(Northern Pacific seastar), Sabella spallanzanii (Giant fan worm) and Carcinus ..... This species is native to the western Pacific region ...... Axiopsis werribee.
ISSN: 1328-5548
Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute Report No. 4
Exotic Marine Pests in the Port of Hastings, Victoria.
D. R. Currie and D. P. Crookes
December 1997
Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute PO Box 114 Queenscliff 3225
CONTENTS SUMMARY
1
1. BACKGROUND
2
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF HASTINGS 2.1 Shipping movements 2.2 Port development and maintenance activities 2.21 Dredge and spoil dumping 2.22 Pile construction and cleaning
3 3 4 4 5
3. EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
5
4. SURVEY METHODS 4.1 Phytoplankton 4.11 Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species 4.12 Phytoplankton sampling 4.2 Trapping 4.3 Zooplankton 4.4 Diver observations and collections on wharf piles 4.5 Visual searches 4.6 Epibenthos 4.7 Benthic infauna 4.8 Seine netting 4.9 Sediment analysis
6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
5. SURVEY RESULTS 5.1 Port environment 5.2 Introduced species in port 5.21 ABWMAC target introduced species 5.22 Other target species 5.23 Additional exotic species detected 5.24 Adequacy of survey intensity
9 9 9 9 11 12 13
6. IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES
13
7. ORIGIN AND POSSIBLE VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES FOUND IN THE PORT.
14
8. INFLUENCES OF THE PORT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURVIVAL OF INTRODUCED SPECIES.
15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
16
REFERENCES
17
TABLES 1-6
21
FIGURES 1-5
25
APPENDICES 1 & 2
36
SUMMARY The Port of Hastings in Westernport Bay was surveyed for introduced species between 4th and 15th of March 1997. The survey focused on habitats in the vicinity of commercial wharves that were likely to be colonised by introduced species and a variety of techniques were used to detect exotic species. Potential ‘pest’ species identified by the Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council (ABWMAC) were targeted in particular. The survey closely followed guidelines produced by the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP). A total of 355 species were collected during the survey but only 7 of these species were confirmed as introduced. The following exotic species were found in the Port of Hastings: the European shore crab Carcinus maenus; the European clam Corbula gibba; the Asian mussel Musculista senhousia; the Asian bivalve Theora lubrica; and the cosmopolitan bryozoans Bugula dentata, Bugula neritina and Watersipora subtorquata. The only ABWMAC target species found was Carcinus maenus. Bugula dentata was the only exotic species abundant enough in Port of Hastings to cause a significant ecological impact. This bryozoan forms erect flexible growths and carpets the surfaces of pier pylons at all commercial wharves in the Port of Hastings. Bugula dentata has been present in Westernport Bay for more than 20 years and was probably first introduced on the hulls of ships or pleasure craft. The Port of Hastings receives more ballast water than any other commercial port in Victoria and is therefore particularly susceptible to introductions of exotic larvae. Most vessels currently entering port have a domestic last port of call and the majority of these emanate from either Port Kembla or Botany Bay. As both these mainland ports contain exotic species also recorded from the Port of Hastings, both have been identified as likely sources of current and future introductions. Port Phillip Bay which is now infested with exotics and geographically close to Westernport Bay is also recognised as potential source for further introductions. Proposed increases in oil tanker movements between the Port of Geelong and the Port of Hastings will undoubtedly increase the risk of organism transfers between the two bays. However shipping translocations are not the only threat to the ecology of Westernport Bay. Water circulation models for northern Bass Strait suggest that some exotics will inevitably reach Westernport Bay as larvae carried in coastal currents from Port Phillip Heads. The rapid tidal currents which flow past all commercial berths in the Port of Hastings may be responsible for the relatively low number of exotic species established near the port. Such currents probably hinder larval settlement in the immediate vicinity of the wharves, and may serve to transport larvae discharged in ballast water into unsuitable habitat. Conversely these same currents may assist in the wide and rapid distribution of introductions better suited to other environments within Westernport Bay.
1
1.
BACKGROUND
The transport of species on the hulls and in the ballast water of international shipping, and the subsequent establishment of exotic organisms in foreign ports is not a new phenomenon (Byrne et al., 1997). The issue has only received attention in recent years as the magnitude of impacts caused by introductions on native species become more apparent. The devastating effects of introductions such as the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha into the Great Lakes (Griffiths et al., 1991; Strayer, 1991), the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi into the Black Sea (Vinogradov et al., 1989) and the clam Potamocorbula amurensis into San Francisco Bay (Carlton et al., 1990) have undoubtedly served to highlight the serious nature of this problem. All exotic species alter natural interactions in the invaded ecosystems, but not all pose serious threats to these ecosystems. Unfortunately identifying species likely to establish in new ecosystems is difficult, as is predicting their likely impact (Hengeveld, 1989). There are now over 150 cryptogenic and possibly indroduced species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (Marnie Nelson CRIMP pers. comm.). Not all of these species appear to be causing major disruptions but a number of species are causing concern as they occur in large numbers. Recognition that exotic species introduced into Victorian waters may be causing significant ecological effects on our coastal environments resulted in the formation of the Victorian Ballast Water Working Group (VBWWG) in 1994. This group included representatives from Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE), Port of Melbourne Authority (PMA) and the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS). VBWWG commissioned two studies in 1995. The first of these (Walters 1996) was a desk study to document patterns of ship visits and ballast water discharge in Victorian ports. The second study was to document the exotic species which had established in each of Victoria's ports and is described in part in this report. This report describes the results of a field survey for exotic species in the Port of Hastings, and subsequent reports will describe exotic species in other Victorian ports. Concern about the impact of exotic species throughout all coastal regions of Australia and particularly near ports, resulted in the establishment of the Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) within the Fisheries Division of the CSIRO in 1994. One of the primary tasks of the Centre is to determine the diversity and distribution of introduced marine species in Australia by surveying a represetative set of ports from all regions in Australia. CRIMP guidelines for the conduct of port surveys for exotic species (Hewitt and Martin, 1996) were used as the basis for the design of an earlier survey of the Port of Portland (Parry et al., 1997). This survey of the Port of Hastings employed precisely the same methods outlined for the Port of Portland survey. A variety of sampling techniques were used to sample a large range of habitats for exotic species in the Port of Hastings. Potential ‘pest’ species were targeted particularly. Sampling strategies were designed to detect species listed on the Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council (ABWMAC) schedule of target introduced ‘pest’ species, including Gymnodinium and Alexandrium sp. (toxic dinoflagellates), Undaria pinnatifida (Japanese seaweed), Asterias amurensis 2
(Northern Pacific seastar), Sabella spallanzanii (Giant fan worm) and Carcinus maenus (European shore crab), but not Vibrio cholera (Cholera bacterium) and fish pathogens, although they are also on the ABWMAC schedule. In addition, recent research in Port Phillip Bay confirmed the presence of the exotic bivalve Theora lubrica and identified four newly established, abundant and potentially damaging pest species, the small sabellid polychaete worm Euchone limnicola, the bivalves Corbula gibba (Currie and Parry, 1996) and Musculista senhousia, and the majid crab Pyromaia tuberculata (Parry et al., 1996). These five benthic species were also targeted in our survey.
2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF HASTINGS
The Port of Hastings is located 60 km south east of Melbourne on Westernport Bay. The port currently operates two marine tanker terminals at Crib Point and Long Island, and one cargo terminal at the Steel Industry Wharves (Fig. 1). The deep water port can accommodate vessels up to 165,000 deadweight tonnes, and it presently handles an average of three crude oil carriers, six LPG vessels and eight vessels with steel cargoes per month. Imports are dominated by steel slab which is shipped from Port Kembla in New South Wales to supply the BHP hot strip coating mill at Hastings. Main exports include rolled and coated steel products for domestic and international markets, in addition to crude oil and gas which is piped ashore from Bass Strait. All three commercial shipping terminals are located within 10 km of each other in the North Arm of Westernport Bay. The following habitats were recorded near the terminals: sandy beaches, intertidal mudflats, boulder breakwalls, silty sediments, and concrete/steel piles. Previous studies have documented additional habitats within the bay including salt marsh, mangroves, seagrass beds, and subtidal rocky areas (Marsden and Mallet, 1975; Smith et al., 1975). 2.1
Shipping movements
Western Port Bay was first settled by Europeans in 1826, when a British military camp was established to protect colonial shipping movements in Bass Strait. This camp was shortly abandoned, and the natural harbour was little used until after World War II when the potential for a port development in the Bay was recognised. Largescale heavy industry developments on the Bay’s foreshore were begun in the late 1960’s and included the construction of three separate shipping terminals. These port developments resulted in a considerable increase in the number of ships entering Westernport Bay in the period following their completion in the early 1970’s. The current volume of commercial shipping traffic using berths in the Port of Hastings has just been documented by Walters (1996), and provides the source for the following summary. During 1994/95, the Port of Hastings received the second smallest number of ship visits for a Victorian port (258 vessels), but the greatest volume of ballast water. The 2.2 million tonnes of ballast discharged at Hastings exceeded by far the 1.4 million tonnes discharged at Melbourne, even though Melbourne received ten times more ship 3
visits (2651 vessels). This is accounted for by the high number of tankers that came in to load crude oil and gas from the Long Island Pier. These vessels entered port fully loaded with ballast which was discharged during loading. In the Port of Melbourne, most ships discharge minimal ballast as they both load and unload cargo. Approximately 90% of the ballast water discharged at Hastings in 1994/95 came from vessels that had a domestic last port of call. In all, 225 vessels visiting Hastings had a domestic last port of call, while 33 had an international last port of call. The last ports of call for the majority of vessels were Botany Bay (73 ships) and Port Kembla (71 ships). Of these two ports, most ballast discharged came from tankers operating out of Botany Bay. The relatively small amount of ballast discharged at Hastings by ships from Port Kembla is explained by the predominance of Roll-On/Roll-Off vessels plying this route. Ships like the Iron Monarch unload 13,600 tonnes of steel slab at the Steel Industry Wharves each week but do not need to discharge ballast. These vessels do however take on ballast water in Westernport Bay for the return journey to Port Kembla. Total cargo handled by the Port of Hastings has steadily declined since 1993/94, largely as a result of reduced oil and gas exports. This reduction in trade is attributed to both a decline in Bass Strait oil and gas production, and a greater reliance on road transportation. Trade figures for 1995/96 identified the Long Island petrochemical terminal as the most frequently used commercial shipping berth in the Port of Hastings (107 visits), followed by the Steel Industry Wharves (94 visits), and Crib Point Jetty (1 visit). Recommissioning of the No.1 berth at Crib Point Jetty, is expected to generate the import of over 300,000 tonnes of refined petrochemicals per year and may assist in arresting the recent decline in cargo throughput at the Port of Hastings. 2.2
Port development and maintenance activities.
2.21
Dredging and spoil dumping
The North Arm of Westernport Bay was first dredged in 1964 to allow commercial shipping free passage to wharf developments on the western shoreline. This dredging involved the removal of high spots along the existing channel, and deepening of berthing pockets adjacent to wharves. In total these operations involved the removal of 1.5 million m3 of seabed from an area of 85.4 hectares (Ministry for Conservation, 1975). More than 384,000 m3 of seafloor was removed during dredging works at Crib Point in 1966, and all spoil was dumped in the North Arm channel off Tankerton, French Island. Dredging at Long Island Point was completed in 1969 and most of the 450,000 m3 of spoil was dumped into mangroves south of the Long Island Pier, the rest of the spoil was dumped subtidally on the side of the East Arm channel between French and Phillip Islands (Ministry for Conservation, 1975). All of the 676,000 m3 of spoil produced from dredging operations near the Steel Industry Wharves in 1972 was dumped ashore to provide reclamation areas for future building developments.
4
Although no capital dredging works have been undertaken in the north arm of Westernport Bay since commercial wharf developments were completed in the early 1970’s, some maintenance dredging has been conducted. Approximately 30,000 m3 of sediment was removed from the main channel between the number 19 and 21 marker buoys during 1994. All spoil from this minor dredging was later dumped in the Tankerton spoil ground off French Island (Capt. Dick Cox pers. comm.). 2.22
Pile construction and cleaning
Wharf piles must be considered a primary site for establishment of exotic species introduced by vessels, and the principal point for the establishment of hull fouling species. The materials used in the construction of the piles may affect the available free space and therefore the susceptibility of the structure to colonisation by invasive species. Materials like corroding steel and rotting wood would seem the least desirable for settlement as the surfaces of these materials are constantly eroded. All piles at the Steel Industry Wharf, Long Island Pier and Crib Point Jetty were constructed from steel (Table 1). Each of these facilities have cathodic protection installed to reduce the effects of corrosion on the steel piles. To further minimise corrosion, piles at the Long Island Pier and Crib Point Jetty are sleeved with concrete from the decking to a depth of 1m below low water. The Port of Hastings has no maintenance program to remove fouling organisms from the support piles and columns of its wharves. Contract divers periodically scrape encrustations from piles at the Long Island Pier, unfortunately the locations of those piles cleaned and dates on which the dives were conducted were not readily available. Pile maintenance at the Steel Industry Wharf is also poorly documented, however 2 piles on the southern side of the facility were scraped and painted following this study in March 1997.
3.
EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Biological surveys of the marine biota in Westernport Bay date back to the early nineteenth century when the French exploration vessel Astrolabe made the first collections of invertebrates (Smith et al. 1975). Since then many studies have included Westernport as part of a regional survey of the Victorian or southern Australian coast (Macgillivray, 1868; Carter, 1886; Pritchard and Gatliff, 1898; Parr, 1932; Marine Research Group of Victoria, 1984). In 1965 the Fisheries and Wildlife Division, Victoria carried out an intensive survey of the benthos near Crib Point in the north arm of Westernport Bay. A report on the mollusc distributions from this survey was provided by Coleman (1976), while detailed taxonomic studies on the amphipods collected were included in Barnard and Drummond (1978). Unfortunately no complete faunal lists were ever published from the survey. Less than ten years after the inception of the Crib Point survey Fisheries and Wildlife Division undertook a second more extensive bay-wide survey. The Westernport Bay environmental study of 1973-74 (Ministry for Conservation, 1975) included a number 5
of detailed investigations of the population and community structure of the Bay’s marine flora and fauna. The biological surveys used a variety of sampling techniques to target phytoplankton, macro-algae, seagrass, zooplankton, benthos and demersal fish. In particular, the benthic sampling programme provided information on the distribution of molluscs (Coleman and Cuff, 1980) and callianassid shrimps (Coleman and Poore, 1980; Coleman, 1981). Analysis of all taxa collected provided a basis for the classification of two major soft-bottom communities in Westernport Bay related to sediment type (Coleman et al., 1978). None of the above studies explicitly identified exotic species however two species with cosmopolitan distributions that have probably been introduced, the bryozoan Bugula dentata and the decapod crustacean Carcinus maenus, were previously recorded for Westernport Bay (Smith et al., 1975). The polychaete worm Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata which was collected in the bay during the 1973-74 environmental survey is also probably introduced (Blake and Kudenov, 1978). Several unpublished environmental impact assessments have been undertaken over the last 20 years in the north arm of Westernport Bay by environmental consultants Marine Science and Ecology, but none of these studies detected exotic species (Jan Watson pers. comm.).
4.
SURVEY METHODS
The range of survey methods used in this survey are summarised in Table 2. 4.1
Phytoplankton
4.11
Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species.
Sediment cores were taken by divers on 12, 13 and 14 March 1997 using 20 cm long plastic tubes with a 25 mm internal diameter. Sediment tubes were capped with bungs and kept upright in a refrigerator or on ice until delivered to the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory on 17 March 1997. Sediment cores were taken at the base of pylons at the Steel Industry Wharf (3 cores, Site 4, Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (3 cores, Site 4, Fig. 3a) and at Crib Point Jetty (3 cores, Site 1, Fig. 4a). 4.12
Phytoplankton sampling
Three phytoplankton samples were collected using vertical tows of a small 20 µm plankton net. Samples were collected from the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3b) and at Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4b) on 5 June 1997. Samples were maintained on ice and examined live by Dr Peter Beach (Botany Department, University of Melbourne).
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4.2
Trapping
Traps of three different sizes, intended to catch crabs, shrimp and scavenging organisms, were deployed at 15 sites (Figs. 2b, 3b, 4b) between 11 and 13 March 1997 within the Port of Hastings. The largest traps were oval-shaped “Opera-house” design crab/yabby traps (65 cm x 46 cm x 23 cm) covered in 2 cm mesh net, shrimp traps were rectangular (43 cm x 25 cm x 25 cm) and covered in fine 2-5 mm mesh net, and the scavenger traps were constructed of a 35 cm length of 10 cm diameter pvc pipe with a funnel at one end and a 1 mm plankton mesh covering the other. A set of 3 traps (crab, shrimp, scavenger) were deployed overnight at each site. 4.3
Zooplankton
Zooplankton was collected using a 3 m long x 60 cm diameter, 300 µm mesh plankton net. A small boat was used to undertake two 10 min plankton tows on 11 March 1997 near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3b) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4b). One of these sample was collected during daylight between 1400 and 1600 hrs and the other collected at night between 1900 and 2000 hrs. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin and have been archived. 4.4
Diver observations and collections on wharf piles
Semi-quantitative sampling was undertaken on six piles on the Steel Industry Wharf (Sites 1-6, Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (Sites 1-6, Fig. 3a) and Crib Point Jetty (Sites 16, Fig. 4a). The six piles (sites) surveyed on each berthing facility were always separated by at least 2 piles. On each sampled pile a bungee cord was used to fix a weighted cord marked at 1 m intervals near the low water mark. A Panasonic NV MS95 SVHS video movie camera was used to record the marine fouling on each of these piles and care was taken to include the marked cord in the video to ensure depth was continuously recorded. At depths of -0.5 m, -3 m and -7 m one photograph of fouling organisms (14 ×17 cm in area) was taken using a Nikonos Mark IVA underwater camera fitted with a 28 mm lens. An area 30 x 40 cm that included the areas photographed was then scraped with a dive knife and all attached fouling organisms collected in a mesh bag (5mm) and subsequently fixed in 10% formalin. To prevent loss of spicules, sponges from Crib Point Jetty were preserved in 70% alcohol. Fouling organisms scraped from three depths on two piles from each berthing facility were identified as far as possible in the laboratory, and samples from the four other piles sampled on each berthing facility were archived. Diver observations and qualitative samples were also collected by divers at two further sites at the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3a) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4a). 4.5
Visual searches
Divers examined breakwalls and pylons both of which form suitable substrates for Sabella and Undaria during the main field survey between 4 and 15 May 1997. Because Undaria is thought to be more prolific during winter and spring, two 7
additional dives were conducted within the Hastings Marina and over subtidal reef at Eagle Rock on the 10 September 1997 specifically to target this algal species. 4.6 Epibenthos Epibenthos was sampled with an Ockelmann sled at 3 sites near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2c), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3c) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4c). The sled was fitted with a 1.0 cm liner and towed for 5 min at each site. All samples were preserved in 10% formalin. All samples were inspected on the vessel to detect large exotics vulnerable to this technique including Asterias amurensis and Sabella spallanzanii, but only 2 samples taken from each berthing facility were analysed for all species. The remaining sample was archived. 4.7 Benthic infauna Benthic infauna was sampled using 0.1 m2 Smith-McIntyre grabs and diver cores. Grab samples were taken at 5 sites near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2c), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3c) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4c). All 15 grab samples were analysed. Three 86 mm diameter cores were collected by divers near the bases of two piles on the Steel Industry Wharf (Sites 1 and 4, Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (Sites 1 and 4, Fig. 3a) and Crib Point Jetty (Sites 1 and 4, Fig. 4a). Only 3 core samples from each shipping facility were analysed. Animals from grab and core samples retained on a 1 mm sieve were examined under a dissecting microscope and all species identified and counted. 4.8
Seine netting
A 10 mm mesh seine net, 60 m long and 1.25 m high, was used to sample inshore fish near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3b) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4b) on 11 March 1997. At each of these locations the net was shot once during daylight (~1500 hrs) and once at night (~2100 hrs). 4.9
Sediment analysis
A 70 ml subsample of each benthic grab sample was taken in the field and frozen as soon as practical. These sediment samples were later analysed to determine percentage organic content and particle size composition. The following methods were applied: A 15-25 g sample of sediment was dried in an oven at 95 °C for 24 h and then placed in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 24 h. The percentage organic content of the sediment was estimated from the loss of weight on ignition in the muffle furnace. A further 20-30 g sample was wet sieved through a 63 µm sieve and the fine fraction and coarse (sand) fraction were each dried at 95 °C for 24 h and weighed. Fall velocities and equivalent grain sizes were measured for the sand fraction using a 2 m high automated settling tube controlled by a Macintosh computer with software from the University of Waikato (Greilach et al., 1995).
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5.
SURVEY RESULTS
5.1
Port environment
Westernport Bay has a water surface area of 680 km2 of which 270 km2 (40%) is intertidal mudflat. The physical nature of the bay, with wide deep channels, rock platforms, sheltered tidal flats, mangrove and salt-marsh areas, provides a wide spectrum of habitat types each supporting a unique assemblage of animals and plants (Ministry for Conservation, 1975). Temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration were recorded during the 1973-74 Westernport Bay environmental study and have been summarised by Coleman et al. (1978). The annual water temperature varied according to water depth. In the shallowest regions of the bay, to the north of French Island, the temperature ranged from 10-22°C. In contrast, oceanic water from Bass Strait at the entrance to the bay ranged in temperature from 13-20°C. Salinity varied from 30 to 38 ppt and was highest in the late summer. Oxygen saturation was generally close to 100%, although values as high as 195% occurred where photosynthesis of seagrass was vigorous. Tides are predominantly semi-diurnal, and range increases progressively from the entrance (1.6m) towards the top of the bay (2.2m). Tidal lag also increases in a similar way with low tide occurring some two hours later at the top of the bay. Water movement patterns in the bay are complex but generally show a net clockwise circulation around both Phillip and French Islands (Ministry for Conservation, 1975). These water movements are reflected in the distribution of bottom sediments. The sediment of the North Arm channel offshore from the Port of Hastings facilities, is predominantly medium to course sand with a mud content generally less than 5%. In contrast to the channel sediments, inshore sediments from shallow sub-littoral areas and tidal flats is fine sand, silt and clay (Marsden and Mallet, 1975). Sediment characteristics immediately surrounding the Port of Hastings wharves are shown in Table 3. 5.2
Introduced species in port
A list of all exotic species found in the Port of Hastings survey is shown in Table 4. A summary of the mean number of all species found in the survey, except for dinoflagellates, by each sampling method is shown in Appendix 1. The percentage of samples containing each taxa for each sampling method is shown in Appendix 2. 5.21
ABWMAC target introduced species
• Gymnodinium and Alexandrium No cysts of the introduced toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Gymnodinium catenatum were found in sediment cores taken in the Port of Hastings during March 1997 (Table 5). Nor were live specimens of Alexandrium catenella and Gymnodinium catenatum detected in phytoplankton samples taken from the Port of Hastings during June 1997 (Table 6). Live specimens of the native non-toxic Gymnodinium spp. were however found along with the potentially toxic diatom 9
Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (Table 6). Species of the Pseudo-nitzschia genus have caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans (Arnott, MAFRI, pers. comm.). Shellfish populations at Flinders on the western entrance of Westernport Bay have been monitored for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and domoic acid (the ASP toxin) on a monthly basis over the last 10 years. None of the shellfish collections at this site contained measurable levels of either PSP or ASP toxins (Arnott, MAFRI, unpublished data). Phytoplankton samples have also been taken from the Flinders site over the same period. These samples have contained four different dinoflagellate species in the genus Alexandrium including the exotic Alexandrium catenella. • Undaria pinnatifida Undaria was not observed by divers growing on or near any of the Port of Hastings wharves during the field survey in March 1997. It is however unlikely that divers would have identified Undaria during the survey because at this time of year Undaria exists, almost exclusively, as a microscopic gametophyte (Hay and Luckens, 1987; AQIS, 1994). The large (2m) sporophyte stage, easily recognised by divers, probably only occurs between the months of June and February. A further search for Undaria was therefore made by divers during September 1997. This search of the Hastings Marina and subtidal reef near Eagle Rock did detect the native kelps Ecklonia radiata and Phyllospora comosa, butUndaria was not found. Undaria was first recorded in Australia at Rheban on the east coast of Tasmania in 1988 (Sanderson, 1990). Subsequent surveys have indicated a gradual spread in distribution to more than 50 km of the Tasmanian coastline (AQIS, 1994). Undaria was detected on the Australian mainland in 1996 (Burridge pers. comm.) and is now established on subtidal reefs and pier pylons near Kirk Point in Port Phillip Bay. • Asterias amurensis Asterias was not detected by divers and none were collected in Ockelmann sled shots taken near the three Port of Hastings wharves surveyed during the field study. This species of seastar is native to the northern Pacific, and is thought to have been introduced into Tasmania via ships ballast water in the early 1980’s (Morrice, 1995). The current known distribution of Asterias extends through south eastern Tasmania, although the range in Australia has potential to increase (Byrne et al., 1997). A small number of adult specimens have recently been collected in Port Phillip Bay, and it appears that these animals were transported to the Bay as adults on coastal vessels operating out of Tasmania. Mature Asterias have, for example, been detected in the holds of domestic ships departing Hobart (Chad Hewitt, CRIMP pers. comm.). • Sabella spallanzanii No individuals were observed by divers and none were collected in Ockelmann sled samples around the Port of Hastings. Sabella spallanzanii is a native of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, but is now present in a number of harbours along the southern coast of Australia (Clapin and Evans, 1995). The worm is first thought to have become established in Corio Bay, Victoria in the late 1980’s and
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has since spread to occupy much of the western and northern regions of Port Phillip Bay (Parry et al., 1996). • Carcinus maenus Only one European shore crab was recorded during the study. This specimen was collected from a baited trap that had been deployed overnight on intertidal mud flats north of the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b). The same trap contained six individuals of the native crab Paragrapsus gaimardii, indicating some dietary overlap with Carcinus. It remains to be seen if this apparent numerical dominance of the native Paragrapsus over the exotic Carcinus reflects actual populations of these crabs in Westernport Bay or some other interaction. CRIMP for example, have detected a seasonal reduction in the trapping efficiency of Carcinus (Chad Hewitt, pers. comm.). The distribution of Carcinus maenus along the Victorian coastline has been mapped by the Marine Research Group of Victoria (1984). This map depicts Carcinus as occurring in Westernport Bay however no notes are provided detailing the location and date of the collection. Carcinus is also mentioned as occurring on beaches in Westernport in a manuscript describing the bays invertebrate fauna (Smith et al., 1975), but again precise collection notes are omitted. It is not clear exactly how long Carcinus has been established in Westernport Bay, however it does appear to have been present for at least 20 years. Carcinus maenus is first thought to have become established in Australia in nearby Port Phillip Bay as early as 1856 (Walters, 1996). 5.22
Other targeted species
One of the purposes of this and similar surveys of exotic species in Australian ports is to provide a better appreciation of those exotic species which are causing large impacts. Once further information becomes available it seems likely that there will be alterations to the ABWMAC schedule of marine pest species. Most of the pest species on the ABWMAC schedule occur in Port Phillip Bay (Alexandrium, Asterias, Undaria, Sabella, and Carcinus). However in Port Phillip Bay the species of most concern currently (note Asterias is rare and Undaria was only detected in July 1996), based on their apparent abundance and biomass (Parry personal observations) are Sabella and Corbula gibba and possibly Euchone limnicola, Theora lubrica, Musculista senhousia and Pyromaia tuberculata. These latter five species were targeted in the Port of Hastings survey using Smith-McIntyre grabs and diver cores. Corbula, Theora and Musculista were all detected using these sampling techniques. Corbula gibba is a suspension feeding bivalve mollusc that grows to a maximum size of about 15 mm in shell length. It occurs at the surface of soft sediments between the shallow subtidal zone and depths of 150 m. The left shell valve of one juvenile Corbula (length 2.8 mm, height 2.0 mm) was found in a replicate core sample taken beneath the northern berth of Crib Point jetty (Site 1, Fig. 4a). Because no soft body parts were attached to this shell valve, it was not possible to determine if the animal was alive at the time of collection. The polished nature of the shell interior and the presence of an external periostracum layer suggest the valve belonged to an animal that was alive at the least one or two months prior to the survey. Corbula is native to the north Atlantic and was first identified in Australia from samples taken during 1991 in Port Phillip Bay (Currie and Parry, 1996). This species was not recorded in Port 11
Phillip Bay during an extensive bay-wide survey conducted between 1969 and 1973 (Poore et al., 1975), but small numbers of Corbula have been recently identified in archived samples collected in Corio Bay during 1987 (Coleman, pers. comm.). Corbula is now abundant throughout Port Phillip Bay, attaining densities of 250/0.1m2, and is a major component in the diets of nine species of demersal fish (Parry et al., 1995). Port Phillip Bay is probably the source for recent translocations of this species to Portland, Victoria (Parry et al., 1997) and Devonport, Tasmania (Hewitt pers. comm.) particularly in view of the high volume of shipping movements between these Ports. Theora lubrica is a deposit feeding bivalve that reaches a maximum length of about 14mm. Two small specimens of Theora lubrica (3.5 mm and 8.0 mm length) were collected from separate core samples taken below the concrete decking of the Steel Industry wharf (Site 4, Fig. 2a). This species is native to the western Pacific region and is common in muddy sediments in bays throughout Japan (Tanaka and Kikuchi, 1979). Although Theora lubrica was first identified in Australia from samples collected in the Swan Estuary in 1971 (Chalmer et al., 1976), it has been present in Port Phillip Bay since at least 1969 (Poore et al., 1975 - as Theora fragilis). Theora lubrica is thought to have been introduced into Australia via ballast water in commercial shipping (Hutchings et al., 1987). Musculista senhousia is a small mussel (30 mm length) that may occur epifaunally on hard or soft substrates, and may be found in great abundance (2500/m2; Morton, 1974). A total of six juvenile Musculista (10 days), could have been introduced to the Port of Hastings as larvae in coastal currents. Water circulation models developed for Bass Strait (Black et al., 1990) indicated that larvae can be transported from Port Phillip Heads to the entrance of Westernport Bay in less than 4 days during a steady south-westerly wind of 8ms-1. It is however equally likely that these same four species were transported to the Port of Hastings via commercial shipping. Carcinus maenus has the capacity to be translocated either as an adult within fouling communities on the hulls of ships, or as larvae in ballast water. Musculista senhousia too has the potential to be transported as a fouling organism or as larvae in ballast water. Theora lubrica and Corbula gibba are incapable of fouling hard substrates and can only have been introduced into Westernport Bay as larvae. Hull fouling on shipping is identified as the most likely method for the introduction of the exotic bryozoan Bugula neritina into Hastings. Not only is this species extremely common on the hulls of boats (Gordon and Mawatari, 1992), it has a larval life of less than 2 hours when substrata are present (Keough, 1989) and is unlikely to survive transportation within a ships ballast tanks. Two other exotic bryozoans found at 14
Hastings (Watersipora subtorquata and Bugula dentata) are also believed to have short larval lives and were probably introduced as fouling organisms on the hulls of ships. Relatively few ships which visit the Port of Hastings have an international last port of call (Walters, 1996) and so most species introduced directly to the port by shipping are likely to have been translocated from other Australian Ports. Ships originating in Port Kembla and Botany Bay visit Hastings more often and discharge more ballast waters than vessels operating out of any other Australian port. Given that at least some of the exotics identified during this study are known to occur in either Port Kembla (Bugula neritina and Watersipora subovoidea syn. W. subtorquata; Moran and Grant, 1989) or Botany Bay (Theora lubrica; Climo, 1976) the probability of these ports being a major source for introductions is high. It is however important to note that although frequency of shipping visits and quantity of ballast water discharged increase the risk of species translocation, establishment of an introduced species is not necessarily dependent on these factors. With suitable environmental conditions, feral species imported infrequently and in low numbers can be just as successful in their new habitat as those imported frequently and in large numbers. The volume of shipping plying routes between Hastings and other Victorian ports is small yet all seven exotic species found in Hastings are known to occur in Port Phillip Bay and six are known from the Port of Portland (Carcinus maenus not recorded). Like Port Kembla and Botany Bay, these two Victorian ports probably play major roles in the translocation of exotic species to Hastings, unfortunately in the absence of adequate historical data it is virtually impossible to accurately identify the origin and date of the introductions.
8. INFLUENCES OF THE PORT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURVIVAL OF INTRODUCED SPECIES. Previous studies in Westernport Bay have shown it to support an extraordinarily diverse macrofauna (Smith et al., 1975; Coleman et al., 1978). Westernport Bay has more than three times the total number of invertebrate species present in nearby Port Phillip Bay and also contains the majority of species that occur there (Ministry for Conservation, 1975). Although differences in the physical features of the two embayments are likely to account for much of the observed faunal differences, there appears to be a disproportionately small number of exotic species found on or near commercial wharves in Westernport Bay. Shipping facilities in both embayments are subject to similar fluctuations in salinity and temperature and also subject to the same degree of wave exposure. In addition the two Bays are geographically close to one another and connected periodically by shipping. There would appear to be a very high risk of species translocations between these bays. Despite these similarities more than 20 exotic marine species that are known to occur in Port Phillip Bay were not found in the Port of Hastings. Furthermore some of these exotic species, including the pier fouling ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Styela clava and Ascidiella aspersa, have been present on commercial wharves in Port Phillip Bay for over 20 years but do not appear to have been translocated to Hastings. The wharves of all three commercial shipping facilities in the Port of Hastings lie adjacent to a deep water channel that is subject to swift tidal flows (> 0.5m/s). Larvae 15
that are discharged in ballast water from ships berthed in the Port of Hastings are likely to be transported several kilometres away within 2 or 3 hours. This may in part explain why many exotics species that are common in nearby Port Phillip Bay and susceptible to shipping translocations have not yet become established within the immediate vicinity of the Port of Hastings. Of course these same tidal currents may facilitate the rapid distribution of exotic species to other favourable habitats beyond the port environment. This study has targeted exotic species occurring in habitats immediately surrounding shipping berths, but not all habitat types present within the Bay were sampled. It is possible that additional sampling in mudflats, mangroves and rocky shores will reveal additional exotic species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the harbourmaster at the Port of Hastings Captain Willie Smith and the acting harbourmaster Captain Dick Cox for their assistance during field operations and for providing information on shipping movements and channel dredging. Thanks to Dave Beyer (Skipper) and Alan Kilpatrick (Engineer) on the ‘R.V. Sarda’, and to Mark Ferrier, Michael Callan and Brett Abbot for careful work in the field collecting samples. The dedication of Tricia Paradise and Matt McArthur in the sorting and identification of samples in the laboratory was also greatly appreciated. Thanks also to the following staff from the Museum of Victoria for their assistance with the taxonomy of voucher reference material; Garry Poore (Crustaceans), Robin Wilson (Polychaetes) and Sue Boyd (Molluscs). Special thanks to Chad Hewitt and Dick Martin (CRIMP), Noel Coleman (MAFRI), and Greg Parry (EPA) for their valued advice. This project was commissioned by the Victorian Ballast Water Working Group and was jointly funded by the Victorian Fisheries Division, the Victorian Environment Protection Authority, the Port of Melbourne Authority and the Port of Hastings Authority.
16
REFERENCES AQIS (1994). An epidemiological review of possible introductions of fish diseases, northern Pacific seastar and Japanese kelp through ships’ ballast water. Report Number 3. Ballast Water Research Series. (AGPS, Canberra). Barnard, J.L. and Drummond, M.M. (1978). Gammaridean Amphipoda of Australia, Part III: The Phoxocephalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 245, 1-551. Black, K.P., Hatton, D. N. and Colman, R. (1990). Prediction of extreme sea levels in northern Port Phillip Bay and the possible effects of a rise in mean sea levels. Report to the Board of Works (Victorian Institute of Marine Science, Melbourne). Blake, J.A. and Kudenov, J.D. (1978). The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 39, 171-280. Byrne, M., Morrice, M.G. and Wolf, B. (1997). Introduction of the northern Pacific asteroid Asterias amurensis to Tasmania: reproduction and current distribution. Marine Biology 127, 673-685. Carlton, J.T., Thompson, J.K., Schmel, L.E. and Nichols, F.H. (1990). Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis 1. Introduction and dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 66, 81-94. Carter, H.J. (1886) Sponges from South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18 (5), 445-466. Chalmer, P.N., Hodgkin, E.P. and Kendrick, G.W. (1976). Benthic faunal changes in a seasonal estuary of south-east Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 4 (4), 383-410. Clapin, G. and Evans, D.R. (1995). The status of the introduced marine fanworm Sabella spallanzanii in Western Australia: a preliminary investigation. CSIRO Australia, Division of Fisheries, Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests, Technical Report 2, 34. Climo, F.M. (1976). The occurrence of Theora (Endopleura) lubrica Gould, 1861 (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Semelidae) in New Zealand. Auckland Institute and Museum Conchology Section Bulletin 1, 11-16. Coleman, N. (1976). The molluscs of Crib Point, Western Port, Victoria. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 3, 239-255. Coleman, N., Cuff, W., Drummond, M. and Kudenov, J.D. (1978). A quantitative survey of the macrobenthos of Western Port, Victoria. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 29, 445-466. Coleman, N. and Cuff, W. (1980). The abundance, distribution and diversity of the molluscs of Westernport, Victoria, Australia. Malacologia 20, 35-63.
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Coleman, N. and Poore, G.C.B. (1980). The distribution of Callianassa species (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Western Port, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 91, 73-78. Coleman, N. (1981). Notes on the biology of Callianassa in Western Port. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 92, 201-205. Coleman, N. (1993). The macrobenthos of Corio Bay. Environment Protection Authority, Victoria Report SRS91/010, 33. Currie, D. R. and Parry, G. D. (1996). The effect of scallop dredging on a soft sediment community: a large scale experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 134, 131-50. Gordon, D.P. and Mawatari, S.F. (1992). Atlas of marine fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Miscellaneous Publications 107, 1-52. Greilach, P. R., Black, K. P., Parry, G. D. and Forsyth, M. (1995). Scallop dredging and sedimentation in Port Phillip Bay. Victorian Institute of Marine Sciences Working Paper 29, 1-200. Hay, C. H. and Luckens, P. A. (1987). The Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta: Laminales) found in a New Zealand harbour. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25, 329-32. Hewitt, C and Martin, R. (1996). Introduced species survey. Protocol for Port Surveys. (Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests, CSIRO, Hobart). Hope Black, J. (1971). Benthic communities. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 32, 129-170. Hutchings, P.A. van der Velde, J.T. and Keable, S. J. (1987). Guidelines for the conduct of surveys for detecting introductions of non-indigenous marine species by ballast water and other vectors - and a review of marine introductions to Australia. Occasional Reports of the Australian Museum 3, 147. Keough, M.J. (1989). Dispersal of the bryozoan Bugula neratina and effects of adults on newly metamorphosed juveniles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 57, 163-171. Keough, M.J. and Raimondi, P.T. (1995). Responses of settling invertebrate larvae to bioorganic films: effects of different types of films. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 185, 235-253. MacGillivray, P.H. (1868). Descriptions of some new genera and species of Australian Polyzoa; to which is added a list of species found in Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 9, 126-148. Marine Research Group of Victoria (1984). Coastal invertebrates of Victoria An atlas of selected species (MRGV and Museum of Victoria, Melbourne). Marsden, M.A.H. and Mallett, C.W. (1975). Quaternary evolution, morphology and sediment distribution, Westernport Bay, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 87, 107-137. 18
Ministry for Conservation (1975). A preliminary report on the Westernport Bay environmental study. Report for the period 1973-1974. (Ministry for Conservation, Melbourne). Moran, P.J. and Grant, T.R. (1989). The effects of industrial pollution on the development of and succession of marine fouling communities. PSZNI: Marine Ecology 10 (3), 231-246. Moran, P.J. and Grant, T.R. (1993). Larval settlement of marine fouling organisms in polluted water from Port Kembla Harbour, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26 (9), 512-514. Morrice, M.G. (1995). The distribution and ecology of the introduced north Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis (Lütken), in Tasmania. Final Report. Australian Nature Conservation Agency Feral Pests, Program Number 35. (Commonwealth Ministry of Environment Sport and Territories, Canberra). Griffiths, R. W., Schloesser, D. W., Leach, J. H. and Kovalak, W. P. (1991). distribution and dispersal of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes region. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1381-8. Hengeveld, R., Ed (1989). Dynamical biological invasions. (Chapman and Hall, London.) Morton, B. (1974). Some aspects of the biology, population dynamics and functional morphology of Musculista senhousia Benson (Bivalvia, Mytilidae). Pacific Science 28, 19-33. Parr, W. J. (1932). Victorian and South Australian shallow-water Foraminifera, Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 44, 1-14. Parry, G. D., Hobday, D. K., Currie, D. R., Officer, R. A. and Gason, A. S. (1995). The distribution, abundance and diets of demersal fish in Port Phillip Bay. CSIRO Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study, Technical Report 21., 1-119. Parry, G.D., Lockett, M.M., Crookes, D.P., Coleman, N. and Sinclair M.A. (1996). Mapping and distribution of Sabella spallanzanii in Port Phillip Bay. Final Report. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Project Number 94/164. Parry, G.D., Currie, D.R. and Crookes, D.P. (1997). Exotic marine pests in Portland Harbour and environs. Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, Technical Report 1, 1-20. Poore, G. C. B., Rainer, S. F., Spies, R. B. and Ward, E. (1975). The zoobenthos program in Port Phillip Bay, 1969-73. Fisheries and Wildlife Paper, Victoria 7, 1-78. Pritchard, G.B. and Gatliff, J.H. (1898). Catalogue of the marine shells of Victoria, Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 10, 236-284. Sanderson, J. C. (1990). A preliminary survey of the distribution of the introduced macroalga, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringer on the east coast of Tasmania. Botanica Marina 33, 153-7.
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Shepherd, S. A. and Thomas, I. M., Eds (1982). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Part 1. (J.D. Woolman, Government Printers, South Australia.) Slack-Smith, S.M. and Brearley, A. (1978). Musculista senhousia (Benson 1842); a mussel recently introduced into the Swan River estuary, Western Australia. (Mollusca: Mytilidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 13 (2), 225-230. Smith, B.J., Coleman, N. and Watson, J.E. (1975). The invertebrate fauna of Westernport Bay. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 87, 149-155. Strayer, D. L. (1991). Projected distribution of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1389-95. Tanaka, M. and Kikuchi, T. (1979). Ecological studies on benthic macrofauna in Tomoe Cove, Amakusa. III. Life history and population fluctuations of major molluscs. Publications for the Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory Kyushu University 5 (5), 79-115. Tzioumis, V. (1994). Bryozoan stolonal outgrowths: A role in competitive interactions? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74 (1), 203-210. Vinogradov, M., YE, Shushkina, E. A., Musayeva, E. I. and Sorokin, P., YU (1989). A newly acclimated species in the Black Sea: The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophore: Lobata). Oceanology 29, 220-4. Walters, S. (1996). Ballast water, hull fouling and exotic marine organism introductions via ships - A Victorian study. Environment Protection Authority, Victoria Publication 494, 143. Wear, R. G. (1974). Incubation in British decapod Crustacea, and the effects of temperature on the rate and success of embryonic development. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54, 745-62.
20
Table 1. Summary of wharf development, Port of Hastings. Berth No. 1 Steel Industry Wharf
Date built 1971*
Depth (m) 12.1
Pile construction Steel
Cathodic protection Yes
No. 2 Steel Industry Wharf
1971
12.1
Steel
Yes
Long Island Pier
1969
15.8
Steel+
Yes
No. 1 Crib Point Jetty
1973#
15.8
Steel+
Yes
No. 2 Crib Point Jetty 1973# 12.8 Steel+ Yes * New mooring dolphins constructed in 1986 to accommodate BHP RO-RO vessel Iron Monarch. # New mooring dolphins constructed in 1984. + Top of piles are covered by a concrete sleeve to a depth of 1m below low water.
Table 2. Summary of sampling methods, habitats sampled and target taxa, Port of Hastings, 4 March - 15 March 1997. Sampling methods
Habitat sampled
Target taxa
Qualitative surveys: • diver searches • video/still photography • Ockelmann sled • beach seine • plankton net - 100µm
piles, breakwaters, soft sediment piles, breakwaters, soft sediment soft sediment soft sediment, seagrass water column
algae, invertebrates, fish algae, invertebrates, fish epifauna mobile epifauna, fish zooplankton
Quantitative surveys: • diver scrapings • video/still photography • Smith-McIntyre grabs • large cores
piles piles soft sediment soft sediment
algae, invertebrates algae, invertebrates infauna infauna
piles, breakwaters, soft sediment piles, breakwaters, soft sediment soft sediment intertidal wrack water column
Asterias, Sabella, Carcinus Carcinus dinoflagellate cysts Undaria dinoflagellates
Non-targeted:
Targeted: • • • • •
diver searches traps small cores shore surveys plankton net - 20µm
21
Table 3. Sediment characteristics of grab samples taken from the Port of Hastings on the 4th and 5th March 1997. Phi (φ) = -Log2 of the particle size in millimetres. (a) Steel Industry Wharf Grab number Latitude Longitude Depth (m) Weight (kg)
1 38°17.700 145°13.605 14 19
2 38°17.632 145°13.666 12 6
3 38°17.589 145°13.688 12 12
4 38°17.498 145°13.797 12 6
5 38°17.462 145°13.731 12 7
% < 63µm
20.7
14.7
1.3
11.6
7.8
Fraction >63µm Mean Phi (φ) Sorting Skewness Kurtosis
1.91 0.86 0.36 -0.89
1.95 1.14 -0.27 -1.25
0.02 0.47 -0.15 -0.62
2.71 0.78 -1.53 2.53
2.50 0.75 -0.59 0.62
1 38°18.771 145°13.561 17 13
2 38°18.772 145°13.713 17 7
3 38°18.412 145°13.748 17 6
4 38°18.366 145°13.644 17 19
5 38°18.392 145°13.666 16 11
% < 63µm
5.3
3.8
4.0
7.9
3.7
Fraction >63µm Mean Phi (φ) Sorting Skewness Kurtosis
0.55 0.69 1.48 3.26
0.69 0.84 0.71 1.51
0.53 0.71 0.84 2.66
1.83 0.87 1.14 -0.73
1.84 0.64 -0.76 2.24
1 38°21.244 145°13.616 15 10
2 38°21.072 145°13.606 15 9
3 38°20.803 145°13.661 14 15
4 38°20.928 145°13.340 12 9
5 38°21.184 145°13.329 15 12
% < 63µm
25.4
20.4
1.3
2.7
11.0
Fraction >63µm Mean Phi (φ) Sorting Skewness Kurtosis
1.70 0.80 0.40 -0.17
1.31 0.89 0.42 0.03
0.33 0.59 1.02 13.18
0.65 0.92 0.59 0.47
1.72 0.90 0.19 -0.76
(b) Long Island Pier Grab number Latitude Longitude Depth (m) Weight (kg)
(c) Crib Point Jetty Grab number Latitude Longitude Depth (m) Weight (kg)
22
Table 4. Exotic species found in the Port of Hastings. * Indicates species on the ABWMAC schedule of target pest species. “+” = Detected; “.” = Not detected . Species
Taxa
Bugula dentata Bugila neritina Carcinus maenus * Corbula gibba Musculista senhousia Theora lubrica Watersipora subtorquata
Bryozoan Bryozoan Decapod crustacean Bivalve mollusc Bivalve mollusc Bivalve mollusc Bryozoan
Steel Industry Wharf + + + . + + +
Long Island Pier + . . . + . .
Crib Point Jetty + . . + . . +
Table 5. Dinoflagellate cysts detected in sediment cores Port of Hastings, 12-14 March 1997. “+” = Detected; “.” = Not detected . Species
Steel Industry Wharf 1 2 3
Long Island Pier 1 3 3
Crib Point Jetty 1 2 3
Toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp Gymnodinium catenatum
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Non-toxic dinoflagellates Gonyaulax spinifera Gonyaulax spp Protoperidinium spp Scrippsiella trochoidea
. . . .
. + . .
. . + .
. . . .
+ . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . + +
. . . .
23
Table 6. Phytoplankton species recorded from Port of Hastings, 5 June 1997. Species are listed approximately in their order of abundance. B - Bacillariophyceae (diatoms); D - Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates); C - Cryptophyceae (cryptomonads); H Prymnesiophyceae (haptophytes); P - Prasinophyceae (green flagellates). Species Nitzschia sp. (B) Navicula spp. (B) Rhizosolenia setigera (B)3 Asterionella sp. (B) Teleaulax acuta (C) Plagioselmis prolonga (C) Pyramimonas spp. (P) Chaetoceros sp. (B) Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (B)1 Thalassiosira sp. (B)2 Scrippsiella sp. (D)2 Coscinosira sp. (B) Pyramimonas grossii (P) Licmophora sp. (B) Rhizosolenia cf. chunii (B)3 Gymnodinium spp. (D) 1 2 3
Steel Industry Wharf + + + + + + + +
Long Island Pier + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Potentially toxic (ASP). Species implicated in harmful algal blooms (rarely) through oxygen depletion. Potentially toxic to shellfish at least.
24
Crib Point Jetty + + + + + + + + +
Figure 5. Cumulative species curves for : (a) Grab samples taken in the Port of Hastings, and (b) Scrapings taken at different depths (three) on piles (two) at each of the commercial shipping facilities (three) in the Port of Hastings.
a. 250
Number of species
200 150 100 50 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Cumulative number of grabs
b. 60
Number of species
50 40 30 0.5m 3m
20
7m 10 0 0
1
2
3
4
Cumulative number of scrapings
35
5
6
Appendix 1. Mean density of species in Port of Hastings/sampling unit. Exotic species (7) are shown in bold type. ABWMAC target species are marked with an asterisk. PHYLUM
Annelida
FAMILY
Ampharetidae Ampheretidae Capitellidae
Cirratulidae
Dorvilleidae Eunicidae
Glyceridae Goniadidae Hesionidae Lumbrineridae Magelonidae Maldanidae
Nephtyidae Nereidae Neridae Onuphidae Opheliidae Ophellidae Orbiniidae
Paraonidae Phyllodocidae Polynoidae Sabellidae
Serpulidae Spionidae Syllidae Terebellidae
Trichobranchidae Brachiopoda Bryozoa
Terebratellidae Bugulidae Bugulidea Cabereidae Reteporidae Unknown
Chelicerata Chlorophyta Chordata
Vesiculariidae Watersiporideae Ammotheidae Caulerpaceae Apogonidae Aracanidae Arripidae Ascidiidae
Atherinidae Blenniidae Carangidae Clavelinidae Clinidae Didemnidae Diodontidae Gobiesocidae
SPECIES NAME
Lysippides sp.1 Isolda sp.1 Ampharete sp.1 Notomastus sp.1 Capitellid sp.1 Notomastus sp.2 Chaetozone sp.1 Tharyx sp.1 Caulleriella sp.1 Tharyx sp.2 Dorvillea australiensis Marphysa sp.1 Eunice cf. australis Eunice sp.2 Glycera cf. americana Goniada cf. emerita Nerimyra longicirrata Hesionid sp.2 Lumbrineris cf. latreilli Lumbrineris sp.2 Magelona cf. dakini Asychis glabra Maldanid sp.1 Clymenella sp.1 Nephtys inornata Simplisetia amphidonta Platynereis dumerillii antipoda Nereis sp.1 Onuphid sp.1 Travisia sp.1 Armandia cf. intermedia Haploscoloplos sp.1 Leitoscolopolos bifurcatus Orbinia sp.2 Aricidea sp.1 Phyllodoce sp.1 Eulalia sp.1 Harmothoe spinosa Polyonidae sp.1 Euchone variabilis Euchone sp.3 Sabella sp.2 Sabellastarte sp.1 Sabella sp.1 Serpulid sp.2 Polydora sp.1 Prinospio aucklandica Syllis sp.4 Syllis sp.2 Amaenna trilobata Terebellid sp.1 Eupolymnia koorangia Terebella cf. ehrenbergi Artacamella dibranchiata Terebellides sp.1 Magellania australis Bugula neritina Bugula dentata Caberea glabra Tricellaria sp.1 Triphyllozoon moniliferum Cheilostome #3 Cheilostome #4 Cheilostome #1 Amathia sp.1 Watersipora cf. subtorquata Ammotheid sp.1 Caulerpa brownii Caulerpa cactoides Vincentia conspersa Aracana ornata Aracana aurita Arripis georgiana Ascidia sydneyensis Ascidia sp.1 Ascidia sp.2 Atherinosoma microstoma Parablennius tasmanianus Pseudocaranx dentex Sycozoa cerebriformis Cristiceps argyropleura Didemnum sp.1 Didemnum sp.2 Diodon nicthemerus Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis
PYLON SCRAPING n=18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 . . . . 1.06 . . . . . . . 0.06 1.06 . 0.06 . + + + + 0.06 + . 0.06 + + . + + . . . . . 0.06 0.28 . 0.06 . 0.44 . + + . .
36
NET SEINE n=6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.33 0.83 2.17 . . . 48.33 . 1.83 . 0.5 . . 2.17 .
CRAB n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 0.07 . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . .
TRAPS SCAVENGER n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SHRIMP n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.73 . . . . . . . .
SLED
CORES
GRABS
n=6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . .
n=9 . 6.44 0.11 3.56 1.56 0.33 0.11 . 0.44 0.11 0.11 . . . 0.11 . . . . 0.78 . . 0.11 . 0.22 . . 0.11 . . 1.67 . 0.22 . 0.22 0.44 . . . 0.11 . . . . . 0.11 . . . 0.44 . . . 0.11 . 1 . . 0.67 . 0.56 0.44 0.11 . 0.11 0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=15 3.87 12.93 0.6 10.4 . 3.07 0.13 2.6 0.13 1.27 0.2 1.53 0.07 0.13 0.93 0.47 0.27 0.07 1.13 7.87 0.07 0.4 0.93 0.33 2.4 0.07 3.13 0.07 1.33 0.4 24.27 0.2 0.53 0.13 2.87 1.53 0.13 0.13 . 0.07 0.13 0.27 0.13 0.07 0.07 . 0.07 0.07 2.87 1.4 1.27 0.07 0.13 . . 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Appendix 1. (Cont.) PHYLUM
Chordata
FAMILY
Hemiramphidae Holozoidae Labridae Molgulidae Monacanthidae
Moridae Mugilidae Odacidae Pleuronectidae Polycitoridae Polyzoinae Pyuridae
Rhinobatidae Scorpaeniformes Scyliorhinidae Sillanginidae Styelidae Syngnathidae Tetraodontidae Cnidaria
Crustacea
Campanulariidae Eudendriidae Melithaeidae Plumulariidae Acanthonotozomatidae Alpheidae Ampeliscidae Amphipoda Anthuridae
Aoridae Apseudidae Astacillidae Axiidae Bodotriidae Callianassidae Corophiidae
Crangonidae Cylindroleberidae Cypridinidae Dexaminidae Diastylidae
Dromiidae Eurydicidae
Eusiridae Gammaridae Goneplacidae Grapsidae Haustoriidae Hymenosomatidae Idoteidae Kalliapseudidae
SPECIES NAME
Hyporhamphus melanochir Ascidian #13 Ascidian #14 Notolabrus fucicola Ascidian #10 Molgula sp.1 Acanthaluteres spilomanurus Meuschenia freycineti Scobinichthys granulatus Thamnaconus degeni Pseudophycis barbata Myxus elongatus Aldrichetta forsteri Haletta semifasciata Rhombosolea tapirina Ascidian #16 Amphicarpa meridiana Halocynthia hispida Pyura stolonifera Microcosmus squamiger Herdmania momus Pyura australis Trygonorrhina guanerius Gymnapistes marmoratus Asymbolus analis Sillaginodes punctata Cnemidocarpa sp.1 Cnemidocarpa etheridgii Syngnathus phillipi Tetractenos glaber Contusus brevicaudus Obelia cf. geniculata Eudendrium cf. generale Mopsella zimmeri Algaophenia cf. plumosa Cypsiphimedia sp.1 Alpheus sp.1 Ampelisca euroa Byblis mildura Tethygeneia sp.1 Amakusanthura pimelia Haliophasma cribense Haliophasma canale Aora mortoni Apseudes sp.2 Apseudes sp.1 Neastacilla deducta Axiopsis werribee Zenocuma rugosa Glyphocuma bakeri Callianassa arenosa Neocallichirus limosus Gammaropsis sp.2 Xenocheira fasciata Cheiriphotis sp.1 Gammaropsis sp.3 Rhinoecetes robustus Photis sp.1 Gammaropsis sp.1 Pontophilus intermedius Asteropterygion magnum Empoulsenia sp.1 Cypridinidae sp.2 Cypridinidae sp.1 Paradexamine lanacoura Cumacean #1 Gynodiastylis mutabilis Gynodiastylis ambigua Dimorphostylis cottoni Dicoides fletti Dromiidea globosa Austrodromidia australis Natatolana woodjonesi Natatolana corpulenta Eurydice tarti Paramoera sp.1 Maera mastersi Ceradocus serratus Hexapus granuliferus Paragrapsus gaimardii Acanthohaustorius sp.1 Halicarcinus rostratus Halicarcinus ovatus Austrochaetilia capeli Kalliapseudes sp.1
PYLON SCRAPING n=18 . 0.06 1.06 . 0.06 1.17 . . . . . . . . . 0.22 241.5 2.11 0.17 2.44 0.17 0.06 . . . . 0.28 . . . . + + + 0.39 . 2.89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 . .
37
NET SEINE n=6 3.5 . . . . . 0.17 . 0.17 . . 2.33 18.83 . 0.17 . . . . . . . 1 0.83 . 10.83 . . . 78.83 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRAB n=15 . . . 0.2 . . . 0.07 . 0.07 0.2 . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . 0.13 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.93 . . . . .
TRAPS SCAVENGER n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 . . . . . . . . . 82.07 0.13 . . . . . . . . 0.07 . .
SHRIMP n=15 . . . . . . 0.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.33 . 0.07 . . . . 0.4 . . 0.07 . .
SLED
CORES
GRABS
n=6 . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . + . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . + . . . . . . .
n=9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 . 0.11 . 0.78 . . . . . . 0.11 . . . . 0.56 0.11 . . 0.33 0.11 . . . 0.11 . 0.44 . . 0.11 . . 0.11 . . . . 0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11
n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.53 . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . 0.07 1.13 25.8 164.67 . 0.8 0.07 0.87 0.27 0.13 3 0.27 0.07 1.53 0.2 3.33 0.07 0.67 1.6 1.33 1.13 0.07 64.4 3.47 0.27 0.27 0.53 0.07 0.67 2.47 0.33 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.2 . . 1 0.2 0.13 0.07 3.93 2.8 0.13 . 0.13 0.87 0.93 0.2 13.93
Appendix 1. (Cont.) PHYLUM
Crustacea
FAMILY
Leuconidae Leucosiidae Leucothoidae Liljeborgiidae
Lysianassidae
Majidae Melitidae Melphidippidae Mysidae
Nebaliidae Oedicerotidae Paguridae
Palaemonidae Pandalidae Paranthuridae
Pasiphaeidae Philomedidae
Phoxocephalidae
Pinnotheridae Platyischnopidae Portunidae
Sarsiellidae Scalpellidae Sergestidae Serolidae Sphaeromidae
Squillidae Synopiidae Tanaidae Unknown Upogebiidae Xanthidae Echinodermata
Amphiuridae
Asteriidae Cidaridae Goniasteridae
Echiura Mollusca
Strongylocentrotidae Temnopleuridae Bonelliidae Acanthochitonidae Arcidae Aricidae Buccinidae
SPECIES NAME
Hemileucon levis Phlyxia intermedia Philyra undecimspinosa Leucothoe assimilis Leucothoe commensalis Liljeborgia sp.2 Liljeborgia sp.4 Liljeborgia dubia Ichnopus cribensis Sheardella tangaroa Hippomedon denticulatus Amaryllis macrophthalmus Lysianassid sp.1 Lysianassid sp.2 Lysianassid sp.3 Lysianassid sp.4 Lysianassid sp.5 Leptomithrax gaimardii Dulichiella australis Hornellia micramphopus Cheirocratus bassi Australomysis incisa Tenagomysis sp.1 Paranchialina angusta Paranebalia sp.1 Nebalia sp.1 Oedicerotid sp.2 Pagurid sp.1 Paguristes tuberculatus Strigapagurus strigmanus Macrobrachium intermedium Parapandalus leptorhynchus Paranthura acacia Acculathura gigas Bullowanthura pambula Leptochela sydniensis Philomedid sp.2 Euphilomedes sp.1 Philomedid sp.1 Brolgus tattersalli Birubius panamunus Birubius cartoo Pinnotheres hickmani Tomituka doowi Nectocarcinus tuberculosus Carcinus maenas * Ovalipes australiensis Nectocarcinus integrifrons Sarsiella sp.1 Sarsiella magna Smilium peronii Leucifer sp.1 Serolis cf. bakeri Heteroserolis australiensis Cymodoce gaimardii Exosphaemora sp.2 Cilicaea crassicaudata Ceratocephalus grayanus Exosphaemora sp.1 Austrosquilla osculans Squilla miles Tiron sp.1 Leptochelia sp.1 Paratanais ignotus Brachyura megalops sp.2 Brachyura megalops sp.5 Upogebia dromana Pilumnus tomentosus Pilumnus monilifer Ophiothrix caespitosa Amphiura elandiformis Ophiocentrus pilosus Amphipholis squamata Amphiura constricta Allostichaster polyplax Goniocidaris tubaria Tosia magnifica Nectria ocellata Heliocidaris erythrogramma Holopneustes inflatus Metabonellia haswelli Acanthochitona pilsbryi Anadara trapezia Barbatia pistachia Cominella eburnea
PYLON SCRAPING n=18 . . . . 0.06 . . . . . . . 0.06 . . . . 0.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 0.28 0.06 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 . . .
38
NET SEINE n=6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRAB n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . 0.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRAPS SCAVENGER n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.53 43.07 0.67 0.07 2.53 0.07 . . . . . . . . 0.2 . . . . 0.93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13
SHRIMP n=15 . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . 0.07 13.33 0.07 0.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . 3.33 0.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . 0.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SLED
CORES
GRABS
n=6 . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . + + + + + + . . + + .
n=9 . 0.11 . . 0.11 . . . . . . 0.11 . . . . . . 0.11 . . . 0.11 . . . . . . . . . 0.11 . . 0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 . . . . . . 0.11 . . . 0.11 0.11 0.22 0.22 . . . . . . 0.11 . . . .
n=15 0.8 0.47 . 0.6 0.07 0.2 0.33 1.8 . 0.2 0.47 2.6 1 0.53 0.8 0.27 . . 0.2 0.93 0.6 0.2 0.07 1.47 0.13 . 0.07 . 0.07 . 0.27 . 2.87 0.2 1.67 0.07 0.13 0.47 0.67 0.07 1 0.07 0.07 0.07 . . . . 0.33 0.27 . 0.07 0.07 0.13 3.07 0.6 0.07 0.13 0.47 0.47 0.07 15.93 0.07 1.27 0.13 0.13 0.67 . . . 0.27 0.33 . 6.27 . . . . . . 0.4 . 0.27 . .
Appendix 1. (Cont.) PHYLUM
Mollusca
FAMILY
Calyptraeidae Cardiidae Carditidae Chromodorididae Columbellidae Corbulidae Cyamiidae Cymatiidae Dorididae Eulimidae Fasciolariidae Hamineidae Hiatellidae Kelliidae Leptochitonidae Limidae Lucinidae Mactridae Marginellidae Mitridae Montacutidae Muricidae Myochamidae Mytilidae
Nassariidae Nasssaridae Naticidae Nuculidae Octopodidae Omnastrephidae Ostreidae Pectinidae Periplomatidae Philinidae Pholadidae Schizochitonidae Scissurellidae Semelidae Sepiidae Solenidae Stiliferidae Tellinidae Thraciidae Trigoniidae Trochidae Veneridae
Nematoda Nemertea Platyhelminthes Porifera
Vulsellidae Monhysteridae Unknown Unknown Aplysillidae Halichondriidae Haliclonidae
Psammascidae Suberitidae Tethyidae Unknown
SPECIES NAME
Calyptraea (Sigapatella) calypt Fulvia tenuicostata Pratulum thetidis Venericardia bimaculata Chromodoris cf. epicuria Demtimitrella pulla Dentimitrella sp.1 Corbula gibba Cyamiomactra mactroides Cymatiella verrucosa Dorid sp.2 Dorid sp.1 Strombiformis topaziaca Pleuroploca australasia Liloa brevis Hiatella australis Hiatella subulata Melliteryx acupunctum Leptochiton collusor Limatula strangei Bellucina crassilirata Myrtea mayi Mactra jacksonensis Notospisula cf. trigonella Marginella sp.1 Amoria undulata Mysella donaciformis Bedeva paivae Thais orbita Myadora albida Mytilus edulis planulatus Musculista senhousia Gregariella barbatus Niotha pauperata Nassarius burchardi Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus Polinices sordidus Nucula obliqua Nucula pusilla Octopus australis Octopus sp.1 Nototodarus gouldi Ostrea angasi Cyclopecten cf. favus Offadesma angasi Philine angasi Pholas australasiae Loricella angasi Sinezona atkinsoni Theora cf. lubrica Euprymna tasmanica Solen vaginoides Stilifer petterdi Tellina (Macomona) mariae Eximiothracia modesta Neotrigonia margaritacea Clanculus limbatus Cantharidella tibiana Chioneryx cardioides Notocallista diemenesis Vulsella spongiarum Monhysterid sp.1 Nemertean sp.5 Turbellarian sp.1 Dendrilla cf. rosea Halichondria sp.2 Halichondria sp.3 Haliclona sp.2 Haliclona sp.3 Haliclona sp.1 Psammascid sp.2 Psammascid sp.1 Suberitidae sp.1 Tethya sp.1 Demospongiae sp.6 Demospongiae sp.7 Demospongiae sp.8 Haplosclerid sp.1 Sycon sp.1 Sycon sp.2 Poecilosclerid sp.1 Poecilosclerid sp.2 Poecilosclerid sp.3 Dictyoceratid sp.1 Dictyoceratid sp.2
PYLON SCRAPING n=18 . . . . 0.06 . . . . . 0.06 . . . . 0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 . 0.06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 . . . 0.06 0.33 0.06 . 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.06 0.11 0.11 . . . 0.06 . 0.06 0.11 + + 0.56 0.06
39
NET SEINE n=6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 . 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRAB n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRAPS SCAVENGER n=15 . . . . . 0.13 . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 3 0.47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SHRIMP n=15 . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87 . 0.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . 0.07 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SLED
CORES
GRABS
n=6 + . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . + + . . . + . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . + . + . . . + + + + . . . . . . . .
n=9 . . 0.22 0.89 . . . 0.11 0.22 . . . . . . . . 0.22 . . 0.11 0.22 0.56 0.67 . . . . . 0.22 . . . . 0.11 . . 1.11 . . . . . 0.11 . . . . . 0.22 . 0.11 . 0.11 . 0.44 . . . 0.11 . 0.33 . 0.11 0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=15 2.93 1.87 0.13 4.93 . . . . 1.6 0.13 . 0.07 1.2 . 0.07 . 0.13 2.07 0.2 0.07 0.13 0.13 . 0.6 0.07 . 1.53 0.13 . 0.87 . 0.4 0.07 0.53 0.07 0.2 0.47 . 0.73 . . . . 6.73 0.27 0.07 15.27 . 0.07 . 0.07 0.33 . 0.07 1.07 5.33 . 0.13 0.07 5.47 . 1.2 0.13 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . . .
Appendix 1. (Cont.) PHYLUM
FAMILY
Porifera
Unknown
Rhodophyta
Delesseriaceae Gracilariaceae Rhodomelaceae Unknown Elphidiidae Miliolidae
Sarcodina
Polymorphinidae Sipuncula
Golfingiidae Phascolosomatidae
SPECIES NAME
Sycon sp.3 Demospongiae sp.4 Demospongiae sp.5 Hymenena sp.1 Gracilaria sp.2 Rhodophyta #2 Rhodophyta #1 Elphidium sp.1 Triloculina affinis Quinqueloculina sp.1 Triloculina cf. oblonga Sigmoidella sp.1 Guttulina sp.1 Themiste sp.2 Phascolosoma annulatum Phascolion sp.2
PYLON SCRAPING n=18 + + 0.06 + + + + . . . . . . . 0.06 0.06
40
NET SEINE n=6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRAB n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRAPS SCAVENGER n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SHRIMP n=15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SLED
CORES
GRABS
n=6 . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=9 . . . . . . . . 50.78 0.11 5.89 0.33 0.44 . . .
n=15 . . . . . . . 0.4 932.27 0.73 11.07 1.13 1.13 0.13 . .
Appendix 2. Percentage occurance of species in Port of Hastings obtained using different sampling methods. Exotic species (7) are shown in bold type. ABWMAC target species are marked with an asterisk. PHYLUM
Annelida
FAMILY
PYLON
NET
TRAPS
SLED
CORES
GRABS
SCRAPING
SEINE
CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18
n=6
n=15
n=15
n=15
n=6
n=9
n=15
Lysippides sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
Isolda sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
80
Ampheretidae
Ampharete sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Capitellidae
Notomastus sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
67
80
Capitellid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
Notomastus sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
47
Chaetozone sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Tharyx sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
Caulleriella sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Tharyx sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
33
Dorvilleidae
Dorvillea australiensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
20
Eunicidae
Marphysa sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
67
Eunice cf. australis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ampharetidae
Cirratulidae
SPECIES NAME
Eunice sp.2
7
28
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Glyceridae
Glycera cf. americana
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
47
Goniadidae
Goniada cf. emerita
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Hesionidae
Nerimyra longicirrata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Hesionid sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Lumbrineris cf. latreilli
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40 87
Lumbrineridae
Lumbrineris sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
56
Magelonidae
Magelona cf. dakini
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Maldanidae
Asychis glabra
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Maldanid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
33
Clymenella sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Nephtyidae
Nephtys inornata
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
73
Nereidae
Simplisetia amphidonta
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Platynereis dumerillii antipoda
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
47
Neridae
Nereis sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Onuphidae
Onuphid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
Opheliidae
Travisia sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Ophellidae
Armandia cf. intermedia
.
.
.
.
.
.
56
93
Orbiniidae
Haploscoloplos sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Leitoscolopolos bifurcatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
27
Orbinia sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Paraonidae
Aricidea sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
47
Phyllodocidae
Phyllodoce sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
53
Eulalia sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Harmothoe spinosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Polyonidae sp.1
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euchone variabilis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Euchone sp.3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Sabella sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Sabellastarte sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Polynoidae Sabellidae
Sabella sp.1
44
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Serpulidae
Serpulid sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Spionidae
Polydora sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
Prinospio aucklandica
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Syllis sp.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Syllis sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
Amaenna trilobata
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
27
Terebellid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
Eupolymnia koorangia
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Terebella cf. ehrenbergi
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Artacamella dibranchiata
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
Terebellides sp.1
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Terebratellidae Bugulidae
Magellania australis Bugula neritina
. 11
. .
. .
. .
. .
33 .
33 .
20 .
Bugulidea
Bugula dentata
72
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cabereidae
Caberea glabra
72
.
.
.
.
.
67
.
Tricellaria sp.1
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Reteporidae
Triphyllozoon moniliferum
72
.
.
.
.
.
56
.
Unknown
Cheilostome #3
6
.
.
.
.
.
44
.
Cheilostome #4
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
Cheilostome #1
56
.
.
.
.
67
.
.
Vesiculariidae Watersiporideae
Amathia sp.1 Watersipora cf. subtorquata
39 6
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
11 11
. .
Chelicerata
Ammotheidae
Ammotheid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Chlorophyta
Caulerpaceae
Caulerpa brownii
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Caulerpa cactoides
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Apogonidae
Vincentia conspersa
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
Aracanidae
Aracana ornata
.
17
7
.
.
.
.
.
Aracana aurita
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
Arripidae
Arripis georgiana
.
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ascidiidae
Ascidia sydneyensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Ascidia sp.1
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ascidia sp.2
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
7
.
20
.
.
.
Syllidae Terebellidae
Trichobranchidae Brachiopoda Bryozoa
Chordata
.
Atherinidae
Atherinosoma microstoma
.
Blenniidae
Parablennius tasmanianus
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Carangidae
Pseudocaranx dentex
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
Clavelinidae
Sycozoa cerebriformis
28
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
Clinidae
Cristiceps argyropleura
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
Didemnidae
Didemnum sp.1
78
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Didemnum sp.2
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Diodontidae
Diodon nicthemerus
.
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
Gobiesocidae
Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
41
Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM
Chordata
FAMILY
Crustacea
PYLON
NET
TRAPS
SLED
CORES
GRABS
SCRAPING
SEINE
CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18
n=6
n=15
n=15
n=15
n=6
n=9
n=15
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hemiramphidae
Hyporhamphus melanochir
Holozoidae
Ascidian #13
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ascidian #14
39
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Labridae
Notolabrus fucicola
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
Molgulidae
Ascidian #10
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Molgula sp.1
67
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Acanthaluteres spilomanurus
.
17
.
.
13
.
.
.
Meuschenia freycineti
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
Scobinichthys granulatus
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thamnaconus degeni
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
Moridae
Pseudophycis barbata
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
Mugilidae
Myxus elongatus
.
33
.
7
.
.
.
.
Aldrichetta forsteri
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
Odacidae
Haletta semifasciata
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
Pleuronectidae
Rhombosolea tapirina
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
Polycitoridae
Ascidian #16
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Polyzoinae
Amphicarpa meridiana
83
.
.
.
.
83
11
.
Pyuridae
Halocynthia hispida
39
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pyura stolonifera
11
.
.
.
.
83
.
20
Microcosmus squamiger
44
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Herdmania momus
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Monacanthidae
Cnidaria
SPECIES NAME
Pyura australis
6
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Rhinobatidae
Trygonorrhina guanerius
.
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
Scorpaeniformes
Gymnapistes marmoratus
.
33
7
.
7
.
.
.
Scyliorhinidae
Asymbolus analis
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
Sillanginidae
Sillaginodes punctata
.
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
Styelidae
Cnemidocarpa sp.1
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cnemidocarpa etheridgii
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Syngnathidae
Syngnathus phillipi
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
7
Tetraodontidae
Tetractenos glaber
.
100
.
.
.
.
.
.
Contusus brevicaudus
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
Campanulariidae
Obelia cf. geniculata
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eudendriidae
Eudendrium cf. generale
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Melithaeidae
Mopsella zimmeri
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Plumulariidae
Algaophenia cf. plumosa
22
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
AcanthonotozomatidaeCypsiphimedia sp.1 Alpheidae
Alpheus sp.1
72
.
.
.
7
.
11
33
Ampeliscidae
Ampelisca euroa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
Byblis mildura
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
60
Amphipoda
Tethygeneia sp.1
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
Anthuridae
Amakusanthura pimelia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Haliophasma cribense
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Haliophasma canale
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
Aoridae
Aora mortoni
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Apseudidae
Apseudes sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Apseudes sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
27
Astacillidae
Neastacilla deducta
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Axiidae
Axiopsis werribee
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Bodotriidae
Zenocuma rugosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
Glyphocuma bakeri
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Callianassa arenosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
33
Neocallichirus limosus
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Gammaropsis sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Xenocheira fasciata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
Cheiriphotis sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
20
Gammaropsis sp.3
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
27
Rhinoecetes robustus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Photis sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
Callianassidae Corophiidae
Gammaropsis sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
87
Crangonidae
Pontophilus intermedius
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
13
Cylindroleberidae
Asteropterygion magnum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Empoulsenia sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
33
Cypridinidae sp.2
.
.
.
40
.
.
.
7
Cypridinidae sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Dexaminidae
Paradexamine lanacoura
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
60
Diastylidae
Cumacean #1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Gynodiastylis mutabilis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Gynodiastylis ambigua
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Dimorphostylis cottoni
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Dicoides fletti
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Dromiidea globosa
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Austrodromidia australis
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Natatolana woodjonesi
.
.
.
33
33
.
11
33
Natatolana corpulenta
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
20
Eurydice tarti
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
13
Eusiridae
Paramoera sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Gammaridae
Maera mastersi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
Cypridinidae
Dromiidae Eurydicidae
Ceradocus serratus
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
47
Goneplacidae
Hexapus granuliferus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Grapsidae
Paragrapsus gaimardii
.
.
20
.
27
.
.
.
Haustoriidae
Acanthohaustorius sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Hymenosomatidae
Halicarcinus rostratus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
Halicarcinus ovatus
6
.
.
7
7
.
.
40
Idoteidae
Austrochaetilia capeli
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Kalliapseudidae
Kalliapseudes sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
67
42
Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM
Crustacea
FAMILY
SPECIES NAME
PYLON
NET
TRAPS
SLED
CORES
GRABS
SCRAPING
SEINE
CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18
n=6
n=15
n=15
n=15
n=6
n=9
n=15
Leuconidae
Hemileucon levis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Leucosiidae
Phlyxia intermedia
.
.
.
.
.
17
11
33
Philyra undecimspinosa
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Leucothoe assimilis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
Leucothoe commensalis
6
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Liljeborgia sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Liljeborgia sp.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Liljeborgia dubia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
Ichnopus cribensis
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
Sheardella tangaroa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Hippomedon denticulatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Amaryllis macrophthalmus
.
.
.
13
7
.
11
67
Lysianassid sp.1
6
.
.
40
20
.
.
60
Lysianassid sp.2
.
.
.
13
7
.
.
13
Lysianassid sp.3
.
.
.
7
7
.
.
20
Lysianassid sp.4
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
7
Lysianassid sp.5
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
.
.
83
.
.
Leucothoidae Liljeborgiidae
Lysianassidae
Majidae
Leptomithrax gaimardii
Melitidae
Dulichiella australis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
13
Melphidippidae
Hornellia micramphopus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Cheirocratus bassi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Australomysis incisa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tenagomysis sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Paranchialina angusta
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
Paranebalia sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Nebalia sp.1
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
Oedicerotidae
Oedicerotid sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Paguridae
Pagurid sp.1
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
Paguristes tuberculatus
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
7
Mysidae
Nebaliidae
7
Strigapagurus strigmanus
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Palaemonidae
Macrobrachium intermedium
.
.
.
47
73
17
.
7
Pandalidae
Parapandalus leptorhynchus
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
Paranthuridae
Paranthura acacia
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
73
Acculathura gigas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Bullowanthura pambula
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
Pasiphaeidae
Leptochela sydniensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Philomedidae
Philomedid sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Euphilomedes sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Philomedid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
Brolgus tattersalli
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Birubius panamunus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
Phoxocephalidae
Birubius cartoo
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Pinnotheridae
Pinnotheres hickmani
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Platyischnopidae
Tomituka doowi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Portunidae
Nectocarcinus tuberculosus Carcinus maenas *
. .
. .
. 7
. .
7 .
. .
. .
. .
Ovalipes australiensis
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Nectocarcinus integrifrons
.
.
20
.
13
.
.
.
Sarsiella sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13 20
Sarsiellidae
Sarsiella magna
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Scalpellidae
Smilium peronii
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Sergestidae
Leucifer sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Serolidae
Serolis cf. bakeri
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Heteroserolis australiensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Cymodoce gaimardii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Exosphaemora sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Sphaeromidae
Cilicaea crassicaudata
7
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Ceratocephalus grayanus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Exosphaemora sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Austrosquilla osculans
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
33
Squilla miles
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
7
Synopiidae
Tiron sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
Tanaidae
Leptochelia sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Paratanais ignotus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Brachyura megalops sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Brachyura megalops sp.5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Upogebiidae
Upogebia dromana
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
27
Xanthidae
Pilumnus tomentosus
17
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Pilumnus monilifer
22
.
.
.
.
17
.
Ophiothrix caespitosa
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Amphiura elandiformis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
13
Ophiocentrus pilosus
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
20
Amphipholis squamata
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
.
Amphiura constricta
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
67
Asteriidae
Allostichaster polyplax
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Cidaridae
Goniocidaris tubaria
.
.
.
.
.
83
.
.
Goniasteridae
Tosia magnifica
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Nectria ocellata
Squillidae
Unknown
Echinodermata Amphiuridae
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Strongylocentrotidae Heliocidaris erythrogramma
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
Temnopleuridae
Holopneustes inflatus
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Echiura
Bonelliidae
Metabonellia haswelli
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Mollusca
Acanthochitonidae
Acanthochitona pilsbryi
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Arcidae
Anadara trapezia
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
27
Aricidae
Barbatia pistachia
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Buccinidae
Cominella eburnea
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
43
Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM
Mollusca
FAMILY
SPECIES NAME
PYLON
NET
TRAPS
SLED
CORES
GRABS
SCRAPING
SEINE
CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18
n=6
n=15
n=15
n=15
n=6
n=9
n=15
Calyptraeidae
Calyptraea (Sigapatella) calypt
.
.
.
.
.
100
.
67
Cardiidae
Fulvia tenuicostata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
Pratulum thetidis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Carditidae
Venericardia bimaculata
.
.
.
.
.
17
44
93
Chromodorididae
Chromodoris cf. epicuria
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Columbellidae
Demtimitrella pulla
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
Corbulidae
Dentimitrella sp.1 Corbula gibba
. .
. .
. .
. .
7 .
. .
. 11
. .
Cyamiidae
Cyamiomactra mactroides
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
27
Cymatiidae
Cymatiella verrucosa
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
7
Dorididae
Dorid sp.2
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dorid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Eulimidae
Strombiformis topaziaca
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
Fasciolariidae
Pleuroploca australasia
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
Hamineidae
Liloa brevis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Hiatellidae
Hiatella australis
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hiatella subulata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Kelliidae
Melliteryx acupunctum
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
33
Leptochitonidae
Leptochiton collusor
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Limidae
Limatula strangei
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Lucinidae
Bellucina crassilirata
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
13
Myrtea mayi
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
13
Mactra jacksonensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
Notospisula cf. trigonella
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
20
Marginellidae
Marginella sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Mitridae
Amoria undulata
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Montacutidae
Mysella donaciformis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
Muricidae
Bedeva paivae
7
Mactridae
Thais orbita
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Myochamidae
Myadora albida
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
20
Mytilidae
Mytilus edulis planulatus Musculista senhousia
6 .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. 13
Gregariella barbatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Niotha pauperata
.
.
.
40
27
.
.
13 7
Nassariidae
Nassarius burchardi
.
.
.
13
.
.
11
Nasssaridae
Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus
.
.
.
20
20
.
.
7
Naticidae
Polinices sordidus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Nuculidae
Nucula obliqua
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
.
Nucula pusilla
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
Octopus australis
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
Octopus sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Omnastrephidae
Nototodarus gouldi
.
67
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ostreidae
Ostrea angasi
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Pectinidae
Cyclopecten cf. favus
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
47
Periplomatidae
Offadesma angasi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
Philinidae
Philine angasi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Pholadidae
Pholas australasiae
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
47
Schizochitonidae
Loricella angasi
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Scissurellidae Semelidae
Sinezona atkinsoni Theora cf. lubrica
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. 22
7 .
Sepiidae
Euprymna tasmanica
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Solenidae
Solen vaginoides
.
.
.
.
.
17
11
13
Stiliferidae
Stilifer petterdi
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
Tellinidae
Tellina (Macomona) mariae
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Thraciidae
Eximiothracia modesta
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
Trigoniidae
Neotrigonia margaritacea
.
.
.
.
.
100
22
80
Trochidae
Clanculus limbatus
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
Cantharidella tibiana
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
7
Chioneryx cardioides
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Notocallista diemenesis
.
.
.
.
.
33
11
60
Octopodidae
Veneridae
.
Vulsellidae
Vulsella spongiarum
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Nematoda
Monhysteridae
Monhysterid sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
40
Nemertea
Unknown
Nemertean sp.5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
PlatyhelminthesUnknown
Turbellarian sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
7
Porifera
Aplysillidae
Dendrilla cf. rosea
11
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
Halichondriidae
Halichondria sp.2
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Halichondria sp.3
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Haliclona sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
Haliclona sp.3
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Haliclona sp.1
6
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Psammascid sp.2
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Psammascid sp.1
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Suberitidae
Suberitidae sp.1
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tethyidae
Tethya sp.1
11
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Unknown
Demospongiae sp.6
.
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Demospongiae sp.7
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
Demospongiae sp.8
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
Haliclonidae
Psammascidae
Haplosclerid sp.1
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sycon sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Sycon sp.2
39
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Poecilosclerid sp.1
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Poecilosclerid sp.2
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Poecilosclerid sp.3
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dictyoceratid sp.1
56
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dictyoceratid sp.2
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM
Porifera
Rhodophyta
Sarcodina
FAMILY
PYLON
NET
TRAPS
SLED
CORES
GRABS
SCRAPING
SEINE
CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18
n=6
n=15
n=15
n=15
n=6
n=9
n=15
Sycon sp.3
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Demospongiae sp.4
11
.
.
.
.
33
.
.
Demospongiae sp.5
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Delesseriaceae
Hymenena sp.1
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria sp.2
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Rhodomelaceae
Rhodophyta #2
28
.
.
.
.
.
.
Unknown
Rhodophyta #1
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Elphidiidae
Elphidium sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Miliolidae
Triloculina affinis
.
.
.
.
.
.
100
87
Quinqueloculina sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
20
Triloculina cf. oblonga
.
.
.
.
.
.
100
53
Sigmoidella sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
27
Guttulina sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
40
Unknown
Polymorphinidae Sipuncula
SPECIES NAME
.
Golfingiidae
Themiste sp.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
Phascolosomatidae
Phascolosoma annulatum
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Phascolion sp.2
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
45
