Integrating a Large-scale, Reusable Lexicon with a

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generate many lexical and syntactic paraphrases and the ability to avoid non-grammatical output. 1 Introduction. Natural language generation requires lexical, ...
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] ^ _JL VJ ` abc ded fg dgfcfhic iaf bhifjgeibkh kl e megjfn coemf p gfqcermf mfsbokh lkg jfhfgeibkh t bia iaf u v u wxv y z { qhb| oeibkhnr ecf} c~hieoibo gfembfg € ` af mfsbokh t ec ok rbhf} lgk  qmibdmf fsbcibhj gfn ckqgofc bh e cf bneqik eibo dgk ofcc € ` af bhifjgen ibkh bc e  qmibncifd qhb| oeibkh dgk ofcc € ` abc bhifn jgeibkh emmkt c iaf gfqcf kl mfsboemp c~hieoibo p eh} cf ehibo ‚hkt mf}jf fhok }f} bh iaf mfsbokh bh iaf }fƒfmkd fhi kl mfsboem oak kcfg  k }qmf bh e jfhfgen ibkh c~cif € ` af mfsbokh emck rgbhjc kiafg r fhf|ic ik e jfhfgeibkh c~cif „ lkg fs e dmf p iaf erbmbi~ ik jfhfgeif  eh~ mfsboem eh} c~hieoibo degedagecfc eh} iaf erbmbi~ ik eƒkb} hkhnjge  eiboem kqidqi € …

†JL X ‡ VJ  

ˆ eiqgem mehjqejf jfhfgeibkh gf‰qbgfc mfsboemp c~hn ieoibo p eh } cf ehibo ‚hkt mf}jf bh kg}fg ik dgk }qof  fehbhjlqm eh} Šqfhi kqidqi € xqoa ‚hkt mf}jf bc klifh aeh }nok }f} ehft t afh e }b‹ fgfhi eddmboeibkh bc }fƒfmkd f} € Œf dgfcfhi bh iabc ded fg iaf bhifjgen ibkh kl e megjfncoemf p gfqcermf mfsbokh t bia e h eiqgem mehjqejf jfhfgeikg p u v u wxv y z { {mae}e} p Ž ‘ y krbh p Ž’ “‘ tf cakt iaei r~ bhifjgeibhj iaf mfsbn okh t bia u v u wxv y z { ec e ieoiboem ok d khfhi p tf oeh gfqcf iaf ‚hkt mf}jf fhok }f} bh iaf mfsbokh eh} eqik eif ik ck f fsifhi iaf }fƒfmkd fhi kl iaf mfsn boem gfembeibkh ok d khfhi bh e jfhfgeibkh eddmboen ibkh € ` af bhifjgeibkh kl iaf mfsbokh t bia u v u wxv y z { emck rgbhjc kiafg r fhf|ic ik jfhfgeibkh p bhomq }bhj iaf d kccbrbmbi~ ik eoofdi e cf ehibo bhdqi ei iaf mfƒfm kl Œkg}ˆ fi c~hcfic p iaf dgk }qoibkh kl mfsboem eh } c~hieoibo degedagecfc p iaf dgfƒfhibkh kl hkhn jge  eiboem kqidqi p gfqcf eogkcc eddmboeibkh c p eh} t b}f okƒfgejf € Œf dgfcfhi iaf dgk ofcc kl bhifjgeibhj iaf mfsbokh t bia uv u wxv yz { p bhomq}bhj akt ik gfdgfcfhi iaf

209

mfsbokh bh u v u lkg ei p akt ik qhbl~ bhdqi t bia iaf mfsbokh bhogf fhiemm~ ik jfhfgeif  kgf ckdabciboeif} eh } bhlkg eibƒf gfdgfcfhieibkh c p eh} akt ik }fcbjh eh eddgkdgbeif cf ehibo bhdqi lkg ei ck iaei iaf bhifjgeibkh kl iaf mfsbokh eh} u v u wxv y z { oeh r f }khf fecbm~€ ` abc d ed fg bc kgjehbf} ec lkmmkt c € ”h xfoibkh  p tf fsdmebh t a~ e gfqcermf mfsboem oak kcfg lkg jfhn fgeibkh hff}c ik r f }fƒfmkd f} € ”h xfoibkh • p tf dgfcfhi iaf megjfncoemf p gfqcermf mfsbokh t aboa tf ok rbhf} lgk  qmibdmf gfckqgofc p eh} bmmqcigeif bic r fhf|ic ik jfhfgeibkh r~ fs e dmfc € ”h xfoibkh ’ p tf }fcogbr f iaf dgk ofcc kl bhifjgeibhj iaf mfsbokh t bia u v u wxv y z { p t aboa bhomq}fc lkqg qhb| oeibkh cifdc p t bia feoa cifd e}}bhj e}}bibkh em mfsboem kg c~hieon ibo bhlkg eibkh € –iafg eddmboeibkh c eh} ok d egbckh t bia gfmeif} tkg‚ egf dgfcfhif} bh xfoibkh — € ubhemm~p tf okhomq }f r~ }bcoqccbhj lqiqgf tkg‚ € ˜

™ ‡ FX    LE ‡ _ ^ FE FEš V F VH   _EL › L  E  ELJ  

Œ abmf gfqcermf ok d khfhic aeƒf r ffh t b}fm~ qcf} bh jfhfgeibkh eddmboeibkhc p iaf okhofdi kl e œgfqcermf mfsboem oak kcfg lkg jfhfgeibkh gf ebhc hkƒfm € ` afgf egf itk  ebh gfeckh c t a~ cqoa e mfsboem oak kcfg aec hki r ffh }fƒfmkd f} bh iaf deci „ Ž€ ”h iaf kƒfgemm egoabifoiqgf kl e jfhfgeikg p iaf mfsboem oak kcfg bc eh bhifghem ok d khfhi iaei }fd fh}c kh iaf cf ehibo gfdgfcfhieibkh eh} lkgn  embc eh } kh iaf c~hieoibo gfembfg qcf} r~ iaf eddmboeibkh €  € ` af mfsboem oak kcfg mbh‚c okhofdiqem fmf fhic ik mfsboem bif c € žkhofdiqem fmf fhic egf r~ }f|n hbibkh }k ebh eh} eddmboeibkh }fd fh }fhi iaf~ egf iaf dgb bibƒf okh ofdic q cf} bh eh eddmboen ibkh ‚hkt mf}jf recf“ € ` afcf dgb bibƒfc egf hki fecbm~ d kgif} lgk eddmboeibkh ik eddmboeibkh €

` af f fgjfhof kl cieh}eg} egoabifoiqgfc lkg jfhn fgeikgc y z x p y fbifg p Ž’““ eh} iaf d kccbrbmbi~ ik qcf e cieh}eg} c~hieoibo gfembfg ehctfg iaf |gci bccqf € `k e}}gfcc iaf cfokh} bccqf p khf  qci gfembf iaei bl iaf   mfsboem oak kcfg oeh hki r f  e}f }k ebhn bh}fd fh }fhi p  e  kg degic oeh r f  e}f gfqcermf € ` af  ebh egjq fhi bc iaei              € ` afgflkgf p t abmf oakbof kl tkg}c bc okhcigebhf} r~ }k ebhncd fob| o okh ofdiqem ‚hkt mf}jf t aei bhn lkg eibkh iaf cfhifhofc egf ik gfdgfcfhi“ kh iaf khf aeh} p bi bc emck e‹ foif} r~ cfƒfgem kiafg }b fhcbkhc „

 bhifgnmfsboem okhcigebhic „ okmmk oeibkh c e khj tkg}c

 dgej eibo okh cigebhic „ okhhkieibkhc kl tkg}c  ci~mbcibo okhcigebhic „ le bmbegbi~ kl tkg}c  c~hieoibo okhcigebhic „ jkƒfgh fhi deiifghc kl tkg}c p  p iaf eibo cigqoiqgf kl ƒfgrc € Œf cakt bh iabc ded fg akt iaf cfdegeibkh kl iaf c~hieoibo eh} okhofdiqem bhifgleofc kl mfsboem bif }f|hbibkhc emmkt c qc ik gfqcf e megjf e kqhi kl mfsn boem ‚hkt mf}jf eogkcc eddmboeibkhc €



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    !"#$! % !&#'! !()$*+ ,* !+!-)*+ ˆ eiqgem . ehjqejf jfhfgeibkh ciegic lgk cf ehibo

okhofdic eh} iafh |h}c tkg}c ik gfembf cqoa cf ehn ibo okhofdic € / kci fsbcibhj mfsboem gfckqgofc p akt n fƒfg p egf bh}fsf} r~ tkg}c geiafg iaeh r~ cf ehibo okhofdic € xqoa gfckqgofc p iafgflkgf p oeh hki r f qcf} lkg jfhfgeibkh }bgfoim~€ / kgfkƒfg p jfhfgeibkh hff}c }b‹fgfhi i~d fc kl ‚hkt mf}jf p t aboa i~dboemm~ egf fhn ok }f} bh }b‹fgfhi gfckqgofc € 0 ktfƒfg p iaf }b‹fgfhi gfdgfcfhieibkh lkg eic qcf} r~ iafcf gfckqgofc  e‚f bi b d kccbrmf ik qcf iaf cb qmiehfkqcm~ bh e cbhjmf c~cif € `k kƒfgok f iafcf mb bieibkhc p tf rqbmi e megjfn coemf p gfqcermf mfsbokh lkg jfhfgeibkh r~ ok rbhbhj  qmibdmf fsbcibhj gfckqgofc € ` af gfckqgofc ia ei egf ok rbhf} bhomq}f „

 ` af Œkg}ˆ fi . fsboem 1 eierecf / bmmfg fi em €p Ž 2 “€ Œkg}ˆ fi bc iaf megjfci mfsboem }eierecf ik }eif p okhcbcibhj kl kƒfg ސ 2 p222 qhb‰qf tkg}c ƒfgcbkh Ž€3 “ € ”i emck fh ok }fc  eh~ i~d fc kl mfsboem gfmeibkhc r fitffh tkg}c p bhomq }bhj c~hn kh~ ~p ehikh~ ~p eh}  eh~  kgf €

mifgh eibkh c  { hjmbca 4 fgr žmeccfc eh } { 4 ž “ . fƒbh p Ž•“€ ”i oeifjkgbf} • pŽ 2 ’ ƒfgrc bhik omeccfc recf} kh iafbg c~hieoibo dgkd fgibfc eh} ciq }bf} ƒfgr emifgheibkhc € h emifgheibkh bc e ƒegbeibkh bh iaf gfembeibkh kl ƒfgr egjq fhic € ukg fse dmf p iaf emifgheibkh

210

œiafgfnbhcfgibkh igehclkg c 5 6 66    7   8 ik 9  66   6  7   8 € ikiem kl :2 emifgheibkhc lkg • pŽ 2 ’

ƒfgrc tfgf ciq}bf} €

 ` af ž – / . { ; c~hies }boibkheg~ z gbca eh fi em€p Ž’ “€ ž – / . { ; okhiebhc c~hieoibo bhlkgn  eibkh lkg kƒfg • : p222 { hjmbca tkg}c €  ` af < gkt h žkgdq c iejjf} t bia Œkg}ˆ fi cfh cfc / bmmfg fi em €p Ž•“€ Œf qcf iabc okgdq c lkg lgf‰qfho~  fecqgf fhi €

”h ok rbhbhj iafcf gfckqgofc p tf lk oq cf} kh ƒfgrc p cbhof iaf~ dme~ e  kgf b d kgiehi gkmf bh }fob}bhj cfhifhof cigqoiqgfc € ` af ok rbhf} mfsbokh bh omq}fc gboa mfsboem eh} c~hieoibo ‚hkt mf}jf lkg — p3=3 ƒfgrc € ”i bc bh}fsf} r~ Œkg}ˆ fi c~hcfic t aboa egf ei iaf cf ehibo okhofdi mfƒfm“ ec gf‰qbgf} r~ iaf jfhfgeibkh iec‚ € ` af ‚hkt mf}jf bh iaf mfsbokh bhomq}fc „



ok dmfif mbci kl cqr oeifjkgbeibkh c lkg feoa cfhcf kl e ƒfgr €



megjf ƒegbfi~ kl emifgheibkhc lkg feoa cfhcf kl e ƒfgr €

 ugf‰qfho~ kl mfsboem bif c eh} ƒfgr cqr oeifjkn gbeibkhc bh iaf iejjf} < gkt h okgdqc  y boa mfsboem gfmeibkh c r fitffh tkg}c ` af ce dmf fhig~ lkg iaf ƒfgr > 66   ? bc cakt h bh ubjqgf Ž€ ”i cakt c ia ei iaf ƒfgr 66   aec fbjai cfhcfc iaf cfh cf }bcibhoibkhc ok f lgk Œkg}ˆ fi“€ ukg feoa cfh cf p iaf mfsbokh mbcic emm iaf eddmboermf cqr oeifjkgbeibkh lkg iaei degiboqmeg cfhcf kl iaf ƒfgr € ` af cqr oeifjkgbeibkhc egf gfdgfcfhif} qcbhj iaf ce f lkg ei ec bh ž – / . { ; € ukg feoa cfh cf p iaf mfsbokh emck mbcic eddmboermf emifgheibkhc p t aboa tf fhok }f} recf} kh iaf bhlkg eibkh bh { 4 ž € ”h e}}bibkh p lkg feoa cqr oeifjkgbeibkh eh} emifgh eibkh p iaf mfsbokh mbcic iaf cf ehibo oeifjkg~ okhcigebhic kh ƒfgr egjq fhic € ”h iaf |jqgf p tf k biif} iaf lgfn ‰qfh o~ bhlkg eibkh }fgbƒf} lgk < gkt h žkgdqc eh} mfsboem gfmeibkhc iaf mfsboem gfmeibkhc egf fhok }f} bh Œkg}ˆ fi“€ ` af okh cigqoibkh kl iaf mfsbokh bc cf bneqik eibo € ubgci p ž – / . { ; eh} { 4 ž tfgf  fgjf} p dgk }qon bhj e mbci kl c~hieoibo cqr oeifjkgbeibkhc eh } emifgn heibkhc lkg   @A € 1 bcibhoibkhc bh iafcf c~hieon ibo gfcigboibkhc eookg}bhj ik feoa   kl e ƒfgr egf eoabfƒf} bh iaf cfokh} ciejf p t afgf Œkg}ˆ fi bc  fgjf} t bia iaf gfcqmi kl iaf | gci cifd € ubhemm~p iaf okgdq c bhlkg eibkh bc e}}f} p ok dmf fhibhj iaf cieibo gfckqgofc t bia eoiq em q cejf okqhic lkg feoa c~hieoibo deiifgh € ukg e }fiebmf} }fcogbdibkh kl iaf ok rbheibkh dgk ofcc p gflfg ik B bhj eh } / o C fkt h p Ž : “€

”h e}}bibkh p emifgheibkh bhlkg eibkh oeh afmd jfhn fgeif  S 7 7 6  6   € ukg bhciehof p qcbhj iaf œcb dmf gfobdgk oem bhigehcbibƒf emifgh eibkh p iaf c~cif oeh jfhfgeif iaf lkmmkt bhj c~hieoibo degen dagecfc „

         

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` afgf egf e hq r fg kl r fhf|ic ia ei iabc ok rbhf} mfsbokh oeh rgbhj ik mehjqejf jfhfgeibkh € ubgci p iaf qcf kl c~hcfic ec cf ehibo iejc oeh afmd  ed eh eddmboeibkh okhofdiqem  k }fm ik mfsbn oem bif c € Œ afhfƒfg eddmboeibkh okhofdic egf gfdgfn cfhif} ei iaf ercigeoibkh mfƒfm kl e Œkg}ˆ fi c~hcfi p iaf~ oeh r f }bgfoim~ eoofdif} ec bhdqi ik iaf mfsbn okh € < ~ iabc t e~p iaf mfsbokh oeh eoiqemm~ mfe} ik iaf jfhfgeibkh kl  eh~   6  6   € ukg fsn e dmf p A  B  B 66   C bc e Œkg}ˆ fi c~h cfi ‘ bi bhomq}fc e mbci kl tkg}c iaei oeh okhƒf~ iaf cf ehn ibo okhofdi D DE FG H IJ FK L M H N N FOJ O P Q Q€ Œf oeh qcf c~h cfic ik |h} tkg}c iaei oeh mfsboembf iaf cfn  ehibo okhofdic bh iaf cf ehibo bhdqi € < ~ oak kcbhj }b‹fgfhi tkg}c bh e c~hcfi p tf oeh iafgflkgf jfhn fgeif mfsboem degedagecfc € ukg bhcieh of p qcbhj iaf er kƒf c~h cfi p iaf c~cif oeh jfhfgeif iaf lkmmkt bhj degedagecfc „

>R     66 S ? >R     66 S ? >R  66    66 S ? xfokh}m~p iaf cqr oeifjkgbeibkh bhlkg eibkh bh iaf mfsbokh dgfƒfhic jfhfgeibhj e hkhnjge  eiboem kqin dqi € c cakt h bh ubjqgf Žp iaf mfsbokh mbcic eddmbn oermf cqr oeifjkgbeibkhc lkg feoa cfhcf kl e ƒfgr € ”i t bmm hki emmkt iaf jfhfgeibkh kl cfhifhofc mb‚f

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t gkhj dgfd kcbibkh “

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 7 ?  bccbhj e}ƒfgr   p >  S ? ““ >T 9  A  7 7 6 7 ?

 bccbhj dgfd kcbibkh “

211

ubh emm~p iaf okgdqc lgf‰qfho~ bhlkg eibkh oeh afmd iaf mfsboem oakbof dgk ofcc € Œ afh  qmibdmf tkg}c oeh r f qcf} ik gfembf e cf ehibo okhofdi p iaf c~cif oeh qcf okgdqc lgf‰qfho~ bhlkg eibkh bh e}}bibkh ik kiafg okhcigebhic ik oak kcf iaf  kci eddgkdgbeif tkg} € ` af ‚hkt mf}jf fhok }f} bh iaf mfsbokh bc jfhfgem p iaqc bi oeh r f qcf} bh }b‹ fgfhi eddmboeibkhc € ` af mfsbokh aec t b}f okƒfgejf „ iaf |hem mfsbokh okhcbcic kl — p3=3 ƒfgr c bh ikiem p kƒfg Ž’ pŽ 22 cfhcfc kh eƒfgejf  €— cfh cfcwƒfgr “ p eh} kƒfg ŽŽp222 cf ehibo okhofdic c~hcfic“€ ”i qcfc Ž’ = deiifghc ik gfdgfcfhi iaf cqrn oeifjkgbeibkhc eh} bh omq}fc :2 emifgheibkhc € `k fsdmkbi iaf mfsbokh Wc  eh~ r fhf|ic p bic lkg ei  q ci r f  e}f ok d eibrmf t bia iaf egoabifoiqgf kl e jfhfgeikg € Œf aeƒf bhifjgeif} iaf mfsbokh t bia iaf u v u wxv y z { c~hieoibo gfembfg ik lkg e ok rbhf} mfsboknjge  eg € X

†JE LJ  

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”h iabc cfoibkh p tf | gci fsdmebh akt mfsboem oak kcfgc egf bhifgleof} t bia u v u wxv y z { € Œf iafh }fcogbr f cifd r~ cifd akt iaf mfsbokh bc bhifjgeif} t bia u v u wxv y z { eh } cakt iaei iabc bhifjgeibkh dgkn ofcc afmdc ik eqik eif iaf }fƒfmkd fhi kl e mfsboem gfembeibkh ok d khfhi € Z 

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u v u {mae}e} p Ž“ qcfc e lqhoibkhem qhb| oeibkh lkg embc lkg jfhfgeibkh € ”i qhb|fc iaf bhdqi ia ei e qcfg dgkƒb}fc t bia e jge  eg ik jfhfgeif cfhifhofc € xv yz { {mae}e} eh} y krbh p Ž 3 “ bc e ok dgfafhn cbƒf {hjmbca z ge  eg t gbiifh bh u v u € ` af gkmf kl e mfsboem gfembeibkh ok d khfhi bc ik  ed e cf ehibo gfdgfcfhieibkh }get h lgk iaf eddmboeibkh }k ebh ik eh bhdqi lkg ei eoofdiermf r~ xv y z { p e}}bhj hfofcceg~ mfsboem eh } c~hieoibo bhlkg eibkh }qgbhj iabc dgk ofcc € ubjqgf  cakt c e ce dmf cf ehibo bhdqi e“ p iaf mfsboembeibkh  k }qmf iaei bc qcf} ik  ed iabc cfn  ehibo bhdqi ik xv yz { bhdqi r “p eh } iaf |hem xv yz { bhdqi o“ c ie‚fh lgk e gfem eddmboeibkh c~cif d ecckhfeq fi em €p Ž 3 “ € ` af lqhoibkhc kl iaf mfsboembeibkh  k }qmf bhomq}f cfmfoibhj tkg}c iaei oeh r f qcf} ik gfembf iaf cf ehibo okhofdic bh iaf bhdqi p e}}bhj c~hieoibo lfeiqgfc p eh }  eddbhj iaf egjq fhic bh iaf cf ehibo bhdqi ik iaf iaf eibo gkmfc bh xv y z { €

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` af }fƒfmkd fhi kl iaf mfsboembfg ok d khfhi tec }khf r~ aeh} bh iaf deci € uqgiafg kgf p lkg feoa hft eddmboeibkh p e hft mfsboembfg ok d khfhi ae} ik r f t gbiifh }fcdbif iaf leoi iaei ck f mfsboem eh} c~hieoibo bhlkg eibkh bc gfd feif}m~ qcf} bh }b‹fgfhi eddmboeibkhc € ` af bhifjgeibkh dgk ofcc tf }fcogbr f p aktfƒfg p d egibemm~ eqik eifc iabc dgk ofcc € Z =

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` af bhifjgeibkh kl iaf mfsbokh t bia u v u wxv y z { bc }khf iagkqja bhogf fhiem qhb| oeibkh p q cbhj lkqg qhb| oeibkh cifdc ec cakt h bh ubjqgf • € { eoa cifd e}}c bhlkg eibkh ik iaf cf ehibo bhdqi p eh} ei iaf fh } kl iaf lkqg qhb| oeibkh cifdc p iaf cf ehibo bhdqi aec r ffh  edd f} ik iaf xv y z { bhdqi lkg ei € Ž“ ` af cf ehibo bhdqi 1 b‹fgfhi jfhfgeibkh c~cif c qcqemm~ qcf }b‹fgfhi gfdgfcfhieibkh lkg eic lkg cf ehibo bhdqi € xk f c~cif c qcf oecf gkmfc ‘ ck f c~cif c qcf Š ei eiigbrqifnƒemqf gfdgfcfhieibkh C q‚boa fi em€p Ž’“ € ukg iaf bhifjgeif} mfsbokh eh} uv u wxv yz { deo‚n ejf ik r f fecbm~ dmqjjermf bh eddmboeibkhc p tf hff} ik }f|hf e cieh }eg} cf ehibo bhdqi lkg ei € ”i cakqm} r f }fcbjhf} bh cqoa e t e~ iaei eddmboeibkhc oeh fecn bm~ e}edi iafbg d egiboqmeg cf ehibo bhdqic ik iabc cieh }eg} lkg ei € ”i cakqm} emck r f fecbm~  edd f} ik iaf xv y z { bhdqi lkg ei € ”h iabc ded fg p tf khm~ okh cb}fg iaf bccqf kl cf ehn ibo bhdqi lkg ei lkg iaf fsdgfccbkh kl iaf dgf}boeifn egjq fhi gfmeibkh € ` tk ‰qfcibkhc hff} ik r f ehn ctfgf} bh iaf }fcbjh kl iaf cieh}eg} cf ehibo bhdqi lkg ei „ khf p akt ik gfdgfcfhi cf ehibo okhofdic ‘ eh } itk p akt ik gfdgfcfhi iaf dgf}boeifnegjq fhi gfmeibkh € Œf qcf Œkg}ˆ fi c~h cfic ik gfdgfcfhi cf ehibo okhofdic € ` af bhdqi oeh gflfg ik c~h cfic bh cfƒfgem t e~c „ fbiafg qcbhj e jmkremm~ qhb‰qf c~hcfi hq n r fg " kg r~ cd fobl~bhj e tkg} eh} bic cfh cf hq r fg bh Œkg}ˆ fi € ` af gfdgfcfhieibkh kl ƒfgr egjq fhic bc e  kgf ok dmboeif} bccqf € žecf gkmfc egf lgf‰qfhim~ qcf} bh jfhfgeibkh c~cif c ik gfdgfcfhi ƒfgr egjq fhic bh cf ehibo bhdqic € ukg fse dmf p 1 kgg fi em€p Ž : “ qcf}  2 oecf gkmfc bh iafbg mfsboem okh ofdiqem cigqon iqgf okggfcd kh}bhj ik qh}fgm~bhj d kcbibkhc bh e ok n d kcbibkhem mfsboem cigqoiqgf € . ehj‚bm}f eh } C hbjai p Ž : “ qcf e mbci kl oecf gkmfc bh iafbg bhifgmbhjqe gfdn gfcfhieibkhc € Œf }fob}f} ik qcf hq r fgf} egjq fhic cb bmeg ik iaf 1 x~hiy bh / ` ` / fm Woq‚ eh} d fgcikƒ p Ž := ““ bhcife} kl oecf gkmfc € ` af }b‹ fgfh of r fitffh iaf itk

                                                

               

               

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bc hki ogbiboem rqi iaf hq r fgf} egjq fhi eddgkeoa eƒkb}c iaf hff} ik ok  bi iaf mfsbokh ik e cd fob| o khikmkj~ eh} cff c ik r f fecbfg ik mfegh % € ubjqgf ’ cakt c e ce dmf cf ehibo bhdqi € ukg fec~ qh}fgcieh}bhj p tf gflfg ik iaf cf ehibo okhofdic qcbhj iafbg }f|hbibkhc geiafg iaeh hq fgboem bh }fs hq r fgc € ` afgf egf itk egjq fhic bh iaf bhdqi € ` af bhifh}f} kqidqi cfhifhof lkg iabc cf ehibo bhn dqi bc >5 A 7 66    7   8 ? kg bic degen dagecfc € “ . fsboem qhb| oeibkh ”h iabc cifd p tf  ed iaf cf ehibo okhofdic bh iaf cf ehibo bhdqi ik okh ogfif tkg}c € `k }k iabc p tf qcf iaf c~h cfic bh Œkg}ˆ fi € mm iaf tkg}c bh iaf ce f c~h cfi oeh r f qcf} ik okhƒf~ iaf ce f cf ehibo okhn ofdi € ukg iaf er kƒf fs e dmf p iaf cf ehibo okhofdic >A   @A ? eh } >   @   7 @   7 ? oeh r f gfembf} r~ iaf iaf ƒfgr 66   eh} iaf hkqh A 7 gfcd foibƒfm~€ ` abc bc iaf cifd iaei oeh dgk }qof mfsboem d egedagecfc € ˆ kif iaei t afh iaf c~cif oak kcfc e tkg} p bi emck }fifg bhfc iaf d egn iboqmeg cfh cf hq r fg kl iaf tkg} p cbhof e tkg} ec bi r fmkhjc ik e c~hcfi aec e qhb‰qf cfhcf hq r fg bh Œkg}ˆ fi € Œf gfdgfcfhif} emm iaf c~h cfic bh Œkg}hfi bh u v u lkg ei € { eoa c~h cfi bhomq}fc bic hq fgboem bh }fs hq r fg eh} iaf mbci kl tkg} cfh cfc bhomq}f} bh iaf c~h cfic € ` abc mfsboem qhb| oeibkh tkg‚c lkg r kia hkqhc eh } ƒfgrc € •“ xigqoiqgem qhb| oeibkh lifg iaf c~cif aec oakcfh e ƒfgr eoiqemm~ e degiboqmeg cfhcf kl e ƒfgr “p bi qcfc iaei bhlkg eibkh ec eh bh}fs ik qhbl~ t bia iaf cqr oeifjkgbeibkh eh} emifgh eibkh c iaf degiboqmeg ƒfgr cfhcf a ec € ` abc cifd e}}c e}}bibkh em c~hieoibo bhlkg eibkh ik iaf kgbjbn hem bhdqi eh} aec iaf oedeobi~ ik dgk }qof c~hieoibo degedagecfc qcbhj emifgh eibkh bhlkg eibkh € ’“ žkhcigebhic kh iaf hq r fg kl egjq fhic ˆ fsi p tf q cf iaf okh cigebhic iaei e cqr oeifjkgben ibkh aec kh iaf hq r fg kl egjq fhic bi gf‰qbgfc ik gfcigboi qhb| oeibkh t bia cqr oeifjkgbeibkh deiifghc € Œf qcf Ž’ = d kccbrmf deiifghc € ukg fse dmf p iaf bhn dqi bh ubjqgf ’ aec itk egjq fhic € miakqja '  9( 5 ' )  fehbhj bhigehcbibƒf“ bc mbcif} ec e d kccbn rmf cqr oeifjkgbeibkh d eiifgh lkg > 66   ? cff cfhcf  bh ubjqgf Ž“ p iaf bhdqi t bmm lebm ik qhbl~ t bia bi cbhof ' 9( 5 ' ) gf‰qbgfc e cbhjmf egjq fhi khm~€ ` abc dgfƒfhic iaf jfhfgeibkh kl hkhnjge  eiboem cfhifhofc € ` abc cifd e}}c e lfeiqgf t aboa cd fob|fc iaf igehcbibƒbi~ kl iaf ƒfgr ik u v u wxv y z { bhdqi p cfmfoibhj khf lgk iaf mfsbokh t afh iafgf bc  kgf ia eh khf d kccbrbmbi~ lkg iaf jbƒfh ƒfgr €

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Synsets

verbs lexicon

structs

Input for SURGE

ubjqgf • „ ` af bhifjgeibkh dgk ofcc



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ubjqgf ’ „ ` af cf ehibo bhdqi qcbhj hq r fgf} egjq fhic —“ / eddbhj cigqoiqgfc ik xv yz { bhdqi ”h iaf meci cifd p iaf cqr oeifjkgbeibkh eh} emifgn heibkhc egf  edd f} ik xv y z { bhdqi lkg ei € ` af  eddbhj lgk cqr oeifjkgbeibkhc ik xv y z { bhdqi t ec  ehqemm~ fhok }f} bh iaf mfsbokh lkg feoa khf kl iaf Ž’ = deiifghc € ` abc  eddbhj bhlkg eibkh oeh r f gfq cf} lkg emm eddmboeibkhc p t aboa bc  kgf f n obfhi iaeh ok d kcbhj xv y z { bhdqi bh iaf mfsboemn beibkh ok d khfhi kl feoa }b‹fgfhi eddmboeibkh € ubjn qgf — cakt c akt iaf cqr oeifjkgbeibkh ˆ d nŒ ”` 0 n ˆ d   p 9      7    7 

7  “ bc  edd f} ik iaf xv y z { bhdqi lkg ei € ` abc  eddbhj  ebhm~ bhƒkmƒfc  eioabhj iaf hq r fgf} egn jq fhic bh iaf cf ehibo bhdqi ik eddgkdgbeif mfsboem gkmfc eh } c~hieoibo oeifjkgbfc ck iaei u v u wxv y z { oeh jfhfgeif iaf bh iaf okggfoi kg}fg € ` af | hem xv y z { bhdqi lkg iaf cfhifhof >5 A 7

66    7   8 ? bc cakt h bh ubjqgf 3 € v cn bhj iaf œ` 0 { y {n”ˆ x{ y` ”– ˆ  emifgheibkh ia ei iaf ƒfgr > 66   ? cfhcf “ eqiakgbfc p iaf c~cif oeh emck jfhfgeif iaf c~hieoibo degedagecf >9  6  6   A 7  7   8 ? € ` af xv yz { bhdqi iaf c~cif jfhfgeifc lkg >9  66   A 7  7   8 ? bc ƒfg~ }b‹fgfhi lgk ia ei lkg >5 A 7

66    7   8 ? € ”i bc d kccbrmf iaei lkg e jbƒfh eddmboeibkh ck f jfhfgeif} degedagecfc egf hki eddgkdgbeif € ”h iabc oecf p q cfgc oeh f}bi iaf c~hcfic eh} iaf emifgh eibkh c ik |mifg kqi iaf degedagecfc iaf~ }k hki tehi € ` af lkqg qhb| oeibkh cifdc egf ok dmfifm~ eqikn  eibo € ` af c~cif oeh cfh } lff}r eo‚ qd kh lebmqgf 

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ubjqgf — „ / eddbhj cqr oeifjkgbeibkh œˆ d nŒ ”` 0 n ˆ d  ik xv y z { bhdqi kl qhb| oeibkh € 

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` af mfsbokh p elifg bi bc bhifjgeif} t bia u v u wxv y z { p oeh emck r f q cf} lkg kiafg iec‚c bh mehjqejf jfhfgeibkh € ukg fs e dmf p gfƒbcbkh y krbh p Ž’ “ bc e ifoahb‰qf lkg rqbm}bhj cf ehibo bhdqic bhogf fhiemm~€ ` af gfƒbcbkh dgk ofcc }fob}fc t afiafg bi bc eddgkdgbeif ik eiieoa e hft okh cibiqfhi ik iaf oqggfhi cf ehibo bhdqi p lkg fse dmf p r~ e}}bhj eh

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okh ofdi D D H OK H G F N F H Q Q tkg} > 66   ?  okhofdi D DI NK I G H N NH Ž tkg} >A 7 ?    okhofdi D D H FJ H I   tkg} > 8 ?

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           ubjqgf 3 „ xv yz { bhdqi lkg œ

kr  foi kg eh e}ƒfgr € xqoa }fobcbkhc egf okhcigebhf} r~ c~hieoibo dgkd fgibfc kl ƒfgr c € ` af bhifjgeif} mfsbokh bc qcflqm ik ƒfgbl~ iafcf dgkd fgibfc € ˆ bigkjfh . ehj‚bm}f eh} C hbjai p Ž : “p e h eiqgem mehjqejf jfhfgeibkh c~cif }fƒfmkd f} ei ”x” p emck bhomq}fc e megjfncoemf mfsbokh ik cqdd kgi iaf jfhfgen ibkh dgk ofcc € z bƒfh iaei ˆ bigkjfh eh} u v u wxv y z { qcf ƒfg~ }b‹fgfhi  fiak }c lkg jfhfgeibkh p iaf te~ ia ei tf bhifjgeif iaf mfsbokh t bia iaf jfhfgeibkh c~cn if bc emck ƒfg~ }b‹ fgfhi € ˆ bigkjfh ok rbhfc c~ n r kmbo gqmfc t bia cieibciboc mfeghf} lgk ifsi okgd kge p t abmf uv u wxv yz { bc recf} kh uqh oibkh em v hb| oen ibkh z ge  eg € –iafg gfmeif} tkg‚ bh omq}fc xif}f p Ž : “p t aboa cqjjfcic e mfsbokh cigq oiqgf lkg  qmibn mbhjqem jfhfgeibkh bh e ‚hkt mf}jfnrecf} jfhfgeibkh c~cif € ` af  ebh b}fe bc ik a eh}mf  qmibmbhjq em jfhn fgeibkh bh iaf ce f t e~ ec d egedagecbhj kl iaf ce f mehjqejf € xif}f Wc tkg‚ okhofghc  kcim~ iaf mfsboem cf ehiboc kl iaf igehcbibƒbi~ emifgheibkhc €

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Œf aeƒf dgfcfhif} bh iabc ded fg iaf bhifjgeibkh kl e megjfncoemf p gfqcermf mfsbokh lkg jfhfgeibkh t bia u v u wxv y z { p e qhb| oeibkhnrecf} heiqgem mehjqejf jfhfgeikg € ` abc bhifjgeibkh  e‚fc bi d kccbrmf ik gfqcf  e  kg d egic kl e mfsboem oak kcfg p t aboa bc iaf ok d khfhi bh e jfhfgeibkh c~cif ia ei bc gfcd khcbn rmf lkg  eddbhj cf ehibo bhdqic ik cqgleof jfhfgen ikg bhdqic € Œf cakt iaei emiakqja iaf   mfsboem oak kcfg oeh hki r f  e}f }k ebhnbh}fd fh}fhi p bi bc d kccbrmf ik gfq cf e megjf e kqhi kl mfsboem p c~hieoibo p eh } cf ehibo ‚hkt mf}jf eogkcc eddmboeibkhc € ”h e}}bibkh p iaf mfsbokh kiafg r fhf|ic ik e jfhfgen ibkh c~cif p bh omq}bhj iaf erbmbibfc ik jfhfgeif  eh~ mfsboem degedagecfc eqik eiboemm~p jfhfgeif c~hieon ibo d egedagecfc p eƒkb} hkhnjge  eiboem kqidqi p eh}

215

r kei edd fegf} kh iaf akgbkh  oak kcf iaf  kci lgf‰qfhim~ qcf} tkg} t afh iafgf bc  kgf ia eh khf oeh}b}eif tkg}c € xbhof iaf mfsboem p c~hieoibo p eh} cf ehibo ‚hkt mf}jf fhok }f} bh iaf mfsbokh bc jfhfgem eh} iaf mfsbokh aec e t b}f okƒfgn ejf p bi oeh r f gfqcf} lkg }b‹fgfhi eddmboeibkhc € ”h iaf lqiqgf p tf dmeh ik ƒemb}eif iaf degedagecfc iaf mfsbokh oeh jfhfgeif r~ ec‚bhj aq eh cqr  foic ik gfe} iaf jfhfgeif} degedagecfc eh}  q}jf t afiafg iaf~ egf eoofdiermf € Œf tkqm} mb‚f ik bhƒfcibjeif t e~c ia ei oeh c~cif eiboemm~ |mifg kqi degedagecfc ia ei egf okhcb}fgf} qheoofdiermf € Œf egf emck bhifgn fcif} bh fsdmkgbhj iaf qcejf kl iabc c~cif bh  qmibn mbhjqem jfhfgeibkh € Z E›ELE  VE _

< € B € 1 kgg p ˆ € 0 er eca p eh} 1 € `geq € Ž : € iaf eibo abfgegoa~ lkg f obfhi jfhfgeibkh lgk mfsboemnokhofdiq em € `foahboem y fd kgi ž xn ` yn••’ p ”hcibiqif lkg }ƒehof} žk dqifg xiq}n bfc p 1 fdegi fhi kl žk dqifg xobfhof p v hbƒfgcbi~ kl / eg~meh} p – oikr fg € / € {mae}e} eh } B € y krbh € Ž 3 € h kƒfgƒbft kl xv y z { „ e gfnq cermf ok dgfafhcbƒf c~hieoibo gfn embeibkh ok d khfhi € ”h '    p < gbjaikh p v C € }f khcigeibkh cfccbkh “ € / € {mae}e} € Ž €   5     7 7 7   7 

      5   7    7 U  5 66   € d a €1 € iafcbc p 1 fdegi fhi kl žk dqifg

xobfhof p žkmq rbe v hbƒfgcbi~€ y € z gbca eh p ž € / eomfk } p eh} € / f~fgc € Ž’ € ž – / . { ; c~hies „ < qbm}bhj e ok dqieibkhem mfsbokh € ”h         '   p C ~kik p B edeh € 0 € B bhj eh} C € / o C fkt h € Ž : € žk rbhbhj  qmn ibdmf p megjfncoemf gfckqgofc bh e gfq cermf mfsbokh lkg heiqgem mehjqejf jfhfgeibkh € ”h     

 7   7 5   V 7   7  5   7     6  7 7     7  7   7 7  7          6  7 7     7  p ƒkmq f  p dejfc 32=  3 Ž• p v hbƒfgcbi f }f / khig fem  p  qfr fo p žehe}e p

qjqci € ddm~bhj tkg}hfi ik h eiqgem mehn jqejf jfhfgeibkh € ”h         '  

0 € B bhj € Ž : €

5       6  7        ' 7      ) S 7 p v hbƒfgcbi~ kl / khigfemp / khigfem p žehe}e p qjq ci € C € C q‚boa p C € / o C fkt h p B € xaet p B € y krbh p ˆ € / kgn jeh p eh} B € d abmmbdc € Ž’ € v cfgnhff}c eh em~cbc ' 7       

eh} }fcbjh  fiak }kmkj~ lkg eh eqik eif} }k on q fhi jfhfgeikg € ”h €  e d kmmbp ˆ € žemkmegb p eh} / € d em fg p f}bikgc p    7        6  7 7     7   R          € C mqtfg oe}f bo d gfcc p < kcikh € ” € . ehj‚bm}f eh } C € C hbjai € Ž : € ` af dgeoiboem ƒemqf kl hnjge c bh jfhfgeibkh € ”h '    p dejfc ’ :  —— p ˆ bejegenkhniafn . e‚f p žehe}e p qjqci € < € . fƒbh € Ž• €  A    5 7  7   5     S @7 7 € v hbƒfgcbi~ kl žaboejk d gfcc p žaboejk p ”mmbhkbc € ” € € / fm Woq‚ eh} ˆ €4 € d fgcikƒ € Ž := € )   

 S 7    B        7  V    97 9  S € < fh e bhc p  cifgn

}e w d abme}fmdabe € z € / bmmfg p y € < fo‚t bia ž € ufmmr eq p eh} 1 € z gkcc C € / bmmfg € Ž 2 € ”higk }qoibkh ik Œkg}ˆ fi „ h khn mbhf mfsboem }eierecf € 7 7      

  6  S 6       p  ’“ „•—  • ސ € z € € / bmmfg p ž € . feok o‚ p y € `fhjbp eh} y €` € < qh‚fg € Ž• € cf ehibo okh okg}ehof € žkjhbibƒf xobfhof . er kgeikg~p d gbh ofikh v hbƒfgcbi~€ y € d ecckhfeq p C € C q‚boa p B € y krbh p 4 € 0 eibƒecn cbmkjmkq p . € . fl‚kt bi p eh} 0 € B bhj € Ž 3 € z fhn fgeibhj cq  egbfc kl tkg‚Škt }bejge c € ”h  

    7  7 7        ' 7             7  5 66  7  '   5   p / khoikh p ˆ ft < gqh ct bo‚ p

žehe}e € { € y fbifg € Ž’ € 0 ec e okhcfh cqc hm jfhfgeibkh egn oabifoiqgf edd fegf} p eh} bc bi dc~oakmbhjqbciboemm~ dmeqcbrmf  ”h       7  ) @ 7 7 

7 

   6  ' 7           7 '        p d ejfc Ž3 •  Ž =2 p C fhhfrqh‚d kgi p

/ ebhf p v x € eƒebmermf lgk iaf o dnmj egoabƒf ec ded fg o dnmj w’ ŽŽ 2 • € B € y krbh € Ž’ € ( @ U     7  ' 7        )      @   R 7  U     6   U  5  S  B  B   6   7 7 B @   7 € d a €1 € iafcbc p 1 fn degi fhi kl žk dqifg xobfhof p žkmq rbe v hbƒfgn cbi~€ mck `foahboem y fd kgi žv nž xn 2 •’n’ € / € xif}f € Ž : € jfhfgeibƒf d fgcd foibƒf kh ƒfgr emn ifgheibkhc €   6  7 7     7  p ’ •“„’ 2 Ž ’• 2 p xfdif r fg €

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