International Journal of Current Research and Review

E-ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online) P-ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print) Internationally Indexed, Peer Reviewed, Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal

ICV: 4.18

“Let the Science be your passion”

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR)

Vol 04 / Issue 03 / Feb 2012

Frequency: Fortnightly Language: English

I J C R R ISSN 0975-5241 IC Value of Journal: 4.18 “Let the science be your passion”

Editorial Board Dr. Prof. Dato‘ Proom Promwichit Dr. Nahla Salah Eldin Barakat Dr. Ann Magoufis Dr. Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon Dr. Chellappan Dinesh Dr. R. O. Ganjiwale Dr. Shailesh Wader Dr. Alabi Olufemi Mobolaji Dr. Joshua Danso Owusu-Sekyere Dr. Okorie Ndidiamaka Hannah Dr. Parichat Phumkhachorn Dr. Manoj Charde Dr. Shah Murad Mastoi

Deputy Vice Chancellor, Research & Innovation Division, Masterskill University College of Health Sciences, Cheras, Malaysia Faculty, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt Director, Ariston College, Shannon, Ireland Faculty, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand Dean, School of Pharmacy, Masterskill University College of Health Sciences, Cheras, Malaysia HOD, Department of Pharmacognosy, I.P.E.R. Wardha, Maharashtra HOD, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, IPER, Wardha, MH, India Faculty, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun-State, Nigeria Faculty, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Faculty, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State Faculty, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand Dean, NRI Group of Post Graduate Studies, Bhopal HOD, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan

Vol 4 / Issue 3 / Feb 2012

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International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 04 issue 03 February 2012

I J C R R “Let the science be your passion”

Vol / Feb 2012 Vol42/ /Issue Issue312 / Dec 2010

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About International Journal of Current Research and Review (ijcrr) International Journal of Current Research and Review (ijcrr) is one of the popular monthly international interdisciplinary science journals. ijcrr is a peer reviewed indexed journal which is available online and in print format as well. References ehave shown that within short span of time, citations for ijcrr are increasing with noticeable pace. ijcrr indexing agencies are in the process of calculating current impact factor for the journal. Indexed in: Copernicus, Revistas Médicas Portuguesas, BOAI, DOAJ, Google Scholar, Ulrich, Open-J-Gate, NEWJOUR, ResearchGATE Aims and Scope: ijcrr is a monthly indexed international journal publishing the finest peer-reviewed research and review articles in all fields of Medical and Paramedical sciences. ijcrr follows stringent guidelines to select the manuscripts on the basis of its originality, importance, timeliness, accessibility, grace and astonishing conclusions. ijcrr is also popular for rapid publication of accepted manuscripts. Mission Statement: To set a landmark by encouraging and awarding publication of quality research and review in all streams of Medical and Paramedical sciences. About the editors: ijcrr management team is very particular in selecting its editorial board members. Editorial board members are selected on the basis of expertise, experience and their contribution in the field of Science. Editors are selected from different countries and every year editorial team is updated. All editorial decisions are made by a team of full-time journal management professionals. ijcrr Award for Best Article: ijcrr editorial team monthly selects one ‗Best Article‘ for award among published articles.

Administrative Office: IJCRR Administrative Office, 148, IMSR Building, Near NIT Complex, Ayurvedic Layout, Umrer Road, Sakkardara, Nagpur, Nagpur-24, [email protected], www.ijcrr.com



Index S. N. 1

2

3

4 5

6 7 8

9 10

Title

Authors

A Study on Nuclear Energy: Sustainable Solution for Ensuring Energy Security or Emerging Future Threat

Dewan Mowdudur Rahman, Riasad Amin, Navid Bin Sakhawat, Md. Zubaer Chowdhury Isolation, Optimization And Production M. Saraswathi, R. Of Protease From Aspergillus Species Dakshayani, P. Through Solid State Fermentation Muralikrishna Cropping and Land use Pattern in Kumar Sanjay, Barik Himachal Pradesh: Case of District Kaustauv, Prashar Solan Deepak Are Lifestyle Disorders a Risk for Manoj Raja Periodontal Disease? Blood Glucose Concentration - A Key to R.Kannadhasan, Fix the Effective Dose for Herbal S.Venkataraman Antidiabetic Drugs using Rat Model Bilateral Variation in the Vascular A.Himabindu, Pattern of Palm-A Case Report B.Narasing Rao A Review on M-Health System and Arvind Rehalia, Technologies Rajat Kumar Treatment Seeking Behavior of Married Mohammad Shakil Women of Reproductive Age Belonging Ahmad, Shaikh to a Rural Community of India Mohsin, Ritu Kumar Ahmad

6

15

19

26 32

46 53 59

Trend Analysis of Northeast Monsoon Rainfall of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Selvi .S , Samuel Selvaraj .R

70

Microbial, Sensory and Nutritional Properties of Cauliflower, Preserved by Hurdle Technology

Jyoti Sinha, Ramesh Chandra

74


4

Page No.




5

Index S. N. 11 12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Title

Authors

P lat fo r m S wi tc h i n g i n I mp la n t De nt i str y - A R e vie w Neonatal Mortality – An Experience by Verbal Autopsy

Gayathri N, Lakshmi S Shaikh Mohsin, Pathan Sameer

Esthetic and Functional Rehabilitation of the Patient with Severely Worn Dentition using Twin Stage Procedure: A Case Report Evaluation of Yoga Therapy for the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disorders-A Review Characterization of Fatty Acids in Melia Azedarach l. Seed Oil

Naresh HG Shetty, Manoj Shetty, Krishna Prasad D.

Knowledge and Opinion of Caregivers Regarding Childhood Additional Vaccines in Agartala, West Tripura

Deepa.T, N.Thirrunavukkarasu R. K. Bachheti, Himanshu Dwivedi, Vikas Rana, Indra Rai Archana Joshi Majumder Nilratan, Datta Shib Sekhar, Boratne Abhijit Vinodrao, Majumder Nilanjan, Basu Majumder Chandrika

Evaluation and Comparison of Remineralization Efficacy of CPP-ACP and Fluoride Varnish using Diagnodent An In Vitro Study Mutational Analysis of InterferonGamma Gene in Indian Women with Female Genital Tuberculosis Ziziphus Mauritiana :A Review on Pharmacological Potential of this Underutilized Plant

R.Senthil, V. Rathna Prabhu, J. Jeeva rathan, A. Venkatachalapathy Venkanna Bhanothu, Jane Theophilus, Roya Rozati Sukirti Upadhyay, Prashant Upadhyay, A K Ghosh, Vijender Singh Role of Community Based Learning InShib Sekhar Datta, Creating Self-Driven Learning and Abhijit V Boratne Rural Bias Among Medical Undergraduates


Page No. 81 89 93

100

108

115

121

130

141

145

A STUDY ON NUCLEAR ENERGY: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR ENSURING ENERGY SECURITY OR EMERGING FUTURE THREAT

ijcrr Vol 04 issue 03 Category: Research Received on:08/12/11 Revised on:14/12/11 Accepted on:19/12/11

Dewan Mowdudur Rahman1, Riasad Amin1, Navid Bin Sakhawat2, Md. Zubaer Chowdhury1 1

Department of EECE, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2 Department of EEE, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail of Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Sustainability is characterized by the environmental friendly process best fitted for eco-systems and the capacity to maintain a process smoothly indefinitely. Maintaining sustainability in every aspect is the key for continuing human race in the long run. Recent energy insecurity problem and global climate change has led the concerned to take a fresh look at the benefits and risks of nuclear power for better future and find out a sustainable solution. Risk from fatal accident and radioactive waste management for a long period of time surely diminish the benefits of nuclear power, such as no green house gas emission and significant amount of power supply with minimum infrastructural development. As nuclear power is all about balancing the benefit and the risk, therefore this paper summarizes the benefit and risk causing from nuclear power to find out a sustainable choice for future energy demand.

______________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Nuclear energy, climate change effects, radioactivity, energy demand, sustainable development. 1. INTRODUCTION Modern age is passing an energy deficient time and the coming days will definitely be starved for energy. About 1.4 billion people (20% of the global population) do not have access to electricity and 2.7 billion people (40% of global population) rely on traditional biomass for basic energy needs such as cooking and heating [1]. Increasing global energy demand combined with the need to minimize Green House Gas (GHG) emission will require the diversification of energy sources, while still ensuring that the bottom 2 billion people- those who live on less than USD 2.5 per day have access to modern energy services. Achieving the goal set in April, 2010 by the UN Advisory

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Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC) for universal access to modern energy by 2030 [2] is a daunting prospect, given the intertwined challenges to tackle natural resources security, energy insecurity and climate change impact. At present, nuclear power appears to be the best choice for many nations. However, integrating nuclear power into a country‘s energy infrastructure is not without challenges. It has a great prospect of supplying sufficient amount of energy with creating less impact to the environment but in the long run there still remains a doubt about its sustainability. 2. Sustainable Development Human beings are said to be at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. We are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. States are seen


as having the right, within the principles of international law, to exploit our own resources and the responsibility to ensure that any activities within our jurisdiction do not cause damage to the environment or other States. In addition, the right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. Eradication of poverty is seen as a required element of sustainable development. Climate change is a pressing threat to the sustainability of life on earth [3]. It is a highly complex problem that is unpredictable, reflecting an intricate interaction of organizational production processes, government management and regulation, natural forces, and individual behaviour [4]. It is generally held that sustainable development requires attention to the following things: Food availability and protection. Water availability in adequate quantities. Disease prevention and medical treatment. Steady and abundant supply of energy specifically, electricity. Sewage treatment. Infrastructure development such as schools, factories and transportation. 3. Global Climate Change Effects In recent years, dramatic environmental changes have caused extraordinary climate changes around the globe. This has made countries all over the world to focus on greenhouse effect issue and consider it seriously [5]. It is an important problem that can‘t be ignored because the greenhouse effect causes global warming [6, 7]. In the past century, research and literature has concluded that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increased by 28%

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following the industrial revolution [8]. The global average temperature has increased by 0.3˚C to 0.6˚C, and the sea level rose 10 to 15 cm in the past 100 years. If greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to increase at the present rate, it is predicted that the average global temperature will increase by about 1˚C by the year 2025 and by 3˚C at the end of the century [9]. The increase of atmospheric GHG concentration results to a large extent from human activities [10, 11]. Scientists predict if no effective protection policies for the environment are put into place, the global temperature will increase by 1˚C to 3.5˚C, and the sea level will increase by 15 to 95 cm. This will make many countries uninhabitable by 2100 [12]. The second assessment report of Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere rose from 280 to 358 ppm in 1994 [13]. The World Meteorology Organization (WMO) also pointed out in greenhouse gas annual report in 2007 that the CO2 concentration had already raised to 383 ppm [14]. CO2 is the main GHG emitted from various sources and power sector is solely responsible for 30% emission of CO2 throughout the world [15]. 4. Nuclear Energy: An Emerging Source The star, of which our sun is one, relies on nuclear fusion for their output of heat, light and other radiations. If one believes in the Big Bang Theory, then the Earth may be considered as a fragment of the Sun. Fusion reaction is exactly what is happening on the Sun. Energy from fission reaction is derived from a nuclear reaction involving uranium or plutonium as the fuel which originally comes from the fragment of the Sun. Nuclear reactors are either the slow thermal kind using moderators or the fast


breeder type using purer fuels and able to generate or ‗breed‘ new fuel form which is useful in the context of renewability. It is projected that world primary energy demand will increase by 45 percent between 2006 and 2030, an average annual rate of growth of 1.6 percent slower than the average growth of 1.9 percent per year from 1980 to 2006 [16]. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the most authoritative

international source of information on nuclear energy, predicted in August 2009 that global nuclear power capacity would be doubled by 2030, from the current 372 gigawats electric (GWe) to 807 GWe. Today, about thirty countries are harnessing nuclear energy in about 440 commercial reactors. Table I. shows the list of countries with their respective nuclear programme.

Table I. The list of countries with their respective nuclear programme [17]. Nuclear Programme Contracts signed, legal and regulatory infrastructure well-developed Committed plans, legal and regulatory infrastructure developing Well-developed plans but commitment pending Developing plans Officially not a policy option at present

5. Problems With Nuclear Energy The disadvantages of nuclear energy include: the storage and management of dangerous high level radioactive waste, the possibility of proliferation of nuclear materials and potential terrorist applications, the high cost of building nuclear facilities and the possibility of accidents. Common people awareness is another issue that may also regard as a bar for nuclear energy programme. These disadvantages are listed below with respective description. 5.1 Radioactive Waste High-level radioactive waste is very dangerous. It lasts for tens of thousands of years before decaying to safe levels. It is highly radioactive and is a major barrier for the expansion of nuclear power. More than fifty years of commercial nuclear energy use has left the world with a legacy of tens of thousands of tons of highly radioactive

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Countries United Arab Emirates, Turkey. Vietnam, Jordan, Belarus, Bangladesh. Thailand, Indonesia, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Poland, Lithuania, Chile. Saudi Arabia, Israel, Nigeria, Malaysia, Morocco, Kuwait. Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Norway, Ireland.

waste that will last for tens of thousands of years [18]. On average, uranium ore contains only 0.1% uranium. Most nuclear reactors require one specific form of uranium, uranium-235 (U-235). This form represents only 0.7% of natural uranium. To increase the concentration of U-235, the uranium extracted from ore goes through an enrichment process, resulting in a small quantity of usable ‗enriched‘ uranium and huge volumes of waste. If nuclear power production expands substantially in the coming decades, the amount of waste requiring safe and secure disposal will also significantly increase. High-level nuclear waste can last for thousands of years before being safe again, so this is a major hurdle which must be overcome before nuclear power can expand. Radioactivity can be turned out fatal for human body. Table II. shows major problems caused by radioactivity.


Table II. Human tissues and organs ranked by sensitivity to radiation induced cancer High Risk

Moderate Risk

Low Risk

Bone Marrow Breast (premenopausal Thyroid (child) Lung

Stomach Ovary Colon Bladder Skin

Brain Bone Uterus Kidney Esophagus Liver

5.2 Proliferation Some forms of nuclear reactor, known as "breeder" reactors produce plutonium, which can, conceivably, be used to make nuclear weapons. This is a conventional explosive mixed with radioactive material with the intention of spreading the material across a wide area to do even more damage. As modern world politics is circling to grab more power and get share of energy of any rival country, therefore any nuclear power generating project could be turned into nuclear weaponry production project at any time. 5.3 Fuel Supply Nuclear fuels are, physically, even rarer than fossil fuels. Fossil fuels at least are made on Earth, albeit over millions of years. Heavy elements like Uranium are only made as stars die, in supernovas. Our solar system actually formed from the

remains of another star, at which point heavier elements were made. Essentially, once they're gone, they are well and truly gone. Only in particle accelerators can heavier elements be made. Therefore the type of fuel required for nuclear power programme is not abundant at all. 5.4 Changing Perception of Common People Common people always posses a doubtful mind regarding nuclear energy. They feel free considering its capability to deliver huge power but become fearful when they consider its adverse effects. Table III. and IV. are showing the drastic change of the perception of common people and the reflection of doubtful mind setup about nuclear energy programme.

Table III. Global Views about Nuclear Energy before the Japan Earthquake (Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Tragedy) in 2011 [19]. Condition Favourable Unfavourable No Response

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Globally (%) 57 32 11

Japan (%) 62 28 10


Table IV. Global Views about Nuclear Energy after the Japan Earthquake (Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Tragedy) in 2011 [19]. Condition Favourable Unfavourable No Response

Globally (%) 49 43 8

Japan (%) 39 47 14

This changing mind setup of common people create dilemma among decision makers to take any major decision about launching nuclear power programme. 5.5 Accidents Happened So Far Nuclear power generating programme have been caused for some fatal accidents so far. To judge the severity of those accidents International Nuclear Events Scale (INES)

has been introduced starting from 0 to 7. Table V. lists these accidents with respective INES scale and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) description.

Table V. Nuclear power station incidents since 1952 with respective INES level and IAEA description [20].

Year

Incident

INES level

Country

2011

Fukushima

5

Japan

Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami; failure of emergency cooling caused an explosion.

2011

Onagawa

Japan

Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami caused a fire.

2006

Fleurus

4

Belgium

Severe health effects for a worker at a commercial irradiation facility as a result of high doses of radiation.

2006

Forsmark

2

Sweden

Degraded safety functions for common cause failure in the emergency power supply system at nuclear power plant.

2006

Erwin

2005

Sellafield

3

United Kingdom

Release of large quantity of radioactive material, contained within the installation.

2005

Atucha

2

Argentina

Overexposure of a worker at a power reactor exceeding the annual limit.

2005

Braidwood

2003

Paks

3

Hungary

1999

Tokaimura

4

Japan

Fatal overexposures of workers following a criticality event at a nuclear facility.

1999

Yanangio

3

Peru

Incident with radiography source resulting in

10

United States

United States

IAEA description

Thirty-five litres of a highly enriched uranium solution leaked during transfer.

Nuclear material leak. Partially spent fuel rods undergoing cleaning in a tank of heavy water ruptured and spilled fuel pellets.


Year

Incident

INES level

Country

IAEA description severe radiation burns.

1999

Ikitelli

3

Turkey

1999

Ishikawa

2

Japan

Control rod malfunction.

1993

Tomsk

4

Russia

Pressure build up led to an explosive mechanical failure.

1993

Cadarache

2

France

Spread of contamination to an area not expected by design.

1989

Vandellos

3

Spain

Near accident caused by fire resulting in loss of safety systems at the nuclear power station.

1989

Greifswald

Germany

Excessive heating which damaged ten fuel rods.

1986

Chernobyl

Ukraine (USSR)

Widespread health and environmental effects. External release of a significant fraction of reactor core inventory.

1986

Hamm-Uentrop

Germany

Spherical fuel pebble became lodged in the pipe used to deliver fuel elements to the reactor.

1981

Tsuraga

2

Japan

More than 100 workers were exposed to doses of up to 155 millirem per day radiation.

1980

Saint Laurent des Eaux

4

France

Melting of one channel of fuel in the reactor with no release outside the site.

1979

Three Mile Island

5

United States

1977 Jaslovské Bohunice

7

4

Loss of a highly radioactive Co-60 source.

Severe damage to the reactor core.

Damaged fuel integrity, extensive corrosion Czechoslovakia damage of fuel cladding and release of radioactivity. Total loss of coolant led to a power excursion and explosion of experimental reactor.

1969

Lucens

Switzerland

1967

Chapelcross

United Kingdom

1966

Monroe

United States

Sodium cooling system malfunctions.

1964

Charlestown

United States

Error by a worker at a United Nuclear Corporation fuel facility led to an accidental criticality.

1959

Santa Susana Field Laboratory

United States

Partial core meltdown.

1958

Chalk River

Canada

Due to inadequate cooling a damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two.

1958

Vinča

Yugoslavia

During a subcritical counting experiment a power build up went undetected - six scientists received high doses.

1957

Kyshtym

Russia

Significant release of radioactive material to the environment from explosion of a high activity

11

6

Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire.


Year

Incident

INES level

Country

IAEA description waste tank.

1957

1952

Windscale Pile

Chalk River

5

5

United Kingdom

Release of radioactive material to the environment following a fire in a reactor core. A reactor shutoff rod failure, combined with several operator errors, led to a major power excursion of more than double the reactor's rated output at AECL's NRX reactor.

Canada

impact studies and the length of time from planning to design and construction of the nuclear infrastructure typically last no less than several decades. Plus nuclear waste is still considered to be more controversial than fossil fuel emission, often requiring large underground storage facility. Despite these obvious hurdles, perhaps the most important challenge for this industry is about the risk of fatal accident and spreading radiation. Because casualty and fearful damage from such accident is not that so easy to handle by sending emergency rescue team and providing immediate shelter or medicine, the brutal effects of this type of damage pass from one generation to another through radioactivity and can be caused of an everlasting suffering for human race.

6. Nuclear Energy: Sustainable Solution or Future Threat Nuclear energy is clean and has a potential to guarantee the world to serve with an everlasting supply of fuel without affecting resources sorely needed for other applications. However, so far little has possibly been known about the damages associated with nuclear power generation. The valuation of damages is further complicated because they are likely to occur only after several decades. Therefore it is difficult to estimate the benefit of nuclear energy avoiding its risk. Nuclear power generation is seemingly profitable. However when real costs are taken into account, nuclear is often more expensive than fossil fuels. For instance, nuclear energy takes a long time to produce. The process of permitting, environmental

Table VI. Cost of electricity estimated by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and University of Chicago report.

Electricity Generation Type Coal Natural Gas (Combined Cycle Gas Technology) Nuclear

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University of Chicago report (2004) Cost (cents per kWh) 3.3 to 4.1

MIT report (2003) 4.2 3.8 to 5.6

3.5 to 4.5

6.7

6.2


7. CONCLUSION The authors of this paper evaluated one of the key debatable issues influencing the achievement of energy security both at present and in the foreseeable future. The facts have raised from neutral point of view considering their future impacts. The present trend of switching source of energy from classic fossil fuel to nuclear energy for countries is seemingly attractive for the long run of sustainability due to its reduction in global warming, climate change, and improvement in energy security. But energy security is such a issue that must be addressed considering an energy policy include: security of supply, environmental impact, national competitiveness and social concerns. Nuclear energy definitely has its potential to meet worldwide increasing energy demand but when security and safety issue comes into account then it becomes a tough situation to take it as a potential alternative of energy. Therefore it can not be said that nuclear energy is the only alternative and utmost solution for future. Continuous research and development programmes should carried out on this regard to make it best fitted for future and alternative options should put under microscope to find their feasibility for meeting the energy demand in a sustainable way. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

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REFERENCES 1. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010. Available: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org 2. The UN Secretary General‘s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC), Summary report and recommendations 2010, New York. Available: www.unido.org/fleadmin/ user_media/Publications/download/AG ECCsummaryreport.pdf 3. R. Watson, M.C. Boudreau and A.J. Chen, ―Information Systems and Environmentally Sustainable Development: Energy Informatics and New Directions for the IS Community,‖ Management Information Systems Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010, pp. 23-38. 4. H. Hasan and C. Dwyer, ―Was the Copenhagen Summit Doomed from the Start? Some Insights from Green IS research,‖ Americas Conference on Information Systems 2010 Proceeding, Lima, 2010, p. 67. 5. H.J.D. Boeck, C.M.H. M. Lemmens, B. Gielen, H. Bossuyt, S. Malchair, M. Carnol, R. Merckx, R. Ceulemans and I. Nijs, ―Combined Effects of Climate Warming and Plant Diversity Loss on above and below Ground Grassland Productivity,‖ Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 60, No. 1, 2007, pp. 95-104. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2006.07.001 6. V.A. Frolkis, I.L. Karol and A.A. Kiselev, ―Global Warming Potential, Global Warming Commitment and Other Indexes as Characteristics of the Effects of Greenhouse Gases on Earth‘s Climate,‖ Ecological Indicators. Vol. 2, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 109-121. doi:10.1016/S1470160X(02)00047-X


7. A. Smith, ―Global Warming Damage and the Benefits of Mitigation,‖ Fuel and Energy Abstracts. Vol. 37, No. 3, 1996, p. 221. doi:10.1016/01406701(96)89126-0 8. Beier, B.A. Emmett, J. Peñuelas, I.K. Schmidt, A. Tietema, M. Estiarte, P. Gundersen, L. Llorens, T. RiisNielsen, A. Sowerby and A. Gorissen, ―Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in European Ecosystems Respond Differently to Global Warming,‖ Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 407, No. 1, 2008, pp. 692-697. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.001 9. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ―Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers,‖ The 8th Session of Working Group II of the IPCC, Brussels, April 2007, pp. 2-3. 10. T. Beer, T. Grant, D. Williams and H. Watson, ―Fuel cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from alternative Fuels in Australian Heavy Vehicles,‖ Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2002, pp. 753-763. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00514-3 11. H. Hayami and M. Nakamura, ―Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Canada and Japan: Sector-Specific Estimates and Managerial and Economic Implications,‖ Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 85, No. 2, 2007, pp. 371-392. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.10.002 12. F. Georgios and C. Paul, ―Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide through Sciences,‖ Environment International, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2009, pp. 390-401. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.007

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13. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ―Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific Technical Information relevant to interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change,‖ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang, Geneva,1995. 14. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), ―WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin 2007: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Reach New Highs,‖ Geneva, 2007. 15. T. Jilani, K. Gomi and Y. Matsuoka, ―Integration of sustainable and low carbon society towards 2025 in Bangladesh,‖ in International Conference on Climate Change Effects and Energy Development in Bangladesh, Germany, July, 2011 16. International Energy Agency (2008), World Energy Outlook 2008. Available: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org 17. World Nuclear Association (online). Available: http://www.worldnuclear.org, accessed on 27th November, 2011. 18. C.D. Ferguson, ―Nuclear Energy Balancing Benefits and Risks,‖ council on foreign relations, CSR No. 28, April, 2007 19. WIN/Gallop poll, ―Japan Earthquake Jolts Global Views On Nuclear Energy,‖ April 19, 2011, Available: www.nrc.co.jp 20. Nuclear power station incidents since 1952 with respective INES level and IAEA description (online). Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk, accessed on 3rd December, 2011.


ISOLATION, OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF PROTEASE FROM ASPERGILLUS SPECIES THROUGH SOLID STATE FERMENTATION M. Saraswathi1, R. Dakshayani2, P. Muralikrishna2


1

Department of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, A.P 2 Department of Microbiology, S.V.University, Tirupati, A.P

E-mail of Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The production of enzymes by bioprocesses is a good value added to agro industry residues. A comprehensive study was carried out on the production of protease using different agricultural wastes like paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, peanut hull and rice bran by Aspergillus species. Among the all tested the maximum enzyme production was observed in paddy straw, while minimum protease production noticed in rice bran under solid state fermentation conditions. The optimal conditions for producing maximum yield of protease were incubated at 350C, 4 days, pH 6.The protease production from waste treatment could be commercially used in detergents and leather industry.

______________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Enzymes are delicate protein molecules necessary for life. Protease is the single class of enzymes which occupy pivotal position due to their wide applications in detergents, pharmaceuticals, photography, leather, food and agricultural industries and representing worldwide sale at about 60% of total enzyme market (Paranthaman et al., 2009; Rajmalwar and Dabholkar, 2009; Das and Prasad, 2010). Proteases of fungal origin have an advantage over bacterial protease as mycelium can be easily removed by filtration. Proteases produced by Aspergillus sp. is of greater importance due to its higher protease producing ability (Chakraborty et al., 1995; Nehra et al., 2002). Solid state fermentation (SSF) has many advantages including superior volumetric downstream processing, lower energy requirement and low wastewater output (Malathi and Chakraborty, 1990;

15

Pandy et al., 1999). The present study was undertaken to produce protease under laboratory conditions by solid state fermentation of Aspergillus sp. using paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, peanut hull and rice bran as substrate and to determine the effect of pH, temperature and incubation period on protease production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation of Aspergillus sp: For isolation of Aspergillus, rhizosphere soil samples were collected from paddy fields of Cherlopalli, near Tirupati area of Andhra Pradesh. The collected samples were subjected to serial dilution method by using potato dextrose agar medium. Then the isolate was screened for their proteolytic activity by using Skimmed Milk Agar (SMA) medium and maintained on PDA slants for further use.


Production of protease though solid state fermentation: Inoculum preparation: Three ml of 0.1% Tween 80 was added to release the spores and this spore suspension was used as inoculums for fermentation. Substrate preparation and inoculation: Four substrates i.e., paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, peanut hull and rice bran were used for protease production. 5 g of each substrate was taken into two separate was taken in separate 250 ml conical flasks and salt solution was added to maintain 70% moisture. Then the flasks were sterilized at 1210C for 15 min. The above flasks were inoculated with 1 ml of inoculum and incubated at room temperature for 5 days. Extraction of crude enzyme: Seventy five ml of double distilled water was added to the conical flasks and kept on rotary shaker for about half hour to obtain uniform suspension. The suspension was filtered through Whatman No: 1 filter paper and the filtrate were collected separately and used as an enzyme extract. Assay for neutral protease: To 200 µl of crude enzyme extract, 500 µl of 1% casein and 300 µl of 0.2 mol/l phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were added. The reaction mixture was incubated at 600C for 10 min and arrested by the addition of 1 ml of 10 % Trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The reaction mixture was centrifuged at 8000 x g for 15 min and to the supernatant, 5 ml of 0.4 ml Na2CO3, 1 ml of 3 fold diluted Folin Ciocalteau‘s phenol reagent was added. The resulting solution was incubated at room temperature for 30 min and the absorbance of the blue colour developed was read at 660 nm using a tyrosine standard. One unit of enzyme activity was

16

defined as the amount of enzyme that liberated 1 µg of tyrosine from substrate (casein) per minute under assay conditions and reported in terms of protease activity per gram dry fermented substrate. Effect of pH: Different levels of pH i.e., 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 were evaluated for protease production of four substrates by using Aspergillus sp. Effect of temperature: The inoculated substrates were incubated at different temperatures viz., 20, 30, 40, and 50 to find the effect of temperature on protease production. Effect of Incubation period: The effect of incubation period on protease production was determined by incubating the production medium for different incubation periods viz., 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The process parameters for the production of protease by Aspergillus sp. grown on different substrates (paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, peanut hull and rice bran) was done under optimized condition (Sudto et al., 2008; Gitishree Das and Prasad., 2010; Vishalakshi et al., 2009). In the present study the maximum enzyme production was observed in paddy straw, while minimum protease production noticed in rice bran. As shown in Table 1, pH showed effect on protease production because microbial strains depends on extracellular pH which strongly influences the many enzymatic processes and transport of various components across the cell membrane which in turn support the cell growth and product production (Paranthaman et al., 2009).


Table 1: Effect of different ph of different on protease production by Aspergillus species Different pH values

Substrates 4.0

5.0

6.0

Paddy straw

1.9

2.4

4.8

Sugarcane bagasse

1.6

2.1

4.6

Peanut hull

1.3

2.0

4.1

Rice bran

1.2

2.2

4.1

The optimum pH for growth was recorded at pH 6 in all substrates. A notable decline in the enzyme productivity occurred at both high and lower pH values. Similar results were also reported by several works

7.0 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.7

(Paranthaman et al., 2009; Teufel and Gotz., 1993; Vishalakshi et al., 2009). Temperature also showed maximum variation in the protease production (Tab 2).

Table 2: Effect of different temperatures on protease production by Aspergillus species Substrates

20 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.3

Paddy straw Sugarcane bagasse Peanut hull Rice bran

Different temperatures(0C) 30 40 3.1 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.4

50 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.4

Table 3: Effect of different incubation period on protease production by using Aspergillus species Incubation period(days) Substrates Paddy straw Sugarcane bagasse Peanut hull Rice bran

3

4

5

6

1.8 1.5 1.2 2.2

2.2 2.3 2.1 2.5

3.4 3.4 3.0 3.2

2.5 2.2 2.1 2.0

The maximum activity was found at 300C in all the substrates. Results in the table 3 indicate that maximum enzyme production was observed at 5 days of incubation period in all the substrates

17

(Rajmalwar, S. and Dabholkar, P.S., 2009). A gradual decrease in enzyme units was observed with increasing incubation period clearly suggests that enzymes role as a primary metabolite


being produced in the log phase of the growth of the fungus for utilization of proteins present in the solid substrates (Sudto et al., 2008; Gitishree Das and Prasad., 2010; Vishalakshi et al., 2009). The subsequent decrease in the enzyme production could be probably due to inactivation of the enzyme by other constituent protease.

6.

7. CONCLUSION The pH, temperature and incubation periods showed much effect on production of protease by Aspergillus species. 8. REFERENCES 1. Chakraborty, R. and Malathi, S.1990. Production of alkaline protease by a new Aspergillus flavus isolate under solid state fermentation conditions for use as a depilation agent. Appld. and Env. Micro.: 712-716 2. Ellaiah, P., Srinivasulu, K., Adinarayana, K. 2002. A review on microbial proteases. J.Sci. Ind.Res: 61:690-704. 3. Gitishree Das and Prasad, M.P. 2010. Isolation, purification and mass production of protease enzyme from Bacillus subtilis. Int. Res. J. Mic. Vol. 1(2): 26-31. 4. Lowry, O. H, Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J.Biol.Chem.193:265-275. 5. Nehra, K.S, Dhillon, S., Kamala, C. and Randir, S. 2002. Production of

18

9.

10.

11.

alkaline protease by Aspergillus sp. under submerged and solid substrate fermentation. Indian Microbiol. 42: 43-47. Pandey, A., Selvakumar, P., Soccol, C.R. and Nigam, P. (1999). Solid state fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes. Curr. Sci 77: 149-162. Paranthaman, R., Alagusundaram, K., and Indhumathi, J. 2009. Production of protease from rice mill wastes by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation. W.J.Agri.Res. 5 (3): 308312. Rajmalwar,S. and Dabholkar, P.S. 2009. Production of protease by Aspergillus sp. using solid state fermentation. Afr. J.Biotech. Vol. 8 (17): 4197-4198. Sudto, A., punyathiti, Y. and pongslip, N. 2008. The use of agricultural wastes as substrates for cell growth and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCASE) production by Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Rhizobium sp. KMITL Sci. Tech. J. Vol.8 No.2:84-90. Teufel, P. and Gotz, F.1993. Characterization of an extracellular metalloprotease with elastage activity from Staphylococcus epidermidis. J.Bacteriol. 175: 4218-4224. Vishalakshi, N., Lingappa, K., Amena, S., Prabhakar, M. and Dayanand, A. 2009. Production of alkaline protease from Streptomyces gulbergensis and its application in removal of blood strains. Ind.J.Boitech. Vol 8: 280-285.


CROPPING AND LAND USE PATTERN IN HIMACHAL PRADESH: CASE OF DISTRICT SOLAN Kumar Sanjay1, Barik Kaustauv2, Prashar Deepak3 1


Department of Economics, Govt. College Dharampur, Mandi (H.P.) Department of Economics, IGNOU, New Delhi 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manav Bharti University, Solan (H.P.) 2


ABSTRACT The present research paper deals with the issues like land use and cropping pattern of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh. Change in these two factors determined the pace of agricultural diversification. The process of diversification of agriculture reduces the risk of perishment of crops and provides economical benefits to farm. Hence, it may prove helpful in alleviating rural poverty. To know about the changes in area under various crops, percentage method was used as a statistical tool. The result obtained in this study indicates that area under pulses shows decreased behavior pattern whereas in case of vegetables significantly increase was resulted.

______________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Agriculture, Cropping pattern, Land use, Crops, Food grains INTRODUCTION The agriculture plays a vital role in shaping the Indian economy. In recent years though its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product is progressively declining approximately from 50% in 1950-51 to 14.6% in 2009-10 however a substantial proportion (64%) of population depends on this sector. Scarcity of cultivated land hampers the agricultural sector compare to secondary and tertiary sectors (industrial and service sector). Land use pattern has a great impact on the agricultural economy. The process of diversification within agriculture has now switched on to high value crops instead of low value crops which causes change in land utilization in agriculture. Change in cropping pattern is an essential part and common mode of diversification, which has great impacts on agricultural development and alleviation of rural poverty [1]. The rapid increase in

19

human and livestock population has resulted in a change in cropping pattern and intensity of land use [2]. In this situation where the scope of bringing more land under cultivation is very limited, appropriate choice of cropping pattern can prove to be helpful in raising income from their limited land holdings. To generate and sustain the farm income for a long period it becomes necessary to use land optimally. This also affects the productivity of soil in a least hampered manner. Among the hill states prevailing in India, Himachal Pradesh is observed to be the most progressive state, which has made remarkable achievement in socio-economic development of its people [3]. Himachal Pradesh offers a model of hill farming in India [4]. The agro climatic conditions of the state ranging from sub tropical to humid temperature and cold deserts. Traditional field crop based farming is also done by majority of farmer for sustaining their rural economy. The growing interest of the farmers to run farming from business


purpose has also encouraged them to reconstitute the cropping pattern and related activities. Consequently, there is wide difference in the system of cultivation, cropping pattern and cropping season between different regions and districts. A study conducted [5] resulted that food grains such as wheat, maize and paddy play a dominant role and occupy around 85 % of total area under food grains in Himachal Pradesh. Many researchers have carried out and utilize these cropping patterns along with diversification in different forms and in different geographical areas [6-10]. The present paper aims at the analysis of cropping pattern and land utilization in the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh .This district was specifically and purposively selected due to its increasing emergence as the most prominent and successful diversified agrarian pocket of the state. The farmers of the area have shown their increased interest towards the adoption of new crop enterprises. This district has total geographical area of around 1936 sq. km. and constitutes 3.49 % of the total area of

the state. Following two objectives were selected as a criterion for the present research work.  To study the change in the use of land resources in the district Solan.  To examine the variations in cropping pattern of the district. METHODOLOGY The present investigation is based on the secondary data. The data on different land use categories and cropping pattern of Solan were drawn from various published and reliable sources such as Annual Season and crop reports, Statistical Outlines of Himachal Pradesh etc. from 1993-94 to 2007-08. Annual Season and crop reports presented the data from 1993-94 onwards which is used as a platform for our present study. Simple tabular analysis and percentage method are used to fulfill the objectives of the study. The calculation of % area under land category, % area under crop and % change in area under crop was carried out utilising the formulas in equation 1, 2 and 3.

Area under land category % area under land category = -------------------------------------------------- *100 Total geographical area

(1)

Area under crop % area under crop = ----------------------------------------------------------- * 100 Total cropped area

(2)

Area under crop period II –area under crop period I % change in AUC = -------------------------------------------------------------------------*100 Area under crop in period I

(3)

Where AUC is area under crop RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Land Utilization Pattern in District Solan The percentage of different land categories to total geographical area was computed to evaluate the status of different categories of the land and net sown area in district Solan

20

of Himachal Pradesh. This procedure was carried out for three different years i.e. 1993-94, 2000-01 and 2007-08 to examine the deviations over the different years. Area and percentage for each land category were given in Table 1.


The data indicated that the total geographical area of district Solan has increased from 180553 hectare during 1993-94 to 180923 hectare. This was due to increase in forest area of 370 hectare under forest land settlement of Tehsil Kandaghat of district Solan. Out of the total geographical area nearly 11 percent (20290 hectare) is covered by the forests. The net area available for cultivation was decreased from 22.35 % in 1993-94 to 20.62 % for the year 2007-08. Current fallow was increased from 2.40 % in 1993-94 to 2.62 % during 2007-08. There was decrease in cultivated area merely 668 hectare from the period 1993-94 to 2000-01. But there was significant decrease of 1970 hectare in the cultivated area from 2000-01 to 2007-08. This change is due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in the district. Solan district has recorded the highest population growth during the period 1991-2001. Its total and urban population showed decadal growth of 30.64 percent and 92.84 percent, respectively. The main reasons for high growth in urban population were ideal location of Solan town in terms of accessibility to various facilities, moderate climate and nearest to state capital Shimla. Large number of industrial units has emerged at the industrial areas of Nalagarh, Barotiwala, Parwanoo and electronic complex at Chambaghat. Permanent pastures area was declined from 44.15 % in 1993-94 to 42.71% in the year 2007-08. Land available for non-agriculture uses was increased from 5.83 % in 1993-94 to 6.74 % in 2007-08. It is also clear from the table that over the time span forest, culturable waste, other fallow including barren land expressed increase in area whereas, reverse phenomenon was observed in case of land put under miscellaneous tree crops and groove . Area under Different Crops Cereals such as maize and wheat are the main cultivated crops. Even though, all the

21

important crops are grown in the area, yet most of the demand of the cereals is meeting out from outside supplies. Among the income generating commercial crops like tomato, peas, capsicum and potato are important. Area and percentage area under different crops is given in Table 2. Study of area under various crops as a percentage of total cropped area indicated that percentage area under total cereals exhibits marginal increase from 83.04 in 1993-94 to 83.98 in 2007-08. Although the percentage change in area under total cereals looks insignificant but, actually there is significant decline of 2274 hectares between 1993-94 and 2007-08. The percentage area under wheat and paddy expanded from 36.69 to 39.21 and 5.35 to 6.82, respectively during the period of 1993-94 and 2007-08. Area under maize creeps down from 38.32% to 35.49% while, barley and other cereals registered marginal decline. Among pulses, area under gram, black gram, peas and horse gram over the period (1997-98 to2007-08) had declined. Percentage area under total pulses decreased from 6.75 in 1993-94 to 3.90 in 2007-08. The total cropped area under total food grains decreased from 60321 hectares in 1997-98 to 55986 hectares in 2007-08. Area under vegetables grew from 3.06 % in 1997-98 to 5.78 % in 2007-08. Tomato is most important crop under which area increased more than double from 1306 hectares in1997-98 to 2625 hectares in 2007-08. There is also minor increase in the percentage area under fruits and condiments and spices for the same period. The deviation of area under pulses during the period is compensated by the expansion of area under these crops as shown in Table 2. But, percentage area under oilseeds decreased from 2.63 to 1.73 during the study period. There is slight decline in percentage area under fodder crops and other crops during the present study period. This is mainly due to the


expansion in the area under vegetables in the district Solan. The data of the year 2000-01 shows similarities and slight deviation as compare to 2007-08 and the continuation of this is carried till 2007-08 hence it is not used for comparison. The total cropped area registered decline of 3455 hectares between 1993-94 and 200708. Percentage area under net sown area decreased from 60.08 to 58.57. Although there is an increase in percentage area sown twice in a year from 39.91 to 41.42 during the study period. Trends in Area under Different crops The trend of increase or decrease in area under different crops is given in Table 3. It is revealed that during present investigation period, area under food grains has contracted. In 2000-01 there was decline in area under food grains by 7.15% in comparison to1993-94 and during the period 2000-01 to 2007-08 there was almost no change in area. Therefore, over the study period, the percentage fall in the area under food grains was almost constant by 7.16%. This contraction resulted due to expansion of area under vegetables and decline in area under maize, barley and pulses. Area under wheat showed mixed trends over the study period. Percentage area under wheat decline 5.71 in 2000-01 compared to 1993-94 and increase of 7.51 in 2007-08 in comparison to 2000-01. In case of barley, trends showed decline and percentage declination in area is 12.97 between the periods 1993-94 to 2007-08. There is also decreasing trends of maize cultivation, the total declination is 12.13% over the study period. The major reasons for this decline in these crops are: (1) The problem of wild animals (monkey, pigs and birds etc.) that mainly destroy the maize crop in this area. (2) Food habits of peoples also changed as a result of adaptation, they prefer wheat and rice in place of maize and barley. Table

22

3 shows that there is increase of 21.02% for crop paddy. High price of rice inspired the farmers to bring more area under cultivation of this crop. Area under pulses shows significant decline of 45.39% in 2007-08 in comparison to 1993-94. This was due to expansion of area under vegetables in the district Solan. Among the non food crops vegetables registered an increase of 79.06 % during the period 1993-94 to 2007-08. The decline in area under cultivation of pulses was compensated by the expansion of the area under vegetables. Oilseeds, fodder crops and others shows decline in area of about 37.66%, 20.79% and 39.31% respectively over the study period. Fruits, condiments and spices exhibit in area under these crops i.e. 14.03% and 70.94%. The attractive price of cash crops such as vegetables, fruits, condiments and spices inspired the farmer to increase production of these crops on more and more area but, also motivate them to shift the area from some of the food crops to cash crop cultivation. This may proves helpful to fulfill their requirements and to get better prices from the sale of their product. Table 3 reveals that net sown area, area sown more than once and total cropped area has decreased about 7.52%, 1.55% and 5.14% respectively over the period 1993-94 to 2007-08. The major reason for this decline in area under cultivation maybe the problems of wild animals (monkey, pigs and birds etc) that mainly destroys the maize and other crops. So the people restricts there cultivation and the far of land (not protected from wild animals) remains uncultivated during the last decade or so. CONCLUSION To evaluate the sequential variations of land under different uses in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh from 1993-94 to 2007-08 revealed that, there were some notable variations under area in case of


permanent pastures and net sown area. Moreover, other land categories had not shown significant change under their area. The study on the cropping pattern in district Solan over the study period suggest that among food crops area under wheat and paddy has increased whereas, in case of barley and maize it had declined considerably. Area under non food crops has shown increased trend for cash crops. The result indicates that total cropped, net sown area, and area sown more than once decreased in period (1993-94 to 2007-08). The trend of cropping pattern in Solan district from 1993-94 to2007-08 disclosed the fact that shifting of area from food grains towards vegetables, fruits, condiments and spices is considerably high. It is clear from the above results and suggestions that farmers of the area are shifting towards commercial cropping. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. REFERENCES 1. Ram S. Cropping Pattern Diversification in Orissa. Agricultural Situation in India 1999; 4: 15-18. 2. Gupta S, Sharma RK. Land Utilization Pattern in Himachal Pradesh: A District-wise Analysis. Agricultural Situation in India 2009; 4: 31-35.

23

3. Khoshla PK, Raina KK. Himalayan Farming Systems –R&D Support for sustainable Agro Economy. Centre for Integrated Mountain Development 1996: 12-13. 4. Kanwar PC. Diversification of Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh: A SpatioTemporal Analysis. Agricultural Situation in India. 1986; 9: 451-454. 5. Oberoi RC, Raina KK. Growth and Diversification of Foodgrains in Himachal Pradesh. Economic Affairs 1991; 36(3): 155-160. 6. Chand R. Diversification through high values crops in western Himalayan region: Evidence from Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics 1996; 51(4): 652-663. 7. Narayanamoorthy A. Crop Diversification and Yield Response to Fertilizer. Productivity 1997; 38(1): 118-125. 8. Kumar U. Diversification of Crops in West Bengal: A Spatio- Temporal Analysis. Artha Vijnana 2000; 42(2); 170-182. 9. Vyas VS. Diversification in Agriculture: Concept, Rationale and Approaches. Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics 1996; 51(4): 636-643. 10 Kumar U. Changing Cropping System in Theory and Practice: An Economic Insight into the Agrarian West Bengal. Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics 2003; 58(1): 64-83


TABLE 1: LAND USE PATTERN IN DISTRICT SOLAN (Area in hectare) S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Land category Forest Barren Non agricultural uses Permanent pastures Misc. tree crops and grooves Culturable waste Other Fallow Current Fallow Net Area Sown Total Geographical Area

1993-94 Area % 19911 11.02 11061 6.12 10538 5.83 79729 44.15 705 0.003 13080 7.24 830 0.004 4341 2.40 40355 22.35 180553 100

2000-01 Area % 20290 11.21 14372 7.94 9561 5.28 78698 43.49 823 0.004 11958 6.60 1193 0.006 5021 2.77 39007 21.56 180923 100

2007-08 Area % 20290 11.21 12413 6.86 12212 6.74 77278 42.71 550 0.003 15046 8.31 1076 0.005 4741 2.62 37317 20.62 180923 100

Source: Various issues of annual season and crop reports

TABLE 2: % AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DISTRICT SOLAN (Area in hectare) S. No.

Crop Name Wheat Barley Maize Paddy Other cereals

1993-94 Area % 24646 36.69 1788 2.66 25739 38.32 3595 5.35 13 zero

2000-01 Area % 23237 36.47 1569 2.46 24421 38.33 3552 5.57 01 zero

2007-08 Area % 24984 39.21 1556 2.44 22615 35.49 4351 6.82 01 zero

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Total Cereals Pulses Total Food grains Vegetables Oilseeds Fruits Condiments & spices Fodder crops Others Net area sown Area sown more than once Total cropped area

55781 4540 60321 2059 1771 734 265 1630 387 40355 26812 67167

52780 3225 56005 3397 1278 779 560 1389 290 39007 24691 63698

53507 2489 55996 3687 1104 837 453 1291 234 37317 26395 63712

83.04 6.75 89.80 3.06 2.63 1.09 0.39 2.42 0.57 60.08 39.91 100

82.85 5.06 87.92 5.33 2.00 1.22 0.87 2.18 0.45 61.23 38.76 100

83.98 3.89 87.88 5.78 1.73 1.31 0.71 2.02 0.36 58.57 41.42 100


24


TABLE 3: TREND OF AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN DISTRICT SOLAN (Area in hectare) Sr. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17

Crop Name

Wheat Barley Maize Paddy Other cereals Total Cereals Pulses Total Food grains Vegetables Oilseeds Fruits Condiments & spices Fodder crops Others Net area sown Area sown more than once Total cropped area

199394

2000-01

Area

Area

23237 1569 24421 3552 01 52780 3225 56005

% change compare to1993-94 -5.71 -12.24 -5.12 -1.19 -92.30 -5.37 -28.96 -7.15

24646 1788 25739 3595 13 55781 4540 60321 2059 1771 734 265

3397 1278 779 560

1630 387 40355

2007-08 Area

24984 1556 22615 4351 01 53507 2489 55996

% change compare to 2000-01 +7.51 zero -7.39 +22.49 Nil +1.37 -22.82 zero

% change compare to 1993-94 +1.37 -12.97 -12.31 +21.02 -92.30 -4.07 -45.39 -7.16

+64.98 -27.83 +6.13 +111.32

3687 1104 837 453

+8.53 -13.61 +7.44 -19.10

+79.06 -37.66 +14.03 +70.94

1389 290 39007

-14.78 -25.06 -3.34

1291 234 37317

-7.05 -19.31 -4.33

-20.79 -39.31 -7.52

26812

24691

-7.91

26395

+14.49

-1.55

67167

63698

-5.16

63712

zero

-5.14


25


ARE LIFESTYLE DISORDERS PERIODONTAL DISEASE?

A

RISK

FOR

Manoj Raja


Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Maduranthakam TK, Chennai


ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to identify certain lifestyle disorders like diabetes mellitus and other medical conditions like hypertension and hyperlipedemia in an older adult population and to verify their relationship with the periodontal health status in the same group of individuals. A total number of 600 patients between 35-75 years were selected for this study. Their lifestyle habits were obtained through a questionnaire. It was followed by a periodontal examination, blood pressure recording and a biochemical analysis of the blood samples taken from them. Results of MLRA showed that diabetes mellitus, was clearly associated with attachment loss. Hypertension was not associated with attachment loss, and elevated blood cholesterol levels (hyperlipedemia) were associated only in univariate models. It could be concluded that in the selected group of subjects aged 35-75 years, only diabetes mellitus was associated with attachment loss in this cross-sectional study.

______________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Diabetes, Attachment loss, Hypertension, Hyperlipedemia INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a bonafied risk factor in periodontal disease. Type 2 is the form of diabetes present in 90-95% of patients with the disease and the risk of developing this form of diabetes, increases with age, obesity, previous history of gestational diabetes and lack of physical activity. (Brian L. Mealey and Gloria L.Ocampo) 1 The association between diabetes and periodontal disease has been reported for more than forty years. ―Chronic Periodontitis‖ is now considered the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus.2 Other general disorders like hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol levels (hyper lipedemia) often go hand in hand

26

with diabetes mellitus. They are proving to be health epidemic in middle age populations causing many reasons to panic. This cross sectional survey aims to correlate elevated blood sugar levels, hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol levels with Gingival and Periodontal disease. It also helps to include patient education and motivation in the treatment plan, thus keeping a check on these life style disorders in the long run. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was using a stratified randomly selected sample of 600 persons, aged 35 to 75 years from the patients in a private Dental College and Hospital. A William‘s probe and a Shepherd‘s Crook explorer were used for the examination of the periodontal parameters in the study


namely Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL). The blood pressure reading (both systolic and diastolic blood pressure) was recorded for all the subjects, using a conventional sphygmomanometer with the help of a general physician. The blood pressure was recorded in the morning time. Each subject was then taken to the biochemical laboratory of the hospital for the assessment of Fasting blood sugar and Total blood cholesterol levels. The biochemical analysis was done in the morning time. The subjects who were included in the study were instructed to come on an empty stomach (i.e) they should not have consumed food for the past 12 hours. 3 ml of venous blood was drawn, from the Median-cubital vein of each subject using a 20- gauge needle connected to a 10 ml syringe. Statistical Methods The association of the three periodontal parameters namely Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) with three variables namely hypertension, diabetes and total cholesterol levels was estimated using ―Chi-square test‖ to calculate the p value RESULTS 348 subjects who did not have hypertension showed a gingival index score less than or equal to 2, where as 24 subjects who did not have hypertension showed a gingival index score greater than 2.216 subjects who had hypertension showed a gingival index score less than or equal to 2, where as 12 subjects who had hypertension showed a gingival index score greater than 2. The difference was not statistically significant in both the subjects who did not have hypertension and the subjects who had hypertension (p = 0.68). 514 subjects

27

who did not have diabetes showed a gingival index score less than or equal to 2, where as 26 subjects who did not have diabetes showed a gingival index score greater than 2. 50 subjects who diabetes had showed a gingival index score more than 2, where as 10 subjects who had diabetes showed a gingival index score greater than 2. The difference was found to be statistically significant in both diabetics and non diabetics (p200mg/dl), in periodontal disease could not be established in our present study, as the results of MLRA for CAL did not include subjects with Total Blood Cholesterol levels >200mg/dl as significant variables. The role of hypertension in periodontal disease progression was clearly negative, from our present study. The results clearly indicated that hypertension was a non significant parameter in our present study in periodontitis.These results in our study, was in accordance to a similar study done by Mattout C et al13, who included arterial hypertension as a parameter, on a population of 2144 adults, in France. The results from the study yielded similar nonsignificant values for hypertension. Thus we can infer that certain risk elements like Diabetes Mellitus play a major role in increasing the probability for chronic periodontal disease among older adults. One possible bias which could have occurred in our study is the relatively small sample size of subjects, belonging to a highly similar geographic area, and all of them being subjects, seeking some form of dental therapy, as they were selected from a patient pool, at a dental hospital.


Table 1: RESULTS OF UNIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR CAL VARIABLE

OR (95% CI)

HYPERTENSION No Yes

1.00

DIABETES No

1.00

Yes TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (>200mg/dl) No

5.33 (2.98 – 9.55)

1.27 (0.79 – 2.02)

0.32(NS)