estimating the cost and effort required for software production. When you .... and
Herron (Garmus and Herron, 2000) describe the practical use of function points.
during contract bidding, result in not winning the contract, which can lead to loss of jobs. ... 2. Most cost estimation models attempt to generate an effort estimate, which ... into a dollar cost figure by calculating an average salary per unit time
Effort costs are not just the salaries of the software engineers who are involved in the project. ..... A project cost is agreed on the basis of an outline proposal.
Software Cost Estimation (GP) View project. NN for Web ... Management and Service Science, 09/2009. Publication ... Publication. "organiztional sytsmes and strategy", AS and A ... Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2007. Publication.
Multiple methods have been proposed to estimate software size and cost ... application domain, product complexity, availability of historical data, team expertise ...
Which software size measurement to use â lines of code (LOC), function points .... External file types: files that are
Knowledge of the application domain is essential for experience ..... them by 100 and add the result to 1.01 to get the exponent that should be used. To illustrate ...
tions systems such as e-mail, shared web sites and videoconferencing can ... For example, say a small oil services software company employs 10 ..... estimates (worst, expected and best) rather than a single estimate and apply the cost-.
Software cost estimation process is frequently debated by software development ... As a result when many people are asked to do the estimation process, they might .... COCOMO is reasonably well-matched to custom, build-to-specification.
COCOMO model. Index Terms--Software Cost Estimation, Uncertainty, Fuzzy. Numbers ... of different development modes and different application domains.
Jan 5, 2018 - Abstract: Outsourcing software enhancement aims at developing top quality product at a ..... analysis, outsourcing cooperation, vendor testing,.
generalized logistic testing-effort function into software reliability modeling and its fault-prediction capability is evaluated through four numerical experiments on ...
for the cost estimation by software of any project. ... cost estimation models and methods of software. .... early stage of the development of software, it is of too.
testing techniques and tools during software development ... correct performance of software. ... may use some new automated tools or methods that are just.
Abstract. Now the current scenario software quality and cost estimation are the most challenging or more important activities in software development ...
the WMQ presents a good average of mre in evaluating accuracy of software cost .... method employed by most statistical software is least squares (LS) ...
development whether web-based project or application system. For example .... Performing estimation is to dictate the output and get the best total cost accuracy.
Using Parkinsonâs Law âWork expands to fill the available volumeâ[8], the cost is determined ... Parkinsonâs Law does not promote good software engineering.
optimal release policy from the cost-benefit viewpoint and ... that the optimal software release time can be obtained ..... where TLC=software life-cycle length.
most critical activities in managing software projects. Software cost estimation is .... tuning parameters, fitness function is evaluated with an objective to minimize ...
The paper includes comment on the performance of the estimation models and .... This measurement has been used in COCOMO II for cost estimation.Missing:
Accurate cost estimation helps software companies making money and avoiding .... the main development process in more than 10 software teams. Based on ...
Content of this presentation. ⢠History of software cost estimation. ⢠Overview ... Why does software cost so much?
Introduction on Software Cost Estimation Rolf Hintermann
Content of this presentation • • • •
History of software cost estimation Overview Estimation process Conclusion
history
1940‘s – beginning of the computer era • Computers • A few of them in use
• Applications • • • •
A few of them in use Small in size Typically one developer „cheap“ to develop
history
Today • Computers • A lot of them in use
• Applications • • • •
A lot of them in use Large in size Many developers „expensive“ to develop
history
Why does software cost so much?
history
Why does software cost so much? Compared to what?
history
Why does software cost so much? What have we done to make it possible for today‘s software to cost so little?
history
History of the software cost estimation industry • Before 1970: rules of thumb, simple algorithms • Around 1970: Idea of automated tools • Around 1975: Function points • 1977: PRICE-S, first commercial tool • 1979: SLIM, second commercial tool • 1981: COCOMO
history
History of the software cost estimation industry • 1981: paper on function points published world wide • 1982: deMarco function points • 1983: Mark II function points • 1984: revision of IBM‘s function point metric • 1985: SPQR/20 • 1986: IFPUG founded in Toronto, Canada
history
History of the software cost estimation industry • Until today: A lot of new commercial tools have been released
overview
Time and purpose of estimates • When tendering for a project • During development process
overview
General problems of software cost estimation • Changing requirements • Output of developers • Underestimation of non-coding work
overview
Key factors Technology
Personnel
Software Quality and Productivity
Environment
Processes
overview
Objectives of the estimate • • • • • • • •
Size of all deliverables Staff needed Schedule Effort Costs to develop Costs for maintenance and enhancement Quality Reliability
Estimation process
Estimation steps as proposed by Jones • • • • • • • • •
Analyze the requirements Start with sizing Identify the activities to be included Estimate software defect potentials and removal methods Estimate staffing requirements Adjust assumptions based on capabilities and experience Estimate effort and schedules Estimate development costs Estimate maintenance and enhancement costs
Estimation process
Estimation steps as proposed by Boehm • • • • •
Establish objectives Plan for required data and resources Pin down software requirements Work out as much detail as feasible Use several independent techniques and sources • Compare and iterate estimates • Followup
conclusion
Reasons for underestimating • Fantasy factor • Omitting some cost factors
