CSIRO PUBLISHING
Emu, 2009, 109, 321–326
www.publish.csiro.au/journals/emu
Interactions of long-line fishing with seabirds in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with a focus on White-capped Albatrosses (Thalassarche steadi) Sebastián Jiménez A,B,C, Andrés Domingo A,B,F, Alejandro Marquez D, Martin Abreu A, Alejandro D’Anatro E and Alfredo Pereira D Proyecto Albatros y Petreles – Uruguay, Avenuenida Giannattasio Km. 30.500, El Pinar, Canelones, Uruguay. B Departamento de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos, Constituyente 1497, C.P.11.200, Montevideo, Uruguay. C Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay. D Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Organismos Acuáticos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos, Constituyente 1497, C.P.11.200, Montevideo, Uruguay. E Sección Evolución y Sistemática, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay. F Corresponding author. Email:
[email protected] A
Abstract. We analyse the interactions of seabirds with the Uruguayan long-line fishing fleet in the south-western Atlantic Ocean, with a focus on White-capped Albatrosses (Thalassarche (cauta) steadi). The aim of this work is to determine the species composition of the incidental by-catch of seabirds and assess the importance (in terms of abundance) of White-capped Albatross in the seabird assemblage attending this fishery. Counts of seabirds associated with fishing vessels (n = 132 counts) were made during five commercial fishing trips in Uruguayan waters, and the incidental by-catch of seabirds per line-set (n = 44 line-sets) was recorded. Of 25 species of seabird recorded in association with the vessels, five were incidentally caught on long-lines. The relative frequency of occurrence of shy-type albatrosses (cauta-type) observed was 25% and their abundance was in the range 0–20 birds; most birds seen were immatures. The three specimens of shy-type albatrosses caught, along with two other specimens caught by the fleet in 2004, were identified by molecular analysis. All were confirmed to be White-capped Albatrosses, suggesting this species is the predominant one among the shy-type albatrosses occurring in the region. Before this study, there was little information on seabirds for this region of the south-western Atlantic Ocean and it was not included in the distribution of the White-capped Albatross. However, the results of this study confirm its occurrence in this region, expanding its global range and show that it is exposed to pelagic long-line fisheries in this part of the Atlantic.
Introduction Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) and many other species of seabirds are caught incidentally as by-catch in commercial fisheries around the world, with consequent serious impacts on some populations (Robertson and Gales 1998; Brothers et al. 1999; Tasker et al. 2000; González-Zevallos and Yorio 2006; Sullivan et al. 2006). Commercial long-line fisheries cause the death of tens of thousands of seabirds annually (Brothers 1991; Brothers et al. 1999). Death occurs principally during setting operations, as birds become hooked or entangled in the lines when they try to feed on baits and then drown (Brothers et al. 1999). At least 11 species of albatrosses have been recorded in the south-western Atlantic Ocean, including several species that breed in other oceans, such as those formerly known as Diomedea cauta. These albatrosses are undoubtedly the least Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union 2009
well known of the albatrosses occurring in the south-western Atlantic Ocean, in part owing to the paucity of records (Petry et al. 1991; Lima et al. 2004; Phalan et al. 2004; Seco Pon et al. 2007), which itself is probably a result of difficulties in the identification to species level and recent taxonomic changes. According Robertson and Nunn (1998) the taxon formerly known as D. cauta comprises four terminal taxa. Chatham Island and Salvin’s Albatrosses, traditionally considered as two subspecies (D. c. eremita and D. c. salvini) were renamed as Thalassarche eremita and T. salvini respectively. The remaining two taxa are T. cauta (Shy Albatross) and T. steadi (White-capped Albatrosses), formerly classified as a single subspecies (D. c. cauta). The taxonomy of Shy and White-capped Albatrosses has been under discussion for some time. Morphometric (Double et al. 2003) and molecular analysis 10.1071/MU09048
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(Abbott and Double 2003a, 2003b) have been conducted to clarify their specific status. Currently, both taxa are considered as valid species in scientific literature (Abbott et al. 2006; Baker et al. 2007), though this position is not universally accepted (Penhallurick and Wink 2004; Christidis and Boles 2008). Here we treat these taxa as separate species. Nevertheless, owing to phenotypic similarity between Shy and White-capped Albatrosses, these two species have often been referred to as ‘shy-type albatrosses’ in the literature (see Abbott and Double 2003a; Phalan et al. 2004; Abbott et al. 2006; Baker et al. 2007). Shy Albatrosses breed at three Australian sites: Albatross, Mewstone and Pedra Branca Islands; White-capped Albatrosses breed in New Zealand, on Disappointment, Adams and Auckland Islands in the Auckland Group, and on Bollons Island in the Antipodes Group (Gales 1998). Similarity in external appearance, overlapping measures, wear of the tips of feathers (see Phalan et al. 2004) and the condition of dead specimens combine to make morphometric identification very difficult. However, a method based on molecular analyses was effective in determining the species composition of by-catch in Australian, New Zealand and South African waters (Abbott et al. 2006). In this paper, we analyse the seabird by-catch of the Uruguayan long-line fishing fleet in the south-western Atlantic Ocean and determine the composition and abundance of the seabird assemblage attending this fishery. We record for the first time the incidental capture of White-capped Albatrosses by the long-line fishery in this area and discuss the by-catch of this species in the region. Methods The long-line fishing fleet and study area The Uruguayan pelagic long-line fishing fleet has operated regularly in the south-western Atlantic Ocean since 1981, with a fishing effort of >29 million hooks to 2006 (Domingo et al. 2008). The usual gear and typical operation are described in Jiménez et al. (2009). Current target species include swordfish (Xiphias gladius), tuna (Thunnus albacares, T. alalunga and T. obesus) and pelagic sharks (Prionace glauca, Isurus oxyrinchus). Twelve vessels, between 15 and 37 m in length were active in 2005. Five trips on four different commercial fishing vessels were made in February, May, July, November and December of 2005 to study the interactions with seabirds on the slope of the Common Argentinean–Uruguayan Fishing Zone (CAUFZ; Fig. 1), a zone influenced by the Subtropical Convergence, which is the confluence of the Brazil Subtropical Current and the Falklands Current (Seeliger et al. 1998; Acha et al. 2004). Seabird abundance Daily counts were made, weather conditions permitting, in the morning (0630–0930 hours, ~1 h after the start of hauling operations), around noon (1030–1330 hours, during hauling or immediately after) and in the afternoon–evening (1630–1930 hours, always during daylight hours and often shortly before or at the start of the setting). The number of counts per month was 8 (February), 45 (May), 26 (July), 6 (November) and 47 (December). The counts were made from the stern of the vessel, in a 200 400-m sampling area (200 m
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South western Atlantic Ocean
Shy-type albatross (n ind) 1 2–5 6–20 counts
Fig. 1. The study area, showing distribution of seabird counts and distribution of shy-type albatrosses observed attending Uruguayan pelagic long-line vessels in 2005.
astern and 200 m on the starboard and port side) and lasted ~30 min. The number of seabirds present during any survey usually did not exceeded 200, though it was usually necessary to resort to estimations than absolute counts of numbers. Because it is difficult to distinguish Shy and White-capped Albatrosses at sea, any such birds observed were classified as shy-type albatrosses. Age was determined by bill-colour according to Onley and Bartle (1999): birds with lemonyellow bill-tips were classified as adults and those with darker bill tips as immatures (including juveniles). Shy-type albatrosses were distinguished from Salvin’s and Chatham Albatrosses by the smaller black tip to the underwing (Harper and Kinsky 1978; Harrison 1985). This feature is applicable to all ages (Onley and Scofield 2007). Abundance of each species of seabird was analysed as relative frequency of occurrence (FO%) – the number of counts in which a species occurred as a percentage of the total number of counts – and as the number of individuals (mean, maximum and minimum) observed around fishing vessels throughout the study period. Incidental capture Forty-four long-line sets, comprising 51 405 hooks, were observed in the five trips. For each set, we recorded the number of birds caught, the species, how they were caught and whether they were dead or alive. If alive, we recorded whether the bird was released and its condition upon release. Three shy-type albatrosses killed during fishing operations were collected. One specimen was deposited with the collection of the Vertebrate Zoology Department of the Collage of Sciences (a whole bird, serial number ZVA 1286). The other two specimens were placed with the National Museum of Natural History and Anthropology (MUNHINA; one whole bird, serial number MNHN 6198; one head only, serial number MNHN 6200). The sex of the two complete specimens was determined by dissection.
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Identification of shy-type albatrosses to species
Abundance of shy-type albatrosses and other seabirds
To determine the species of the shy-type albatrosses incidentally caught by the Uruguayan long-line fleet, in addition to the three specimens caught during this study we included in the analysis two additional specimens collected in 2004 by observers from the National Observers Program on Board the Tuna Fleet (PNOFA) of the National Agency of Aquatic Resources (DINARA). The samples consisted of the heads of two albatrosses (both immatures or juveniles of unknown sex). One head from a specimen captured in Uruguayan waters (35430 S, 52490 W), on 21 May, is deposited with MUNHINA (serial number MNHN 6199). The other head was from a bird captured in international waters off southern Brazil between August and October. We obtained muscle samples from the five shy-type albatross specimens. A segment of domain I of the control region 2 was amplified by PCR using primers SPECF2 and GluR7 according to Abbott and Double (2003a). We identified the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) shown by Abbott and Double (2003a), in which there is a difference between White-capped and Shy Albatrosses.
The most frequently observed species were White-chinned Petrels (scientific names for all species are given in Table 1) and Black-browed Albatrosses, which occurred in 81.7 and 80.2% of the counts respectively. Great Shearwaters, Wilson Storm-Petrels, giant-petrels (Northern and Southern GiantPetrels pooled), Spectacled Petrels and Cape Petrels were present in over 50% of the counts. The most abundant species was the Spectacled Petrel (mean 12.8 individuals per count, maximum 200), followed, in order of abundance, by Blackbrowed Albatrosses, Great Shearwaters and White-chinned and Cape Petrels, Wilson’s Storm-Petrels and giant-petrels, each with maximum numbers ranging between 50 and 100 individuals per count (Table 1). Shy-type albatrosses were observed in 25% of the counts, and their mean abundance was 1 individual per count (maximum 20 individuals) (Table 1). Shy-type albatrosses were not recorded in any of the counts in February and May. In five of the 26 counts in July (FO% = 19.2) we observed one to three shy-type albatrosses. In one of these, we observed two adults along with an immature. In the remaining four counts, we observed one to two immature birds. During one of the six counts in November (FO% = 16.7) a single immature was observed. In 27 of the 47 counts in December (FO% = 57.4), shy-type albatrosses were observed, with an abundance of 0–20 individuals (mean = 2.5). During most of the counts only immatures were observed. The exception was a single count
Results In total, 25 species were recorded in the 132 counts performed. Table 1 shows the species composition, including their FO% and the mean numbers of birds observed throughout the study period.
Table 1. Relative frequency of occurrence (FO%) and mean numbers per count (range in parentheses) of seabirds attending Uruguayan long-line vessels in the Argentinean–Uruguayan fishing zone during 2005 Species arranged in decreasing relative frequency Species
FO%
Mean number of birds per count
White-chinned Petrel (Procellaria aequinoctialis) Black-browed Albatross (Thalassarche melanophris) Great Shearwater (Ardenna gravis) Wilson Storm-Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) Giant-petrels (Macronectes giganteus and M. halli combined) Spectacled Petrel (Procellaria conspicillata) Atlantic Petrel (Pterodroma incerta) Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassarche (chlororhynchos) chlororhynchos) Cape Petrel (Daption capense) Antarctic Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) Wandering Albatross sensu lato (Diomedea exulans and D. dabbenena) Northern Royal Albatross (Diomedea (epomophora) sanfordi) Shy-type albatrosses (Thalassarche cauta and T. steadi combined) Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) Antarctic Prion (Pachyptila desolata) Southern Royal Albatross (Diomedea (epomophora) epomophora) Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) Black-bellied Storm-Petrel (Fregetta tropica) Gulls (Larus sp.) Jaegers (Stercorarius sp.) Skuas (Catharacta sp.) Terns (Sterna sp.) South American Tern (Sterna hirundinacea) Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus) Mean number of species per counts Mean number of birds per counts
81.7 80.2 66.4 58.0 58.0 56.5 56.5 55.0 54.2 40.5 29.8 27.5 25.0 8.4 5.3 4.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.1 2.3 1.5 1.5 0.8
7.1 (0–50) 10.9 (0–100) 7.2 (0–100) 4.2 (0–60) 3.9 (0–60) 12.8 (0–200) 1.6 (0–37) 2.8 (0–25) 5.9 (0–100) 1.8 (0–30) 0.5 (0–4) 0.7 (0–5) 1.0 (0–20) 0.1 (0–5) 0.1 (0–7) 0.2 (0–3) 0.1 (0–2) 0.1 (0–2) 0.1 (0–2) 0.0 (0–1) 0.0 (0–1) 0.0 (0–2) 0.0 (0–1) 0.0 (0–3) 7.3 (1–12) 61.4 (1–231)
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where two adults were observed along with 18 immatures. The distribution of the shy-type albatrosses across the region is shown in Fig. 1. By-catch and identification to species Thirty-five birds were incidentally caught in the observed fishing trips. Of these, 28 died, representing a birds caught per unit of effort (BCPUE) of 0.54 birds per 1000 hooks. We also observed seven birds that had their wings entangled in the buoy lines as the buoys were hauled at the stern of the vessel. These were released alive and without apparent injuries. The most frequently captured species was the Black-browed Albatross (n = 29), which represented 82% (n = 23, BCPUE = 0.45) of the seabirds hooked and 86% (n = 6) of the seabirds entangled in the line. The remaining five hooked birds were shy-type albatrosses (n = 3, BCPUE = 0.06), an Atlantic Yellownosed Albatross (n = 1, BCPUE = 0.02) and a Northern Royal Albatross (n = 1, BCPUE = 0.02). The seventh bird entangled in the buoy lines was a Southern Giant-Petrel. In two of the trips, we observed three juvenile or immature shy-type albatross (two males and a third of unknown sex) that had been hooked in Uruguayan waters: one (MNHN 6198) on 22 July 2005 at 36310 S, 53180 W and the other two on 19 November 2005 at 35480 S, 52530 W (ZVA 1286) and 35490 S, 52490 W (MNHN 6200). Through the molecular analyses performed, the five specimens (including the two specimens collected by the PNOFA during 2004) were identified as White-capped Albatrosses. Discussion Abundance of seabirds The continental slope off southern Brazil, Uruguay and northern Argentina, is under the influence of the Subtropical Convergence formed by the confluence of the warm Brazilian Current and the cold Falklands Current (Acha et al. 2004). This accounts for the occurrence of a wide variety of seabird species, some associated with the Brazilian Current (mainly Spectacled Petrels and Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses) that breed on Tristan da Cunha and Gough Islands, and others associated with the Falklands Current that breed at South Georgia (i.e. Wandering Albatrosses, Northern Giant-Petrels and White-chinned Petrels), the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (Black-browed Albatross), and elsewhere in the Southern Ocean (Northern and Southern Royal Albatrosses, Cape Petrels and Antarctic Fulmars) (Tickell 1967; Veit 1995; González-Solís et al. 2000; Croxall and Wood 2002; Nicholls et al. 2002; Olmos 2002; Favero and Silva Rodríguez 2005; Neves et al. 2006; Phillips et al. 2006). The relative occurrence and the abundance of shy-type albatrosses observed in association with long-line vessels were close to those of other species common in the region (see Table 1). Though the molecular identification of the five specimens incidentally captured showed that they were White-capped Albatrosses, the possibility that Shy Albatrosses also occur in Uruguayan waters cannot be ruled out at this stage.
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The distribution of White-capped Albatrosses The molecular identification of birds incidentally captured in waters off New Zealand, South Africa and Australia conducted by Abbott et al. (2006) contributed valuable information about the at-sea distribution of Shy and White-capped Albatrosses, and disclosed significant differences between them. White-capped Albatrosses represented 100% of the individuals incidentally caught in New Zealand (n = 80), South African (n = 24) and western Australian (n = 6) fisheries, as well as the largest proportion in eastern Australia (19 of 23 sampled birds). Tasmanian waters were the only region where Shy Albatrosses prevailed (61 of 93 sampled birds). This indicates that the Whitecapped Albatross has a more extensive distribution than the more restricted Shy Albatross (Brothers et al. 1997, 1998; Hedd and Gales 2005). It is currently considered that the main range of the Whitecapped Albatross includes the waters off New Zealand, South Africa and Australia (Baker et al. 2007). There are a few records of shy-type albatrosses from the south-western Atlantic Ocean (Petry et al. 1991; Lima et al. 2004; Phalan et al. 2004) and the only confirmed record of White-capped Albatross before this study was that of Phalan et al. (2004), who observed an adult at Bird Island, South Georgia, and subsequently confirmed the identification by DNA analysis. This led this region to be considered out of the regular distribution range of this species. In contrast, this study strongly suggests that the south-western Atlantic falls within the regular distribution of White-capped Albatrosses as a feeding area used mainly by immatures or juveniles. By-catch The catch rate of 0.54 birds per 1000 hooks observed in the present study is in the same order of magnitude reported for the same fleet in the period 1998–2004 (0.42 birds per 1000 hooks; Jiménez et al. 2009). As with previous studies, Black-browed Albatrosses were the most frequently captured species in both periods (Jiménez et al. 2009). However, so far the capture of shy-type albatrosses had not been recorded in any long-line fishery in this area. Specifically, Jiménez et al. (2009) identified 128 of 272 birds captured by the Uruguayan longline fleet in the period 1998–2004, none of which was shytype albatross. Bugoni et al. (2008) studied the incidental capture of seabirds by the Brazilian pelagic long-line fishery based on long-term observational data: no shy-type albatrosses were recorded. In Argentina, Favero et al. (2003) did not record the capture of shy-type albatrosses by the bottom long-line fishery either. The capture of shy-type albatrosses was observed in a particular area of the region (the continental slope off Uruguay), where the Uruguayan long-line fleet made ~50% of the fishing effort (1 092 522 hooks) in 2005 (DINARA, unpubl. data). The wide spatial and temporal variation in the seabird by-catch observed in the region (Bugoni et al. 2008; Jiménez et al. 2009) and the number of hooks analysed in this study (51 405 hooks) do not permit us to make a reliable estimation of White-capped Albatross by-catch by the Uruguayan long-line fishery operating on the slope. An extrapolation of these data to the whole fleet could lead to an
White-capped Albatross in the south-western Atlantic
overestimation of rates of by-catch. However, the data obtained in this study show the need for further research to assess the impact of the long-line fisheries on White-capped Albatrosses in the south-western Atlantic Ocean.
Acknowledgements This work was made possible by the Programa Nacional de Observadores de la Flota Atunera Uruguaya (PNOFA), Departamento de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos. This work was undertaken in the frame of the Proyecto Albatros y Petreles – Uruguay, and was funded by the ‘Save the Albatross Campaign’ sponsored by the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO), Birds Australia, and Birdlife International’s ‘Save the Albatross’ campaign. Special thanks go to Storrs Olson for comments on an early version of the manuscript. We thank Stella Weng for comments on the text and assistance with the translation and Graham Robertson, Barry Baker and anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions.
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Manuscript received 7 June 2009, accepted 2 September 2009
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