Introduction to Credit Risk Modeling

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Chapman & Hall/CRC FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS SERIES. Introduction to. Credit Risk Modeling. Second Edition. Christian Bluhm. Ludger Overbeck. Christoph ...
Chapman & Hall/CRC FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS SERIES

Introduction to Credit Risk Modeling Second Edition

Christian Bluhm Ludger Overbeck Christoph Wagner

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

A CHAPMAN & HALL BOOK

VI

2.6 2.7 2.8

Loss Dependence by Means of Copula Functions 2.6.1 Copulas: Variations of a Scheme Working Example on Asset Correlations Generating the Portfolio Loss Distribution 2.8.1 Some Prerequisites from Probability Theory 2.8.2 Conditional Independence 2.8.3 Technique I: Recursive Generation 2.8.4 Technique II: Fourier Transformation 2.8.5 Technique III: Saddle-Point Approximation 2.8.6 Technique IV: Importance Sampling

99 103 Ill 118 120 134 136 140 142 145

Asset Value Models 3.1 Introduction and a Brief Guide to the Literature 3.2 A Few Words about Calls and Puts 3.2.1 Geometric Brownian Motion 3.2.2 Put and Call Options 3.3 Merton's Asset Value Model 3.3.1 Capital Structure: Option-Theoretic Approach . . . 3.3.2 Asset from Equity Values 3.4 Transforming Equity into Asset Values: A Working Approach 3.4.1 Ito's Formula "Light" 3.4.2 Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation

151 151 152 154 155 162 162 167 169 170 171

The 4.1 4.2 4.3

179 180 183 184 186 190 193 193

CreditRisk+ Model The Modeling Framework of CreditRisk+ Construction Step 1: Independent Obligors Construction Step 2: Sector Model 4.3.1 Sector Default Distribution 4.3.2 Sector Compound Distribution 4.3.3 Sector Convolution 4.3.4 Calculating the Loss Distribution

Risk Measures and Capital Allocation 5.1 Coherent Risk Measures and Expected Shortfall 5.1.1 Expected Shortfall 5.1.2 Spectral Risk Measures 5.1.3 Density of a Risk Measure 5.2 Contributory Capital 5.2.1 Axiomatic Approach to Capital Allocation 5.2.2 Capital Allocation in Practice 5.2.3 Variance/Covariance Approach 5.2.4 Capital Allocation w.r.t. Value-at-Risk 5.2.5 Capital Allocations w.r.t. Expected Shortfall 5.2.6 A Simulation Study

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197 198 202 204 206 208 209 213 215 217 218 220

Vll

6 Term Structure of Default Probability 6.1 Survival Function and Hazard Rate 6.2 Risk-Neutral vs. Actual Default Probabilities 6.3 Term Structure Based on Historical Default Information . . 6.3.1 Exponential Term Structure 6.3.2 Direct Calibration of Multi-Year Default Probabilities 6.3.3 Migration Technique and Q-Matrices 6.3.4 A Non-Homogeneous Markov Chain Approach . . . 6.4 Term Structure Based on Market Spreads

225 225 228 230 230 231 235 246 248

7 Credit Derivatives 7.1 Total Return Swaps 7.2 Credit Default Products 7.3 Basket Credit Derivatives 7.4 Credit Spread Products 7.5 Credit-Linked Notes

255 256 258 262 273 276

8 Collateralized Debt Obligations 281 8.1 Introduction to Collateralized Debt Obligations 284 8.1.1 Typical Cash Flow CDO Structure 286 8.1.2 Typical Synthetic CLO Structure 296 8.2 Different Roles of Banks in the CDO Market 298 8.2.1 The Originator's Point of View 298 8.2.2 The Investor's Point of View 306 8.3 CDOs from the Modeling Point of View 309 8.4 Multi-Period Credit Models 314 8.4.1 Migration Model 314 8.4.2 Correlated Default Time Models 319 8.4.3 First-Passage-Time Models 320 8.4.4 ' Stochastic Default Intensity Models 325 8.4.5 Intertemporal Dependence and Autocorrelation . . . 326 8.5 Former Rating Agency Model: Moody's BET 330 8.6 Developments, Model Issues and Further Reading 338 References

345

Index

359

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