA-GOOS) must have the following policies [16], which are Indonesian environmental policy, Fisheries Policies, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policies (ICZM) and Operational oceanography policy. 5. Approach for ICZM implementation in Indonesia 5.1. Enhancing central government and local governments knowledge According to the reviews above, there are two stages to enhance the central government and local governments knowledge. First stage, both central government and local governments must be realised and acknowledged that ICZM program is one of the solution for enhancing the sustainability of coastal and ocean in order to increase the prosperity of the coastal communities. This can be done by acknowledgement of the regulation from technical regulation under ministerial decree on ICZM and endorsed into the local government’s regulation. Furthermore, due to decentralisation process, the integration from local government regulation and public participants is needed, by doing that, the sustainability program of ICZM can be well plan and sustain. Secondly, the international agreements and trends can be brought to evaluate the coastal and ocean sustainability in Indonesia to have better solution how to manage and implement the ICZM in Indonesia. Evaluation on ICZM in Indonesian by ICZM donor agencies could be used as preliminary results to take further action on the weakness and flaws of ICZM implementation in order to have specific ICZM according to Indonesian coastal and ocean characteristics.

Fig. 1. Issue on Indonesian waters (Source: Research Center for Marine Technology, AMFR, MMAF).

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5.2. Strengthening INA-GOOS For many years, research on coastal and ocean areas in Indonesia has been conducted by several institutional agencies without any sustainability focus and has been based on sporadic projects. All research data and information has been kept within different institutions and agencies, without any integration. After the reformation era and the establishment of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in 1999, it was difficult to collect and gather ocean data and information throughout other agencies. This led to insufficient coordination efforts between institutions or agencies to use data and information for the public or even within the government itself. Management within institutions or agencies needs to be established in order to promote better understanding about the ocean and coastal areas in Indonesia and to support decisionmakers in terms of policy and management. In order to deliver ICZM in Indonesia towards INA-GOOS implementation must first be considered the basis for integration itself. There are three major sets for integration in coastal management [5] which are Environmental, Economic and sociocultural. These features are very complex and need multi-disciplinary analysis and models to integrate them into coastal management. Sets of models and scenarios have to determine in order to enable successful the ICZM in Indonesia. The basis elements of ICZM as noted by Weide and Vrees [24] are a level of governance, management task and tools, instrumentation and the capacity to support the management task. Ideally, the suitable component strategies for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Indonesia would have the component as described in Fig. 2. As described above, one of the problems in Indonesian for ICZM implementation is lack of data and information on coastal and ocean, this can be elucidated in three stages, first, more deployment of ocean observation equipment such as oceanographic buoys, tidal gauges etc. Secondly, gathering global data information from other countries or international agencies and used that to make more

local applicable and detail analysis in Indonesian region. Finally, to become fully operational, INA-GOOS must be announced by Indonesian government as a frontier of national research institute and as well as part of international GOOS. 5.3. The use of DSS for integrated coastal zone management Over many decades, the Decision support System (DSS) has been developed to meet the flexibility of dynamic environment [2]and this is one of the methods or systems that can be used to overcome the complexity of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), because many decision-makers are required for the integration between socio-economic and bio-geo-physical environment as well as policy decisions. The DSS for Integrated Coastal Management is “a computerised system capable of supporting and assisting decision-making in ICZM” [25] and it can be used to solve the issues of multiple decision-makers, multiple discipline issues and has the ability to integrate multi-disciplinary environment that needed by ICZM as a complex and variable system. There are three characteristics in developing DSS [19], which are data, model and user, with support dialogue between the data and model. Data availability has important role in developing DSS, because the data and knowledge base contains all necessary information to build a model within the DSS engine [25]. When selecting a model to be used, it is very important to know the source of data availability and scale to make different kinds of modeling, such as spatial modeling, Hydrodynamic modeling and simulation modeling. For spatial modeling, the recent development in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) will be an advantage in developing DSS, because GIS have the capability and enable visualisation of the DSS into modeling form and with integration with remotely sensed data, the spatial modeling can be brought into different scale of modeling. DSS has the capacity of conducting multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and can be combined with spatial modeling using GIS and remote sensed images, which are more suitable in order to make analysis and evaluate the impact on coastal zone [9]. According to Westmacott [25], hydrodynamic modeling is a form of numerical modeling by laboratories that can create both 2D or 3D water modeling, while, Simulation modeling is equation modeling and is based on the verification of field data. Now many DSS have been developed to assist decision-maker and to improve the understanding of the ocean and coastal region dynamics. 6. Concluding remarks With its seas and surrounding oceans, Indonesia plays an important role in global climate changes, marine biodiversity and includes natural and human-induced hazards that potentially affect the safety and welfare of human life on earth. However, this has also created a complexity in coastal and ocean management in Indonesia. Integrated Costal Zone Management implementation will have a significant impact on and contribution to coastal and ocean management in Indonesia. It will give better understanding of the coastal and ocean. In order to achieve this, several issues need to be solved:

Fig. 2. Strategic component for ICZM in Indonesia (Modified from Bower and Turner [3]).

1. Regulations and laws framework for ICZM must be addressed effectively, this will include the regulations in both central government and local governments. 2. The strengthening of INA-GOOS is necessary as part of future direction of ICZM. INA-GOOS could be a benefit for Indonesian ICZM in term of monitoring and evaluation of Indonesian coastal and ocean based on scientific information and evidences. INA-GOOS also could be an integration framework


between other Indonesian research agencies as well as local governments in order to search for suitable of ICZM implementation in Indonesia as well as International acknowledgement on sustanaibility develompment in Indonesia. 3. A DSS system need to be developed to facilitate and assist decision-makers in evaluating the necessary aspects of ICZM for better management. In addition, in the future, the Indonesia Global Ocean Observing System (INA-GOOS) must play an important role in ocean and costal observation and monitoring as well as operational oceanography in Indonesia. Nationally, INA-GOOS will be a focal point in promoting South East of Asia Centre for Ocean Research and Monitoring (SEACORM). Internationally, INA-GOOS will support GEOSS in addressing the challenges articulated by United Nations Millennium Declaration and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Australian Development Scholarship-AusAID in Indonesia and School of Surveying and Spatial Information System, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. And also the support of European Commission for Indonesia and Timor Leste in Project INDOO (INDOO PROJECT-SPF ASIE/2005/102-483), research collaboration between Research Center for Marine Technology, AMFR, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, The Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT/Indonesia), International Marine Center (IMC, Italy), Italian National Agencies for new Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA, Italy) and European Space Agency (ESA-Esrin, Italy).

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