International Conference on Trends in Agricultural ...

CZECH UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE

Faculty of Engineering

6th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering 2016

Proceeding of 6th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering 2016

September 7th 2016 – September 9th 2016 Prague Czech Republic

Editor in chief:

David Herák

Editors:

Rostislav Chotěborský, Stanislav Kovář, Václav Křepčík

Online version is available at http://www.tae-conference.cz/

ISBN 978-80-213-2683-5

6th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering 2016 September 7th 2016 – September 9th 2016 Conference TAE 2016 publishes research in engineering and physical sciences that represent advances in understanding or modelling of the performance of biological and physical systems for sustainable developments in land use and the environment, agriculture and amenity, bioproduction processes and the food chain, logistics systems in agriculture, manufacturing and material systems in design of agriculture engineering. Conference venue: Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, Prague, 16521, Czech Republic Scientific committee:

Nikolay Aldoshin - Russia

Algirdas Jasinskas - Lithuania

Darma Bakti - Indonesia

Mitsuhiko Katahira – Japan

Mehmet A. Beyhan - Turkey

Timo Kikas - Estonia

Jiří Blahovec - Czech Republic

Marián Kučera - Slovakia

Volodymyr Bulgakov - Ukraine

František Kumhála - Czech Republic

Feto Berisso - Ethiopia

José Machado - Portugal

Silwester Borowski – Poland

Jiří Mašek - Czech Republic

Luis Fernando Caicedo - Ecuador

Miroslav Müller - Czech Republic

Rostislav Chotěborský - Czech Republic

Pavel Neuberger - Czech Republic

Roberto D'Amato - Spain

Simon Popescu - Romania

Otan Didmadidze - Russia

Alessandro Ruggiero – Italy

Richard John Godwin - UK

Ladislav Ševčík - Czech Republic

Gürkan A. K. Gürdil - Turkey

Willi Toisuta – Indonesia

David Herák - Czech Republic

Sotos C. Voskarides - Cyprus

Semjons Ivanov - Latvia

Stavros Yanniotis - Greece

Vytenis Jankauskas - Lithuania

Moltot Belayneh Zewdie - Ethiopia

All manuscripts in conference proceedings have been reviewed by peer review process.

Reviewers: Adamovský R.; Aldoshin N.; Aleš Z.; Bakti M.; Berisso F.; Beyhan M.; Dajbych O.; D'Amato R.; Didmadidze O.; Gurdil A. K. G.; Herák D.; Hrabě P.; Chotěborský R.; Jankauskas V. ; Jasinskas A.; Jurča V.; Kabutey A.; Kučera M.; Kumhála F.; Libra M.; Lisowski A.; Machado J.; Mašek J.; Moltot Z.; Müller M.; Napitupulu R.; Neuberger P.; Pandiangan S.; Petrů M.; Popescu S.; Poulek V.; Rataj V.; Ruggiero A.; Růžička M.; Selvi K. C.; Sigalingging R.; Simanjuntak S.; Ševčík L.; Valášek P.; Valickas J.

Welcome to Trends in Agriculture Engineering 2016 The progressive prestige that Trends in Agriculture Engineering has attained has made it a world-wide reference on fast developments in agriculture from its engineering point of view and a meeting point for professionals with responsibilities in the improvement of this fundamental area devoted to meeting diverse human needs. 117 papers have been selected for TAE 2016 by the Technical Committee of the conference to be presented in a wide thematic spectrum, covering the newest and most relevant aspects of agricultural engineering. The Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, organizer of this 6th TAE conference, welcomes you to this event. Prague, the largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia, cordially welcomes you and looks forward to making your stay with us the most pleasant possible.

Cordially, prof. Ing. Vladimír Jurča, CSc. Dean of Faculty of Engineering Czech University of Life Sciences Prague

Contents

D.Т. Аbilzhanov, Т. Аbilzhanuly, F. Kumhála, А.S. Аlshurina, A.S. Adilsheev Parameters justification of pickup mechanism for forage harvester

2

R. Adamovský, P. Neuberger, D. Adamovský Energy extraction from rock mass using vertical heat exchangers

9

V. Adomavičius, J. Valickas, G. Petrauskas, L. Pušinaitis Potential of village house for sustainable energy production

17

N. Aldoshin Methods of harvesting of mixed crops

26

Z. Aleš, J. Pavlů, M. Pexa, J. Svobodová, M. Kučera, B. Peterka, J. Pošta Influence of biobutanol on wear of fuel injection system

33

Ö. Ayer Material flow analysis of bimetallic hollow disc upsetting

38

B. Badalíková, J. Novotná,V. Altmann, I. Balada Effect of diffrect doses of compost on soil properties

44

I. Balada, V. Altmann Production of briquettes from waste paper

52

F. E. Berisso Soil physical properties as affected by repeated wheeling

57

J. Bernas, M. Kopecký, J. Moudrý Jr., Z. Jelínková, J. Moudrý, K Suchý Cultivation of tall wheatgrass and reed canary grass for energy purposes in terms of environmental impacts

64

J. Blahovec Thermal analysis of root vegetable at 30 – 90 °C

71

S. Borowski, L. Knopik, M. Markiewicz-Patalon, A. Brzostek Assessment of transport substrates for selected agricultural biogas plant

76

M. Boţíková, P. Hlaváč, M. Valach, Ľ. Híreš, Ľ. Krišťák, M. Malínek, T. Regrút Selected thermal and rheologic parameters of liquid fuels

81

M. Broţek Wood wear resistance to bonded abrasive particles

88

A. Brunerová, M. Broţek Optimal feedstock particle size and its influence on final briquette quality

95

V. M. Bulgakov, V. V. Adamchuk, L. Nozdrovicky, M. Boris, Y. I. Ihnatiev Properties of the sugar beet tops during the harvest

102

V. Bulgakov, O. Adamchuk, S. Ivanovs Theoretical investigations of mineral fertiliser distribution by means of an inclined centrifugal tool

109

M. Çercioglu Application of organic and inorganic amendments on soil physical properties of a xerofluvent soil

117

D. Cillis, A. Pezzuolo, F. Gasparini, F. Marinello, L. Sartori Differential harvesting strategy: technical and economic feasibility

122

J. Čedík, M. Pexa, J. Chyba, R. Praţan Pressure conditions inside the workspace of mulcher with vertical axis of rotation

129

O. Dajbych, A. Sedláček Wire diameter of helical compression springs initial estimation

135

O. N. Didmanidze, G. E. Mityagin, A. M. Karev The development of the automobile transport in agriculture

138

Š. Dvořáková, J. Zeman Tidal effects on small catchments

150

I. Gravalos, D. Kateris, T. Gialamas, P. Xyradakis, N. Alfieris, P. Pigis Edge detection in ficus carica tree images using fuzzy logic

155

G. Gürdil, B. Demirel, Y. Baz, Ç. Demire Pelleting hazelnut husk residues for biofuel

162

G. Gürdil, B. Demirel, I. Balada, Y. Baz Determining organic waste potential of mobile public bazaars in Samsun (review)

166

J. Hart, V. Hartová, J. Bradna Intrusion and hold-up alarm systems and their reliability glass break detection

171

V. Hartová, J. Hart, J. Bradna Reliability of face readers in difficult conditions

175

P. Heřmánek, A. Rybka, I. Honzík, D. Hoffmann, B. Jošt, J. Podsedník Construction and verification of an experimental chamber dryer for drying hops

179

P. Hlaváč, M. Boţiková Temperature effect on milk selected physical properties

186

Z. Hlaváčová, T. Regrut, M. Malínek Drying characteristics and electrical properties

191

P. Hrabě, A. Sedláček Mechanical behaviour of oil rape seeds during relaxation and creep

197

J. Hůla, P. Kovaříček, P. Novák, M. Vlášková Surface water runoff and soil loss in maize cultivation

201

L. Chládek, Z. Holečková, P. Vaculík Different ways of fertilizer application together withbio-Effectors for maize biotope

206

R. Chotěborský, M. Linda, A. Kabutey Detection of austenite transformation of ADI cast iron using electromagnetic sensor

211

O. Chotovinský, V. Altmann, M. Přikryl Influence of weather conditions on waste biomass production in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic

216

J. Chyba, F. Kumhála, P. Novák Mapping and differences of soil physical properties

224

G. İrsel The machine learning concept for an inclination sensor

230

M. Janošíková, B. Chalupa Influence of depigmentation on mechanical parameters of horsehair of Old Kladruber horse

238

A. Jasinskas, I. Kibirkštienė, R. Domeika, J. Čėsna, K. Romaneckas, J. Mašek Research of willow preparation and utilization for energy purposes

243

P. Jindra, M. Kotek, T. Kotek, M. Hruška The influence of injection time's dynamic changes on particulate matters production

250

O. Kabas, İ. Ünal Effects of different conversation tillage systems on soil physical properties in West Mediterranean in Turkey

256

A. Kabutey, D. Herák, J. Hanuš, R. Chotěborský, O. Dajbych, R. Sigalingging, O. L. Akangbe Prediction of pressure and energy requirement of Jatropha curcas L bulk seeds under non-linear pressing

262

H. Kammuri, R. Otani Reducing field permeability and water input with surface compaction in dry seeded rice field

270

F. Karaçam Genetic operators effect on stacking sequence optimization

277

J. Kaszkowiak, E. Kaszkowiak, M. Markiewicz-Patalon Impact of alcohol addition to fuel on the noise level of small combustion engines

285

D. Kateris, I. Gravalos, Th. Gialamas, P. Xyradakis, D. Moshou A new approach to fault diagnosis in agricultural tractor mechanical gearbox

290

A. Kešner, R. Chotěborský, M. Linda A numerical simulation of steel quenching

300

P. Kic Dust pollution in buildings for chicken fattening

306

S. Konno, H. Shindo, M. Katahira, M. Natasuga Fuel consumption of agricultural machines on paddy fields

312

J. Kosiba, J. Jablonický, R. Bernát, P. Kuchar Effect of ecological hydraulic fluid on operation of tractor hydraulic circuit

317

M. Kotek, P. Jindra, J. Mařík, F. Lachnit The influence of exhaust catalyst with reduced efficiency on real exhaust emissions

323

S. Kovář The influence of nozzle type and pressure on the dosage uniformity of rainfall simulator

328

A. Krofová, M. Müller Influence of destination at adhesive bond production on its strength

333

J. Krupička, P. Šařec Measurement of electrical conductivity of fertilizer LAD 27

339

M. Krupička, A. Rybka, P. Heřmánek, I. Honzík Analysis of hop matter separation with increased roller conveyor throughput

345

Ľ. Kubík, F. Adamovský Mechanical properties of biomass pellets

352

J. Lev, M. Lahodová, J. Blahovec Precise automatic detection of plant seed germination

361

M. Linda, M. Hromasová Analysis of rapid temperature changes of the object with higher thermal constant

366

A. Lisowski, J. Klonowski, A. Świętochowski, Z. Gut Power requirement for processing of maize plant by forage harvester

375

J. Malaťák, J. Bradna, P. Hrabě, M. Kučera Energy utilization of by-products from mechanical recycling process of electronic waste

385

J. Mašek, J. Chyba, J. Kumhálová, P. Novák, A. Jasinskas Effect of soil tillage technologies on soil properties in long term evaluation

391

I. Mašín, T. Riegr Dynamic characteristics of the karakuri transport trolley

398

M. Mimra, M. Kavka Risk analysis of desired minimum annual utilization

404

M. Müller, P. Valášek, A. Rudawska Influence of filler content on mechanical properties of aluminium al 99.5 single-lap bonds bonded with aluminium and polymer powder filled epoxy adhesive

412

R. A. Napitupulu, S. Ginting, W. Naibaho, T. Silaban, F. Gultom, H. Ambarita Simple solar cooking box design for boiling water

419

P. Neuberger, D. Adamovský, R. Adamovský Changes in temperature and energy in the ground mass with linear horizontal heat exchanger

425

P. Novák, J. Hůla, J. Kumhálová Translocation of soil particles at different speed of tillers

433

V. Novák, J. Volf, D. Novák, V. Ryzhenko Measurement of pressure converter with conductive ink

438

A. Nováková, M. Broţek Properties of fuel briquettes after three years storage

442

T. Otake, M. Sato, H. Shindo, M. Honjo, M. Saito, M. Katahira, S. Koide, M. Natsuga Power farming systems for welsh onion cultivation

447

S. Pandiangan, P. Lumbanraja, E. T. S. Saragih Response of paddy rice under system of rice intensification

453

J. Papeţ, P. Kic Standards and real parameters of dairy farm technology in Czech republic

460

J. Pavlů, Z. Aleš, V. Jurča Methods used to measuring fuel consumption during operation of tractors by telematics systems

466

M. Petrů, O. Novák, M. Syrovátková Mechanical properties of jute fibres reinforced plastics

472

M. Pexa, J. Čedík, R. Praţan Analysis of the NRSC test during the use of biofuels for the Zetor Forterra tractor

478

A. Pezzuolo, D. Cillis, F. Marinello, L. Sartori Relationship between satellite-derived NDVI and soil electrical resistivity: a case study

484

M. Polák, V. Polák, M. Hudousková Verification of model calculations for the Kaplan turbine design

490

Z. Poláková, M. Polák Centrifugal pump in turbine mode for small hydropower

500

J. Pošta, B. Peterka Approximate test of the thermal degradation of engine oil

506

V. Poulek, M. Libra, A. Khudysh Advanced constructions of radiation concentrators for photovoltaic systems (review)

512

R. Praţan, J. Čedík, I. Gerndtová, J. Neřold, M. Pexa Comparison of three sets of drive tractor tyres with respect to traction properties

516

P. Prikner, J. Volf Contact pressure distribution in tyre tread pattern

522

V. Rataj, M. Macák, M. Barát, J. Galambošová Soil compaction and soil moisture content in extreme climate conditions

528

H. Roubík, J. Mazancová, T. Heller, A. Brunerová, D. Herák Biogas as a promising energy source for Sumatra (review)

537

V. Roubík, B. Chalupa, P. Kouřím Yield comparison of north- and south-facing photovoltaic panels

545

M. Růţička, D. Marčev, D. Topol The parking generation at supermarkets and its influence on planning

548

A. Rybka, P. Heřmánek, I. Honzík, D. Hoffmann, K. Krofta Analysis of the technological process of hop drying in belt dryers

557

J. Řezníčková, K. Řasová Verification of the functionality of the diagnostic of a system with many attenuation elements

564

M. Sato, D. Tanabe, M. Katahira, M. Natsuga Establishment of a power farming system in an upland field converted from paddy field– green soybean growth and yields in an upland field during the first year after conversion from paddy field cultivation

568

J. Sedláček, J. Zeman The temperature response of mammals to a step change of the external temperature

573

H. Shindo, M. Saito, S. Keiji, S. Konno, M. Katahira Semi-crawler tractor effectiveness for laser levelling

578

R. Sigalingging, J. W. Ch. Sigalingging, D. Herák Solar energy opportunities for Indonesia agricultural systems

583

T. B. Sitorus, F. H. Napitupulu, H. Ambarita, T. G. Manik Performance analyses of solar adsorption refrigeration system using Indonesian activated carbon and methanol as working pair

588

M. Skřontová, L. Šimková, K. Jelen Relationship between the medulla and the diameter of ferret hairs

597

J. Souček Assessment of linseed harvest efficiency

602

A. Swietochowski, A. Lisowski, M. Dabrowska - Salwin The effect of particles sizes on the density and porosity of the material

609

M. Syrovátková, M. Kolínová, M. Petrů Micro-tomography analysis of the failures in glass fiber reinforced plastic

615

O. Šařec, P. Šařec Results of fourteen-year monitoring of technological and economic parameters of oilseed rape production in selected farm businesses

621

P. Šařec, P. Novák Influence of biological transformation of organic matter on improvement of water infiltration ability of modal luvisol

627

M. Šeďová Ground massif as a heat source for heat pump

633

L. Ševčík Equipment for testing stable flood defenses

638

V. Šleger, M. Müller, J. Zavrtálek Low-cyclic fatigue of adhesive bonds reinforced with fibres

644

T. Ūksas, R. Čingienė, V. Kučinskas, A. Sirvydas Solar energy conversion in plant leaf stomata as leaf temperature changes

652

İ. Ünal, Ö. Kabas, S. Çetin, M. Topakci Estimation of soil penetration resistance using generalized regression neural networking

658

K. Vaitauskienė, E. Šarauskis, V. Naujokienė, A. Jasinskas Influence of different methods of bio-preparation use on cutting characteristics of winter wheat residues

666

P. Valášek, A. Ruggiero, R. D'Amato, J. Machado Two-body abrasion of fe-based particle epoxy composites - experimental approach

673

O. Vlášek, P. Konvalina, K. Suchý, B. Machková Tools for evaluation of weed competitiveness of wheat

679

J. Volf, V. Novák, V. Ryzhenko, D. Novák Measurement of pressure distribution in knee joint replacement

685

Z. Vondrášek, L. Dlabal Determination of loading characteristics of a generator for a bladeless turbine

690

Z. Votruba Reliability of security system integration from the perspective of the integration solution

695

V. Vozárová, A. Petrović, J. Csillag, M. Boţiková, Ľ. Híreš, M. Valach Dynamic viscosity and pour point of hydraulic oils

703

M. Wasserbauer, D. Herák A review of municipal solid waste management in Indonesia

708

E. Yesiloglu , D. Yildirim , Y. B. Oztekin Effect of loading position and storage duration on the mechanical properties of abate fetel pear variety

714

D. Yıldırım, B. Cemek, A. Ünlükara Evaluating the soil moisture content through different interpolation methods

719

M. Zastempowski, A. Bochat Innovative constructions of cutting and grinding assemblies of agricultural machinery

726

N. Ţemličková, P. Šařec Influence of application of organic matter and its activators on soil-tillage implement draft on modal luvisol

736

R. Zewdie, P. Kic Microclimate in drivers’ cabin of combine harvesters

743

6th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering 7 - 9 September 2016, Prague, Czech Republic

SIMPLE SOLAR COOKING BOX DESIGN FOR BOILING WATER R. A. Napitupulu1, S. Ginting1, W. Naibaho1, T. Silaban1, F. Gultom1, H. Ambarita2 1

Mechanical Engineering Department, Nommensen HKBP University, Medan, Indonesia Mechanical Engineering Department, University of North Sumatera, Medan, Indonesia

2

Abstract A simple solar cooker box was designed and constructed in this paper. The main objective is to make solar heating that can be used to boil water, as an alternative fuel for housewives in cooking. The main dimension of solar cooker design is 117 cm x 117 cm nd 30 cm height. Cooking experiment was conducted with different load (3, 4, 5 and 6 liters of water) in the field with the coordinates of 3o35' north latitude and 98o40' east longitude, starting at 09.00 am to 15.00 pm. The results show that the solar cooker box was able to boil 3 liters of water which can be increased up to 5 liters under better weather conditions. Key words: solar, cooking, design, water. INTRODUCTION During this time the housewives in Indonesia always used kerosene or LPG as a fuel source in the cooking of food, especially rice and water. This is due to the lack of alternative fuel that can be used in cooking as well as equipment energy conversion technology is still limited. MEANWHILE, LUBIS (2007) and KHOLIQ (2015) described that the potential of renewable energy such as biomass, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal and so has not been widely used, although the potential of renewable energy is quite a lot in Indonesia. Renewable energy resources will be offered a choice of fuel that is cleaner than the kerosene and LPG. The resources are less or even not pollute or produce gas pollution, and these resources will remain available. According to SEPTIADI AND NANLOHY (2009), one source of renewable energy that can be exploited in Indonesia is solar energy. Solar energy can be converted into other energy forms in accordance with the needs, for example electrical energy, mechanical energy or thermal energy which can be used directly through an intermediary medium. Indonesia as an archipelagic country located in equator line has a bigger potential of solar energy. Estimated solar energy in Indonesia has been investigated by several agencies and research institutions. Based on a white paper published by the MINISTRY OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY OF INDONESIA (2006) states that regions in Indonesia have the potential of solar energy is 4.8 kWh·m-2·day-1 or a total of 17.28 MJ·m-2·day-1. AMBARITA (2012) has conducted radiation measurements in the city of Medan and the result is daily

radiation varies from 0.53 kWh·m-2·day-1 until to 5.64 kWh·m-2·day-1 with an average value of 3.54 kWh·m-2·day-1 and radiation is on average 11.9 hours per day. The considerable potential is still largely wasted. YANDRI (2012) had described that only a small fraction has been utilized, either to produce electricity with photovoltaic systems as well as to generate heat for heating the thermal system as reported by FAUZI ET AL. (2012). Therefore, the authors saw an opportunity to use solar energy to reduce dependence housewives in Indonesia to kerosene and LPG, where the cooking stove with a solar thermal system can be one alternative. For cooking water to boil it takes a minimum temperature of 100 °C. Therefore, solar cooker box must be able to exceed this temperature. PANWAR ET AL. (2012) made some reviews about solar cooking as renewable and sustainable energy, and AKOY AND AHMED (2015) had designed, constructed and evaluated the solar cookers performance. KRISHNAN ET AL. (2012) designed and constructed the residential solar cooker used of the thermal storage media and using reflector by BUDHI ET AL. (2015). MUTHUSIVAGAMI ET AL. (2010) and MAHAVAR ET AL. (2011) constructed and evaluated solar cooker without thermal of heat storage media. Based on the evaluation results of previous studies, as well as view factor to the overall economy and ease to use, the aim study of this research is to make solar heating that can be used to boil water, as an alternative fuel for housewives in cooking.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS In designing the solar cookers box need to be understood first heat transfer mechanism, the capacity of water to be cooked as well as the assumptions used in the calculation. The heat obtained from the calculation is then converted into the design of the heater box in the shape, dimensions and type of material to be used. According to AMBARITA (2013) the working principle of solar cookers box is as follows. Solar energy that comes from solar radiation will be absorbed by the absorber. At this energy absorber will be turned into heat because the temperature of the plate will go up. High temperature absorber plate which will be used for cooking or raise the temperature of the water is cooked. In other words, the solar energy will go into the water cooked as useful energy. Because the temperature rises, they absorb part of the energy will be emitted again out by radiation. While some of them to the environment in combination convection and conduction through the walls, the floor, and the glass layer. The assumptions of heat transfer used in the design of solar cooker box are as follows: - Air temperature and items cooked Ta in the solar box is considered uniform. - Outside air temperature changes according to the daily temperature of air measured by the data logger - The intensity of sunlight changes according to data logger measured - The intensity of the incoming radiation to the absorber was partially obstructed by two layers of glass is turned into heat by 90%. Usually the glass transmissivity was 95%. - Temperatures are distinguished on the current temperature calculation T’ and the previous temperature T. The radiant energy into the heating box is: rad (1) Δt is the time interval of observation and A is the area of the absorber plate. The energy required to heat the air inside the solar heater is: a a a a a (2) ma is the mass of air, ca is the specific heat of air in the heater box and T’a is the current air temperature calculation in the heater box. Due to differences in temperature difference that occurs very small time interval Δt measurement is small, then the nature of the temperature difference can be evaluated using the initial temperature Ta. The energy used to boil the water or rice is: c c c a a (3)

mc is the mass of water that is cooked and cc is the specific heat of water is cooked. The energy required to heat the solar wall material is: m m pm am am (4) Σmm cpm is the sum of the product of the respective weight of the material with a specific heat of solar box wall materials. Planned wall layer consists of aluminum, rock-wool, stereo-foam and wood. While T am is the average temperature of the material, calculated by the equation: am

a

ao and

am

a

ao

(5)

This happens because the wall temperature is not the same as the air temperature in the solar box but varies between Ta and Tao. The energy required to heat the absorber plate is: b b b b b (6) mb and cb are the mass and heat absorber plate type of material used. While the heat is lost from the double glass roof is calculated by the equation: r a a (7) i

c

(8)

o

U is the total heat transfer resistance coefficient, hi is the coefficient of convection in the inner surface (natural convection bottom horizontal plate), k is the material coefficient of conductivity, hc is air convection coefficient between the first glass and the second glass (natural convection in a confined space), ho is the coefficient of convection in the outer surface (natural convection upper horizontal plate). All these equations are calculated using the formula Nusselt numbers and that the settlement was not a trial and error, we recommend physical properties are analyzed at the temperature Ta. The heat loss from the walls of solar cookers is calculated using the equation: a a (9) i

Al

roc

ool

stereoform

ood

o

(10) hi is the coefficient of convection in the inner surface (convection natural on the plate vertical) and is calculated on the nature of the air temperature T a, ho is the coefficient of convection in the outer surface (convection natural on the plate vertical) and is calculated on the nature of the air in the outdoor air temperature T ao, A is the total area of the four side walls. All of these equations are calculated using the formula Nusselt numbers. Heat lost from the base of the box cookers is: f a a (11)

420


i

Al

roc

ool

stereoform

ood

o

(12) So that the energy balance in the box of this solar heater can be written as: in losses (13) which if translated would be the equation: rad a c m b r f (14) These equations were solved every minute to obtain the temperature of the heater box. This research was conducted in the field with the coordinates of 3o35' north latitude and 98o40' east longitude. In the process of designing the solar intensity measurement results on location will be used as a reference. At the beginning of the measurement of the intensity of radiation and daily temperature for five days, starting at 09.00 am to 15.00 pm and found that the intensity of the radiation can reach 800 W/m2 for at least 30 minutes in a day. The observation of this intensity is used as a basic assumption in the calculation and design. Solar cooker box designed to be able to cook up to five liters of boiling temperature. The energy balance of the heating box was calculated using equations (13) and (14). A form of solar cooking design results is

shown in Fig. 1 in which the basic form is a simple box. In order to keep the temperature inside the box (Ta) reaches more than 100°C, the material composition and solar heating components must be designed and manufactured appropriately. On the floors and walls was used plate Aluminum painted black. This serves to be able to absorb all the energy radiation that comes to the surface. This will be called the absorber plate. At the top is made of two layers of glass separated. The aim is to ensure the solar radiation energy can get into the box, but the incoming summer detained to not get out too much. In other words, the function of the layer of air between the two glass plates is a heat resistant material. The wall is made of four layers, namely inside the aluminum layer, insulating layer consisting of rock-wool and stereo-foam, as well as a layer of wood on the outside. The function of the aluminum layer in the black paint is in addition to the energy-absorbing radiation coming from sunlight and heat radiation reflected by the floor. The function of the insulation layer is to inhibit heat transfer by conduction from the inner wall to the outer wall. Likewise, the wooden walls in addition to inhibiting the conduction transfer from the inside; it also serves as a holder construction of this cooker box.

Fig. 1. – Thermal flow equilibrium and solar cooking box dimensions By using the material and arrangement mentioned above, as well as dimensional calculation results as shown in Fig. 1, the solar heater box is made manually at the Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of HKBP Nommensen Medan. Solar cooker box that has been created is then used to boil water as shown in Fig. 2 below.

Fig. 2. – Solar heater box for boiling water

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To be able to do analysis of the equation (1) until (14), it is necessary to test and record all data changes in temperature and radiation. Data acquisition system was used for recording. Experimental set-up for the heating process with this simple solar box can be seen in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. – Experimental set-up of boiling water RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Testing was done with the cooking water as much as three, four, five and six liters for four consecutive days and the data of the temperature of the floor, walls and glass box constantly observed solar heating as well as

pots and water temperature. The amount of radiation that comes to the surface of the solar cooker box and the ambient temperature were also observed, as shown in Fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Fig. 4. – Temperature and radiation data for boiling three liters of water

Fig. 5. – Temperature and radiation data for boiling four liters of water

Fig. 6. – Temperature and radiation data for boiling five liters of water

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Fig. 7. – Temperature and radiation data for boiling six liters of water Fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7 above shows that the boiling water reaches 100.97°C hen the heat three liters of ater. Meanwhile, when heat four liters of water, the maximum temperature that can be achieved is 79.84°C, the maximum temperature of heat five liters of water is 89.93°C and maximum temperature when heating six liters of water is 85.98°C, as shown in Fig. 8a. This is understandable because in accordance with the equilibrium energy at the solar cooker box as shown by equation (14) that the energy required to heat the box cooker, the pot, and the water is proportional to energy radiation into the box cooker is reduced by energy lost in box heating. The value of energy radia-

tion that comes also depends on the intensity of solar radiation, as stated in equation (1). If we look at the magnitude of the average intensity of solar radiation received when heating the three, four, five and six liters of water from 09:00 am to 15:00 pm, it can be seen that the average intensity of solar radiation is highest during cook five liters of water that is equal 640 W·m-2, whereas the three liters of water when cooking in the amount of 601.33 W·m-2, and six liters of water when cooking in the amount of 611.5 W/m2. Comparison of the amount of radiation that occurs for all four testing can be seen in Fig. 8b.

(b)

(a)

Fig. 8. – (a) Temperature and (b) radiation data for boiling all the liters of water It is understood that three liters of water can reach a temperature of 100°C despite boiling average radiation intensity is lower than the heating five and six liters of water. This can happen because the energy generated from the radiation is able to satisfy the equation (14) above where the radiant energy received minus the energy lost from the cooker box is still able to heat the cooking box and pot to meet the energy needs for heating three liters of water. As for testing the load five and six liters of water, although the intensity of the radiation received is greater than the test with a load of three liters of water,

but the energy generated by the intensity of the radiation after subtracted by the heat lost from the box is not enough to heat up the box heater and pot to boil water to a temperature of 100°C. If we observe Fig. 6b, initially occurring radiation intensity has increased from 09.00 am to 13.00 pm approached the intensity value of 800 W·m-2. But when it was approaching the intensity, the weather began overcast so not reached an intensity of 800 W/m2 as the initial planning heater box, where the assumptions used to the intensity of solar radiation at a minimum of 800 W/m2 for at least 30 minutes. This is likely to

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6th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering 7 - 9 September 2016, Prague, Czech Republic cause the solar coo er box can’t boiling five liters of water. It is necessary for further testing on the weather conditions. As for heating six liters of water, although Fig. 7 shows the intensity of the radiation that reaches 800·m-2 for a while, but because this box is designed for load testing five liters of water, then this box cannot afford to boil six liters of water. AKOY AND AHMED (2010) research by using the solar box cooker uses a reflector system with dimensions of 0.25 by the design volume of this study can heat water up to temperature 52.36°C. A similar study conducted by UHUEQBU AND CHIDI (2011) using a solar heater

box with black painted aluminum absorber plate and the dimensions of 0.3 by volume this study design can produce heat absorber plate at 72°C indicating not be able to boil the water. MAHAVAR ET AL. (2011) did a similar study using dimensions of 0.14 times of the design volume of this study, using a plate of aluminum painted black as an absorber and using a reflector, can heat the water of 1.2 kg until the temperature 94.5°C. If we see the test results of this solar cooker box, this indicates that the design of this solar heater box is in conformity with that required to be used by housewives to boil water.

CONCLUSIONS The design of the box simple solar heater can already be used to boil water to boiling as much as three liters. The use of two layers of glass to forward incoming solar radiation and heat blocking out has been quite good. Plate wear aluminum painted black apart as the floor as well as wall heating box further enhance the

ability to absorb heat. The use of two layers of insulation of rock-wool and stereo-foam also reduce the heat dissipated into the outside wall, and the use of wood in addition to as thermal insulation but also as construction makes the cooker box is quite sturdy.

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AKOY, E. E. M., AHMED, A. I. A.: Design construction and performance evaluation of solar cookers, Journal of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2015: 75-82. AMBARITA, H.: Characteristics of solar energy Medan as energy source refrigeration cycle for air conditioning (in Indonesian), In: Proceeding of the National Seminar on Science and Technology Supports MP3EI, Faculty of Engineering University of North Sumatera, Medan, 23 November 2012. AMBARITA, H.: Design and testing of solar heaters are suitable for Indonesia conditions a case study city field (in Indonesian), Journal Dynamic, Vol. 1 No. 13, 2013: 1 – 8. BUDDHI, D., SHARMA, S.D., SHARMA, A.: Thermal performance evaluation of a latent heat storage unit for late evening cooking in a solar cooking having three reflector, Energy Conversation and Management, Vol. 44 No. 6, 2003: 809 – 817. FAUZI – SITORUS, T. B., AMBARITA, H.: Design build solar water heater box type simple phase change materials that comes with a capacity of 100 liters of water (in Indonesian), Journal Dynamic, Vol. 1 No. 11, 2012: 44 – 50. KHOLIQ, I.: Utilization of alternative energy as renewable energy to support oil fuel substitution (in Indonesian), Journal IPTEK, Vol. 19 No. 2, 2015: 76 – 91. KRISHNAN, S. M., SIVAGNANAM, V., MATHEW, S. A.: Residential solar cooker, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2012: 1 – 3. LUBIS, A.: Renewable energy in sustainable development (in Indonesian), J. Tek. Ling, 2007, Vol. 8 No. 2, 2007: 155 – 162.

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Corresponding author: Richard Alfonso Napitupulu, Mechanical Engineering Department, Nommensen HKBP University, Medan, Indonesia

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