inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa ...

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa reJimi evrokavSirSi da misi misi zegavlena inovaciaze oleg SatberaSvili

1. Sesavali ekonomikis

erTaderTi

keTildReobis

tipi,

grZelvadian

romelic

zrdas

qveynis

konkurentunarianobasa

uzrunvelyofs,

inovaciaze

da

orientirebuli

ekonomikaa. amas amtkicebs ekonomikuri Teoriac1 da mravali aTeuli warmatebuli qveynis praqtikac. rac mTavaria, igives amtkicebs mravali warumatebeli qveynis modelebi iqna arCeuli2. sainovacio procesebi

magaliTi, sadac sxva ekonomikuri

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis (is) sakiTxebze imdenadaa damokidebuli, rom is sferoSi

saxelmwifo

politika

qveynis

ganviTarebis

erTerT

umniSvnelovanes

elementad gvevlineba. patentebi gamogonebebze kompaniebs konkurentul upiratesobas aniWebs garkveuli droiT. es kompaniebis mier axali, patentunariani produqtebisa Tu procesebis SemuSavebis an SeZenis Zlieri stimulia. qveynis ekonomikaSi aseTi produqtebisa da procesebis wili da, agreTve, maTi ganaxlebis (inovaciis) siCqare gansazRvravs ekonomikis

konkurentunarianobas.

iuridiuli

dacvis

ekonomikis

sistemebi

funqcionirebas,

inteleqtualuri uzrunvelyofen

icaven

ra

sakuTrebis

ganaxlebaze

inovaciur

kompanias

uflebebis

orientirebuli misi

patentiT

dadasturebuli codnis sxvebis mier gamoyenebisgan. meore mxriv, igive sistemebi, zogadad, abrkoleben teqnologiebis Sesaxeb codnis Tavisufal gavrcelebasa da gamoyenebas.

inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis

uflebaTa

(isu)

dacvis

sferoSi

saxelmwifo politikis amocana am or urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencias Soris iseTi

balansis

dacvaa,

romelic

qveyanas

maqsimalurad

swrafi,

mdgradi

da

konkurentunarianobis zrdis uzrunvelmyofeli ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. balansis dacva rTulia mravali mizezis gamo (maT Soris TRIPS3 SeTanxmebis xelmowerasTan

1

dakavSirebiT,

romelmac

bevri

ram

Secvala

samrewvelo

Joseph A. Schumpeter. Theory of Economic Development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle, 1911.]

2

The Bayh-Dole Act at 25. BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006.

3

daviT gabunia, giorgi TaqTaqiSvili. saerTaSoriso saavtoro samarTali: bernis konvencia, romis

konvencia, TRIPS-is SeTanxmeba. analizi da komentarebi. saqpatenti, Tbilisi, 2005, 280 gv.

1

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve erovnul

isu sferoSi politika damokidebulia qveynis mimdinare ekonomikur

reJimebSi).

mdgomareobaze da am mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebaze, erovnuli samecnieroteqnikuri

kadrebis

politikuri

momzadebis

sistemis

tipze,

doneze,

qveynis

mdebareobaze da mraval sxva faqtorze.

arsebul

sagareo

ganaTlebis

politikasa

da

sistemaze, geografiul

evrokavSiri, romelic amJamad 27 sakmaod

gansxvavebuli saxelmwifos erTobliobaa, integraciis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad rTuli amocanis gadawyvetis aucileblobis winaSe dgas kidev imitom, rom masSi Semavali

saxelmwifoebi,

garda

zemoCamoTvlili

niSnebisa,

saxelmwifo

eniT

gansxvavdebian. ena ki inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis iuridiuli dacvis sakiTxebSi metad mniSvnelovani faqtoria, radganac dacvis obieqti, xSirad, teqstia. zemonaTqvamis Sesabamisad, yovel wevr saxelmwifos istoriulad Seqmnili aqvs inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacvis sakuTari reJimi. meore mxriv, evrokavSiris erTiani Sida bazari, miuxedavad sabaJo barierebis likvidaciisa da erTiani

valutis

SemoRebis,

dasrulebulad

ver

CaiTvleba,

Tu

ar

iqneba

SemoRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis erTiani reJimi. es garemoeba, evrokavSiris codnis ekonomikis mimarTulebiT mimdinare cvlilebis gamo, sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens. vaWrobaSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis xvedriTi wili ganuwyvetliv izrdeba4. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris bazris didma (da mzardma) segmentma SeiZleba erTiani bazris reJimSi ver imuSaos. sainovacio procesebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxia gansaxilveli: a) inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis registraciisa da samarTleblivi dacvisa

da

b)

inteleqtualur

sakuTrebasTan

dakavSirebuli

saqmianobis

xelSewyobis. saqarTveloSi

Sesabamisi

politikis

SemuSavebisa

da

evrokavSirTan

misi

Tavsebadobis uzrunvelsayofad isu sferoSi evrokavSiris gamocdilebis Seswavlas didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs5.

4

Kamiyama Sh., Sheehan J., Martinez C. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY WORKING PAPER, 2006/5, DSTI/DOC(2006)5. (www.oecd.org).

5

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sakiTxebi saxelmwifo sainovacio politikaSi: patentebi. gamokvlevis angariSi. informaciisa da dokumentaciis saqarTvelos federacia, Tbilisi, 2009.

2

2. evrokavSirSi

inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis

dacvis

samarTlebrivi sistema evrokavSirisa da

wevri qveynebis kanonmdebloba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

sferoSi cnobs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT6 aRiarebul yvela tipis dacvis obieqts:

gamogonebebze

patentebs,

samrewvelo

nimuSebs,

sasaqonlo

niSnebs,

adgilwarmoSobis aRniSvnebs, saaavtoro da momijnave uflebebs. evrokavSirSi

ori uwyebaa

am

bazarze harmonizaciis ofisi savaWro

niSnebisa da

obieqtebTan (OHIM)7,

gaerTianebis

muSaobisTvis

romelic

dizainis

pasuxismgebeli:

pasuxismgebelia

registraciisTvis

Sida

gaerTianebis da

evropuli

sapatento ofisi (EPO)8, romelic gamogonebebze patentebs gascems. erTiani Sida bazris cneba (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba) gulisxmobs

evrokavSiris

standartizacias,

doneze

inteleqtualuri

(is)

sakuTrebis

is yvela saxeobis mimarT evrokomisiis mniSvnelovani

rac

sazrunavia. winsvla saxeobebis mimarTulebiT araTanabaria. evrokavSiris qveynebis kanonmdebloba harmonizebulia saerTaSoriso konvenciebTan (WIPO9, WTO10, problemebis

ix.

agreTve

Sesaxeb).

amJamad

11

evrokavSirSi

evrokomisia

is

dacvis

muSaobs

iseTi

mdgomareobisa sistemis

da

Seqmnaze,

romelic ufra iafi da efeqtiani iqneba, vidre arsebuli. CamoTvlil sakiTxebTan mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli

mekobreobasTan,

falsifikaciasTan

da

ukanono

vaWrobasTan brZolis sakiTxebi.

6

samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia, madridis SeTanxmeba da sxva. yvela SeTanxmebis sruli teqsti qarTul enaze ixileT saqpatentis saitze (http://www.sakpatenti.org.ge/files/). ixileT, agreTve sqolio 3 wina gverdze.

7

OHIM - Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (http://oami.europa.eu)

8

EPO - European Patent Office (http://www.epo.org/)

9

WIPO – intelqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizacia (http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en)

10

WTO - vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (www.wto.org)

11

europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/businesses/intellectual_property/index_en.htm

3

3. saavtoro da momijnave uflebebi evrokavSiris

doneze

saavtoro

da

momijnave

uflebebi

regulirdeba

evroparlamentisa da evrokavSiris sabWos 2001 wlis 22 maisis direqtiviT 2001/29/EC12

("sainformacio

sazogadoebis

nawilobriv Secvala manamde miRebuli

direqtiva"),

direqtivebi13,

romelmac

mxolod

ZirTadad ki Seecada isini

sainformacio sazogadoebis konteqstSi moeqcia. direqtivis mizania miaRwios wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobis SeTanxmebul cvlilebas, raTa

axali teqnologiebis

gavrcelebasa da maT pirobebSi avtorebis, Semsruleblebis, monacemTa bazebis mflobelebis

uflebebis

inteleqtualuri uflebebze asaxvas.

sakuTrebis

SeTanxmebis14

Seuwyos

msoflio

xeli.

es

organizaciis

direqtiva 1996

emsaxureba

saavtoro

wlis

evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi

erovnuli kanonmdebloba rCeba yovel qveyanaSi davebis ganxilvisa da

gadawyvetilebebis gaiTvaliswina garkveuli

dacvas

miRebis

saavtoro

gadaxrebis

maregulirebeli. uflebebis

saSualebas

dacvis

aZlevs.

ufro

metic,

zogierTi arsebobs

direqtivam

aspeqti,

rac

analitikosTa

ver

qveynebs

azri,

rom

direqtiva ufro uflebebis mflobelTa interesebs icavs, vidre momxmarebelTa interesebs. asea Tu ise, evrokomisiis doneze debatebi saavtoro uflebebis sakiTxebze grZeldeba, rac aisaxa 2008 wels mwvane rveulis formiT miRebul evrokomisiis

komunikaciaSi15.

debatebis/konsultaciebis

yvela

rogorc

organizebasa

da

codnis

mwvane

rveuli,

gavrcelebis

igi Sesaxeb

profesiuli sazogadoebis azris gamovlenas, winadadebebis Segrovebas emsaxureba. E

12

DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 May 2001 on

the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. Official Journal of the European Communities, 22.6.2001, L 167/10 EN (http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:167:0010:0019:EN:PDF) 13

Directives 91/250/EEC , 92/100/EEC , 93/83/EEC , 93/98/EEC and 96/9/EC.

14

WIPO Copiright Treaty 1996 (http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html)

15

Copyright in the Knowledge Economy. GREEN PAPER Brussels, 16.7.2008 COM(2008) 466 final (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0466:FIN:EN:PDF)

4

4. gamogonebaTa dacva evrokavSirSi 4.1. zogadi mimoxilva msoflioSi mzardi sagamomgoneblo aqtivoba, rac codnis ekonomikisken moZraobis erTerTi

umTavresi

ganmsazRvreli

niSania,

evrokavSirSi

xelSewyobisa

da

konkurentebis mimarT misi maCveneblebis amaRlebas moiTxovs. evrokavSiri

CamorCeba

ZiriTad

konkurentebs

aqtivobis

iseTi

fundamenturi

maCvenebliT, rogoricaa patentebis ricxvi milion mosaxleze weliwadSi – 30 (aSS – 55, iaponia – 120)16. arsebuli mdgomareoba evrokavSirSi mkvlevarTa da inovaciis sferos menejerTa SeSfoTebas iwvevs. evrokavSiris

(warsulSi

evrogaerTianebis)

sapatento

sistemam

wlebis

ganmavlobaSi ganicada mizandasaxuli cvlileba. Tavidan arsebobda individualuri erovnuli sistemebis erToblioba. 1977 wels evropuli sapatento organizacia (EPOrg - esorg)17 dafuZnda da evropuli patenti iqna SemoRebuli (ix. CanarTi 1).

esorg araa damokidebuli evrogaerTianebaze da Tavis SemadgenlobaSi sawyisad, garda

imdroindeli

Sveicarias,

TurqeTs,

evrogaerTianebis lixtenSteins,

saxelmwifoebisa, saberZneTs,

esk-sTan

sloveniasa

da

mierTebul bulgareTs

gulisxmobda. amJamad igi 36 qveyanas awevrianebs, maT Soris yvela evrokavSiris wevrs.

amis iuridiuli safuZvelia 1973 wels miRebuli evropuli sapatento

konvencia18. es sistema dResac moqmedebs, Tumca wlebis ganmavlobaSi misi Semdgomi srulyofis Taobaze diskusia ar wydeba. evrokomisiam 2006 wels gamarTa farTo konsultaciebi momavali sapatento politikis sakiTxebze, xolo

2007 wels

mimarTa evroparlamentsa da evrokavSiris sabWos. mimarTvaSi Camoyalibebulia patentebis dacvis problemebi da maTi gadalaxvis samoqmedo mimarTulebebi19. mTavari problema isaa, rom patentebis dacva evropaSi gacilebiT (10-jer) ufro Zviria, vidre aSS-Si da iaponiaSi20. garda amisa, evropuli patenti sinamdvileSi ramdenime erovnuli patentis konaa da davebis warmoqmnisas ganxilva erovnul

16 17 18

COMPENDIUM OF PATENT STATISTICS. OECD, 2008 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf) European Patent Organization (EPOrg). (http://www.epo.org) Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973 - European Patent Convention (EPC). konvenciis teqsti (http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/epc/2000/e/contents.html). amJamad moqmedebs konvenciis me-13 redaqcia (2000 wlis)

19

Enhancing the patent system in Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 3 April 2007, COM(2007) 165 final - Not published in the Official Journal

20

B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and D. François. The cost factor in patent systems. Université Libre de Bruxelles – Solvay Business School – Centre Emile Bernheim, CEB Working Paper N° 06/002, 2006 (http://www.solvay.edu/EN/Research/Bernheim/documents/wp06002.pdf)

5

sasamarTloebSi warmoebs, rac davis sagnis transsasazRvro xasiaTis SemTxvevaSi (es ki xSirid xdeba) iuridiul gaurkvevlobebs iwvevs. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saWiroa martivi, iafi da maRalxarisxiani sapatento sistemis SemuSaveba.

4.2 4.2. gaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebi miuxedavad imisa, rom evrogaerTianeba evrokavSirad gardaiqmna, erTian patents, romlis SemoRebis idea evrokavSiris droidan modis da jerac ganuxorcielebel survilad rCeba, gaerTianebis patents (community patent) uwodeben. misi SemoReba, rogorc mizani, aRniSnuli iyo jer kidev lisabonis strategiaSi 2000 wels. 2003

wlis

gaerTianebis

3

marts

evrosabWom

patentebis

SemoRebasTan

SeimuSava

erTiani

dakavSirebiT,

politikuri

Tumca

yvela

midgoma arsebuli

uTanxmoebis mogvareba ver moxerxda21.

CanarTi 1 evropuli sapatento sistema iuridiuli safuZveli - 1973 wels miRebuli evropuli sapatento konvencia. marTvis organoebi - evropuli sapatento organizacia (EPOrg – esorg), romlis SemadgenlobaSia misi aRmasrulebeli organo - evropuli sapatento ofisi (eso), da sazedamxedvelo organo -

administraciuli sabWo. ofisi gascems konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul evropul patents. Stab-bina imyofeba miunxenSi, germania.

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia. maT SeyavT moqmedebaSi sakuTari qveynebis teritoriaze evropuli sapatento ofisis mier gacemuli evropuli

patenti, ris Semdegac qveynis iuridiuli sistemebi pasuxismgebelni xdebian patentis dacvaze. sasamarTlo davebs uflebebis darRvevis sakiTxebze im qveynis sasamarTlo ixilavs, romelSic savaraudo darRvevas qonda adgili. garda amisa, erovnuli saagentoebi aregistrireben erovnul patentebs da gascemen maT damcav dokumentebs.

erTianad yvela an ramdenime wevr saxelmwifoSi sapatento dacvis misaRebad erTi ganacxadis Setanaa sakmarisi evropul sapatento ofisSi. eso awarmoebs eqspertizas da, dadebiTi Sedegis SemTxvevaSi, gascems patents, romelic ganacxadSi miTiTebul yvela saxelmwifom unda daicvas (ganmcxadeblis mier erovnul enebze gadaTargmnis

21

Community Patent - Common political approach of 3 March 2003 // Official Journal EPO. 2003. N 5. P. 218 - 223.

6

Semdeg). amgvarad, arsebobs erTiani sapatento procedura

da patentunarianobis

erTiani mcneba. amJamad arsebul evropuli sapatento sistemas gaaCnia garkveuli naklovanebebi.

evropuli

patentis

erovnuli

SemoRebis

patentebis

udavo

“konis

progresulobis

SemaerTebelia”.

miuxedavad,

patenti

igi

SeiZleba

mxolod CaiTvalos

Zaladakargulad safrangeTSi da gaiyos italiaSi, Sewyvitos moqmedeba britaneTSi da, amave

dros,

miuxedavad,

miiRos

dasturi

evropuli

patenti

germaniaSi.

sxva

sityvebiT,

individualurobas

iRebs

saerTo masSi

warmomavlobis

miTiTebul

yvela

saxelmwifoSi calcalke. evropuli sapatento sistemis momxmareblebi mis Semdeg naklovanebebs awydebian: - evropuli patentis miRebidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ganmcxadebeli valdebulia gadaTargmnos sapatento dokumenti yvela wevri saxelmwifos enaze, romelSic igi moiTxovs sapatento dacvas. vadebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi ganacxadi Seutanlad iTvleba. Targmanis Rirebuleba Seadgens evropuli patentis miRebisa da misi ZalaSi yofnis xarjebis saSualod 50%. aseTi enobrivi reJimi evropuli sapatento sistemis konkurentunarianobas zians ayenebs. (magaliTad, aZvirebs amerikulTan SedarebiT). - evropuli patentis mflobels uwevs Tavisi uflebis dacva cal-calke yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi. sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sasamarTloebs gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic patentis mflobels SeuZlia MTavisi sarCelebi erT

saqmeSi

dakavSirebiT.

gaaerTianos amitom

sxvadasxva

patentis

saxelmwifodan

mflobeli,

romelsac

ramodenime

surs aseT

mopasuxesTan

situacias

Tavi

aaridos, amjobinebs sarCeli Seitanos erTdroulad yvela miTiTebul qveyanaSi. -

dacvis

moculoba,

romelsac

sTavazoben

patentSi

miTiTebul

wevr

saxelmwifoebSi, SeiZleba meryeobdes - gansakuTrebiT “eqvivalentobis principTan” (doctrine of equivalence)

dakavSirebiT,

sapatento formulis

romlis

Tanaxmad,

patentis

dacvis

moculoba

punqtebis sityvieri gamoxatvis farglebs scildeba, anu

formulis sityvieri cvlilebebi, romelnic principul Sinaarsobriv siaxles ar gamoxataven, ver CaiTvlebian axal gamogonebad (Sinaarsis upiratesoba sityvebTan mimarTebaSi).

sapatento

samarTalSi

es

principi

xels

uSlis

dapatentebuli

gamogonebis "Semovlas" SesaZlo kanondamrRvevebis mier misi umniSvnelo cvlilebis gziT. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebi erTi da igive gamogonebis gafarToebul interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad akeTeben. dacvis moculobis meryeoba patentis mflobelis, maTi konkurentebis da mTlianad sazogadoebis

interesebs vnebs. pirvelni ar arian darwmunebulni, rom sapatento

dacva, romelic aqvT erT evropul qveyanaSi, igive zomiT uzrunvelyofilia sxvaSi.

7

meoreebma

ar

ician,

SeuZliaT

Tu

ara

sakuTari

saqonlis

realizacia

kanonier

safuZvelze yvela saxelmwifoSi, Tu es kanonierad cnes erT-erT saxelmwifoSi.

gaerTianebis patents gaaCnia rigi dadebiTi Tvisebebisa. gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba iTvleba zemoTaRniSnuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvris saSualebad (da, amave dros, evrointegraciis Zlier saSualebad): - gaerTianebis patenti mimarTulia erTiani uflebis dadgenisken uflebaTa “konis” magivrad, romelsac evropuli patenti warmoadgens. gaerTianebis patenti SeiZleba gaices, misi moqmedebis vada gagrZeldes an Sewydes mxolod mTel evrokavSirTan, da ara calkeul wevr saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. es gaerTianebis patentis mTavari ideaa. amasTan, axali ufleba iarsebebs wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze eso-s momqmed sistemasTan paralelurad. amis

miRweva

SeiZleba

ubralo

da

efeqturi

xerxiT:

evropul

sapatento

organizacias uerTdeba evrokavSiri mTlianad, rogorc erTi wevri. amis Semdeg eso-s SeuZlia

evropuli

evrokavSiris

patentis

gacema,

gaerTianebis

farglebSi.

romelic

moqmedebs

patenti

erTdroulad

evropuls,

misi

mTeli

erovnuli

komponentebiT, ar Secvlis Tu ganmcxadebels surs moiTxovos dacva ara mTel evrokavSirSi, aramed konkretul wevr saxelmwifoebSi.

amasTan,

ganmcxadebels ar

SeuZlia orive variantis erTdroulad gamoyeneba. -

gamartivdeba

arsebuli

enobrivi

reJimi,

romelic

gansakuTrebiT

aZvirebs

dapatentebas evropaSi. am mimarTulebiT ixileba ramdenime sqema, romelTagan yvelaze martivi Cans ganacxadis eso-s sami oficialuri enidan erTerTze Setana Tanxmlebi TargmaniT or danarCenze (sxva enebze Semdgomi Targmanis, rac amJamad warmoebs, gareSe). gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba gulisxmobs evropuli sapatento sasamarTlos dafuZebas (Community Patent Court – CPC), romelic davebis ganxilvis dros moxsnis zemoaRniSnul

aracalsaxa

interperetaciebs.

momzadebuli ori winadadeba. erTi

amJamad

winadadeba22

ixileba

evrokomisiis

gulisxmobs evropuli sapatento

sasamarTlos funqciebis arsebuli evropuli sasamarTlosTvis (European miniWebas. 22

meore

winadadeba24

-

specialuri

mier

gaerTianebis

sapatento

Court of Justice)23

sasamarTlos

Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION conferring jurisdiction on the Court of Justice in disputes relating to the Community patent (presented by the Commission). Brussels, 23.12.2003 COM(2003) 827 final, 2003/0326 (CNS)

23

European Court of Justice (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7024/) – mTavari sasamarTlo evrokavSiris sakiTxebSi. igi evrokavSiris sasamarTlos (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_6999/) erTi nawilia. meore nawilia saerTo sasamarTlo: yofili The Court of First Instance, amJamad – The General Court (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7033/).

24

Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION establishing the Community Patent Court and concerning appeals before the Court of First Instance (presented by the Commission). Brussels, 23.12.2003 COM(2003) 828 final 2003/0324 (CNS)

8

gaerTianebis patentebTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebze absoluturi

daarsebas

iurisdiqciis miniWebiT, xolo apelaciis ganxilvis funqciisa - pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlosTvis miniWebiT (amJamad saerTo sasamarTlo)

(The Court of First Instance – The

General Court).

miuxedavad

aSkara

upiratesobebisa

arsebul

sapatento

sistemasTan

SedarebiT,

gaerTianebis patenti dRemde ganuxorcielebel idead rCeba. misi ZiriTadi aspeqtebi: iuridiuli sistema, enobrivi reJimi, dapatentebis xarjebi, erovnuli sistemebis roli, Semosavlebis ganawileba – ganxiluli iyo jer kidev 2003 wels, xolo Semdeg yovel 2 weliwadSi xelaxali debatebis sagani xdeboda. enobrivi reJimi Zneli gadasalaxi dabrkolebaa rogorc registraciis procedurasTan, aseve erTian evropul sapatento sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebasTan mimarTebaSi. aq xom mosamarTleebic, mosarCeleebic, advokatebica da mopasuxeebic sxvadasxva qveynidan (xSirad erT saqmeSi mravali sxvadasxva qveynidan) iqnebian. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ganxilvis obieqtebi teqstebia (sapatento formulebi) saWiroa mravalenovani Zalian zusti Targmani (da isev xarjebi). sapatento saqmianoba yvela qveyanaSi specialistTa sakmaod

didi

jgufebis

Semosavals

uzrunvelyofs,

romelic

gardauvalad

unda

gadanawildes da sxva. winaaRmdegobaTa Soris ukanasknel rols ar TamaSoben wevri qveynebis kulturul-tradiciuli motivebic. amitom winsvla gaerTianebis patentisken nelia, magram Tanmimdevruli.

gaerTianebis patentis eso-s sam oficialur enaze (inglisuri, germanuli, franguli) warmoebaze uari Tqves espaneTma da portugaliam. evropuli sapatento sasamarTlos luqsemburgSi dafuZnebas (rac logikuria, radganac iqaa ganlagebuli evropuli

sasamarTlo)

SeewinaaRmdega

germania

(upirveles

yovlisa

imitom,

rom

amJamad

sapatento davebis umravlesoba germaniaSi ixileba). amitom evrokavSiri saSualedo, kompromisuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gziT midis. Targmanis gaiafebis mizniT 2000 wlis 17 oqtombers samTavrobaTaSoriso konferenciaze londonSi

miiRes saSualedo

SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad 2008 wlis 1 maisidan evropuli patentis Targmna araa saWiro, Tu igi gacemulia im saxelmwifoebSi dasacavad, romelTa oficialuri ena Tanxvdeba erT-erT eso oficialur enas. sxva saxelmwifoebi, romlebic SeuerTdnen SeTanxmebas, uTiTeben erT romelime eso oficialur enas, romelzec unda iTargmnos patenti mTlianad, xolo maT erovnul enaze iTargmneba mxolod gamogonebis formula

9

(da ara aRweriloba)25. am SeTanxmebas SeuerTdnen dania, didi britaneTi, germania, islandia, latvia, lixtenSteini, luqsemburgi, monako, niderlandebi, safrangeTi, slovenia, qorvatia, Sveicaria da sxva (sul 35 qveyana) – rogorc evrokavSiris wevri, aseve ara wevri qveynebi. Tumca, Targmanis mimarT dawesebul SeRavaTebSi qveynebs Soris

gansxvavebebi

mainc

arsebobs.

amitom

kanonmdeblobas ganmcxadebeli cal-calke unda

dapatentebis

gaecnos26.

dros

yvela

qveynis

eso wevri qveynis rezidents

SeuZlia sapatento ganacxadi Seitanos eso-Si TviTon, Suamavlebis gareSe, Tumca rekomendebulia

patentmcodneebTan

konsultacia,

xolo

ararezidenti

movalea

ganacxadi patentrwmunebulis SuamavlobiT Seitanos. kompromisuli

patentisgan

zomebi

ver

elodebian,

iZlevian

amitom

im

misi

srul

efeqts,

SemoReba

romelsac

evrokavSiris

gaerTianebis

post-lisabonis

strategiuli ganviTarebis (2020 wlamde) dRis wesrigSi darCeba.

5. gaerTianebis (evrokavSiris) savaWro niSani gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis SemoRebisa da dacvis sferoSi evrokavSirma ufro Sors wasvla moaxerxa integraciis mimarTulebiT, vidre gaerTianebis patentis SemTxvevaSi. ganmcxadebel

sawarmos

(evrogaerTianebis

wevri

an

arawevri

qveynidan)

Seaqvs

ganacxadi Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofisSi da iRebs mowmobas, romelic mis uflebebs

mTlianad

evrokavSirSi

icavs.

SesaZloa,

savaWro

niSnebis

sferoSi

evrokavSiris warmateba aixsneba dacvis obieqtis simartiviT, gamogonebaze patentTan SedarebiT.

meore

mizezi,

SesaZloa,

isaa,

rom

savaWro

niSani

saqonlisa

da

momsaxurebis ufro TvalnaTlivi ganuyofeli nawilia, vidre gamogonebaze patenti. savaWro niSani yvela wevr qveyanaze Tu ar gavrcelda, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba – erTiani bazris fundamenturi piroba – ver moxerxdeba. miuxedavad amisa, 1960-an wlebSi gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis ideis warmoqmnidan 1993 wels mis realizaciamde sakmao dro gavida. dacvis obieqtia nebismieri grafikuli gamosaxuleba (teqsti, cifrebis kombinacia, asoebis

kombinacia,

saqonlisa

da

SefuTvis

moyvaniloba),

romelic

gvaZlevs

saSualebas gavarCioT erTi organizaciis saqoneli an momsaxureba sxva organizaciebis saqonelisa an momsaxurebisgan.

25

Agreement on the application of Article 65 of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents. Official Journal EPO, 12/2001, p. 550 (http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/london-agreement.html)

26

eso–s saitze (www.epo.org) yvela qveynis kanonmdelobaa Tavmoyrili.

10

zemoaRniSnul

operaciebs

aregulirebs

evrokavSiris

sabWos

(miRebis

momentSi

evrogaerTianebis sabWos) mier 1993 wels miRebuli kanoni27 da misi Semdgomi Sesworebebi. igi adgens savaWro niSnebis registraciis wesebs, dacvis periods (10 weli)

da

misi

gagrZelebis

wess,

sargeblobis

uflebebis

gadacemis

wess

(licenzirebis SemTxvevaSi, organizaciis mflobelebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi), davebis ganxilvis

wess,

SemoRebulia

koleqtiuri

gaerTianebis

savaWro

savaWro

niSnebis28

niSnis

gamoyenebis

sasamarTloebi

wesebsa

(pirveli

da da

sxva. meore

instanciis), romlebic yvela qveyanaSi moqmedeben. amasTan erTad, savaWro niSnebis erovnuli sistemebi agrZeleben saqmianobas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizacias mTel evrokavSirSi an mraval qveyanaSi surs sakuTari savaWro niSnis dacva, gacilebiT iafi ujdeba gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis daregistrireba, xolo Tu mxolod 2-3 qveynis mimarT gaaCnia interesi, SeiZleba am qveynebSi erovnuli registracia arCios.

6. evrokavSiris evrokavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizaini 2001 wels evrokavSiris sabWom SemoiRo gaerTianebis dizainis ufleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs samrewvelo dizainis dacvas evrokavSiris mTel teritoriaze29. am aqtis mizani iyo evrokavSiris doneze dacvis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sedegad warmoqmnil samarTlebriv gaurkvevlobebs zRvars daudebda. gaerTianebis dizainis registracia xorcieldeba

Sida

bazarze harmonizaciis ofisSi an centralur erovnul ofisSi, romelic

movalea gadaugzavnos ganmcxadeblis dokumentacia Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofiss evropul gaerTianebis dizainis registrSi Sesatanad. am uflebas gaaCnia ori forma:

registrirebuli

dizainisa,

romelic

2002

wels

Sevida

ZalaSi,

da

dauregistrirebeli dizainis, romelic 2003 wels Sevida ZalaSi. registrirebuli dizainis dacvis xangrZlivoba 25 wlamdea (dacvisTvis aucilebeli mosakreblis perioduli

gadaxdis

SemTxvevaSi),

xolo

dauregistrirebelis

–

3

weli

im

TariRidan, rodesac evrokavSiris farglebSi dizaini naCvenebi iyo sazogadoebisTvis (magaliTad, gamofenaze). dizainis qveS igulisxmeba produqtis mTlianad an misi nawilis gare xedis Taviseburebebi, warmoqmnili TviT produqtis an misi gaformebis xazebiT, ferebiT, formebiT, zedapirisa an masalis TvisebebiT. registraciisTvis

27

28 29

Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark. savaWro niSnebi, romelic biznes-asociaciebs ekuTvnis da romliTac mxolod asociaciis wevrebi sargebloben. Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs.

11

aucilebeli pirobaa dizainis siaxle. kanoni aregulirebs uflebis gasxvisebisa da gadacemis sxvadasxva formebs. iseve, rogorc savaWro niSnis SemTxvevaSi, samrewvelo dizainis erovnuli sistemebi moqmedeben

gaerTianebis

dizainis

sitemis

paralelurad.

momxmarebeli

irCevs

–

daaregistriros dizaini ramdenime qveyanaSi cal-calke, Tu moipovos gaerTianebis dizainis uflebebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu uflebebis dacva mraval qveyanaSia aucilebeli, gaerTianebis dizainis ufleba did finansur da drois dazogvas iZleva. iseve, rogorc savaWro niSnis SemTxvevaSi, davebis gadasawyvetad SemoRebulia pirveli da meore instanciis gaerTianebis dizainis sasamarTloebi, romlebic yvela qveyanaSi moqmedeben. zemoaRniSnuli

direqtiva

mravalwliani

evoluciis

Sedegia.

1993

wlamde

Sida

bazarze inovaciisa da konkurenciis gasaumjobeseblad evrogaerTianebis sazrunavi samrewvelo dizainis sferoSi wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa harmonizacia iyo, risTvisac evrparlamentma da evrosabWom direqtiva miiRes30. aman, 7 wlis Semdeg,

gaerTianebis dizainis SemoReba gaxada SesaZlebeli. evrointegraciis procesi aseTi Tanmimdevruli nabijebiT mimdinareobs, Tumca zogjer es nabijebi sasurvelze ufro nelia.

7. falsificirebuli saqoneli da mekobreoba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saqonlis falsifikaciisa da mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan, romlis organizebis Taobaze 2008 wels evrokavSiris sabWom daamtkica gegma31. misi daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos evrokomisiisa

da

wevri

saxelmwifoebis

koordinirebuli

muSaoba

rogorc

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis reJimis ganmtkicebis, aseve, ufro farTod, sabaJo

zomebis,

kanonmdeblobis

srulyofis,

mrewvelobis

seqtorebs

Soris

TanamSromlobis da a. S. gziT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mesame qveynebTan TanamSromlobas am mimarTulebebiT, samezoblo politikis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis CaTvliT32.

30

Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs [Official Journal L 289

31

European anti-counterfeiting and anti-piracy plan. Council Resolution of 25 September 2008, Official Journal C 253 of 4.10.2008

of 28.10.1998].

(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008G1004(01):EN:NOT) 32

aseTi zomebi saqarTvelosTan samezoblo programis CarCoebSicaa dagegmili. ramdenime seminari ukve Catarda saqpatentisa da GEPLAC-s bazaze.

12

8. evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis strategiuli ganviTareba saerTo xedva da gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi Camoyalibebulia evrokomisiis 2008 wlis komunikaciaSi "samrewvelo sakuTrebis uflebaTa strategia evropaSi"33. strategiis mizania evropis sainovacio potencialis sruli gamoyeneba isu reJimis gaumjobesebis gziT. strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli mimarTulebebisa da RonisZiebebis nawili zemoT ukve ganvixileT. gaerTianebis patenti da erTiani iuridiuli sistema strategiis sakvanZo elementebad rCebian. magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynebis, kompaniebis (gansakuTrebiT mss), kvleviTi organizaciebisa da gamomgoneblebis doneze im faqtis gacnobierebas, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTreba codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi gaxda

iseTive

da,

xSirad

ufro

Rirebuli

aqtivi,

rogorc

finansebi,

manqana-

mowyobilobebi da sxva tradiciuli aqtivebi. am aqtivebis SeZena, dacva, gadacema, Sefaseba da sxva operaciebi gansakuTrebul codnas moiTxovs34. strategiis erTerTi mizani am codnis deficitis Sevsebaa. evrokavSirisa harmonizebulia vaWrobis

wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdebloba isu

da

inteleqtualuri

msoflio

organizaciis

sakuTrebis

msoflio

sferoSi ZiriTadad

organizaciis

(WTO) xelSekrulebebTan

da

(WIPO),

SeTanxmebebTan,

rogoricaa: samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis Sesaxeb parizis konvencia; literaturuli

da mxatvruli nawarmoebebis dacvis Sesaxeb bernis konvencia; Semsruleblebis, fonogramebis damamzadeblebisa da samauwyeblo organizaciebis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb romis konvencia; integraluri sqemebis Sesaxeb vaSingtonis SeTanxmeba; SeTanxmeba

inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis

uflebaTa

vaWrobasTan

dakavSirebuli

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb (TRIPS) da sxva. evrokavSiri, rogorc am xelSekrulebebiT gauTvaliswinebeli nanoteqnologiisa

sruliad da

sxva)

axali

teqnologiebis

generatori,

saxelmwifoebTan am xelSekrulebebis ganviTarebis

33

(genuri

iTanamSromlebs

wevr

inJineriis, da

arawevr

sferoSi35,36.

An Industrial Property Rights Strategy for Europe. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE. Brussels, 16.7.2008, COM(2008) 465 final

34

Turning Science into Business: PATENTING AND LICENSING AT PUBLIC RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS. OECD, 2003, 308 p.

35

Development and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.07.2005 COM(2005) 312 final (SEC(2005) 943)

13

9. sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyeneba 9.1. saerTo mimoxilva axlo

warsulSi

Tavisufali

universitetebi,

gavrcelebis

tradiciulad,

funqcias

asrulebdnen.

codnis me-20

generaciisa

da

misi

saukuneSi,

TandaTan,

universitetebma, iseve rogoc saxelmwifo (sajaro) kvleviTma organizaciebma, iseTi codnis generaciac daiwyes, romelsac komerciuli Rirebuleba gaaCnia. me-20 saukunis meore

naxevarSi

universitetebsa

da

sajaro

kvleviT

organizaciebSi

mimdinare

sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT dafinansebuli kvleviTi samuSaoebis moculoba imdenad didi

gaxda,

xolo

Sedegebis

rac

SeiZleba

swrafi

praqtikuli

aTvisebis

(sazogadoebis samsaxurSi Cayenebis) moTxovnileba imdenad gaizarda, rom specialuri meqnizmebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoiqmna. wamoiWra am sajaro dafinansebiT miRebuli codnis mflobelobis, gankargvisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxi da, agreTve, teqnologiis aTvisebis procesSi sajaro da kerZo, mogebaze orientirebuli, organizaciebis urTirTqmedebis sakiTxi. amas daemata sajaro organizaciebis TanamSromelTa motivaciis sakiTxebi. universitetebSi `samewarmeo” funqciebi gaCnda. daisva am bunebrivad warmoqmnili uzarmazari sainovacio potencialis ukeT gamoyenebis amocana. 1980 wels aSS-Si bei-doulis kanonis37 da vmo-s TRIPS SeTanxmebis miRebam am process damatebiTi biZgi misca. amasTan dakavSirebiT, praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebulma, ganviTarebadma da gardamavali ekonomikis qveyanam, met-naklebi warmatebiT, scada axleburad, sakanonmdeblo doneze (sadac ki es SesaZlebeli iyo), gadaewyvita es sakiTxebi. nax. 1-dan Cans, rom RonisZiebaTa nawili mxolod universitetebs exeba, zogi ki mcire, saSualo da did sawarmoebsac. danarTSi moyvanil cxrilSi naCvenebia RonisZiebaTa ra Senakrebs atarebs esa Tu is qveyana. xazi gavusvaT, rom, Cveulebriv, erT jgufad ixileba yvela aramomgebiani organizacia, iqneba es kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlis subieqti, magram simoklisTvis xSirad mxolod `universitets” moixsenieben.

36

IPR in nanotechnology: Lessons from experiences worldwide. International workshop, European Patent Office (EPO) and DG Research of the European Commission, 16 April 2007, Brussels. (http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/src/iprworkshop.htm).

37

The Bayh-Dole Act at 25. BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006, pp. 44. (http://www.bayhdole25.org/sites/bayhdole25.org/files/BayhDole25_WhitePaper_20060417.pdf The US Bayh-Dole Act. (Public Law 96-517, The Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act enacted 1980 and amended in 1984)

14

SeniSvna: daferili ujredebi organizaciaTa tipebis mimarT RonisZiebis gamoyenebas aRniSnavs)

nax. 1. patentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebi

mizani

RonisZiebebi

universitetebi da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebi

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi

sxva

sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi

dadgena

kuTvnilebis

isu

organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena. bei--doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonis nairsaxeobis bei miReba universitetebSi „profeso soris ris privilegiis“ „profeso gauqmeba

komercializ--aciis xelSewyoba isu mopovebisa da komercializ

dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da anazRaureba teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento ofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, an patentebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis Seqmna is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis xelSewyoba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv interesebSi `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `erovnuli `erovnuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da analogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadeba

dacva – patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis gamoyeneba

kvlevebis waxaliseba

isu sferoSi kanonebis meSveobiT

licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis

gaTavisufleba aTavisufleba xarjebisgan im patentebze, romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben (research exemption)

gamomgoneblisTvis SeRavaTiani SeRavaTiani periodis miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis (grace period) winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani SesaZlebloba Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis (provisional patenting)

15

sakvanZo sakiTxia: vinaa sajaro dafinansebiT miRebuli isu mflobeli da ganmkargveli? evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma (zogierT SemTxvevaSi regionebmac38) igi

individualurad

gadawyvites

kanonqvemdebare/sarekomendacio TvalsazrisiT

regulaciebi

rogorc

dokumentebis an

sakanonmdeblo,

miRebiT.

direqtivebi

evrokavSiris

miRebuli

ar

aseve

doneze

yofila,

rac

am imis

maCvenebelia, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania evrokavSirSi sainovacio procesebisTvis wevri qveynebis doneze gatarebuli RonisZiebebi. am

qveTavSi

federaciis

Cven

veyrdnobiT

angariSs

sainovacio

informaciisa

"inteleqtualuri

politikaSi:

patentebi",

da

dokumentaciis

sakuTrebis

2009

weli,

sakiTxebi romelSic

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo RonisZiebebis

gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtri SeiZleba inaxos. 9.2. 9.2.

sajaro

(sazogadoebrivi)

kvleviTi

organizaciebis

kvleviT

da

kkomerciul omerciul

funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena aSS-Si SeSfoTebas iwvevda sajaro kvleviTi dawesebulebebis mier kvlevis Sedegebis dapatentebis simcire da, aseve, praqtikuli gamoyenebis dabali done. 1980 wels aSS-Si miRebulma bei-doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonma sicxade Seitana aSS-Si sajaro (saxelmwifo) saxsrebiT

Seqmnili

miRebamde

iTvleboda,

inteleqtualuri rom

sakuTrebaze

inteleqtualuri

uflebebis

produqtis

sakiTxSi.

mflobeli

kanonis

saxelmwifoa,

saTanado damfinansebeli saagentos saxiT. bei-doulis kanoni aZlevs uflebas aSS universitetebs,

sajaro

kvleviT

organizaciebs),

mcire

da

da

damwyeb

arasamTavrobo firmebs

organizaciebs

sakuTar

saxelze

(aramomgebian daapatenton

sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli gamogonebebi (im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac sazogadoebrivi fondebidan dafinansebis mxolod nawilia uzrunvelyofili), amasTan, komercializaciis SemTxvevaSi gaunawilon roialTi avtor-TanamSromlebs. beidoulis kanoni aRiarebs saxelmwifos, rogorc patentmflobelis, araefeqturobas. amave

dros

igi

gulisxmobs,

rom

universitets,

rogorc

dainteresebul

patentmflobels, gacilebiT metis gakeTeba SeuZlia komercializaciis mimarTulebiT, vidre kerZo pirs (gamomgonebels). evrokavSiris masStabiT bei-doulis msgavsi kanonis (regulaciis an direqtivis saxiT) miRebis mizanSewonilobis ganxilvam aCvena, rom evrokavSirSi specialistebi amis aucileblobas ver xedaven39. zogierTi gamokvleva amtkicebs, rom bei-doulis 38

regionebis qveS igulisxmeba qveynis nawilebi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs regionebSi sakiTxebis iseTi gadawyveta, romelic gansxvavdeba qveynis centraluri mTavrobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebisgan.

39

DRAFT Report on the outcomes of the: "Public consultation on transnational research cooperation and knowledge transfer between public research organisations and industry". EUROPEAN COMMISSION, RESEARCH DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate M - Investment in

16

kanonis (TviTon aSS-Si) da misi evropuli analogebis dadebiTi efeqti amowurulia40. asea Tu ise, wminda teqnikurad evrokavSirisTvis bei-doulis msgavsi regulaciis an direqtivis miReba Znelia, sapatento sferoSi evrokavSiris araerTgvarovnebis gamo (amaze qvemoT iqneba saubari). zogierTma

qveyanam (avstria, espaneTi, irlandia, norvegia, fineTi, - ix. cxrili

danarTSi), Tumca ar miiRo bei-doulis kanonSi Cadebul ideaTa mTliani speqtris Semcveli kanonebi, gadaWra erTi _ patentis mesakuTreobis – sakiTxi. kerZod, am qveynebma daqiravebulTa da damqiravebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi Seitanes cvlilebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac gauqmda tradiciuli TanamSromlis mesakuTreoba gamogonebaze (sxva samecniero publikaciebTan analogiiT), anu e. w. „profesoris

privilegia“,

isu

riTac

mflobeloba

organizaciebs

gadaeca,

xolo

gamomgoneblebisTvis, isu-s komerciuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebul iqna gasamrjelo

(roialTi)41.

qveynebis

umravlesobaSi

misi

ganawilebis

sqemebs

organizaciebi/universitetebi TviTon adgenen (Cveulebriv miRebuli Semosavlis

30 –

50% gadaecema avtorebs), magram zogierT qveyanaSi avtorebisTvis roialTis dones adgens kanoni. warmatebul organizaciebSi wili zeda zRvars uaxlovdeba.

zogierT

qveyanaSi kanonma daadgina, rom isu damqiravebels ekuTvnis, Tu daqiravebis kontraqtiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. aris iseTi qveynebic, sadac, kanonis Tanaxmad, am sakiTxs organizaciebis wesdebebi an Sesabamisi uwyebebi aregulireben. magaliTad, estoneTSi universitetSi warmoqmnil is uflebebs yvela universiteti Taviseburad wyvitavs. belgiaSi, sadac bei-doulis kanonis nairsaxeoba moqmedebs, federaluri saministros

dadgenileba

kvlevis

Sedegebis

mflobelobas

sajaro

kvleviT

organizacias aniWebs, Tuki kvlevis dafinansebaSi sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis wili 80% aRemateba, xolo misi provinciis, flandriis, kanoni ambobs, rom sazogadoebrivi fondebis monawileobiT miRebuli yvela gamogoneba universitets ekuTvnis42. zogierT qveyanaSi

(magaliTad,

safrangeTSi)

kanoni mkafiod ar adgens,

Tu

vinaa sajaro

saxsrebiT miRebuli gamogonebis mflobeli, xolo zogierTSi (magaliTad, SvedeTi) isu mflobelebad kanonma kvlav kerZo pirebi (universitetis TanamSromlebi) miiCnia.

Research and links with other policie, political aspects, private investment, relations with EIB. Brussels, 1 September 2006, M1/FM-DD D(2006). (http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/consult_report.pdf) 40

Leydesdorff, Loet & Meyer, Martin. The Decline of University Patenting and the End of the Bayh-Dole Effect. Scientometrics, (2010)

forthcoming. 41

Knowledge sharing in the European Research Area. Report of the ERA Expert Group, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, 2008. EUR 23323 EN .

42

P. VAN EECKE, J. KELLY, P. BOLGER and M. TRUYENS. Monitoring and analysis of technology transfer and intellectual property regimes and their use. National summaries. Results of a study carried out on behalf of the European Commission (DG Research), 2009, pp.247. (http://www.eutechnologytransfer.eu/files3/national_summaries.pdf)

17

gansxvavebebi arTulebs sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciaTa kooperaciiT (magaliTad, FP7 farglebSi) Catarebuli kvlevebiT miRebuli isu ganawilebas. evrointegraciis TvalsazrisiT es uaryofiTi faqtoria. 9.3 9.3. universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba msoflioSi patentebs

mxolod

ufasod

ramdenime

(didi

erovnuli

britaneTi,

sapatento

italia).

saagento

umravlesobas

aregistrirebs

dawesebuli

aqvs

mosakreblebi. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisTvis da aramomgebiani organizaciebisTvis, romelTa ricxvs universitetebi da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebic miekuTvnebian, mraval qveyanaSi kanoniT dawesebulia mosakreblebis Semsubuqeba (xSirad, ganaxevreba). amas mravali erovnuli sapatento ofisi axorcielebs. rogorc

wesi, mosakreblebi

dapatentebasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebis mTavari

nawili araa. gacilebiT didia xarjebi konsultantebze da patentrwmunebulebze, romelTa

momsaxureba

moicavs

ganacxadis/aRwerilobis

kvalificiurad

Sedgenas,

Targmans, patentis sabazro Rirebulebis periodul Sefasebas da sxva. gansakuTrebiT didia xarjebi saerTaSoriso dapatentebis SemTxvevaSi. patentis msoflio masStabiT xarisxiani dacvis xarjebma SeiZleba asobiT aTasi aSS dolari Seadginon. mraval

evropul

qveyanaSi

sajaro

organizaciebisTvis

saxelmwifo

daxmareba

SeiZleba exebodes am xarjebis specialuri fondebidan Semsubuqebasac (Tumca es aRaraa kanoniT gansazRvruli isu

reJimis sakiTxi)43. aseTi praqtika arsebobs,

magaliTisTvis, safrangeTSi (CNRS, http://www.france-science.org/innovation), ungreTSi (RTIF, www.nkth.gov.hu), region emilia romaniaSi (italia) (programa SPINNER, www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas) da sxva. Cveulebriv, evrokavSiris qveynebSi daxmareba sazogadoebrivi fondebidan dapatentebis xarjebis nawilobrivi an sruli dafarvis saxiT, SeiZleba miiRon rogorc universitetebma da sajaro kvleviTma organizaciebma, aseve mcire da saSualo sawarmoebma. mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom yvela RonisZieba wevri qveynebis an regionebis doneze xorcieldeba. saerToevropuli RonisZiebebi an normatiuli aqtebi am sferoSi ar arsebobs. 9.4 ) 9.4. axali kompaniebis kompaniebis dafuZnebis xelSewyoba (spin-off) ( evrokavSirSi, iseve, rogorc amerikaSi da aziaSi, gamogonebebis komercializaciis erT-erTi efeqtiani forma gamogonebebze dafuZnebuli axali kompaniebis Seqmnaa. erovnuli

sajaro

kvleviT

organizaciebs xeli Seuwyon sakuTar gamomgonebel-TanamSromlebs maTi

patentis

43

kanonmdebloba

uflebas

aZlevs

universitetebsa

da

Singh, Guriqbal Jaiya and Kalanje, Christopher M. Managing Patent Costs: An Overview. WIPO, www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/pdf/managing_patent_costs.pdf

18

bazarze gayvanis mizniT daafuZnon axali kompaniebi (campus company) aseT kompanias, romelic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes saTanado inkubatorSi an mis gareT, universiteti an sajaro kvleviTi organizacia gadascems eqskluziur licenziebs, xSirad momaval dividendebSi monawileobis (wilis) sanacvlod. arsebobs axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis odnav gansxvavebuli sqemebic. magaliTad, SesaZloa axalma kompaniam mxolod licenzia miiiRos, TanamSromlebis gadasvlis gareSe. yovelwliurad aRricxavs aseT kompaniebs dania44. spin-ofebis mxardamWeri erovnuli programebi arsebobs irlandiaSi (CORD, http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/Grow/Finance/CORDEnterprisePlatformProgramme.htm), germaniaSi (EXIST, www.exist.de).

9.5 9.5. isu reJimis farglebSi kvlevis ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba arsebobs

garkveuli

winaaRmdegoba

dapatentebasa

da

codnis

Tavisufal

gavrcelebas Soris, romlisTvisac universitetebi dResac arian pasuxismgeblebi. mniSvnelovania

saganmanaTleblo,

sainovacio

da

sapatento

politikis

ise

dabalanseba, rom erTdroulad waxalisebuli iyos rogorc sainovacio saqmianobaSi investiciebi,

aseve

teqnologiebis

swrafi

gavrceleba.

pirvelaRmomCenisTvis,

sapatento samarTlis Sesabamisad, miniWebuli monopolia xels ar unda uSlides gamogonebebSi

`Caqsovili”

codnis

gadmofrqvevas

(spill-over) da

gavrcelebas

im

umniSvnelo dozebiT, romelic investorebs muSaobis xaliss ar daukargavs. amasTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiris wevr qveynaTa sapatento kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia

qveyanaSi

eqsperimentuli

dapatentebuli

miznebisTvis

(anu

gamogonebebis

arakomerciuli

nebarTvisa da misTvis raime anazRaurebis gareSe,

gamoyeneba

gamoyeneba)

kvleviTi

da

patentmflobelis

e. w. kvleviTi gamonaklisi45. igi

vrceldeba yvela tipis organizaciaze (maT Soris kerZoze), romelic kvlevas awarmoebs,

xolo universitetebisa da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebisTvis igi ganskuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.

erovnuli

saerTaSoriso

evropuli

kanonmdeblobebis sapatento

es

debuleba

konvenciiT,

gamyarebulia,

evrogaerTianebis

agreTve, sapatento

konvenciiT, sapatento kooperaciis xelSekrulebiTa (PCT) da TRIPs-is SeTanxmebiT. universitetebSi bolo wlebSi sapatento sferoSi samewarmeo aqtivobis ganviTareba `kvleviTi gamonaklisis” cnebis mimarT interesis zrdas iwvevs46.

44

Public Research Commercialisation Survey: Denmark 2008. Series: Innovation: Analysis and Evaluations, 13/2009. Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation. pp. 34. (http://en.fi.dk/publications/2009/public-research-commercialisation-survey-denmark-2008/Kommercialisering-UK-2008.pdf)

45

DENT, Chris, JENSEN, Paul, WALLER, Sophie and WEBSTER, Beth. Research Use of Patented Knowledge: A Review. STI Working Paper. Intellectual Property Rights. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY, OECD, 17-Mar-2006, pp. 53. DSTI/DOC(2006)2. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/16/36311146.pdf)

46

Iles, Kevin. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF EXPERIMENTAL USE EXEMPTIONS IN PATENT LAW ON INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, Volume 4, Issue 1 (Fall 2005).

19

kidev erTi winaaRmdegoba Semdgomi kvlevis interesebsa da sapatento aqtivobas Soris

warmiqmneba

magaliTad,

universitetebis

licenziats

gansakuTrebiT damatebiTi

maSin,

xangrZlivi

sakuTari

eqskluziuri

xSirad

rodesac

mier

licenziis

dapatentebul

daxvewa

esaWiroeba.

patentebis

miReba

teqnologias spin-ofis

licenzirebisas. ainteresebs,

bazarze

SemTxvevaSi

gasayvanad licenziati,

rogorc wesi, mcire sawarmoa. misTvis licenzia SeiZleba umTavresi aqtivi iyos. am winaaRmdegobas evropaSi kanonmdebloba ar aregulirebs, anu, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, igi

isu

reJimis

sferos

ar

ganekuTvneba.

magram

misi

mniSvnelobis

gamo,

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia am winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis praqtikas SevexoT. universitetebs eqskluziuri licenziis gacemis ufleba aqvT, magram misi gacema niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTe (sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT miRebuli patenti) moxmardeba mxolod erT organizacias da daixureba sxvebisTvis.

winaaRmdegobis

mosaxsnelad

iTvaliswineben:

salicenzio

xelSekrulebaSi

xelSekrulebebSi

licenziatis

mxridan

gawerili valdebulebebi SeaqvT da sxva.

specialur

patentis

punqtebs

praqtikuli

gamoyenebis

droSi

amiT gamoiricxeba sazogadoebisTvis zianis

momtani SesaZlo qmedebebi, magaliTad, licenziis SeZena ubralod konkurentebis dasablokad. aq ar vgulisxmobT sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis iseT gavrcelebul RonisZiebas, rogoricaa iZulebiTi licenzireba, romelic praqtikulad yvela qveynis kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da kvlevebTan specifiurad dakavSirebuli araa. aRniSnuli

sakiTxebi

detaluradaa

aRwerili

OECD-s

moxsenebaSi

"mecnierebis

biznesad gardaqmna" (Turning Science into Business). farTo gagebiT, sajaro interesebisa da patentmflobelebis interesebis (Tundac es

sajaro

organizaciebi

gafarToebulma/axalma

iyos)

funqciebma

Sexamebis

sakiTxebi,

romelic

patentebis

warmoqmnes,

imdenad

rTulia,

rom

maT

mosawesrigeblad rogorc calkeuli organizaciebis, aseve saxelmwifoebis doneze muSavdeba meToduri masalebi (ix. qvemoT, qveTavi 10.)47. patentmflobelis monopoliam rac SeiZleba naklebi ziani unda miayenos codnis gavrcelebas, anu universitetebisa da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebis umTavres tradiciul funqcias. es rogorc mTlianad evrokavSiris, aseve wevri qveynebis saxelmwifo sapatento politikis mniSvnelovani sazrunavia. erT-erTi

RonisZieba,

romelic

winaaRmdegobrivi

moTxovnebis

SeTavsebas

uzrunvelyofs, e. w. SeRavaTiani periodia (grace period). mecniers saSualeba eZleva gamogonebis Sinaarsi gamoaqveynos (magaliTad, statiis saxiT an gamofenaze CvenebiT),

47

PATENTS AND INNOVATION: TRENDS AND POLICY CHALLENGES. OECD, 2004. (www.oecd.org)

20

ris Semdeg, kanoniT dadgenili drois ganmavlobaSi, Seitanos sapatento ganacxadi. Cveulebriv amisTvis erTwlian drois monakveTs adgenen (zogierT qveyanaSi 6 Tves). dapatentebis am reJims uwodeben "pirvelia vinc gamoigona" da ara "vinc ganacxada". igi aTavisuflebs mecniers publikaciis dayovnebis aucileblobisgan, romelsac dapatentebis survili iwvevs48. aRniSnuli RonisZieba damaxasiaTebelia zogierTi ganviTarebuli qveynis kanonmdeblobisTvis (aSS, avstralia da sxva). evrokavSiris qveynebidan SeRavaTian periods gamogonebaze patentebis mimarT zogierTi SemTxvevaSi cnobs espaneTisa da portugaliis kanonmdebloba. sxva qveynebis umravlesoba, iseve rogorc evrokavSiri mTlianad am sakanonmdeblo normis SemoRebas ixilavs49. germaniaSi, avstriaSi, CexeTSi da ungreTSi 6 Tviani SeRavaTiani periodi moqmedebs sasargeblo modelebis mimarT, xolo gaerTianebis dizainis mimarT evrokavSiris mTel teritoriaze moqmedebs 1 wliani SeRavaTiani periodi50. msoflio praqtikaSi arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebis dapatentebasa da gavrcelebas Soris

zemoaRniSnuli

winaswari

ganacxadis

winaaRmdegobis Setanis

Serbilebis

SesaZlebloba

kidev

erTi

meqanizmi

(provisonal patenting).

esaa

-

e.w.

srul

patentTan SedarebiT ganacxadis gamartivebuli forma (agreTve, arsebiTad iafic), romelic

gulisxmobs,

rom

amis

Semdeg

kanoniT

dadgenil

droSi

(magaliTad,

araugvianes 12 Tvisa, rogorc aSS-Si, an 6 Tvisa, rogorc singapurSi) gakeTdeba sruli sapatento ganacxadi. prioritetis TariRad iTvleba winaswari ganacxadis Setanis TariRi. martivi forma niSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar aris aucilebeli patentis formulis Sedgena da gamogonebis SedarebiTi donis Cveneba. ganmcxadebeli igebs adreuli prioritetis miRebiT da, garda amisa, ugrZeldeba gamogonebis dacvis saerTo vada, radgan dacvis dadgenili vada (magaliTad, 20 weli) aiTvleba sruli ganacxadis

Setanis

dRidan.

unda

aRiniSnos,

rom

sruli

ganacxadis

Setana

aucilebelia. amis argakeTebas SeiZleba dapatentebis uflebis samudamo dakargva moyves. es norma moqmedebs aSS-Si, avstraliaSi, singapurSi da zogierT sxva

48

Keith E. Maskus. Encouraging International Technology Transfer. UNCTAD-ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 7; Turning Science into Business (zemoT, sqolio 36); Towards a common European view on the features of a grace period. Workshop report. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, RESEARCH DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate K – Knowledge-based Economy and Society; Strategic and Policy aspects ; Investment in Research, Brussels, 14.1.2003. (ec.europa.eu/research/era/pdf/ipr-gp-report.pdf)

49

An assessment of the implications for basic genetic engineering research of failure to publish, or late publication of, papers on subjects which could be patentable as required under Article 16(b) of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL, COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.01.2002. (http://eur-lex.europa.eu).

50

http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org/documents/ES_GracePeriod_0000006559_00.xml.html.

21

qveyanaSi. evropaSi igi araa gavrcelebuli, - moqmedebs mxolod did britaneTSi, Tumca mizanSewoniloba aRiarebulia da miRebis SesaZlebloba ixileba51. zemoT ganxilul RonisZiebebs SeuZliaT gadaWran arsebuli dilema mecnierTa mxridan Sedegebis farTo ganxilvisa da swrafi publikaciis survilsa da siaxlis moTxovnas Soris, romelic dapatentebis dros warmoiqmneba. isini, `samewarmeo universitetebis” warmoqmnis pirobebSi, icaven universitetebis sajaro misias _ codnis

gavrcelebas,

rac

grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi

inovaciisTvis

aranakleb

mniSvnelovania, vidre dapatenteba.

10. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis momzadeba sajaro

da

kerZo

seqtorebis

urTierTqmedebis

procesSi,

rac

Tanamedrove

inovaciuri saqmianobisTvis Cveulebriv ambad iqca, isu-Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi imdenad rTuli gaxda, xolo sainovacio sfero imdenad dinamiuri, rom mxolod kanonmdeblobis

daxvewiT

yvelaferi

ver

wydeba.

aucilebeli

gaxda

sainovacio

sferos mravalricxovani moTamaSeebisTvis meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba. maTi

mizania

daadginon

da

Seqmnili

inteleqtualuri

moqmedebis

wesebi.

sakiTxis

ganmarton

sajaro

sakuTrebis sirTulis

fondebidan

miRebuli

komercializaciasTan gamo

iTvleba,

rom

saxsrebiT

dakavSirebuli

saxelmZRvaneloebi

uaRresad pozitiur rols TamaSoben im qveynebSic ki, romlebmac wesebi saTanado (bei-doulis tipis) kanonmdeblobiT daadgines, gansakuTrebuls ki im qveynebSi, sadac aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs. saxelmZRvaneloebs gansxvavebuli saxelebi aqvT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi:

`mowinave

gamocdilebis

kodeqsebi”,

`inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis

erovnuli politikis saxelmZRvaneloebi” da sxva. ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi. CanarTi 2 irlandia irlandiaSi sami dokumentia SemuSavebuli:

1. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis Taobaze damfinansebeli saagentoebis moTxovnebi da gzamkvlevi52 igi grantebis mimRebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. SemuSavebaSi Svidi saagento monawileobda, romelic irlandiaSi kvlevebisTvis grantebs gascems. igi gankuTvnilia, agreTve, kolaboratorebisTvis, sponsorebisTvis da im biznesisTvis, romelic teqnologiebs

51

eZebs.

grantis

maZiebeli

organizacia

dokumentis

moTxovnebs

unda

Ian Cockburn. A Provisional Application – An important tool in the Right hands. (http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/prov_application.htm) 52

Funding Agency Requirements & Guidelines For Managing Research-Generated Intellectual Property. Commercialisation Steering Group, February 2006. pp. 55. (http://www.sfi.ie/uploads/documents/upload/IPGuidelines-FINAL_Feb06.pdf).

22

akmayofilebdes.

2. sajaro xarjebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis praqtikis erovnuli kodeqsi 53. kodeqsi

kanoni

araa,

igi

konkretul,

adgilobriv

garemoebebs

SeiZleba

moergos.

mis

SemmuSavebels, - irlandiis mecnierebis, teqnologiisa da inovaciis sabWos (ICSTI), - SeuZlia misi ganaxleba da cvlilebebis Setana. igi dainteresebul mxareebs ar avaldebulebs mas daemorCilon.

3. sajaro-kerZo kolaboraciiT ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

marTvisa

da

komercializaciis

praqtikis erovnuli

kodeqsi54

ICSTI-s

mier

SemuSavebuli es dokumentic sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. sakmaod didi moculobis es samive dokumenti urTierTdakavSirebulia da qveyanaSi dagrovil saukeTeso gamocdilebas anzogadebs.

CanarTi 3 didi britaneTi didi britaneTis xazinis iniciativiT 2004 wels jgufma riCard lambertis xelmZrvanelobiT, mimoixila ra arsebuli praqtika, SeimuSava e.w. lambertis krebuli (tool kit)55. esaa samodelo kontraqtebis krebuli, romlidanac dainteresebul organizacias SeuZlia airCios is, romelic mis konkretuli situacias esadageba (kolaboraciuli kvleva, konsorciumi da sxva). sakuTrebis uflebebi da Sedegebis gamoyeneba am kontraqtebSi erTerTi sakvanZo elementia.

am mimarTulebiT samuSao Catarda, agreTve, sxva

qveynebSi.

meToduri

rekomendaciebis

daniaSi56, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi da mniSvneloba

imdenad

didia,

rom

evrokomisiam saerToevropuli saxelmZRvanelo SeimuSava57. marTvis damoukidebel amocanad Camoyalibda inteleqtualuri aqtivebis efeqtiani marTva, rac maTi Rirebulebis swor Sefasebasac gulisxmobs. Sefasebis erTiani meTodologia jer ar arsebobs. sakiTxis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, firmebis dasaxmareblad zogierTma qveyanam am sferoSi saxelmZRvanelo masalebi moamzada. evropaSi am mxriv pirveli italiaa, sadac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom, bankebis 53

asociaciam,

industriis

konfederaciam

da

universitetebis

reqtorTa

National Code of Practice for Managing Intellectual Property from Publicly Funded Research. Irish Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (ICSTI), January 2004. pp 58. (http://www.sciencecouncil.ie)

54

55

NATIONAL CODE OF PRACTICE FOR MANAGING AND COMMERCIALISING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FROM PUBLICPRIVATE COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH. The National Policy and Advisory Board for Enterprise, Trade, Science, Technology and Innovation – ICSTI, November 2005. pp.54 (http://www.forfas.ie/media/acsti051125_ip_code_of_practice.pdf).

jgufis mier momzadebuli sanimuSo kontraqtebi da sxva dokumentebi SeiZleba inaxos misamarTze http://www.innovation.gov.uk/lambertagreements

56

Contacts, contracts and codices. Research co-operation between universities and companies. Danish Rectors’ Conference Confederation of Danish Industries. 2004, pp.48.

57

Commission Recommendation on the management of intellectual property in knowledge transfer activities and Code of Practice for universities and other public research organisations. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2008. ISSN 1018-5593.

23

konferenciam xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas patentebis safinanso-ekonomikuri Sefasebis Taobaze58.

11. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi patentebis komercializaciis mxardasaWerad araerTma qveyanam miiRo iseTi sagadasaxado

kanonmdebloba,

romelic

patentebis

mflobelebsa

da

avtorebs

mTlianad an nawilobriv aTavisuflebs komercializaciiT miRebul Semosavalze gadasaxadebisagan.

SeRavaTebs

zogjer

mxolod

universitetebs

aniWeben,

ufro

xSirad ki nebismier organizaciebsa da sawarmoebs, romlebic am gziT iReben Semosavals. amgvari yuradReba isu vaWrobis mimarT misi udidesi sainovacio potencialiT aixsneba. patentebiT daculi saqonliTa da teqnologiebiT vaWrobis wilis zrda evrokavSiris konkurentunarianobis erT-erTi saimedo indikatoria. zrdis tempi TvalsaCinoa:

safrangeTSi

1990

wels

ucxoeTidan

SeZenili

licenziebisgan

miRebulma Semosavalma Seadgina 330 milioni evro, xolo 2003 wels - 2.4 miliardi

evro.

germaniaSi

igive

maCvenebeli

Seicvala

1.3

miliardidan

2.7

miliardamde59.

CanarTi 4 belgia. belgia. belgiaSi 2008 wlidan moqmedebs sapatento Semosavlis 80% gamoqviTva dasabegri bazidan (Patent Income Deduction), rasac sapatento Semosavlis dabegvris zeda zRvari 33%-dan 6,8%-de dayavs60. mniSvneloba ara aqvs aris patenti TviTon kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli Tu SeZenili. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu patenti importirebulia igi nawilobriv mainc unda iyos gaumjobesebuli kompaniis mier.

dapatentebuli

teqnologiebis

niderlandebSi,

safrangeTSi,

(gaerTianebul

samefoSi,

gadacemis

wamaxalisebeli

luqsemburgSi,

daniaSi

da

sxva)

espaneTSi61. aseTi

kanonebi

miRebulia

ramdenime

RonisZiebebis

qveyanaSi gatarebis

SesaZlebloba amJamad ixileba.

CanarTi 5

58

PROTOCOLLO D’INTESA SULLA VALUTAZIONE ECONOMICO FINANZIARIA DEI BREVETTI. Il Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico - L’ Associazione Bancaria Italiana (ABI) - La CONFINDUSTRIA - La Conferenza dei Rettori delle Università Italiane (CRUI). SOTTOSCRITTO A ROMA IL 21 OTTOBRE 2008.

59

Kamiyama, Sh., Sheehan, J., Martinez, C. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY WORKING PAPER, OECD, 2006/5, pp. 48. DSTI/DOC(2006)5. www.oecd.org.

60

61

Tom Swinnen. Tax incentives for Belgian R&D. (http://ipfinance.blogspot.com/2008/12/tax-incentives-for-belgian-r.html) Kessler, Wolfgang and Eicke, Rolf. The Emergence of R&D Tax Regimes In Europe. Tax Notes Int’l, June 9, 2008, p. 845. (web26.tax.uni-freiburg.de/typo3/fileadmin/repository/lehrstuhl/pdf).

24

irlandia irlandiaSi patentis licenzirebiT miRebuli roialTi mTlianad Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu patenti irlandiaSi Catarebuli kvleviTi samuSaos Sedegi iyo. es imdenad mimzidveli SeRavaTi iyo, rom bevri transnacionaluri kompania cdilobda sakuTari kvleviTi qvedanayofebi irlandiaSi daefuZnebina, riTac irlandia igebda codnis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT. es garemoeba evrokomisiis kritikas iwvevda wlebis ganmavlobaSi, aniWebda ra irlandias upiratesobas evrokavSiris sxva wevrebTan SedarebiT. bolos irlandiam miiRo kritika da Secvala kanoni. amJamad gadasaxadisgan mTlianad Tavisufldeba 5 mln evromde Semosavali, miRebuli im patentebiT, romelTaTvisac kvleva, dagegmva, damuSaveba, eqsperimentebi, testireba, konstruireba an sxva msgavsi qmedebebi

Catarebulia

saSiSroebas,

rom

evropul

kvleviTi

sivrceSi62.

ekonomikur

qvedanayofebis

ganTavseba

es

cvlileba

Sewydeba

da

qmnis

eqneba

irlandiisTvis

adgili

ubralod

irlandiidan licenziebis gayidvas (Svilobili kompaniebis meSveobiT).

avRniSnoT, rom patentebis gamoyenebis/licenzirebis wamaxalisebeli

SeRavaTebi

SemuSavebulia wevri qveynebis mier. evrokavSiris marTvis doneze amis Sesaxeb regulacia an direqtiva ar arsebobs. amave dros, SeRavaTebi yvela qveyanaSi sxvadasxvaa. regionebs

ufro Soris.

metic,

SeRavaTebi

magaliTad,

SeiZleba

espaneTSi

gansxvavdebodes

baskeTis

qveynis

avtonomiam,

SigniT

isargebla

ra

gadasaxadebis damoukideblad dadgenis uflebiT, kidev ufro guluxvi SeRavaTebi daawesa, vidre TviT espaneTma an romelime sxva evrokavSiris qveyanam63. sagadasaxado mraval

SeRavaTebi

ganviTarebul

da

evrokavSirSi

ganviTarebad

(iseve,

qveyanaSi)

rogorc

aziisa

teqnologiebis

da

amerikis

dapatentebas,

dapatentebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas (anu principuli siaxlis matarebeli nakeTobebis warmoebas) da am mizniT maT SemuSavebasa da SeZenas uwyobs xels. SeZena SeiZleba xorcieldebodes rogorc erTian Sida bazarze, aseve evropis gareTac (importi).

patentebiT

daculi

axali

teqnologiebis

qveyanaSi

Semodinebis

uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba ori gziT: 1. patentebze licenziebis SeZeniT anu isu importiT (rasac SeiZleba Sesabamisi manqana-mowyobilobis SeZena Tan sdevdes an ar sdevdes) 2. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis meSveobiT, romelsac sxva RonisZiebebTan (samSeneblo, samontaJo da a.S.) erTad axlavs patentebiT daculi teqnologiebis qveyanaSi Semotana.

62

Review of the Exemption from Taxation of Patent Income. Goodbody Economic Consultants, February 2007.

63

Spain: Basque patent box regime: an attractive location for IP Garrigues. (internationaltaxreview.com)

(http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/publications/reports/Patincometaxexgoodb.pdf)

25

pirvel SemTxvevaSi teqnologiis mflobeli xdeba rezidenti kompania, xolo meoreSi

-

mflobeli

ucxouri

kompania

rCeba.

am

ori

SemTxvevis

wamaxalisebeli sagadasaxado garemo sxvadasxvanairad iqmneba.

mimarT

misi meqnizmebis

mimarT damokidebuleba icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria qveynis ekonomikuri strategia. inovaciuri ekonomikis mSenebeli qveynebi teqnologiebis Semotanis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyvnen upiratesad orientirebulni teqnologiebis SeZenaze (licenziebis SeZenaze) an pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gziT maT Semotanaze. pirveli orientaciis tipiuri warmomadgenlebia iaponia da samxreT korea, xolo meoresi – singapuri. evropaSi pirveli mimarTulebis mkafio warmomadgeneli Zneli gamosayofia,

xolo

meore

mimrTulebis

warmomadgeneli

mimarTulebis qveynebi

warmomadgenelia

zrunaven

saerTo

irlandia.

dadebiT

meore

sainvesticio

garemoze, romelic dapatentebuli teqnologiebis difuziasac uwyobs xels. oRond, investiciebze

orientirebuli

im

mravali

qveynisgan

gansxvavebiT,

romlebic

inovaciur ganviTarebas miznad ar isaxaven, am qveynebs mkafiod aqvT Camoyalibebuli prioritetuli

mimarTulebebi

da

pirobebi,

romlebsac

investicia

unda

akmayofilebdes, rom ucxoelma investorma uxvi SeRavaTebiT isargeblos.

12. sxva RonisZiebebi isu dacvis da ganviTarebis kanonebiT gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis erTobliobis garda, rasac isu reJims vuwodebT, lisabonis strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli sainovacio miznebis misaRwevad mniSvneloba aqvs is efeqtiani gamoyenebis mravalricxovan RoniZiebas, romelic evrokomisiisa da erovnuli programebisa da iniciativebis CarCoebSi xorcieldeba. aseTebia: •

isu dacvis sferoSi kadrebis momzadeba/gadamzadeba

•

sapatento sainformacio sistemebi

•

patentebis gacvlis saSuamavlo sistemebis ganviTareba, internet-sistemebis CaTvliT

•

universaluri sapatento momsaxurebis provaiderebis ganviTareba

•

specializebuli (dargobrivi) sapatento samsaxurebis ganviTareba

•

saxelmwifo marTvis organoebSi is da teqnologiebis gadacemis qvedanayofebis Camoyalibeba

da sxva. rogorc ismo (WIPO) CarCoebSi, aseve pirdapiri ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebis

meSveobiT

eso

ucxoeTis

is

saagentoebTan

TanamSromlobs.

TanamSromloba mraval Sromatevad proceduras aCqarebs da aiafebs. kerZod, aSS 26

patentebisa da savaWro niSnebis ofiss, iaponiis sapatento ofissa da eso-s Soris 2005 wels dadebulia xelSekruleba sapatento Ziebebis erToblivad Catarebis Sesaxeb.

Zieba

(siaxlis

anu

sapatento

sisufTavis

Semowmeba)

gansakuTrebiT

Sromatevadi da sapasuxismgeblo proceduraa. erT-erT ofisSi Semosuli ganacxadi gadaecema or danarCens eqspertizis Casatareblad, riTac procedura Cqardeba, xolo xarisxi izrdeba samive ofisis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. amiT ofisebic da

ganmcxadeblebic

igeben.

sagareo

TanamSromlobis

sxva

mimarTulebebidan

aRsaniSnavia evropis samezoblo politikis CarCoebSi post-sabWoTa qveynebTan, maT Soris saqarTvelosTan, TanamSromloba gamocdilebis gaziarebis, kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa

da

meti

harmonizaciis,

agreTve

kanonmdeblobis

aRsrulebis

gaZlierebis mimarTulebebiT. am mxriv evrokavSiri, rogorc msoflioSi erT-erTi umdidresi isu dacvis tradiciis matarebeli sakuTar pasuxismgeblobasac grZnobs da, wminda praqtikulad, uaxloesi mezoblebis bazrebsa da sistemebs ufro Rrma momavali TanamSromlobisTvis amzadebs.

13. daskvna inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, kerZod ki patentebi, TavisTavad teqnologiebis gavrcelebis instrumentia. jer erTi imitom, rom adamianebs teqnologiebis ganviTarebis

stimuls

aZleven.

meore

imitom,

rom

teqnologiis

gaxsnas

(gamoqveynebas) gulisxmoben. mesame imitom, rom garkveuli, kanoniT dadgenili dacvis periodis Semdeg, gamogoneba sazogadoebriv moxmarebaSi gadadis, rac misi Semdgomi

difuziis

garantiaa.

bunebrivia,

rom

inovaciur

ganviTarebaze

orientirebuli evrokavSirisTvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa (isu) dacvisa da teqnologiebis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi reJimis uzrunvelyofa erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, rac lisabonis strategiaSia asaxuli: "2001 wlis bolos amoqmeddes gaerTianebis patenti da sasargeblo modeli, raTa evrokavSiris masStabiT sapatento dacva gaxdes iseTive universaluri da iafi, rogorc konkurentebTan". evropis mTel teritoriaze moqmedi gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba, sapatento sasamarTlosTan erTad, Zlier gaaiafebda da gaamartivebda dacvis procedurebs, mewarmeebsa

da

gamomgoneblebs

mianiWebda

met

siTamames,

riTac

mTavar

konkurentebTan (aSS da iaponia) SedarebiT evrokavSiris pozicias gaaumjobesebda. zemoaRniSnuli isu reJimis Sesaqmnelad es sakvanZo sakiTxia. misi SemoReba codnaze orientirebuli evrokavSirisTvis erTiani bazris mSeneblobis dasrulebis niSani iqneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi evrointegraciis RonisZiebebs 27

Soris erT-erTi urTulesi aRmoCnda (igi ver gadawyda lisabonis strategiiT dasaxul

vadebSi),

evrokavSiri

Tanmimdevrulad

uaxlovdeba

mis

gadawyvetas.

gamartivda evropuli patentis moqmedebis procedurebi. amoqmedda gaerTianebis

savaWro niSani da gaerTianebis dizaini. gaerTianebis patenti darCeba erTiani evropis ganviTarebis dRis wesrigSi 2020 wlisTvis. evrokavSirma mTlianad, wevr saxelmwifoebTan da regionebTan erTad, bevri gaakeTa

isu

sferoSi

aqtivobis

gasaZliereblad

mimarTulebebiT.

isu

damadasturebelia

Tundac

konkurentunarianobis

sakiTxebis is

rom,

uzrunvelmyof

sakanonmdeblo

mniSvnelobis regionebic elements

aRqma ki

da

da

gaZlierda.

aRiqvamen sadac

organizaciuli mas,

SeuZliaT,

amis

rogorc ukeTes

pirobebs uqmnian, vidre qveyana mTlianobaSi (magaliTad, baskeTi).

isu dacvis sakiTxebi aRqmulia, rogorc evropuli paradoqsis daZlevis erT-erTi mTavari instrumenti – evropuli mecnierebis TvalsaCino miRwevebi unda aisaxos misi konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi. amisTvis sajaro seqtorSi kvlevis Sedegebis

isu dacvis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi ixveweba evrokavSirisa da erovnul doneebze. magram isu dacvis reJimebis araerTgvarovneba mainc seriozul damabrkolebel (da gadasalax) faqtorad rCeba. problemebi didwilad erovnulisa da evropulis Tanafardobi tradiciul aRqmasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

28

evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento saqmianobis mxardam mxardamWeri Weri RonisZiebebi

fineTi

SvedeTi

bulgareTi

estoneTi

poloneTi

rumineTi

slovakeTi

slovenia

ungreTi

CexeTi

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+


64 + + + 65







-







-







-

?


66


67

+




+

+




„profesoris privilegiis“ gauqmeba

+

- + +

-

+

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

-

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba

+

+ + +

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

universitetebSi kompaniebis

+

+ + +

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

+ + +

+

?

+

?

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

dania

belgi belgiaa

safrangeTi

+

saberZneTi

portugalia

+

irlandia

+

+ + +

espaneTi

+

+

britaneTi

+

kvleviT da komerciul funqciebs

germania

+

avstria

niderlandebi

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi

italia

ganviTarebuli qveynebi

Soris balansis dadgena. bei-doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonis nairsaxeobis miReba

dafuZnebis xelSewyoba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi sapatento

-

Semosavlebze licenzirebisas patentis Semdgomi

-

64


niSniT aRniSnulia is qveynebi, sadac bei-doulis ideologiis gaziareba mxolod `profesoris privilegiis” gauqmebiT Semoifargla.

65

 qveynebi, sadac bei-doulis ZiriTadi debulebebi ganxorcielebuli iyo aSS-Si bei-doulis miRebamde da maRali Sedegebic iyo miRweuli.

66

estoneTSi sis-ze universitetebis mflobeloba maTi wesdebebiT isazRvreba. kanoni amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs.

67

poloneTSi, slovakiaSi, ukrainaSi sapatento kanoni acxadebs, rom patentze uflebebi avtomaturad ekuTvnis damqiravebels, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kontraqtiT. sajaro kvleviT dawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi, es bei-doulis kanonis analogiuria.

29

kvlevebisTvis gamoyeneba patentebis unebarTvo gamoyeneba

+

+ + +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+ + +

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

?

?

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

kvlevaSi (research exemption) gamomgoneblisTvis SeRavaTiani

-

68

-

periodis miniWeba (grace period) winaswari ganacxadi Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis

(provisional patenting)

meToduri masalebis momzadeba

68

ungreTSi da zogierT sxva aRmosavleTevropul qveyanaSi SeRavaTiani periodi (Cveulebriv, 6 Tve) vrceldeba mxolod oficialur gamofenebSi monawileobaze, xolo samecniero publikaciaze - ara.

30

literatura Agreement on the application of Article 65 of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents. Official Journal EPO, 12/2001, p. 550 (http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/london-agreement.html) An assessment of the implications for basic genetic engineering research of failure to publish, or late publication of, papers on subjects which could be patentable as required under Article 16(b) of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL, COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.01.2002. (http://eur-lex.europa.eu). An Industrial Property Rights Strategy for Europe. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE. Brussels, 16.7.2008, COM(2008) 465 final B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and D. François. The cost factor in patent systems. Université Libre de Bruxelles – Solvay Business School – Centre Emile Bernheim, CEB Working Paper N° 06/002, 2006 (http://www.solvay.edu/EN/Research/Bernheim/documents/wp06002.pdf) Commission Recommendation on the management of intellectual property in knowledge transfer activities and Code of Practice for universities and other public research organisations. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2008. ISSN 1018-5593. COMPENDIUM OF PATENT STATISTICS. OECD, 2008 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf) Contacts, contracts and codices. Research co-operation between universities and companies. Danish Rectors’ Conference - Confederation of Danish Industries. 2004, pp.48. Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973 - European Patent Convention (EPC). (http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/epc/2000/e/contents.html). Copyright in the Knowledge Economy. GREEN PAPER Brussels, 16.7.2008 COM(2008) 466 final (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0466:FIN:EN:PDF) Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark. Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs. daviT gabunia, giorgi TaqTaqiSvili. saerTaSoriso saavtoro samarTali: bernis konvencia, romis

konvencia, TRIPS-is SeTanxmeba. analizi da komentarebi. saqpatenti, Tbilisi, 2005, 280 gv. DENT, Chris, JENSEN, Paul, WALLER, Sophie and WEBSTER, Beth. Research Use of Patented Knowledge: A Review. STI Working Paper. Intellectual Property Rights. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY, OECD, 17-Mar-2006, pp. 53. DSTI/DOC(2006)2. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/16/36311146.pdf) Development and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.07.2005 COM(2005) 312 final (SEC(2005) 943) DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. Official Journal of the European Communities, 22.6.2001, L 167/10 EN (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:167:0010:0019:EN:PDF) Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of

31

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