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Introduction to Microbiology
ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests ❚ Orange, 8.5" X 11" ❚ Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them
Introduction to Microbiology BIO 6 Denise Lim 1
Use Your Textbook Wisely
2
Some general words of advice ❚ Manage your time well ❚ Pay attention to detail ❚ Learn to be a good communicator ❚ Be professional
❚ ❚ ❚ ❚
Glossary and Index Appendices "Check Your Understanding" Study Outlines ²At end of chapters ❚ Review and Study Questions at end of chapters ²Answers in the back of the book 3
4
Biology 6
1
Introduction to Microbiology
What is Microbiology? ❚ The study of organisms usually too small to see with the naked eye
How small is small?
²Requires a microscope
❚ Microorganisms include: ²Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and some animal parasites 5
Why do we care about microbes?
How microorganisms are named (Binomial nomenclature)
❚ Some can make us sick (germs) ❚ Most are beneficial ²Important part of food chain: photosynthesis to decomposition (rot) ²Found in our bodies (probiotics) ²Fermentation: cheese, yogurt, wine, beer, vinegar, bread ²Pharmaceuticals and medicine
6
❚ Two names: Genus and species ²Always italicized or underlined
❚ Genus name: ²Always capitalized ²Usually a noun
❚ Species name:
7
²Always lower case ²Usually an adjective, sometimes a proper noun
8
Biology 6
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Introduction to Microbiology
All living organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes ❚ Prokaryotes are either bacteria or archaea
❚ Refers to arrangement of genetic material (DNA) in cells
²All are single-celled organisms ²Most are much smaller (100 - 1000X smaller) than eukaryotic cells
- karyote means “before” nucleus ² Eu - karyote means “true” nucleus ² Pro
❚ Prokaryotes have DNA spread throughout cytoplasm ❚ Eukaryotes have DNA within a membrane bounded nucleus
❚ Eukaryotes are everything else: Fungi, protistans, plants and animals ²Can be either single- or multi-celled organisms 9
10
Size Comparison of two prokaryotes & a eukaryote ❚ Prokaryotes ²Epulopiscium: 700 µm ²Escherichia coli: 0.5 - 2 µm
❚ Eukaryote Bacterial cell on left is 1000X smaller than eukaryotic cell on right
²Paramecium: 50 µm 11
12
Biology 6
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Introduction to Microbiology
Are viruses living?
Why are viruses nonliving? ❚ Noncellular ²Composed of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
Bacterial Virus (T4)
Animal Virus (Ebola)
❚ No metabolic capabilities ❚ Cannot reproduce independently ❚ No ability to regulate or respond to environment
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What features define life? ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚
14
Important Historical Events: 1600's & 1700's
Complex organization composed of cells Ability to grow and develop Ability to convert energy for own use Ability to reproduce genetically similar offspring
❚ Development of the Microscope ²Animicules visualized
²Presence of genetic material: DNA & RNA
❚ Discovery of immunization & vaccines
❚ Ability to regulate internal environment (homeostasis) ❚ Ability to respond to environmental stimulus 15
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Biology 6
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Introduction to Microbiology
17
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1800's ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚
Development of Cell Theory Fermentation and Pasteurization Germ Theory of Disease Antisepsis and Disease ²Importance of hand washing ²Antiseptics: chemical compounds that could kill germs
Biology 6
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Introduction to Microbiology
Robert Koch 1843 - 1910 ❚ Developed pure culture techniques ❚ Proved that Bacillus anthracis caused the disease anthrax in cattle ²Developed Koch’s Postulates: rules for proving a specific microbe caused a specific disease 21
Application of Koch’s Postulates
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1900's ❚ Discovery of penicillin and other antimicrobial agents
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Biology 6
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Introduction to Microbiology
Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by fungus Penicillium antibiotic
1900's ❚ DNA is the genetic molecule ❚ Genetic Code - 1960’s ❚ Central Dogma ❚ Recombinant DNA technology 1970's & 1980's ❚ Human Genome Project ❚ Personal “-omics” 25
