International Conference

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT (ICM 2011) PROCEEDING

A REVIEW ON THE SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Fatin Syazwina Abdul Shukor, Abdul Hakim Mohammed, Suwaibatul Islamiah Abdullah Sani, Mariah Awang Department of Real Estate Management, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, University of Technology Malaysia, Skudai Malaysia Abstract Community participation is recognised as a factor contributing to the success of waste management. There have been many case studies in developing countries which prove that community participation in waste management plays a vital role in the contribution on the success of the services provided. Nevertheless, community participation is difficult to achieve even though it is important for solving the problem of waste management. There are several success factors that have been put forward by researchers that can practically encourage community participation in solid waste management. Nevertheless, there are many disputes and disagreements on the selection of the best factors to ensure successful participation from the community in solid waste management. Therefore, this paper will discuss the success factors for community participation in solid waste management and will present some of the opinions and criticisms on the matter. Keywords: Success Factors, Community Participation, Solid Waste Management

1.0 INTRODUCTION Developing countries facing problems of solid waste management, this is due to involves public health and the environment in urban areas. Solid waste management that is not efficient will lead to negative impacts to the environment, such as environmental pollution, soil and water, and power generation from gas landfill. Therefore, if the management of solid waste is not properly manage, it will give an effect for the health and safety issues (Daily Nation Report, 2004). The management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge and issues in urban areas throughout the world, but particularly in the rapidly growing cities and towns of the developing countries (Foo, 1997). The need for public participation is required. According to previous research, the importance of community participation is necessary to ensure the success of community participation (Abduli et al, 2007; Junquera. Brio and Muniz, 2001, Massoud et al, 2003; Mongkolnchaiarunya, 2005). There are numerous case studies in developing countries that is proven that community participation in waste management plays a vital role in contributing to the success of the services provided (Anand, 1999; Bernardo, 2008; Mongkolchaiarunya, 2005; Ogu, 2000; Poerbo, 1991; Rathi, 2006; Sujauddin et al., 2008). Solid waste management is one of activity where community participation is key to success. A minimum participation of the community is required in putting the garbage at the street to be collected in a proper way at the right time. At the individual level, residents are responsible as users. This involves actions like storing waste in a proper way in a bag or bin, separate recyclable or organic materials from other waste, putting waste at the right place and at the proper time for collection, and cleaning the area around the house. Most of the researchers argued, community participation is workable on paper thus it is hard to implement. However there are numerous of researcher success to involve the community participating in planning and decision making. This is by identifying key success factors for community participation in solid waste management.

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2.0

ISSUES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Statistics show that the world population reached six billion in 2001 with 46% of this population rapidly increasing in urban areas. The urban population in developed nations was 75% of the total population in those countries (HMGN, MoPE, 2003). Municipal solid waste generated in 1997 was about 0.49 billion tons with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.2–4.5% in developed nations and 2–3% in developing nations (Suocheng et al., 2001). Urban areas in Asia produced approximately 760,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day in 1998, which is expected to rise to 1.8 million tons by 2025. According to previous studies, there are several factors that contribute to solid waste management problem: •

•

•

• •

Management factors: Poor management of local authority who are responsible for the handling (Tadesse, 2006; Gobo, 2002), inadequate provision of facilities for waste management (Tadesse, 2006), ineffective approach to carry out waste management (Zia and Devadas, 2007), low skill workers (Ayotamuno et al, 2004; Harihar City Municipal Council, 2006; Asase et al, 2009), financial constraints (Ayotamuno et al, 2004; Gobo, 2002; Asase M. et al, 2009) insufficient of sensitivity and awareness to understand the needs of the public (Ayotamuno et al, 2004), the garbage collection process is not systematic and practically ineffective for disposal (Osman Nuri Agdag, 2009) , there is no approach to monitoring and supervision of all activities associated with the waste management (Gobo, 2002; Khalil and Khan, 2008) Lack of skills, knowledge and equipment: Ineffective management system ( Khalil and Khan, 2008), absence of reasonable and systematic method adopted, the weaknesses in the provision of equipment for the implementation of services, poor infrastructure (Asase et al , 2009), knowledge restrictions of the technical work in solid waste management (Khalil and Khan, 2008). Inadequate law enforcement to the waste management : Limitation of knowledge in the solid wate management organisation including weakness of action policies from government. As supported by Terazono et al (2005), this problem occur in many Asian countries, there is no specific laws enacted specifically for solid waste management for example in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Lack of community participation : Bad littering habits and attitudes of people, lack of awareness among communities, support and public interest in waste management (City Municipal Council, Harihar, 2006), Other factors : Increasing number of population (Latifah Abdul Manaf et al, 2009; Ogbonna et al, 2007; Englande and Jin, 2006; Fazlina Bt Md Akhir, 2007; Periathamby et al, 2008; Gobo, 2002), rapid economic development, lack of expertise in the infrastructure, scarcity of land for waste disposal (Latifah Abdul Manaf et al, 2009), increasing migration to large cities (Zia and Devadas, 2007; Gobo, 2002).

3.0 RATIONALE FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

“Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, on a relevant level. On a national basis, each individual should have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States should facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy should be provided” (Stockholm, 1972). The rationale for community participation in solid waste management particularly important for several reasons. First, everyone in the community have responsibility to participate on the fact that everyone in community generates waste and they can be affected directly and indirectly if waste is not well managed. Solid waste can be

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hazardous to community and the participation in waste management may increase community sense and responsibility for maintaining services provided by local authorities. These aspects will essential for the continuity and efficiency of the projects. Apart from individual responsibility, people can be collectively responsible in organizing activities, such as meetings, clean-up campaigns, and awareness-raising activities. Furthermore, community participation can involve in making material, financial or physical contributions to activities of solid waste management, for instance working as cart operator or sweeper, and paying fees for waste collection (Subash, 2002). The second reason, the community is responsible for producing waste everyday (mbsskl.edu), throwing rubbish everywhere (Chattopadhyay et al, 2009, Stern et al, 1997; Bras et al, 2009), even though at the collection point (Chattopadhyay et al, 2009). It is very important to get public participation in planning and decision-making process to ensure waste management working well. Third, community participation also help the improvement of project design and effectiveness into solid waste management. If the community get involved and participate in the design of the project, the needs and ideas from community can be integrated and it is a way to become more effective implementation of the project (Subash, 2002).

4.0 THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION There is no fixed definition that can describe a clear meaning of community participation. This is because different researchers interpret the purpose of community participation with different views. The community participation concept has different meanings to different people to such an extent that virtually many communitybased project or programme that is now being a fashionable termed ‘Community participation’. It is also known as citizen participation, people’s participation, public participation, and popular participation’. Armitage (1988) defined community participation as a process by which communities act in response to public concerns, voice out their opinions about decisions that affect them, and take responsibility for changes to their community. Below are concepts and issues raised by previous research: • • •

An interactive process (interactive) that involves communication, listening, consulting, mergers and collaborations with the public, who is also as a partner who will also participate to give consent and opinion on the decision making process (Okello et al, 2009). Information sharing, involving communities in decision-making process, taking into consideration the idea and opinion of the community and empower the community in terms of ability to influence the decisionmaking process (Gladstone, 2008). Community participation describes any process that starts to inform, gather input or involve the community regarding decision making processes. This covers all levels of information, awareness creation, outreach, inputs involvement and collaboration. Community participation is illustrated in the diagram below (RPRLGSP, 2009) :

DIAGRAM 4.1: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION CONCEPT

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5.0

WHY COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IS IMPORTANT?

The importance of community participation can be viewed with a broader scope and initially not only focusing on waste management. First, community participation can effectively target resources and efficiently. This is because through community participation, community willing to share ideas and opinions. It is a way to get know the requirements and needs of the community. Besides that, the provision of resources including money and time consuming to use the best because everything they do will not be in vain as the support of the community. Second, it can allow two ways communication and thus participants to give a new ideas. Through two-way communication, the conflicts and information can be delivered effectively. Third, community participation offers a new thinking and innovative ideas from community. Through the opportunities provided, community will pleasure to voice out their opinion. It will indirectly train the community to think creatively and become more innovative. Forth, by community involvement in planning and decision making, community will have the responsibility and sense of ownership. As the community will feel that they are also involved in a project. Fifth, it is a process of empowering people and it is a way to sustainable planning and development. 6.0

A LADDER OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

A ladder of participation is popularized by Arnstein in 1969 through his journal "A Ladder of Citizen Participation”. He introduced the eight rung for citizen participation. Even so, after few years, most of researchers believe that participation ladder introduced by Arnstein can be improved for a better explanation to provide a clear understanding. The figure showed a ladder of community participation. It is explaining the degree of participation, participant’s action and illustrative modes for achieving community participation. Meanwhile, the wheel of participation developed by South Lanarkshire Council is a model to assist the community planning (Figure 6.2). The wheel explain about the objectives related to information, consultation, participation and empowerment.

Figure 6.1 : A ladder of community participation : degree of participation, participant’s action and illustrative modes for achieving it (Brager & Specht, 1966)

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Figure 6.2: The wheel of participation (Davidson, 1967)

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7.0 CONCEPT OF SUCCESS FACTOR The concept of “success factors” first discussed in the management literature in 1961 by D.Ronald Daniel who was the director of Mckinsey & Company then the process was refined by John F. Rockart in 1981. In 1995, James A. Johnson and Michael Friesen applied it to many sector settings, including health care. It is very important in determining the success of a project undertaken to identify the best elements that had be chosen for the best performance. Although this approach is widely used in business analysis and data analysis, and it is rarely applied in other fields, but it is also successfully used in other areas by selecting the factors or the best strategy to ensure success of projects. There are some researchers from other fields who use this approach to determine the best factor to be applied in their planning process. According to Wener Ketelhohn (1998), he argues the concept of key success factor is a key strategic one, and should not be confused with the many fashionable buzzwords in management that come and go. Understanding and developing key success factor enables the organization or company to enter an industry successfully, differentiate between themselves with generic strategies and operate optimally between higher perceived value and lower delivered costs.

8.0 SUCCESS FACTORS IN COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT There are a few of researcher in the community participation had use the term of 'key success factors’ in explaining the best factors in community participation. Most of them used the word 'effective', 'best practice', 'best approach', 'sustainability approach' 'attribute of success'. Whatever term is used, the concept and meaning of the research is not much different for explaining the selection of best factors. There are various opinions on selecting the best factor to encourage people to participate in a community project, including the planning and decision-making process. Although there are many disagreements on the different ideas, each researcher has choose this factor based on the most appropriate factors to be implemented in a field of study and, as appropriate, taking into account for this various factors. It can be concluded that the selection of success factors in community participation for solid waste management will be different depends on region, culture and communities acceptance.

9.0 THE SUCCESS FACTOR FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 9.1) Welcome Them The most important action you can take to ensure community participation success is to welcome them. According to Reid (2000), by welcoming them, people know when they are welcome, and when they are not. Where they are not truly welcome, few people will stay for long. Welcoming participation means more than giving new participants a friendly smile and supporting them. It requires opening the process to newcomers and inviting their active participation in the project at hand. Some actions that can help are: • Be glad for the opportunity for new contributions, despite any resentment that they were not present to help with already completed jobs. • Explain where things stand, so participants can fit into the process easily. • Offer a variety of job opportunities, so newcomers can find roles that fit their talents and interests. • Take newcomers’ ideas seriously, even when they represent viewpoints that have previously been considered and rejected. Be patient with the reaction of community. • Don’t leave them out by making decisions among the “old-timers.”

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9.2)

Communication among Stakeholder

According to Subash (2002) in his paper entitled "Community Participation in Solid Waste Management, communication is considered as favourable factor for the sustainability of community participation. He stressed that communication is essential to generate a broad-based understanding on solid waste issues. Among community members on the one hand and responsiveness of the stakeholders to the demands of the community on the other. This factor is also supported by several other researchers, namely Laura Moningka, 2000; Minn et al., 2010; Subash, 2006: The National Environment Justice Advisory Council, 2000, explains the participation of communities can be achieved with effective communication. Effective communication is to develop a broad understanding of an issue among community members. Through a clear communication and better understanding, the community will see a project or services performed will benefit them and feel responsible to participate in the project and will show interest to participate in continuous service (Gozun, 1994 ; Bulle, 1999). Communication is also important to know the willingness of the community and a two-way communication can allows the identification of conflicts and constraints. This allows the management to implement the conjunction with the community and for the identification of the problem effectively (Haugthon, 1999, Imperato and Ruster, 1999). Effective communication is also important to get community involvement and support of further efforts will be made. According to Squires (2006), identify the appropriate techniques of public communication will provide relevant information in a form that can be easily undertood.

9.3) Local leaders/ Religious Leader Some researchers believe the selection of leader by democratic is a way to ensure success of community participation in solid waste management. It is difficult to have community participation if the selection of local leader is not accepted by the community. Thus, the selected of leader should be agreed by the leaders of the community involved in the project or program. The appointment of local leaders may also include traditional leaders. Traditional leaders are the wise men, the notables, district leaders and religious figures. They play an important role in the success of an activity and act as mediators between residents and community structures. They benefit from their image of respectability due to their social rank (their age and their religious status) and they are vested with traditional powers. Social or informal leaders (opinion leaders, teachers, leading politicians) are more involved at the management level, although they may have a certain influence on a neighbourhood level. They often help to initiate projects, setting-up committees and clean-up campaigns (Bulle 1999). According to Bulle (1999), the role of leader including encourage the young people, the mainstays of the projects. They may support the start-up stage of projects. They can help organisations to identify needs of community and can stimulate community participation and ensure that community needs are taken into account. According to Subash (2002), in the context of waste management, community leaders is essential in promoting community responsibility to contribute in the collection of waste by ensuring that communities paying a fee, to promote waste separation and supervise the performance of the services by local authorities (Subash, 2002). Effective leadership is a key element in determining whether an environmental group will be successful. This is one reason that national organizations emphasize fostering local leadership skills through training programs and published materials. Leadership responsibilities may be vested in a single individual or in a small core membership that work together closely (Alley et al., 1995). 9.4) Empowerment/ Sense of ownership By giving the communities power to make their own decision , it invested interest in the project and create sense of ownership to participate. Ali and Snel (1999), in the journal entitled 'Lessons from Community-based Initiatives in Solid Waste' is need to develop willingness for participate. It is hard to have community willingness if communities do not feel a sense of ownership toward the waste collection. According to researchers in community involvement

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such as Reid (2000) and Minn et al (2010), they are some of the opinion that by granting empowerment to the community is essential to build public participation. Giving communities the power is refer to the process that allows communities to increase control over their own lives. This empowerment also includes the process by which communities control of these factors and any decisions that will affect their lives (Labonte and Laverack, 2008). According to Reid (2000), empowerment is a boost to public participation because the parties involved in any game, everyone wants to play an important role in it. This allows the community to understand how little contributions from them can give an affects of the overall effort. The use for discussion in planning, budgeting, job details and specification of work needs to be done for clarification and enough time required to convince the community. In conclusion, through this approach, the skills, knowledge and confidence of the community will be developed to encourage them for participate in a project. The second approach is inclusive. The community from various races and religions join in the success of project implemented. To create a harmonious and good participation, inclusive approach should be adopted because it would close the gap for racial discrimination through a consultative approach to each other. This discussion will strengthen relationships with other communities through the exchange of expertise and experience, the work they have done together, despite customs and cultural differences. A third approach is an arrangement. The community is exposed to the waste management project and bringing the community to participate directly in the problems and raised issues. It is democratic and more flexible. When communities see these issues is their responsibility as well as, indirectly, they will feel responsible to the project they will be involved. The last approach to empower the community is affected. It can be done by providing opportunities for communities to take part in the decision making process that will subsequently affect the activities and services. By this approach, communities feel they are also play an important role in a running project (Community Development Exchange and the National Empowerment Partnership, 2008).

9.5) Collaboration and Partnership between Community and Organization Most of researcher agree that collaboration or partnership between community and organization is essential to participation success (Togar Arifin Silaban (2002), Reid (2000) dan The National Environment Justice Advisory Council (2000), A.Subash (2006). According to Joseph (2006), one positive experience with his experiment with community partnership has been gained, political leader s and local authorities may actively promote partnership with neighbourhood communities. At that point, the partnerships become broader and more effective in overall development of the project. The local authority may define the terms of the reference of stakeholder platform including explanation about stakeholder planning with official waste management planning and regulation process, as well as the relationship between local authorities and stakeholder. Sharing of responsibilities can be implemented through the commitment given by the community will create complete sharing of responsibility in problem solving (Kakonge, 2000). Communities will also be given an opportunity to monitor and review progress of projects. By this approach, communities can share an ideas or an experiences for the resolution of an issue occurred (Community Development Exchange and the National Empowerment Partnership, 2008). To develop partnerships, transpiration of all information and activities must transparent. This is because the community will be more open to participate in a transparent and honest deal (Kakonge, 2000). Collaborative learning and social learning are strategies for engaging stakeholders and experts to work together for settlement of complicated issue by exploring options, collecting data and learning about potential solutions (Daniels and Walker 2001; Keen, Brown and Dyball 2005; Sirianni and Friedland , 2001).

9.6) Community Awareness The important factor in community participation in solid waste management to success is awareness (Joseph, 2006). Awareness factor is necessary to enable the community to understand the issues that happened, cause and effect, and expand on their role in the participation to manage solid waste (Minn et al, 2010). According to Muller (2002), in her case study of community-based solid waste management in Nagapura, ward 14, Bangalore, she explain

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the degree of participation of households in the new collection scheme is rising, especially after each round of awareness raising. The impact of awareness campaigns could definitely be improved if they succeeded in exploiting all the potential in a community, whether this means its social customs (scheduling meetings, taking local behaviour into account for clean-up actions) or the added value of the grass-roots scale of action. Waste collection or clean-up actions are most effective when residents gain genuine control over their content and their social or sanitary scope; that is when they take an active part in informing people, monitoring the service and/or raising their awareness at the neighbourhood level (Subash, 2002). The success of an awareness campaign also greatly depends on the role played by volunteers, on the level of training they have in waste management matters, and thus on recruitment strategies (Bulle, 1999). According to a pilot project for low-income urban area in the city of Karachi, Pakistan which was conducted by a local NGO “Association for Protection of the Environment (APE)”, informal meetings conducted separately for different ethnic and gender target groups were generally held throughout the community involvement project. These meetings discussed general matters pertaining to community welfare and area cleaning, as well as the most appropriate communication methods to enhance awareness in solid waste management among the community. The emphasis on community responsibility and a role in maintaining hygiene and health may create awareness among the community. Local authorities has to ensure the community will provided clear explanation. This explanation has to explain clearly of their role and responsibility to the community, so that community are aware of limitation of local authority services and community can help the authorities to solve waste management problem (Zurbrugg and Rehan Ahmed, 1999). 9.7) Role of Women The role of women in the community is one of the factors for participation to success. Special attention should be paid to the role of women. In many situations women are the first to be affected by a deterioration of the environment and are most willing to participate in projects that improve their living conditions (Subash, 2002). As residents and citizens, women play a determining role in the small-scale activities, and they form important channels of communication thanks to their numerous opportunities to meet one another. Collective action does not always take account of female customs. The integration of women into management structures or awareness-raising activities for collection services neglects to take into account their domestic circumstances (Bulle,1999). • • • •

hours of meetings need to be adapted to their working days and their responsibilities in the home, cultural traditions need to be taken into account by scheduling women’s meetings separate from those of men, literacy classes should be offered, women need to be encouraged to participate in elections of delegates in decision-making structures, and a better balance must be achieved in the recruitment of volunteers

9.8) Incentive One of the important aspects must be considered to get success participation is an incentive. Some of the community participation researchers (Laura Moningka, 2000 ; Reid, 2000, The National Environment Justice Advisory Council, 2000) agree that community participation can be achieve and success with incentive by giving a reward or conducted event or programme to the effort given by the community and it is one of the inisiative to encourage them to participate in any solid waste management activity. Proper incentives is another important factor (Castro, 1997; Castro and Nielsen, 2001; Chapeskie, 1995; Hughes, 1996; Sarin, 2001) that was not adequately addressed for the certain projects. Even if a participant performed the assigned task, there were no guarantees of continuation of the tenure. In most of the places, people seemed to be unsure about the benefit sharing process. Incentive is also one way to increase community motivation.

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9.9) Information and Knowledge Opportunities to engage people in local environmental issues, then, must provide understandable and meaningful information to get success participation. People need information that makes sense and allows them to understand well for the current goal of the project and any possibilities. The organization should ensure the information for the issues is well informed to the community if they become involved in the decision-making processes. Providing appropriate information in a forum requires that organisers understand what the audience knows and where it tends to become confused. Doing so requires that misconceptions are carefully acknowledged and addressed. It also requires that credible experts are involved to present technical and complex information, as long as the presentations do not make participants feel stupid or helpless, but rather satisfy people’s need to learn, explore and be involved (Kaplan and Kaplan 1982). Kaplan and Kaplan in 2003, 2008, suggests that our ability to engage in environmental problemsolving can be enhanced with information that enables us to take meaningful actions and to believe that we have the ability to take these actions. Information provided should be clear to avoid conflict and ensure the success of a project. For example, in Nebraska, a participatory watershed plan that sought meaningful public input was unsuccessful in involving the public, possibly because of the lack of a defined problem and citizen complacency with current conditions (Irvin and Stansbury 2004). In addition, the more technical or complex the issue, the less likely the public is to have sufficient background knowledge to be meaningfully engaged. People tend to avoid situations where they are confused or are unable to follow the discussion (Kaplan 2000; Kaplan and Kaplan 1982).

10.0 CONCLUSION Waste management is becoming a major problem in developing countries. Although there are many issues that contributed to the waste management, community is considered as a contributor in solving the problem of waste management. This is because the attitude and lack of community awareness and support from community effort for managing waste. Active community participation is key to build an empowered community. Community participation is far more than a requirement. It is need for success. Studies have documented that communities that engage their citizens and partners deeply in the work of community development raise more resources, achieve more results, and develop in a more holistic and more beneficial way. Community participation, then, is critical to community success. Identification of success factors described above are intertwined and have a unique relationship. These factors may affect the success of other factors. Community participation should be applied as efforts to involve the community for the benefit and objectives achievement for the project. Eventhough, there are many difficulties and challenges in implementing community participation. However it is not impossible if the best efforts can be made to encourage community participation in all planning and implementation of waste management.

11.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is funded by Zamalah Scholarship Award of University Technology Malaysia. The special thank goes to Prof Dr Abdul Hakim Bin Mohammed whose help, encourage and stimulating suggestions for me in all the time. The co-operation is much indeed appreciated. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this paper especially Sir Izran Sarazzin Mohammad. Last but not least I would like to thanks my friends especially Fatin Aziz for her suggestions and help.

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